abl-20231231

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)


x			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023


o			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____ to _____

Commission file number 001-39403

Abacus Life, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware			85-1210472
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

2101 Park Center Drive, Suite 200 Orlando Florida			32835
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)			(Zip Code)

(800) 561-4148

Registrant's telephone number, including area code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.0001 per share	ABL	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share	ABLLW	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
9.875% Fixed Rate Senior Notes due 2028	ABLLL	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be

submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such

shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated

filer,” “smaller reporting company,”and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:


Large accelerated filer	o	Accelerated filer	o
Non-accelerated filer	x	Smaller reporting company	x
		Emerging growth company	x

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x

APPLICABLE ONLY TO REGISTRANTS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY

PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. o Yes o No

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS:

The aggregate market value of shares of common stock held by non-affiliates at June 30, 2023, was $11,651,731.

The registrant had 63,694,758 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding as of March 20, 2024.

Documents Incorporated by Reference: Certain portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Table of Conten ts

ABACUS LIFE, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
	PART I
Item 1.	B usiness	1
Item 1A.	R isk Factors	11
Item 1B.	U nresolved Staff Comments	26
Item 1C.	C ybersecurity	26
Item 2.	P roperties	27
Item 3.	L egal Proceedings	27
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	27
	PART I I
Item 5.	Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	27
Item 6.	[Reserved]	28
Item 7.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	29
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	71
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	73
























Item 9 .	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	138

Item 9A .	Controls and Procedures	139

Item 9B .	Other Information	140

Item 9 C .	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	140
	PART II I

Item 1 0 .	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	141

Item 11.	Executive Compensation	141

Item 1 2.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	141

Item 1 3.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	141

Item 1 4.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	141

	PART IV
Item 1 5.	Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules	141

Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	143

Signatures		144

Table of Conten ts

Part I

Item 1. Business

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding our expectations, hopes, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition to historical financial analysis, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to: the potential impact of our business relationships, including with our employees, customers and competitors; changes in general economic, business and political conditions, including changes in the financial markets; weakness or adverse changes in the level of activity in our sector or the sectors of our affiliated companies, which may be caused by, among other things, high or increasing interest rates, or a weak U.S. economy; significant competition that our operating subsidiaries face; compliance with extensive government regulation; and other risks detailed in the those set forth under “Risk Factors” or elsewhere in this document and in our other public filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Our Mission

Abacus Life Inc.’s (“Abacus” or the “Company”) mission is to educate all life insurance policy owners that their life insurance policy is personal property and to educate investors about alternatives to traditional investments using lifespan based products as a core strategy.

Abacus Overview

Abacus is a leading vertically integrated alternative asset manager and market maker, specializing in longevity and actuarial technology. The company is democratizing the life insurance space through groundbreaking new channels: ABL Tech, ABL Wealth, and ABL Longevity Growth and Income Funds. Since 2004, Abacus has purchased life insurance policies from consumers seeking liquidity and has actively managed those policies over time (via trading, holding, and/or servicing). With over $5 billion in face value of policies purchased, Abacus has helped thousands of clients maximize the value of life insurance.

Over the past 20 years, the company has built an institutionalized origination and portfolio management process that is supported by a 100+ person team, long-term relationships with 78 institutional partners and 30,000 financial advisors, and the ability to operate in 49 states. The Company complies with applicable HIPAA and privacy laws to maintain and protect confidentiality of financial, health and medical information. Abacus is also proud to be a BBB Accredited Business with an A+ rating.

Underwriting

Abacus’ origination guidelines focus on the age, gender and health of the insured, the duration, mortality risk and face value of the underlying life insurance policy, the projected internal rate of return of the investment in the underlying life insurance policy after taking into account the cost of making continued premium payments, and the ultimate amount and timing of the death benefit. These guidelines are designed to allow the Company to target the life insurance policies that it believes will generate attractive risk-adjusted returns. The Company invests primarily in non-variable universal life insurance policies.

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Origination

Our proven policy origination process, known as “origination services” first locates policies and screens them for eligibility for a life settlement. This process includes verifying that the policy is in force, obtaining consent forms, and making disclosures to, policy owners, and obtaining or generating life expectancy estimates.

We generate fees on the policies we originate, which are sourced from three channels: (i) a network of approximately 30,000 financial advisors and agents, (ii) direct-to-consumer and (iii) a number of traditional life settlements intermediaries that submit policies to us on behalf of a financial advisor, agent or other client.

Portfolio Management

Once identified, we utilize our proprietary “heat-map” technology platform to determine the initial risk and viability of policies. Thereafter, a purchased policy is “actively managed,” whereby we consistently monitor the policy risk to optimize revenue by choosing to either (x) trade the policy to a third-party institutional investor (i.e., receive a trade spread) or (y) hold the policy over time (i.e., pay premiums and receive payout). Additionally, we service policies on behalf of third parties for which we receive fee-based revenue based on a percentage of policy value. Our multi-faceted and dynamic revenue model is made possible by the fact that we sit at the heart of the entire life settlements industry.

Our revenue generation platform and economic model is best summarized below:

1. Origination Fees (paid as a percentage of face value of acquired policies)

2. Active Management (spreads for traded policies and realized returns for held policies)

3. Third Party Portfolio Servicing (paid as a percentage of total asset value)

We are currently a leader in the life settlements industry, with approximately 20% market share based on our 2021 capital invested/total industry capital invested and data compiled in a 2021 report by The Deal and Life Settlements Report, a U.S. life settlements industry news source. Data for the report was aggregated from each state based on 2021 annual reporting. We have a proven track record of growth and strong asset returns. We are currently operational in 49 states, which is a key differentiator in an industry with high barriers to entry given the significant regulatory requirements. Our business is supported by a total of approximately 106 employees and an innovative leadership team, with an average of over 20 years of experience in the industry.

We operate through our two principle subsidiaries, Abacus Settlements, LLC, which was formed as a New York limited liability company in 2004 and LMA Group, LLC, which was formed in 2017 as a Florida limited liability company. In 2016, Abacus Settlements was licensed in Florida as a life settlement broker and became a Florida limited liability company. We are not an insurance company, are not licensed or regulated as an insurance company and therefore do not underwrite insurable risks for our own account.

Our Industry

Large Addressable Market with Meaningful Growth Potential

We operate within a large, growing and currently under penetrated market. The face value of all in force U.S. life insurance industry policies is approximately $13 trillion. Historically, more than 90% of life insurance policies in force did not pay a claim. Based on industry forecasts, approximately 75% of policyholders over the age of 65 will either cancel their policies or allow their coverage to lapse, forfeiting the right to ever receive a full payout. The life settlements industry helps solve this problem by allowing policyholders the opportunity to monetize their policies.

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The combination of the large U.S. life insurance market and the high percentage of policies that never pay a claim creates a considerable opportunity for Abacus and the broader life settlements industry. Specifically, the scale of the life settlements market opportunity is $233 billion each year. However, in 2021, the life settlements industry only captured $4 billion, or approximately 2% of the annual market of lapsed life insurance policies. We believe there is a significant opportunity to increase this market penetration, primarily by driving awareness and education regarding the ability to monetize life insurance policies by utilizing our services.

Life insurance is often a senior citizen’s largest asset and one that can be used to alleviate retirement challenges, but it is rarely treated in this way. This can be partially attributed to the fact that almost half of all financial advisors are not aware that selling a life insurance policy is an option for their clients. We help financial advisors and their clients understand that a life insurance policy is personal property and selling it for a fair market value is a legitimate, safe and viable choice that creates more investment options for the client. While less than 1% of financial advisors and agents transact in the life settlements market, based on research conducted by the Life Insurance Settlement Association, the primary industry trade association for the U.S. life settlements industry, we believe approximately 90% of senior citizens who let their life insurance policies lapse or surrendered their policies, would have considered this alternative if they had been made aware of it before lapsing or surrendering their policies. The reference to this study can be found at the Life Insurance Settlement Association—https://www.lisa.org/life-settlements-industry-will-grow-as-more-seniors-are-informed-of-their-options-say-experts-at-lisa-conference/.

Selling a life insurance policy is a valuable transaction and for those consumers who transact, the benefits can be substantial. On average, life settlements companies pay sellers nearly eight times more than the current cash value of a policy. Selling a life insurance policy not only alleviates the requirement for a policyholder to pay premiums but creates a meaningful and immediate monetization event. Sellers use these proceeds in a variety of ways, including to support their retirement, transfer wealth and pay medical bills.

Generally Uncorrelated Alternative Asset Class with Institutional Investment Grade Counterparts

While selling life insurance policies at a fair market value can have significantly positive impacts on a person’s life, it is a mutually beneficial transaction. The underlying life insurance policy is a highly attractive asset that has minimal payout risk and generally uncorrelated returns. The counterparties to these transactions are generally high-quality investment grade insurance companies. In fact, greater than 90% of our carriers have an “A Rating” or better. Additionally, these life insurance policies are cash backed by the carriers, which means they are required to pay policy claims ahead of any other contractual obligation, including senior debt.

In addition to counterparty quality, this is a largely acyclical asset class. A life insurance policy is sometimes described as a “mortality-driven zero-coupon bond” because its underlying value will appreciate over time as it approaches maturity (i.e., as the policyholder ages). This is best demonstrated when comparing our historical risk-adjusted returns relative to other benchmark asset classes.

We are at the Heart of the Life Settlements Industry

Abacus’ Origination Model

Our “Origination Process” is core to our entire business and drives our economics. We’re paid a percentage of face value in origination fees on policies and have spent the last 20 years developing three high quality origination channels (financial advisors or agents, direct to consumer and life settlements brokers).

An example of our target market includes policyholders over 75 years old whose insurance need for life insurance is outweighed by the benefit of immediate cash. We then focus our origination process on these

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targeted individuals, developing processes and procedures for identifying and screening policies that have attractive potential returns.

We have three distinct origination channels to reach this target market.

1. Financial Advisor or Agent—Our largest origination channel involves working directly with financial advisors to facilitate the sale of client policies. Since our founding, we have been at the forefront of developing this market and are now ingrained in a network of over 30,000 financial advisors. We are currently on multiple national financial advisory platforms, we present at conferences, and we develop marketing tools to help advisors efficiently present the benefits of life insurance settlements to their clients. As we highlighted earlier, just under half of financial advisors are unaware this financial option exists and less than 1% have completed a life settlement transaction. This origination channel has driven our significant growth over the last five years, and we believe it will continue to be a priority for our future growth.

2. Direct to Consumer—We have been building this channel for several years beginning in 202_ and have focused heavily on increasing broad consumer awareness and education regarding life insurance settlements. We have been active in a variety of common direct-to-consumer advertisement channels, including radio and television advertisements in particular. In addition, we have created a unique online “Policy Value Calculator” so that individuals can receive an instant valuation on their life insurance policies. The direct-to-consumer channel has historically driven origination on smaller face value policies than through our financial advisor or agent channel, thereby expanding the scope of policies we are able to value and acquire.

3. Traditional Life Settlements Intermediaries—Within this channel, we engage with life settlements intermediaries or “brokers” who submit policies to us on behalf of an advisor or client, for which the life settlement intermediary earns a commission. We intend to slowly reduce our reliance on these intermediaries over time and focus our efforts on building out the technology required to educate and gain access to both the financial advisor and direct-to-consumer channels.

Abacus has a dedicated 90 person origination team with 20 sales members assigned by channel. We intend to continue to fuel origination growth by expanding our team and outreach. In order to drive awareness across all origination channels, we plan to expand our marketing and launch national television advertising campaigns.

Abacus’ Policy Acquisition Process

A life settlement transaction is the process by which a third-party intermediary acquires an existing life insurance policy for an amount greater than its current cash surrender value. Upon closing of the life settlement transaction, the insured receives an immediate cash payment, and the third-party intermediary receives ownership of the policy. Thus, the third-party intermediary becomes the beneficiary of the insured’s claim payout but is now solely responsible for all future premium payments. Our company functions as this third-party intermediary.

The process of acquiring a policy is highly regulated and policyholder friendly. Unique licenses are mandatory to operate and significant disclosures are required to be made available to consumers. We originate these policies through three distinct channels (i.e., financial advisors / agents, direct-to-consumer and traditional life settlements intermediaries). We first screen each policy to ensure it is eligible for a life settlement, including verifying the policy is in force, obtaining appropriate consents, providing disclosures, and submitting cases for medical underwriting and life expectancy estimates. In connection with this process, we use our proprietary analytics and risk-rating systems to determine an estimated market value for each individual policy.

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The Company has established policies and guidelines with respect to its purchase of life insurance policies. These guidelines focus on the age of the insured, the sex of the insured, the duration of the underlying life insurance policy, the expected mortality risk of the underlying life insurance policy, the projected internal rate of return of the investment in the underlying life insurance policy and the amount of the death benefit of the underlying life insurance policy. The Company excludes making investments in life insurance policies based on certain types of the primary health impairment associated with the underlying insured to ensure that all policies are purchased in accordance with established industry standards and state law requirements.

Following the origination, underwriting and valuation processes, we formally present our proposed purchase price to the policyholder or advisor. If agreed upon, the settlement closing process begins. Appropriate closing documents are reviewed by our in-house counsel, and we send funds to an independent escrow agent. Simultaneously, change of ownership and beneficiary documentation is sent to the underlying insurance carrier. Once the changes are confirmed by the carrier, the escrow agent sends the proceeds to the appropriate party, and we become responsible for the underlying insurance policy (i.e., paying premiums and receiving claim). The proceeds from the escrow agent will also include the commission(s) we owe to the broker and / or agent as well as our fee for completing the origination services.

While the transaction is deemed closed, it is important to note that the policy owner may generally rescind the life settlement contract within 30 days from execution of the agreement or 15 days from the receipt of cash proceeds by the owner. As such, revenue is not recorded until this rescission process is over.

Once the transaction is closed, the policy enters our active portfolio management whereby we determine whether a policy should be sold to a third-party institutional investor or held on our balance sheet. In certain cases, we identify a purchaser prior to the close of a transaction, in which case the policy is transferred directly to the purchaser at closing.

Proprietary Technology Platforms Support Our Business

We have and continue to develop a comprehensive suite of technology products that helps drive origination, underwriting and trading. Specifically, we have created:

1. Risk Rating Heat Map—Using the large amount of data we have gathered over time, we have developed a proprietary risk-rating platform that measures the risk of life insurance contracts on a range from 1–5 (low–high risk, respectively). This risk score is calculated on a wide range of factors, including (i) duration and extension risk, (ii) policy face value and purchase type, (iii) policy type, (iv) carrier rating, (v) life expectancy (“LE”) and LE extension ratios, (vi) age and age on LE date and (vii) survival probability. We believe this platform is a key differentiating factor relative to our competitors as it gives us a meaningful advantage when valuing and purchasing life insurance policies.

2. Policy Value Creator—Our “Policy Value Calculator” drives origination by using proprietary data to instantly value policies for both individuals and financial advisors. This easy-to-use online tool only requires four pieces of information: (i) gender, (ii) age, (iii) face value and (iv) policy type. These data points then generate a valuation range that advisors and individuals can use to quickly assess the current value of their policy. This product helps educate consumers and bridges the gap between our specific offering and the $233 billion annual market of lapsed policies.

3. Innovations in “InsurTech”—More recently, we have begun developing “Abacusmarketplace.com”, which is a blockchain tertiary trading, servicing and valuation platform. Given we will be able to see a large suite of data gathered by this website, we believe it will help us maintain our leading market position and keep us at the heart of the life settlements industry. We added the ability for investors to directly purchase policies in the third quarter of 2023. Abacusmarketplace.com is still in the early stages of development and we do not

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currently expect that Abacusmarketplace.com will have a material impact on the Company’s future financial results.

Active Portfolio Management Strategy

With meaningful support from our proprietary risk rating heat map, we consistently evaluate policies (at origination and throughout the lifecycle) to generate essentially uncorrelated risk adjusted returns. Upon acquiring a policy, we have the option to either (i) trade that policy to a third-party institutional investor (i.e., generating a spread on each trade) or (ii) hold that policy on our balance sheet until maturity (i.e., paying the premiums over time and receiving the final claim / payout). This process is predicated on driving the best economics for Abacus.

1. Traded Portfolio—Our traded portfolio returns are driven by (i) the spread we generate by selling policies to third-party institutional investors and (ii) our ability to quickly recycle capital. Our trade spreads average 20% and we have historically recycled capital 3.6 times per year. These two metrics are driven by our ability to effectively originate new policies (supply) and the underlying market interest for the policies (demand).

2. Hold Portfolio—Relative to our traded portfolio, our hold portfolio has the potential to generate a higher estimated annual return than our traded portfolio but requires approximately a 3 to 4 times greater capital investment, which is driven by the need to hold policies, rather than recycle the policies in trading, and to fund premium payments during the holding period for a policy. To the extent that we are not able to commit the required capital, we then focus efforts more on our traded portfolio. Our origination platform and proprietary risk rating heat map has allowed us to hold only what we determine to be the highest quality policies which have our lowest risk ratings.

Policy Servicing

In addition to generating economics on the polices we directly originate and actively manage, we have a dynamic platform to service bundles of policies for a variety of third-party institutions. We generate revenue by charging a base servicing fee of approximately 0.5% of total asset value of the portfolio. We have experience servicing a large number of policies for highly sophisticated institutions, including policies for KKR and Apollo. Beyond our fees, servicing policies at scale supports our data analytics and keeps us at the heart of the life settlements industry. We have a sophisticated team of professionals solely focused on servicing these policies.

Prospects for Future Growth

Continued Maturation of the Life Settlements Industry

As described above, there is approximately $200 billion in policy value that lapses on an annual basis. However, the life settlements industry captured only approximately 2% of the potential market in 2021, which leaves significant runway for future growth for industry participants. The total face value of life insurance policies is expected to grow from approximately $6 billion in 2022 to approximately $8 billion in 2028, which is a 5% compounded annual growth rate. Given our position at the heart of the life settlements industry, we believe that we are well positioned to capitalize on this anticipated market growth.

Focus on Growing our Origination Process

Our ability to originate policies is essential to scale our business over time. In order to support this expected growth, we continue to invest in our technology and marketing infrastructure. In general, we expect our efforts will continue to focus on driving education and awareness of life settlements. In order to meet this growing demand, we have increased our total employee headcount.

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Continued Innovation in Technology

Using technology to improve our analytics, market liquidity and velocity of capital use is a key priority. Certain key technology elements are:

1. Analytics (Abacus Analytics)—the standard pricing and valuation platform for policy valuation and portfolio assessment that we believe will allow us to obtain visibility into every transaction in the industry.

2. Liquidity (Abacusmarketplace.com)—tertiary trading, servicing and valuation platform (added direct purchase in 2023). Abacusmarketplace.com is a proprietary technology platform that has been designed in order to facilitate tertiary trading, servicing and valuation for the life settlement industry. This platform is intended to increase the trading volume for the entire industry by removing intermediaries and improving the efficiency and security of the transactions. The Company expects to realize future revenue through licensing agreements with Abacusmarketplace.com. However, Abacusmarketplace.com is still in the early stages of development, and we do not currently expect that Abacusmarketplace.com will have a material impact on the Company’s future financial results. With blockchain technology, we expect that there will be increased comfort that the documents are secure on a private blockchain, which we believe will facilitate faster closing times. The blockchain technology to be used is still in the early stages of development and is currently not a material part of the Company’s business. We believe that Abacusmarketplace.com could be a leader in the industry and will allow an investor to fully understand how it may impact future business strategies and financial results.

3. Velocity (Lapetus Life Event Solutions, and AgingIQ)—key partnerships and tools that complement and enhance our core analytics platforms.

a.Lapetus Life Event Solutions—partnership between Abacus and Lapetus Solutions, Inc. to build and develop current life expectancy tables based on our 18 years of data. This information includes tens of thousands of unique data points, aiding more accurate predictions of mortality experience related to several demographics including age, income and location.

b. AgingIQ—lifespan prediction tool utilizing our mortality database. This tool explores how people can extend their lifespans and healthspans by adjusting current lifestyle related decisions (financial, healthy living and education).

Access to Capital Markets Provides More Attractive Financing

We believe that as a publicly traded company, we will have access to a lower cost of capital, which will optimize our per policy revenue and allow us to fund additional investment in infrastructure. Additionally, as discussed in more detail below, access to additional capital will enable us to increase our balance sheet hold portfolio, which we believe may drive higher long-term returns.

Transitioning Our Business Model as Our Capital Base Scales

As our capital base scales, we have the ability to increase the proportion of policies that we hold on our balance sheet. One of the most obvious benefits to a larger hold portfolio is that it may increase the predictability of returns (i.e., held policies typically increase in value over time, largely independent of trading market conditions). Additionally, with a larger hold portfolio, there is a unique opportunity to begin securitizing policies. In the long-term, we believe securitized portfolios can drive an even lower cost of capital and can be sold in scale to third parties at a significant multiple.

Proven Ability to Deploy Capital and Scale

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Over the past few years, we managed a $150 million capital base via a joint venture with a large alternative asset manager. This joint venture was terminated on the Closing Date. Under GAAP the financial results of the entire joint venture are not included in our financial statements as the joint venture is not under common control and neither Abacus nor LMA have a direct ownership interest or investment in the joint venture. The financial impacts of the joint venture recognized in the financial statements solely relate to the services provided by Abacus and LMA to the joint venture and are discussed in the respective related party transaction notes in the financial statements.

Business Combination

On August 30, 2022, East Resource Acquisition Company entered into the Merger Agreement with the Merger Subs, pursuant to which, among other things and subject to the terms and conditions contained in the Merger Agreement, Abacus Merger Sub merged with and into Abacus Settlements, with Abacus Settlements surviving the Abacus Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of East Resource Acquisition Company, and LMA Merger Sub merged with and into LMA, with LMA surviving the LMA Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of East Resource Acquisition Company. In connection with the Closing of the Merger, East Resource Acquisition Company was renamed Abacus Life, Inc. (the foregoing transaction is referred to as the “Business Combination”).

Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, on June 30, 2023, the Business Combination was consummated.

Our Employees

As of December 31, 2023, we had one hundred two (102) employees, none of whom are subject to any collective bargaining agreement or represented by a labor union. All of our employees are based in the United States. To date, we have not experienced any work stoppages and we consider our employee relations to be good. We believe that our employees are critical to our long-term success, and in 2019, we were ranked a top 3 place to work in Orlando based on employee reviews.

Intellectual Property

Our business depends, in part, on our ability to develop and maintain the proprietary aspects of its core technology. We rely on trademarks to protect our intellectual property.

We have been issued a federal registration for our “Abacus Settlements”, and “Abacus Life” trademarks. We also hold various domain names for websites that we use in our business. Additionally, we have developed and maintain proprietary software for our internal use to aid in pricing, valuation and risk analysis of life settlement policies.

Regulatory Overview

We are subject to various laws, regulations and licensing requirements in the United States which may expose us to liability, increase costs or have other adverse effects that could harm our business. These laws and regulations include, but are not limited to, data privacy and data localization, healthcare, insurance, copyright or similar laws, anti-spam, consumer protection, employment and taxation. Compliance with such laws can require changes to our business practices and significant management time and effort. Additionally, as we continue to develop and improve consumer-facing products and services, and as those offerings grow in popularity, the risk that additional laws and regulations will impact our business will continue to increase. We believe that we are in material compliance with all such laws, regulations and licensing requirements.

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Data Privacy Laws and Regulations

Because we receive, use, transmit, disclose and store personal data, we are subject to numerous state and federal laws and regulations that address privacy, data protection and the collection, storing, sharing, use, transfer, disclosure and protection of certain types of data. We are subject to the TCPA which restricts the making of telemarketing calls and the use of automatic telephone dialing systems. Violators of the TCPA face regulatory enforcement action, substantial civil penalties, injunctions, and in some states, private lawsuits for damages.

Privacy and data security regulation in the U.S. is rapidly evolving. For example, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which came into force in 2020. The CCPA and related regulations give California residents expanded rights to access and request deletion of their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used and shared. The CCPA allows for the California Attorney General to impose civil penalties for violations, as well as providing a private right of action for certain data breaches. California voters also recently passed the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), which will take effect on January 1, 2023. The CPRA significantly modifies the CCPA, including by imposing additional obligations on covered companies and expanding California consumers’ rights with respect to certain personal information. The CCPA’s restrictions on “sales” of personal information may restrict our use of cookies and similar technologies for advertising purposes, as well as increasing our compliance costs and potential liability. The CCPA excludes information covered by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Driver’s Privacy Protection Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the California Financial Information Privacy Act from the CCPA’s scope, but the CCPA’s definition of “personal information” is broad and may encompass other information that we maintain.

The passage of the CCPA likely marked the beginning of a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the U.S., and multiple states have enacted or proposed similar laws. For example, in 2020, Nevada enacted SB 220 which restricts the “selling” of personal information and, in 2021, Virginia passed the Consumer Data Protection Act which is set to take effect on January 1, 2023 and creates new privacy rights for Virginia residents. There is also discussion in Congress of new comprehensive federal data protection and privacy law to which we likely would be subject if it is enacted.

Various regulators are interpreting existing state consumer protection laws to impose evolving standards for the online collection, use, dissemination and security of other personal data. Courts may also adopt the standards for fair information practices which concern consumer notice, choice, security and access. Consumer protection laws require us to publish statements that describe how we handle personal information and choices individuals may have about the way we handle their personal data.

Our failure to comply with these privacy laws or regulations could expose us to significant fines and penalties imposed by regulators and has in the past and could in the future expose us to legal claims by buyers, or other relevant stakeholders. Some of these laws, such as the CCPA, permit individual or class action claims for certain alleged violations, increasing the likelihood of such legal claims. Similarly, many of these laws require us to maintain an online privacy policy, terms of service and other informational pages that disclose our practices regarding the collection, processing and disclosure of personal information. If these disclosures contain any information that a court or regulator finds to be inaccurate, we could also be exposed to legal or regulatory liability. Any such proceedings or violations could force us to spend money in defense or settlement of these proceedings, result in the imposition of monetary liability or demanding injunctive relief, divert management’s time and attention, increase our costs of doing business and materially adversely affect our reputation.

Insurance Laws and Regulations

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We operate as a life settlement producer in forty-nine (49) states. We have a strong track record with each state in which we are licensed and have not had any reportable incidents. Our in-house counsel and compliance staff reviews every life insurance policy we consider acquiring for compliance with applicable state regulations. We file an annual report with each state in which it operates and each state has the ability to request an audit at its discretion. Currently, 42 states have regulations that support the sale of life insurance policies to a third party, like our Company. Each state also has its own policyholder-facing disclosure requirements that we comply with in the ordinary course of its business.

We focus on acquiring and trading non-variable, non-fractionalized life insurance policies. These life insurance policies are deemed to be personal property of the owner based upon the Supreme Court decision Grigsby v. Russell in 1911. Furthermore, non-variable, non-fractionalized life insurance policies are not deemed to be securities under the federal securities laws, and so the Company is not required to register as an investment adviser or an investment company under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended or the Investment Company Act, respectively.

The Company may, in the future, purchase some amount of variable life insurance policies or interests in the death benefit of underlying life insurance policies. The Company has recently acquired a limited purpose broker dealer, which the Company intends to license to engage in transactions for variable and fractionalized life insurance policies. Abacus expects that any transactions in variable or fractionalized life insurance policies will represent less than 20% of the life insurance policies acquired by the Company at any time. The Company does not, and does not in the future intend to, engage in any life insurance securitization.

Facilities

Our corporate headquarters is located at 2101 Park Center Drive, Orlando, Florida 32835 and our telephone number is 800-561-4148. The headquarters consists of 18,866 square feet of “Class A” office space pursuant to a lease that expires in December 2029. We believe our facilities are adequate and suitable for our current needs and that, should it be needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations.

Legal Proceedings

We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings. However, in the ordinary course of business we may be subject from time to time to various claims, lawsuits and other legal and administrative proceedings. Some of these claims, lawsuits and other proceedings may involve highly complex issues that are subject to substantial uncertainties, and could result in damages, fines, penalties, non-monetary sanctions or relief. We intend to recognize provisions for claims or pending litigation when we determine that an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Due to the inherent uncertain nature of litigation, the ultimate outcome or actual cost of settlement may materially vary from estimates. Additionally, any such claims, lawsuits and proceedings, whether or not successful, could damage our reputation and business.

Available Information

Our investor relations website address is https://ir.abacuslife.com/. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and any and all amendments thereto are available free of charge through our investor relations website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). These materials are also accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

The following discussion of "Risk Factors" identifies factors that may adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition or future performance. This information should be read in conjunction with "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Result of Operations" and the consolidated financial statements and related notes. The following discussion of risks is not all-inclusive but is designed to highlight what we believe are the material factors to consider when evaluating our business and expectations. These factors could cause our future results to differ materially from our historical results and from expectations reflected in forward-looking statements.

Risks Related to the Business of the Company

The Company’s valuation of life insurance policies is uncertain as many life insurance policies’ values are tied to their actual maturity date and any erroneous valuations could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business.

The valuation of life insurance policies involves inherent uncertainty (including, without limitation, the life expectancies of insureds and future increases in premium costs to keep the policies in force). There is no guarantee that the value determined with respect to a particular life settlement policy by the Company will represent the value that will be realized by the Company on the eventual disposition of the related investment or that would, in fact, be realized upon an immediate disposition of the investment. In addition, there can be no guarantee that such valuation accurately reflects the current present value of such life insurance policy at its actual maturity. Uncertainties as to the valuation of life insurance policies held by the Company could require adjustments to reported net asset values and could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business. Uncertainties as to the valuation may also result in the Company being less competitive in the market for originating new life settlement policies and could adversely affect the profits the Company realizes on life settlements purchased and sold.

The Company could fail to accurately forecast life expectancies. There may also be changes to life expectancies generally, resulting in people living longer in the future, which could result in a lower return on the Company’s life settlement policies.

Prices for life insurance policies and annuities that may be obtained by the Company depend, in large measure, upon the life expectancy of the underlying insureds. The returns of the Company’s hold portfolio is almost entirely dependent upon how accurate the actual longevity of an insured is as compared to the Company’s expectation for that insured. Life expectancies are estimates of the expected longevity or mortality of an insured. In determining the life expectancy of an insured, the Company relies on medical underwriting conducted by various medical underwriting firms. The medical underwriting process underlying life expectancy estimates is highly subjective, and mortality and longevity estimates are inherently uncertain. In addition, there can be no assurance that the applicable medical underwriting firm received accurate or complete information regarding the health of an insured under a life insurance policy, or that such insured’s health has not changed since the information was received. Different medical underwriting firms use different methods and may arrive at materially different mortality estimates for the same individual based on the same information, thus causing a life insurance policy’s value to vary. Moreover, as methods of calculating mortality estimates change over time, a mortality estimate prepared by any medical underwriting firm in connection with the acquisition of a life insurance policy may be different from a mortality estimate prepared by the same person at a later time. The valuation of the life insurance policies will vary depending on the dates of the related mortality estimates and the medical underwriting firms that provide the supporting information.

Other factors, including, but not limited to, better access to health care, better adherence to treatment plans, improved nutritional habits, improved lifestyle, an improved economic environment and a higher standard of living could also lead to increases in the longevity of the insureds under the life insurance policies. In addition to other factors affecting the accuracy of life expectancy estimates, improvements in

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medicine, disease treatment, pharmaceuticals and other medical and health services may enable insureds to live longer.

The actual longevity of an insured may be materially different than the predicted mortality estimate. If the actual maturity date of life insurance policies are longer than projected, it would delay when the Company could expect to receive a return on its investment and the Company may be unable to meet its investment objectives and goals. For example, a term life insurance policy in which the Company may invest have a stated expiration date on the date at which the underlying insured reaches a certain attained age and, beyond such date, the issuing insurance company may not be obligated to pay the face value, but rather only the cash surrender value which is usually maintained at a low value by investors, if any, in accordance with the terms of such life insurance policy. Therefore, if the underlying insured survives to the stated maturity date set forth in the terms of the life insurance policy, the issuing insurance company may only be obligated to pay an amount substantially less than the face value, which could have an adverse effect on the performance of the Company.

The medical underwriting and other firms that provide information for the Company’s forecasts of life expectancies are generally not regulated by the U.S. federal or state governments, with the exception of the states of Florida and Texas, which require life expectancy providers to register with their respective offices of insurance regulation. There can be no assurance that this business will not become more broadly regulated and, if so, that any such regulation would not have a material adverse effect on the ability of the Company to establish appropriate life expectancies in connection with the purchase or sale of policies.

The Company’s policy acquisitions are limited by the market availability of life insurance policies that meet the Company’s eligibility criteria and purchase parameters, and failure to secure a sufficient number of quality life insurance policies could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

The life insurance policy secondary market has grown substantially in the past several years, however, as to whether and how it will continue to develop is uncertain. There are only a limited number of life insurance policies available in the market from time to time. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to source life insurance policies on terms acceptable to the Company. As more investment funds flow into the market for life insurance policies, margins may be squeezed and the value of the collateral may become comparatively more expensive to purchase or subject to greater competition on the purchase side. There can be no assurance that secondary market life insurance policies will be available to the Company on satisfactory or competitive terms.

The supply of life insurance policies available in the market may be reduced by, among other things: (i) improvement in the economy, resulting in higher investment returns to insureds and other owners of life insurance policies from their investment portfolios; (ii) improvements in health insurance coverage, limiting the need of insureds to obtain funds to pay the cost of their medical treatment by selling their life insurance policies; (iii) the entry into the market of less reputable third-party brokers who submit inaccurate or false life insurance policy information to the Company; (iv) the establishment of new licensing requirements for market participants and a delay in complying or an inability to comply with such new requirements; or (v) refusal of the carrier that issued a life insurance policy to consent to its transfer. A change in the availability of life insurance policies could adversely affect the Company’s ability to execute its strategy and meet its objectives.

The Company may experience increased competition from originating life insurance companies, life insurance brokers, and investment funds which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

Life insurance companies have begun offering to repurchase their own in-force life insurance policies from their current policyholders by offering “enhanced cash surrender value payments” above the amount of the net cash surrender value provided under the life insurance contracts’ terms and thus compete directly with the Company and other life settlement providers. The life settlements industry has challenged the legal validity of the life insurance companies’ actions, and some state insurance regulators have declared that these

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repurchase offers are unlawful while other state insurance regulators have approved them. To the extent that life insurance companies can seek to repurchase their own in-force life insurance policies, they present competition to the Company in acquiring policies.

In addition, the Company is subject to significant competition from other life settlement brokers and investment funds for the purchase of life settlement policies. Increased competition for life settlement policies may result in the Company being unable to access the number of life settlement policies that it desires for its business at prices that it deems acceptable.

Historically, there has been a negative public perception of the life settlement industry that could affect the value and/or liquidity of the Company’s investments and the life settlement industry faces political opposition from life insurance companies which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

Many regulators, lawmakers and other governmental authorities, as well as many insurance companies and insurance industry organizations, are hostile to or otherwise concerned about certain aspects of the longevity-contingent asset markets. The life settlement industry and some of its participants have also been, and may continue to be, portrayed negatively in a number of widely read publications and other forms of media. These opponents regularly contend that life settlement transactions are contrary to public policy by promoting financial speculation on human life and often involve elements of fraud and other wrongdoing. Continued public opposition to the life settlement industry, as well as actual or alleged wrongdoing by participants in the industry, could have a material adverse effect on the Company and its investors, including on the value and/or liquidity of the Company’s investments.

In March 2010, the American Council of Life Insurers, an insurance carrier trade association, issued a press release calling for a complete ban on life settlement securitization. While that effort was not successful, any such federal or state legislation, if passed, could have the effect of severely limiting or potentially prohibiting the continued operation of the Company’s life settlement purchasing operations. All of the foregoing could adversely affect the Company’s ability to execute its investment strategy and meet its investment objectives.

The Company or third parties the Company relies upon could fail to accurately evaluate, acquire, maintain, track, or collect on life settlement policies, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s revenues.

The Company relies on third party data for tracking and servicing its life settlement policies. This includes the origination and servicing of life settlement policies by the servicing and tracking agent, market counterparties and other service providers, and the Company may not be in a position to verify the risks or reliability of such third-party data and systems. Failures in the systems employed by the Company and other service providers, counterparties, and other parties could result in mistakes made in the evaluation, acquisition, maintenance, tracking and collection of life settlement policies and other longevity-linked investments. This could result in the Company overpaying for life settlement policies it acquires or underpricing life settlement policies it sells. In addition, disruptions in the Company’s operations as a result of a failure in a third party system may cause the Company to suffer, among other things, financial loss, the disruption of its business, liability to third-parties, regulatory intervention or reputational damage. Any of the foregoing failures or disruptions could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

There is a risk of fraud in the origination of the original life insurance policy or in subsequent sales of the life insurance policy that could adversely affect the Company’s returns which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business.

The Company faces the risk that an original owner of a life insurance policy, the related insured, the insurance agent involved in the issuance of such life insurance policy, or other party may have committed

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fraud, or misstated or failed to provide material information in connection with the origination or subsequent sale of that life insurance policy. While most life insurance policies may not be challenged for fraud after the end of the two-year contestability period, there may be situations where such fraud in connection with the issuance of a life insurance policy may survive the contestability period. If an issuing insurance company successfully challenges a life insurance policy acquired by the Company on the grounds of fraud, the Company may lose its entire investment in that life insurance policy. Furthermore, if the age of an insured was misstated, the Company may receive lower death benefits than expected. In addition, there may be information directly relevant to the value of a life insurance policy, including, but not limited to, information relating to the insured’s medical or financial condition, to which the Company will not have access. It is not possible to verify the accuracy or completeness of each piece of information or the completeness of the overall information supplied by such parties. Any such misstatement or omission could cause the Company to rely on assumptions which turn out to be inaccurate. Additionally, there can be no assurance that the seller of a life insurance policy in the tertiary market properly acquired that policy from the former owner, or that a former beneficiary or other interested party will not attempt to challenge the validity of the transfer. The occurrence of any one or more of these factors could adversely affect the Company’s performance and returns.

The Company may become subject to claims by life insurance companies, individuals and their families, or regulatory authorities which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business.

The secondary market for life insurance policies has been subjected to allegations of fraud and misconduct as reflected in certain litigated cases. Some of these cases, some of which have been brought by regulatory authorities, involve allegations of fraud, breaches of fiduciary duty, bid rigging, non-disclosure of material facts and associated misconduct in life settlement transactions. Cases have also been brought by the life insurance companies that challenge the legality of the original issuance of the life insurance policies based on lack of insurable interest, fraud and misrepresentation grounds.

Further, both federal and U.S. state statutes safeguard an insured’s private health information. In addition, insureds frequently have an expectation of confidentiality even if they are not legally entitled to it. Even if the Company properly obtains and uses otherwise private health information, but fails to maintain the confidentiality of such information, the Company may be the subject of complaints from the affected individuals, their families and relatives and, potentially, interested regulatory authorities. Because of the uncertainty of applicable laws, it is not possible to predict the outcome of those disputes. It is also possible that, due to a misunderstanding regarding the scope of consents that a transaction party possesses, the Company may request and receive from health care providers, information that it in fact did not have a right to request or receive. If the Company finds itself to be the recipient of complaints for these acts, it is not possible to predict what the results will be. This uncertainty also increases the likelihood that a transaction party may sell, or cause to be sold, life insurance policies in violation of applicable law, which could potentially result in additional costs related to defending claims or enduring regulatory inquiries, rescinding such transactions, possible legal damages and penalties and probable reduced market value of the affected life insurance policies. Each of the foregoing factors may delay or reduce the return on the policies and adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations.

Life settlements in which we invest are not currently regulated under the federal securities laws, but if deemed to be securities would require further compliance with federal and state securities laws, which could result in significant additional regulatory burdens on the Company, and limit the Company’s investments, which could have an adverse impact on the Company’s business and results of operations.

The origination and trading in whole, non-variable life insurance policies has historically been understood to not involve transactions in securities. However, on February 22, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in a case captioned In the Matter of Living Benefits Asset Management, LLC, vs. Kestrel Aircraft Company, Incorporated, case No. 18-10510, concluded that whole, non-variable life insurance policies, when offered for sale to an investor, were securities for purposes of the Investment Company Act. If

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this same conclusion were to be reached in other circuits or at the Supreme Court and extended to the Securities Act, there would be significant changes to our industry and it would materially impact the Company’s ability to conduct its business.

In 2002, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals reached a similar conclusion with respect to fractionalized death benefits payable under non-variable policies in SEC v. Mutual Benefits Corp., but, the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals reached a contrary result with respect to fractionalized death benefits in SEC v. Life Partners which was decided in 1996. The Company does not presently transact in fractionalized death benefits, i.e. buying or selling a part of, but not all of, a life settlement policy, nor does it currently plan to transact in fractionalized death benefits.

On July 22, 2010, the SEC released a staff report that recommended that Congress clearly define life settlements to be securities, so that the investors in life settlements transactions would be protected under the U.S. federal securities laws. To date, the SEC has not made another such recommendation to Congress nor has Congress acted on the SEC staff’s report. If the statutory definitions of “security” were to be amended to encompass life settlements involving non-variable life insurance policies, or if the Supreme Court or other Circuit Courts were to conclude that non-variable life insurance policies are securities for purposes of the Securities Act, the Company could become subject to additional extensive regulatory requirements under the federal securities laws. Those regulatory requirements would include the obligation to register the Company’s sales and offerings of life settlements with the SEC as public offerings under the Securities Act. Also, if the resale of non-variable life insurance policies were to be considered securities, the Company’s ownership of those policies as a percentage of its assets or source of income could be limited as it would likely manage its business to avoid being required to register as an “investment company” pursuant to the Investment Company Act. Those limitations could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business and results of operations. Any legislation or court or regulatory interpretations leading to that regulatory change or a change in the transactions that are characterized as life settlement transactions could lead to significantly increased compliance costs and increased liability risk to the Company, and could adversely affect the Company’s ability to acquire or sell life insurance policies in the future. This could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations, which in turn could materially and adversely affect the performance of the Company.

The Company cannot assure you as to the ultimate content, timing, or effect of changes, nor is it possible at this time to estimate the impact of any such potential change in administration or new legislation on the Company’s business, financial condition, or results of operations and consequently, any potential material and adverse effect on the performance of the Company.

The Company may be subject to certain U.S. state securities laws, and failure to comply with applicable requirements may result in fines, sanctions and rescission of purchase or sale transactions.

Certain U.S. state laws specifically characterize life settlements as securities transactions. Thus, in some U.S. states, purchases and sales of life insurance policies by the Company may be subject to applicable U.S. state blue sky laws or other U.S. state securities laws. The Company intends to comply with all applicable federal and state securities laws. However, this will not necessarily exempt the Company from compliance with U.S. federal or state broker-dealer laws. The failure to comply with applicable securities laws in connection with the purchase or sale of life settlement policies could result in the Company being subject to fines, administrative and civil sanctions and rescission of life settlement policy purchase or sales transactions. Each of the foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect the performance of the Company.

The Company could in the future be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act or could have to substantively change its business model in order to fit within an applicable exemption from such registration requirement.

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The Company’s sales of life insurance policies and investment and financing programs of which the purchase or sale of a life insurance policy is a part are subject to an evolving regulatory landscape. Depending on the facts and circumstances attending such sales or programs, U.S. state and federal securities laws, including the Investment Company Act could be implicated, and it is possible that the Company could in the future be required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. The Company would not be able to continue to operate its business as it does today if required to register as an investment company. In such event, the Company would have to substantively change its business model to avoid registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. If the Company were required to change its business model in order to fit within an exemption from registration, it would have a material adverse effect on the performance of the Company.

The Company faces privacy and cyber security risks related to its maintenance of proprietary information, including information regarding life settlement policies and the related insureds, and any adverse impact related to such risks could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business.

The Company relies on data processing systems to price and close transactions, to evaluate investments, to monitor its portfolio and capital, and to generate risk management and other reports that are critical to oversight of the Company’s activities. Further, the Company relies on information systems to store sensitive information about the Company, its affiliates, and its investments, including life settlement policies and information about the related insured individuals and others. While the Company is not aware of security breaches or proceedings related to the processing of information, the loss or improper access, use or disclosure of the Company’s proprietary information can adversely impact the Company. For example, the Company could suffer, among other things, financial loss, the disruption of its business, liability to third parties, regulatory intervention or reputational damage. Any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

Additionally, the Company collects information related to life insurance, including nonpublic personal information (“NPI”) and protected health information (“PHI”), and information from its website, such as contact information and high-level policy information. The Company also collects information from its employees, such as standard HR information, and business contact information from third party employees. The Company shares information with its service providers, and has entered into non-disclosure and business association agreements, where appropriate. Although the Company has, and believes that each service provider has, procedures and systems in place that it believes are reasonably designed to protect such information and prevent data loss and security breaches, such measures cannot guarantee absolute security.

Furthermore, the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to data, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently with increasing sophistication and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time. For example, hardware or software acquired from third parties may contain defects in design or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise information security. Network connected services provided by third parties to the Company may be susceptible to compromise, leading to a breach of the Company’s network and/or business interruptions. The Company’s systems or facilities may be susceptible to employee error or malfeasance, government surveillance, or other security threats.

The Company is subject to U.S. privacy laws and regulations. Failure to comply with such obligations could lead to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; and other adverse business consequences.

Due to the type of information the Company collects, including personal, medical, and financial information on the underlying insureds, and the nature of its services, the Company is subject to privacy laws. In the United States, federal, state and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security laws to address privacy, data protection and collection, and the processing and disclosure of certain types of information. Obligations related to these laws are quickly changing, becoming increasingly stringent and creating regulatory uncertainty. In addition, these obligations may be subject to differing applications and

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interpretations, which can result in inconsistency or conflict among jurisdictions. Among these laws, the Company is likely subject to the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), Controlling Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003, the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (“GLBA”) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”).

The Company may be considered a financial institution under the GLBA, and is subject to the GLBA through the NPI it collects. The GLBA regulates, among other things, the use of certain information about individuals (NPI) in the context of the provision of financial services. The GLBA includes both a “Privacy Rule,” which imposes obligations on financial institutions relating to the use or disclosure of NPI, and a “Safeguards Rule,” which imposes obligations on financial institutions, and indirectly, their service providers, to implement and maintain physical, administrative and technological measures to protect the security of NPI.

The Company has certain business components that are subject to HIPAA. HIPAA imposes privacy, security and breach notification obligations on “covered entities” and “business associates.” Furthermore, HIPAA requires “covered entities” and “business associates” to develop and maintain policies with respect to the protection of PHI. If in violation of HIPAA, the Company may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative fines and penalties and/or additional reporting and oversight obligations. HIPAA also authorizes state Attorneys Generals to file suit on behalf of their residents. Courts may award damages, costs and attorneys’ fees related to violations of HIPAA in such cases. While HIPAA does not create a private right of action allowing individuals to sue the Company in civil court for violations of HIPAA, its standards have been used as the basis for duty of care in state civil suits such as those for negligence or recklessness in the misuse or breach of PHI.

Because of the complexity of the various data privacy laws the Company may be subject to, compliance can be costly. The Company has taken general steps to comply with data privacy and security laws. For example, the Company has implemented a number of policies, including policies regarding access controls, customer data privacy, secure data disposal, and incident response and risk assessments. Despite these efforts, the Company may at times fail in its efforts due to the complexity and evolving nature of these laws. Failure to comply with relevant data privacy laws could negatively impact the Company’s operations, including subject the Company to possible government enforcement actions which could result in investigations, fines, penalties, audits, inspection, litigation, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight.

The Company’s business may be subject to additional or different government regulation in the future, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business.

The Company is currently licensed and operating in 49 states. Increased regulation (whether promulgated under insurance laws or any other applicable law) and regulatory oversight of and changes in law applicable to life settlements may restrict the ability of the Company to carry on its business as currently conducted. This could also impose additional administrative burdens on the Company, including responding to examinations and other regulatory inquiries and implementing policies and procedures. Regulatory inquiries often are confidential in nature, may involve a review of an individual’s or a firm’s activities or may involve studies of the industry or industry practices, as well as the practices of a particular institution.

There is currently no direct legal authority regarding the proper federal tax treatment of life settlements and potential future rulings from the IRS may have significant tax consequences on the Company.

There is no direct legal authority regarding the proper U.S. federal income tax treatment of life settlements, and the Company does not plan to request a ruling from the IRS. Consequently, significant aspects of the tax treatment of the Company’s assets are uncertain, and the IRS or a court might not agree with the Company’s treatment of life settlements as prepaid financial contracts that are not debt. If the IRS were successful in asserting an alternative treatment, the tax consequences of ownership and disposition of life settlements could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, in 2007, the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS released a notice requesting public comments on various issues regarding the U.S. federal income

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tax treatment of “prepaid forward contracts” and similar instruments. Any Treasury regulations or other guidance promulgated after consideration of these issues could materially and adversely affect the tax consequences of an investment in life settlements, possibly with retroactive effect.

There have been lawsuits in various states questioning whether a purchaser of a life insurance policy has the requisite “insurable interest” in the policy which would permit the purchaser to collect the insurance benefits and an adverse finding in any of these lawsuits could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

All states require that the initial purchaser of a new life insurance policy insuring the life of another individual have an insurable interest in that individual’s life at the time of the original issuance of the policy. An “insurable interest” is an economic stake in an event for which a person or entity purchases an insurance policy. An insurance policy may only be initially purchased by a person or entity who has an insurable interest in the insured. For example, if a spouse purchases an insurance policy on his or her spouse or a company purchases an insurance policy on an employee. In addition, some states may require that the Company have an insurable interest in the insured. Whether an insurable interest exists in the context of the purchase of a life insurance policy is critical because in the absence of a valid insurable interest, life insurance policies are unenforceable under the laws of most states. Where a life insurance policy has been issued to a policy holder without an insurable interest in the life of the insured, the life insurance company may not be required to pay the face value under the policy and may also be entitled to retain the premiums paid. Generally, there are two forms of insurable interest in the life of an individual, familial and financial. Additionally, an individual is deemed to have an insurable interest in his or her own life. Insurable interest is determined at the inception of the policy. The definition of exactly what constitutes “insurable interest” tends to vary by state. Some cases have also been initiated by life insurance companies, challenging the legality of the original issuance of policies on insurable interest grounds and asserting that such policies constitute “Stranger-Originated Life Insurance” or “STOLI,” which is defined as a practice or plan to initiate a life insurance policy for a third-party investor who, at the time of policy origination, has no insurable interest in the insured. Some states (such as Utah and New York) permit the heirs and beneficiaries of an insured to recover the face value under such STOLI policies rather than the policy owner which lacked insurable interest.

While the Company does not believe it has invested in any STOLI polices, and has policies and procedures in place to identify potential STOLI policies, there can be no guarantee that the Company will identify all STOLI policies. As such, the Company may acquire certain life insurance policies that may be deemed by an issuing insurance company to be STOLI policies, whether purposefully, if the Company deems such life insurance policy to be an attractive investment even after taking into account the insurable interest risk, or inadvertently, where the true nature of such life insurance policy is not discovered prior to its acquisition by the Company. Should an issuing insurance company successfully challenge the validity of a life insurance policy acquired by the Company, the Company will lose its investment in such life insurance policy. Furthermore, the Company will also suffer losses if a family member of an insured is successful in asserting a claim that he or she, and not the Company, is entitled to the face value payable under a life insurance policy.

The failure of the Company to accurately and timely track and pay premium payments on the life insurance policies it holds could result in the lapse of such policies which would have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business.

In order to realize on its investment in life insurance policies, the Company must ensure that the life insurance policies remain in force until they mature or are sold by the Company. Failure by the Company to pay premiums on the life insurance policies when due will result in termination or “lapse” of the life insurance policies and will result in the loss of the Company’s investment in such life insurance policies.

The originating life insurance company may increase the cost of insurance premiums, which would adversely affect the Company’s returns.

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For any life insurance policies that may be obtained by the Company, the Company will be responsible for maintaining the policies, including paying insurance premiums. If a life insurance company increases the cost of insurance charged for any of the life insurance policies held by the Company, the amounts required to be paid for insurance premiums due for these life insurance policies may increase, requiring the Company to incur additional costs for the life insurance policies which may reduce the value of such life insurance policies and consequently affect the returns available on such policies.

Life insurance companies have in the past materially increased the cost of insurance charges. There can be no assurance that life insurance policies acquired by the Company will not be subject to cost of insurance increases. If any such life insurance policies are affected by a cost of insurance increase, the value of such life insurance policy may be materially reduced and the Company may decide or may be forced to allow such life insurance policy to lapse, resulting in a loss to the Company.

In the event an insurance company experiences significantly higher than anticipated expenses associated with operation and/or policy administration, or, in some instances, lower investment returns, the insurance company may have the right to increase the charges to each of its policy owners, but not beyond guaranteed maximums. While the insurance companies did not specify the reason for the increases, it is generally believed that the low interest rate environment was a significant contributing factor in the decision to raise the cost of insurance.

The Company may not be able to liquidate its life insurance policies which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

In the ordinary course of its business, the Company engages in the purchase and sale of life insurance policies. The liquidation value of these life insurance policies is important where, for example, it becomes necessary to sell life insurance policies from the Company’s hold portfolio in order to meet the Company’s cash flow needs, including the payment of future premiums.

In many cases liquidations may not be a viable option to meet the Company’s liquidity because of, among other things: (1) the lack of a market for such life insurance policies at the time; (2) the uncertainties surrounding the liquidation value of an individual life insurance policy; (3) the extensive amount of time and effort it might take to sell a life insurance policy; (4) the effect excessive sales of life insurance policies may have on transactions and future cash flows; and (5) the tax consequences.

The Company assumes the credit risk associated with life insurance companies and may not be able to realize the full value of insurance company payouts which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s profits.

The Company will assume the credit risk associated with life insurance policies issued by various life insurance companies. The failure or bankruptcy of any such life insurance company could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s ability to achieve its investment objectives. A life insurance company’s business tends to track general economic and market conditions that are beyond its control, including extended economic recessions, interest rate changes, the subprime lending market crisis or changes in investor perceptions regarding the strength of insurers generally and the life insurance policies or annuities they offer. Adverse economic factors and volatility in the financial markets may have a material adverse effect on a life insurance company’s business obligation to pay the face value of policies.

The insolvency of any insurance company or a downgrade in the ratings of an insurance company could have a material adverse impact on the value of the related life insurance policies, the collectability of the related face value, cash surrender value or other amounts agreed to be paid by such insurance company. In the event that a life insurance carrier becomes insolvent or is placed into receivership, most state guaranty associations place a $300,000 or lower cap on face value for policies per insured. In addition to the limitations on the amount of coverage, which vary by state, there are limitations on who may make claims under such

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coverage and the Company may not be eligible to make claims under U.S. state guarantee funds as most U.S. state guarantee fund laws were enacted with the stated goal of assisting policyholders residing in such states. Even if available to the Company, guarantee fund coverage limits are typically smaller than the face values of some of the life insurance policies that the Company will acquire. There can be no assurance that as more life settlement transactions are undertaken, legislators will not adopt additional restrictions on the availability of U.S. state guaranty funds.

The Company’s success is dependent upon the services of its experienced management and talented employees. If the Company is unable to retain management and/or key employees, its ability to compete could be harmed.

The success of the Company is dependent upon the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals employed by the Company and the Company’s ability to identify and willingness to provide acceptable compensation to attract, retain and motivate experienced management, talented investment professionals and other employees. Most of the shares registered for sale by the Registration Statement of which this Prospectus is a part are owned by our founders who are also key members of management of the Company.

There can be no assurance that the Company’s management and professionals will continue to be associated with the Company, and the failure to attract or retain such professionals could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to execute on its business plan. Competition in the financial services industry for qualified management and employees is intense and there is no guarantee that, if lost, the talents of the Company’s professionals could be replaced.

The Company’s intellectual property rights may not adequately protect the Company’s business.

To be successful, the Company must protect its technology, know-how and brand through means, such as trademarks, trade secrets, patents, copyrights, service marks, contractual restrictions, and other intellectual property rights and confidentiality procedures. Despite the Company’s efforts to implement these protections, they may not adequately protect its business for a variety of reasons, including:

• inability to successfully register or obtain patents and other intellectual property rights for important innovations that sufficiently protect the full scope of such innovations;

• inability to maintain appropriate confidentiality and other protective measures to establish and maintain the Company’s trade secrets;

• uncertainty in, and evolution of, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights;

• potential invalidation of the Company’s intellectual property rights through administrative processes or litigation; and

• other practical, resource, or business limitations on the Company’s ability to detect and prevent infringement or misappropriation of our rights and to enforce our rights.

Litigation may be necessary to enforce the Company’s intellectual property or proprietary rights, protect the Company’s trade secrets, or determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights claimed by others. Any litigation, whether or not resolved in the Company’s favor, could result in significant expense to the Company, and divert the time and efforts of the Company’s technical and management personnel. If the Company is unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon, violating or misappropriating the Company’s intellectual property or is required to incur substantial expenses defending the Company’s intellectual property rights, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

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The Company may become subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly and may subject the Company to significant liability and increased costs of doing business.

The Company may in the future become subject to intellectual property disputes. The Company’s success depends, in part, on the Company’s ability to operate without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties. However, the Company may not be aware that its practices are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating third-party intellectual property rights, and such third parties may bring claims against the Company or its business partners alleging such infringement, misappropriation or violation.

Any claims of intellectual property infringement, even those without merit, may be time-consuming and expensive to resolve, divert management’s time and attention, cause the Company to cease using or incorporating the asserted challenged intellectual property rights expose it to other legal liabilities, or require it to enter into licensing agreements to obtain the right to use a third party’s intellectual property. Although the Company carries general liability insurance, it may not cover potential claims of this type or may not be adequate to indemnify the Company for all liability that may be imposed. The Company cannot predict the outcome of lawsuits and cannot ensure that the results of any such actions will not have an adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in the Company’s favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of the Company’s management and harm the Company’s business and results of operations.

Pandemics, along with rising interest rates and inflation, may disrupt the ability of the Company and its providers to originate life settlement policies which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial position.

Pandemics, particularly in the United States, could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations. These could include disruptions or restrictions on our ability to source life settlement policies, as well as temporary closures of our facilities and the facilities of our third-party service providers. Any disruption or delay of our third-party service providers would likely impact our operating results. In addition, a significant outbreak of contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of the United States and throughout the world, resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for the life insurance policies and significantly impact the Company’s operating results. Adverse changes in the perceived or actual economic climate, including higher

unemployment rates, declines in income levels, inflation, and recession may shift the timing and volume of transactions, or the number of customers using our services for a prolonged period.

In the past, we have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that existed as of December 31, 2022, which were remediated as of December 31, 2023.

Detailed descriptions of the changes to internal control over financial reporting as they relate to the material weaknesses are provided in Part II, Item 9A—“Controls and Procedures” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If we experience additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations.

In the future we may discover additional material weaknesses in our system of internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that

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the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

Risks Related to Being a Public Company

The market price of our notes may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance. You may lose some or all of your investment.

The trading price of our notes may be volatile. The securities markets have recently experienced extreme volatility. This volatility often has been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. You may not be able to resell your notes at an attractive price due to a number of factors such as the following:

• the impact of pandemics on our financial condition and the results of operations;

• our operating and financial performance and prospects;

• our quarterly or annual earnings or those of other companies in our industry compared to market expectations;

• conditions that impact demand for our products and/or services;

• future announcements concerning our business, our clients’ businesses or our competitors’ businesses;

• the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

• the market’s reaction to our reduced disclosure and other requirements as a result of being an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”);

• the size of our public float;

• coverage by or changes in financial estimates by securities analysts or failure to meet their expectations;

• market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growth strategy;

• strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;

• changes in laws or regulations which adversely affect our industry or us;

• privacy and data protection laws, privacy or data breaches, or the loss of data;

• changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

• changes in senior management or key personnel;

• issuances, exchanges or sales, or expected issuances, exchanges or sales of our capital stock;

• changes in our dividend policy;

• adverse resolution of new or pending litigation against us; and

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• changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the United States and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from inflation, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, acts of war and responses to such events.

These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of the notes, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our notes is low. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment.

In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

If we do not develop and implement all required accounting practices and policies, we may be unable to provide the financial information required of a U.S. publicly traded company in a timely and reliable manner.

The implementation of all required accounting practices and policies and the hiring of additional financial staff has increased and may continue to increase our operating costs and requires our management to devote significant time and resources to such implementation. If we fail to develop and maintain effective internal controls and procedures and disclosure procedures and controls, we may be unable to provide financial information and required SEC reports that are timely and reliable. Any such delays or deficiencies could harm us, including by limiting our ability to obtain financing, either in the public capital markets or from private sources and damaging our reputation, which in either cause could impede our ability to implement our growth strategy. In addition, any such delays or deficiencies could result in our failure to meet the requirements for continued listing of our notes on NASDAQ.

Our ability to timely raise capital in the future may be limited, or may be unavailable on acceptable terms, if at all. Our failure to raise capital when needed could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Debt issued to raise additional capital may reduce the cash flow available to make required payments with respect to the notes and affect our ability to execute our investment strategy or impact the value of our investments.

We have funded our operations since inception primarily through our origination, active management and holding of life settlement policies. We cannot be certain when or if our operations will generate sufficient cash to fund our ongoing operations or the growth of our business.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business and may require additional funds. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to invest in future growth opportunities, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. If we incur debt, the debt holders could have rights senior to holders of the notes to make claims on our assets.

The Company has a series of warrants outstanding (collectively the “Warrants”), which include: (i) warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”) originally issued in connection the Company’s initial public offering (the “Company IPO”) to purchase up to 7,120,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”), issuable upon the exercise, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share; (ii) warrants issued in connection with the Closing of the Business Combination to purchase up to 1,780,000 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon the exercise, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share; (iii) warrants (the “Public Warrants”) issued in connection with the Company IPO to purchase up to 17,250,000 shares of Common Stock, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, of the public warrants. We receive no capital until the Warrants are exercised, which do not expire until 2028. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

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We are an “emerging growth company.” The reduced public company reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our securities less attractive to investors.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. While we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and plan to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These provisions include: (1) an exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (2) not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements, (3) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation arrangements in our periodic reports, registration statements and proxy statements and (4) exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, the information we provide will be different than the information that is available with respect to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the exemption from complying with new or revised accounting standards provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act as long as we are an emerging growth company. An emerging growth company can therefore delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected to irrevocably opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we will adopt the new or revised standard at the time public companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another emerging growth company that has not opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities. The market price of our securities may be more volatile.

Our management has limited experience in operating a public company.

Our executive officers have limited experience in the management of a publicly traded company. Our management team may not successfully or effectively manage its transition to a public company that will be subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. Their limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of the Company. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies in the United States. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for the Company to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the United States may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that the Company will be required to expand its employee base and hire additional employees to support its operations as a public company which will increase its operating costs in future periods.

Changes in tax regulations or their interpretation could negatively impact our cash flows and results of operations.

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Changes in tax and other revenue raising laws, regulations and policies in the jurisdictions where we do business could impose new restrictions, costs or prohibitions on our practices and negatively impact our results of operations. In addition, interpretation of tax regulations requires us to exercise our judgment and taxing authorities or our independent registered public accounting firm may reach conclusions about the application of such regulations that differ from our conclusions. Changes to US tax laws, regulations, or interpretations could impact the tax treatment of our earnings and adversely affect our cash flows and financial results.

We are subject to audit in various jurisdictions, and these jurisdictions may assess additional taxes against us. Developments in an audit, litigation, or laws, regulations, administrative practices, principles, and interpretations could have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows. The final outcome of tax

audits, investigations, and any related litigation could be materially different from our historical tax provisions and accruals.

Our use of different estimates and assumptions in the application of our accounting policies could result in material changes to our reported financial condition and results of operations, and changes in accounting standards or their interpretation could significantly impact our reported results of operations.

Our accounting policies are critical to the manner in which we present our results of operations and financial condition. Many of these policies, including policies relating to the recognition of revenue, are highly complex and involve many assumptions, estimates and judgments. We are required to review these assumptions, estimates and judgments regularly and revise them when necessary. Our actual results of operations vary from period to period based on revisions to these estimates. See the “Critical Accounting

Estimates” section of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further information. In addition, the regulatory bodies that establish accounting and reporting standards, including the SEC and the Financial Accounting Standards Board, periodically revise or issue

new financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. Changes to these standards or their interpretation could significantly impact our reported results in future periods.

Our indebtedness may restrict our operations.

As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $139,820,514 of total debt outstanding. This indebtedness could restrict our flexibility to react to changes in our businesses, industry, economic conditions, and increase borrowing costs. We must dedicate a portion of our cash flow from operations to debt servicing and repayment of debt, which reduces funds available for strategic initiatives and opportunities, share repurchases, working capital, and other general corporate needs. It also increases our vulnerability to the impact of adverse economic and industry conditions.

If we are unable to comply with our debt agreements, or to raise additional capital when needed, our business, cash flow, liquidity, and results of operations could be harmed.

Our ability to make scheduled cash payments on and to refinance our indebtedness depends on our ability to generate significant operating cash flow in the future, which, to a significant extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. We may not be able to maintain a sufficient level of cash flow from operating activities to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.

In addition, our credit ratings will impact the cost and availability of future borrowings and, accordingly, our cost of capital. Downgrades in our ratings could adversely affect our businesses, cash flows, financial condition, operating results and share and debt prices, as well as our ability to acquired life settlement policies. Failure to make scheduled cash payments on our existing debt, or to comply with the restrictive covenants and other requirements in our debt agreements, could result in an event of default,

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which, if not cured or waived, could result in acceleration of our debt repayment obligations. We may not have sufficient cash to repay any accelerated debt obligations, which would immediately and materially harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be required to raise additional capital to refinance our existing debt, or to expand or support our operations. Our access to and cost of financing will depend on, among other things, economic conditions, conditions in the financing markets, the availability of sufficient amounts of financing, our prospects and

our credit ratings, and the outlook for our industry as a whole. The terms of future debt agreements could include more restrictive covenants or require incremental collateral, which may further restrict our business operations or adversely affect our ability to obtain additional financing. There is no guarantee that debt or equity financings will be available in the future on terms favorable to us or at all. If we are unable to access additional funds on acceptable terms, we may have to adjust our business operations, and our ability to acquire additional life settlement policies, or make other investments in our business could be

impaired, any of which may adversely affect our cash flows and results of operations.

We may incur substantially more debt, which could exacerbate further the risks associated with our leverage.

We and our subsidiaries may incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. To the extent that we and our subsidiaries incur additional indebtedness or such other obligations, the risks

associated with our substantial indebtedness described above will increase.

Risks related to ownership of our common stock.

Our stock repurchase program may not enhance long-term stockholder value and could increase the volatility of the market price of our common stock and diminish our cash.

Our stock repurchase program does not obligate us to repurchase any shares of our common stock. The timing and amount of any repurchases depend upon several factors, including market conditions, business conditions, statutory and contractual restrictions, the trading price of our common stock and the nature of other investment opportunities available to us. In addition, repurchases of our common stock could affect our stock price and increase its volatility. The existence of a stock repurchase program could cause our stock price to be higher than it would be absent the program and could reduce market liquidity for our stock. Use of our funds to repurchase stock could diminish our cash reserves, which may impact our ability to finance growth, pursue strategic opportunities, and discharge liabilities. Our stock repurchases may not enhance stockholder value because the market price of our common stock may decline below the prices at which we repurchased stock and short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Management is responsible for mitigating the Company’s risks, including cybersecurity. The Board of Directors has the oversight responsibility for the Company’s risk management and has delegated its responsibility over cybersecurity to the Audit Committee.

The Audit Committee periodically reviews the Company’s cybersecurity policy and programs established by management to mitigate cybersecurity and data risks. The periodic reviews take place on a quarterly basis and include reports from the Company’s cybersecurity team led by the Company’s Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) who has over 10 years of data security experience. The quarterly report provides an overview

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of cybersecurity threats, key measures in place to mitigate cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities, provides a status of ongoing security projects to strengthen the Company’s cybersecurity posture, as well as plans and resource needs for addressing possible future cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities. The Company’s cybersecurity policy is centered on mitigating risks related to cybersecurity, privacy, physical security, and information security risk management.

The Company’s cybersecurity risk management approach is reviewed for alignment with the Company’s overall risk tolerance. The Company has a dedicated cybersecurity team led by the CISO who is responsible for executing the risk strategy and policies developed in coordination with the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel, Presidents, and the Vice Presidents of Finance and Capital Markets.

The Company’s cybersecurity policy outlines every level of protection put in place to safeguard sensitive data as well as company technology assets, including threats and vulnerabilities posed from our interactions with suppliers and third-party service providers. These layers of protection include physical, local, and network layers as prescribed by standard information technology guidelines. The cybersecurity policy also contains procedures for responding to incidents that may threaten the security of Company systems and/or network, which include multiple layers of protections using current security measures and applications. The effectiveness of our security policy and procedures are tested frequently with periodic effectiveness reports shared with senior management and the Audit Committee to facilitate their risk oversight responsibilities.

No risks from cybersecurity threats or previous cybersecurity incidents have materially affected our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, there can be no assurance that our controls and procedures in place to monitor and mitigate the risks of cyber threats, including the remediation of critical information security and software vulnerabilities, will be sufficient and/or timely and that we will not suffer material losses or consequences in the future. Additionally, while we have in place insurance coverage designed to address certain aspects of cyber risks, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all insured losses or all types of claims that may arise.

Item 2. Properties

We do not own any real estate or other physical properties materially important to our operation. Our executive office is located at 2101 Park Center Drive, Suite 200, Orlando, Florida, 32835. We consider our current office space adequate for our current operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time-to-time, the Company is involved in various civil actions as part of its normal course of business. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such matters, the Company cannot state what the eventual outcome of these matters will be. However, the Company believes, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that the Company is not a party to any litigation that is material to ongoing operations as defined in Item 103 of Regulation S-K as of the end of the period to which this Report relates.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

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Market Information

Our common stock, warrants, and fixed rate senior notes are currently listed on The NASDAQ Stock Market under the ticker symbol “ABL”, “ABLLW”, and “ABLLL”, respectively.

Holders

On March 30, 2024, there were 12 holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of holders of common stock is greater than these numbers of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held by brokers and nominees. The number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.


Stockholder		Common Stock
Jay Jackson	[1], [2]	12,593,250
K. Scott Kirby	[1], [2]	12,593,250
Sean McNealy	[1], [2]	12,593,550
Matthew Ganovsky	[1], [2]	12,593,250
East Sponsor, LLC (Terry Pegula)	[1], [3]	11,417,000
Cede & Co (Public Float)		1,827,240
Thomas W. Corbett Jr.	[2]	17,500
Adam Gusky	[2]	22,718
Mary Beth Shulte	[2]	22,000
Cornelis Michiel Van Katwijk	[2]	7,500
Karla Radka	[2]	7,500

Total		63,694,758

[1] – 5% Stockholder.

[2] – Directors and named executive officers.

[3] – East Sponsor is the record holder of (i) 11,417,000 shares of Common Stock and (ii) currently exercisable warrants to purchase 7,120,000 shares of Common Stock.

Dividends

We have not declared or paid dividends on our common stock to date. Any future determination to declare cash dividends on our common stock will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, general business conditions, Delaware law, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans

See Note 15, Stock-Based Compensation, to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our stock compensation plans.

Purchases of equity securities by the issuer

See Note 14, Shareholders’ Equity, to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our stock repurchase program.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

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ABACUS LIFE, INC. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis provides information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of Abacus Life, Inc.’s financial condition and results of operations. This discussion should be read in conjunction with Abacus Life, Inc.’s financial statements and related notes thereto that appear elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including statements regarding our expectations, hopes, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition to historical financial analysis, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, as described under the heading “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to: the potential impact of our business relationships, including with our employees, customers and competitors; changes in general economic, business and political conditions, including changes in the financial markets; weakness or adverse changes in the level of activity in our sector or the sectors of our affiliated companies, which may be caused by, among other things, high or increasing interest rates, or a weak U.S. economy; significant competition that our operating subsidiaries face; compliance with extensive government regulation; and other risks detailed in the those set forth under “Risk Factors” or elsewhere in this quarterly statement. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this “Abacus Life, Inc. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “we,” “us,” “our,” and “Company” are intended to mean the business and operations of Abacus Life, Inc..

Objective

The following discussion provides an analysis of the Company's financial condition, cash flows and results of operations from management's perspective and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our objective is to provide discussion of events and uncertainties known to management that are reasonably likely to cause the reported financial information not to be indicative of future operating results or of future financial condition and to also offer information that provides an understanding of our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022.

Overview

Abacus Life, Inc. (“Company”) was formerly known as East Resources Acquisition Company ("ERES”), a blank check company incorporated in Delaware on May 22, 2020. The Company conducts its business through its wholly-owned, consolidated subsidiaries, primarily Abacus Settlements LLC (“ Abacus Settlements” or “Abacus”) and Longevity Market Assets, LLC (“LMA”), which are Delaware limited liability companies and headquartered in Orlando, Florida.

In considering the foregoing principles of predecessor determination and in light of the Company's

specific facts and circumstances, management determined that LMA and Abacus are dual predecessors

for accounting purposes. The financial statement presentation for Abacus Life, Inc. includes the purchase

accounting effects of the Abacus Merger as of the Closing Date with the financial statements of LMA as

the comparative period. The predecessor financial statements for Abacus are included separately within

this report.

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The Company, through its LMA subsidiary, directly acquires life insurance policies in a mutual beneficial transaction for both us and the underlying insured. With meaningful support from our proprietary risk rating heat map, we consistently evaluate policies (at origination and throughout the lifecycle) to generate essentially uncorrelated risk adjusted returns. Additionally, we provide a range of services for owners of life settlement assets.

Upon acquiring a policy, we have the option to either (i) trade that policy to a third-party institutional investor (i.e., generating a spread on each trade) or (ii) hold that policy on our balance sheet until maturity (i.e., paying the premiums over time and receiving the final claim / payout). This process is predicated on driving the best economics for the Company and we categorize this revenue as “Trading” or “Active management revenue.”

Additionally, the Company, through its LMA subsidiary, provides a wide range of services to owners and purchasers of life settlements assets (i.e., acquired policies). More specifically, Abacus Life, Inc. provides consulting, valuation, actuarial services, and perform administrative work involved in keeping a policy in force and at the premium level most advantageous to the owner. We have experience servicing a large number of policies for highly sophisticated institutions, including policies for large institutional life settlement funds. We generate revenue on these services by charging a base servicing fee of approximately 0.5% of total asset value of the portfolio or flat rate per policy. We categorize this revenue as “Servicing” or “Portfolio servicing revenue.”

The Company, through its Abacus subsidiary, originates life insurance policy settlement contracts as a licensed life settlement provider on behalf of third-party institutional investors (“Financing Entities”) and for the Company to invest in the life settlement asset class. Specifically, the Company originates policies through three primary origination channels (Agents/Financial Advisors, Direct-to-Consumers, Life Settlement Brokers) and Third-Party Intermediaries, screens them for eligibility by verifying that the policy is in force, obtaining consents and disclosures, and submitting cases for life expectancy estimates. This process is characterized as our origination services, which averages a fee of approximately 2% of the life insurance policy’s face value (“Origination Revenue”).

Our Business Model

As mentioned in the above Overview section, the Company generates revenue in three main ways. The first channel is through our active portfolio management strategy (“Active management revenue”), whereby we can (i) generate a spread on traded policies, (ii) hold policies on our balance sheet (paying premiums over time and receiving the payout/claim), or (iii) generate unrealized gains or losses on policies purchased by our Structured Note Offerings (LMATT Series 2024, Inc., LMATT Growth Series 2.2024, Inc., and LMATT Growth and Income Series 1.2026, Inc.) and Income Funds (LMA Income Series, LP, and the LMA Income Series II, LP). The second channel is from portfolio and policy servicing activities (“Portfolio servicing revenue”), whereby we provide a range of services to life settlement asset owners. The third channel is from origination services rendered by serving as a life settlement provider when purchasing outstanding life insurance policies.

Active management revenue derives from buying and selling policies; and the receipt of death benefits proceeds on policies we hold where the insured dies. Of the purchased policies, some are purchased with the intent to hold to maturity, while others are held for trading to be sold for a gain. We historically elected to account for each investment in life settlement contracts using either the investment method or the fair value method. Once the accounting method is elected for each policy, it cannot be changed. The Company accounts for life settlement policies purchased through the structured note and fund offerings on a fair value basis, and investment method basis at cost plus premiums paid. For all policies purchased after June 30, 2023, the Company accounts for these under the fair value method. For policies purchased before June 30, 2023, the Company elected to use either the fair value method or the investment method (cost, plus premiums paid). The valuation method is chosen upon contract acquisition and is irrevocable.

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For the life settlement policies accounted for under the fair value method, these policies are part of the collateral consideration for the market linked structured notes issued under LMX Series, LLC and LMA Series, LLC subsidiaries where quarterly valuations are a condition of the private placement memorandum. Given that there is a valuation requirement stipulated in the notes, management has elected to use the fair value method for these policies, which are valued based on Level 3 inputs that reflect our assumptions about what factors market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as life expectancies and cash flow discount rates. The inputs are developed based on the best available information, including our own data. Policies carried at fair value method captures the change in fair value within the income statement when those changes occur as opposed to when the policies are sold or mature. For policies held at fair value, changes in fair value are reflected in operations in the period the change is calculated. Under the investment method, investments in contracts are recorded at investment price plus all initial direct costs. Continuing costs (e.g., policy premiums, statutory interest and direct external costs, if any) to keep the policy in force are capitalized. Gains or losses on sales of policies carried using the investment method are recorded at the time of sale or maturity. For policies carried under the fair value method, we record the initial investment of the transaction price and remeasure the investment at fair value at each subsequent reporting period. Changes in fair value are reported in revenue when they occur, including those related to life insurance proceeds (policy maturities) and premium payments. Upon the sale of a life settlement contract, we record gains or losses for the difference between the agreed-upon purchase price with the buyer, and the carrying value of the policy.

Generating Portfolio servicing revenue involves the provision of services to one affiliate by common ownership, and third parties, which own life insurance policies. Portfolio servicing revenue is derived from services related to maintaining these settled policies pursuant to agreement with investors in settled policies (“Service Agreement(s)”). Additionally, also included in servicing revenue are fees for limited consulting services related to the evaluation of policies that we perform for third parties. Portfolio servicing revenue is recognized ratably over the life of the Service Agreements, which range from one month to ten years. The duties performed by the company under these arrangements are considered a single performance obligation that is satisfied ratably as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit provided by us. As such, revenue is recognized for services provided for the corresponding month.

Portfolio servicing revenue also consists of revenue related to consulting engagements. We provide consulting services for the owners of life settlement contracts who are often customers of the servicing business line, or customers of the origination channel. These consulting engagements are comprised of valuation, actuarial services, and overall policy assessments related to life settlement contracts and are short-term in nature. The performance obligations are typically identified as separate services with a specific deliverable or a group of deliverables to be provided in tandem, as agreed to in the engagement letter or contract. Each service provided under a contract is considered as a performance obligation and revenue is recognized at a point in time when the deliverable or group of deliverables is transferred to the customer.

As a life settlement provider, the Company serves as a purchaser of outstanding life insurance policies. When serving as a purchaser, the Company’s primary purpose in the transaction is to connect buyers and sellers through an origination process. The origination process is core to the Company’s business and drives its economics. The Company averages approximately 2% of face value of the life insurance policy in origination fees and has developed three high quality origination channels which include agents and Financial Advisors, direct to consumer and Life Settlements Brokers. The Company also originates policies with Third-Party Intermediaries. Generally, diversification across multiple origination channels lowers average policy acquisition costs and increases estimated returns. The Company finds sellers through its origination channels using strategic marketing practices in its core markets, with the purpose of finding policy owners who want to capitalize on their investments prior to death by extracting value from their policies through the sale of such policies to Financing Entities.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

The markets for our consulting and portfolio servicing are affected by economic, regulatory, and legislative changes, technological developments, and increased competition from established and new competitors. We believe that the primary factors in selecting Abacus Life, Inc. include reputation, the ability to provide measurable

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increases to stockholder value and return on investment, global scale, quality of service and the ability to tailor services to each client’s specific needs. In that regard, with our ability to leverage the technology developed by the Companies, we are focused on developing and implementing data and analytic solutions for both internal operations and for maintaining industry standards and meeting client needs.

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not indicative of future results:

Table of Conten ts


		Years Ended December 31,
		2023		2022
Portfolio servicing revenue
	Related party servicing revenue	$	778,678	$	818,300
	Portfolio servicing revenue	223,496		652,672
Total portfolio servicing revenue		1,002,174		1,470,972
Active management revenue
	Investment Income from life insurance policies held using investment method	17,980,987		37,828,829
	Change in fair value of life insurance policies (policies held using fair value method)	43,214,390		5,413,751
Total active management revenue		61,195,377		43,242,580
Origination revenue
	Related Party origination revenue	494,972		—
	Origination Revenue	3,708,928		—
Total origination revenue		4,203,900		—
Total revenues		66,401,451		44,713,552

	Cost of revenue (excluding depreciation and amortization stated below)

	Related party cost of revenue	99,456		—
	Cost of revenues (including stock based compensation of $322,607 and $— in 2023 and 2022, respectively)	6,390,921		5,884,669
Total cost of revenues		6,490,377		5,884,669
Gross Profit		59,911,074		38,828,883
Operating expenses
	Sales and marketing	4,905,747		2,596,140
	General, administrative and other (including stock based compensation of $10,455,417 and $— in 2023 and 2022, respectively)	26,482,571		1,426,865

	Unrealized loss (gain) on investments	(1,369,112)		1,045,623
	(Gain) loss on change in fair value of debt	2,356,058		90,719
	Depreciation and amortization expense	3,409,928		4,282
Total operating expenses		35,785,192		5,163,629
Operating Income		24,125,882		33,665,254
Other income (expense)
	Loss on change in fair value of warrant liability	(4,204,360)		—
	Other income (expense)	(146,443)		(347,013)
	Interest (expense)	(9,866,821)		(42,798)
	Interest income	594,764		1,474
Net income before provision for income taxes		10,503,022		33,276,917
Income tax expense		1,468,535		889,943
Net income		9,034,487		32,386,974
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest		(482,139)		704,699
Net income attributable to Abacus Life, Inc.		9,516,626		$	31,682,275

Table of Conten ts

Revenue

Related Party Services

We have a related-party relationship with Nova Trading (US), LLC (“Nova Trading”), a Delaware limited liability company and Nova Holding (US) LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“Nova Holding” and collectively with Nova Trading, the “Nova Funds”) as some of the owners of the Company and certain members of management jointly own 11% of the Nova Funds. We enter into service agreements with the owners of life settlement contracts and are responsible for maintaining the policies, managing processing of claims in the event of death of the insured and ensuring timely payment of optimized premiums computed to derive maximum return on maturity of the policy. We neither assume the ownership of the contracts nor undertake the responsibility to make the associated premium payments. The duties that we perform under these arrangements are considered a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time and revenue is recognized for services provided for the corresponding time period. We earn servicing revenue related to policy and administrative services on behalf of Nova Funds portfolio (the “Nova Portfolio”). The servicing fee is equal to 50 basis points (0.50%) times the monthly invested amount in policies held by Nova Funds divided by 12.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
Related party servicing revenue	$	778,678	$	818,300	$	(39,622)		(4.8)%

Related party servicing revenue decreased by $(39,622), or (4.8)%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in related party servicing revenue is primarily due to servicing less policies owned by the Nova Portfolio for the year ended at December 31, 2023.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
Portfolio servicing revenue	$	223,496	$	652,672	$	(429,176)	(65.8)%

Portfolio servicing revenue decreased by $(429,176) or (65.8)%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in portfolio servicing revenue is primarily attributable to a reduction in the non-recurring consulting projects during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. There were no new non-recurring consulting projects initiated during the year ended 2023 to servicing more external funds.

mor3.

Active management revenue


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
Active management revenue:
Policies accounted for under the investment method	$	17,980,987	$	37,828,829	$	(19,847,842)	(52.5)%
Policies accounted for under the fair value method	43,214,390		5,413,751		37,800,639		698.2%
Total active management revenue	$	61,195,377	$	43,242,580	$	17,952,797	41.5%

Total active management revenue increased by 17,952,797, or 41.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in active management revenue was primarily

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attributable to an increase of $22,475,355 in unrealized gains on held policies accounted under the fair value method due to increase in held policies, $1,849,216 increase in total realized gains, and offset by a decrease of $(6,371,774) in total maturities on held policies, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Revenue for policies accounted for under the investment method decreased by $(19,847,842) or (52.5)% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease is primarily due to decrease in realized gains of $(12,847,842) due to a shift to electing the fair value method of accounting on all policies purchased after June 30, 2023 and a decrease of $(7,000,000) in maturities on held policies, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

The aggregate face value of policies accounted for using the investment method is $33,900,000 as of December 31, 2023, with a corresponding carrying value of $1,697,178. Additional information regarding policies accounted for under the investment method is as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Investment method:
Policies bought		165		145
Policies sold		164		127
Policies matured		2		2
Average realized gain (loss) on policies sold		19%		17%
Number of external counter parties that purchased policies		15		25
Realized gains		$13,980,987		$26,828,829
Revenue from maturities		$4,000,000		$11,000,000

Revenue for policies accounted for under the fair value method resulted in an increase in revenue of $37,800,639 or 698.2% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase is driven primarily by an increases in unrealized gain on life settlement policies of $22,475,355 and in realized gains and maturities of $19,272,794, offset by $(4,281,610) premiums paid, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Aggregate face value of policies held at fair value is $520,503,710 as of December 31, 2023, with a corresponding fair value of $122,296,559. For the policies held at fair value, the unrealized gain recorded on 382 purchased policies as of $27,889,106 represents a change in fair value of the aforementioned policies. The Company realized a gain of $19,606,894, including maturities of $828,226, for the year ended December 31, 2023 for 196 sold policies that were included in the change in fair value of life insurance policies held using the fair value method and made premium payments of $4,281,610, which were also included in the total realized gains. Additional information regarding policies accounted for under the fair value method is as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Fair value method:
Policies bought		382		35
Policies sold		196		0
Policies matured		3		2
Average realized gain (loss) on policies sold		17%		—%
Number of external counter parties that purchased policies		10		0
Realized gains, net of $(4,281,610) of premiums paid		$14,497,058		$134,100
Revenue from maturities		$828,226		$200,000

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Origination Revenue

Through the origination segment, the Company originates life insurance policy settlement contracts as a licensed life settlement provider on behalf of third-party institutional investors interested in investing in the life settlement asset class. Specifically, Company originates policies through three primary origination channels (agents/financial advisors, direct-to-consumers, life settlement brokers and third-party intermediaries), screens them for eligibility by verifying that the policy is in force, obtaining consents and disclosures, and submitting cases for life expectancy estimates. The Company has a related party relationship with Nova Trading (US), LLC (“Nova Trading”), a Delaware limited liability company and Nova Holding (US) LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“Nova Holding” and collectively with Nova Trading, the “Nova Funds”) as the owners of the Company jointly own 11% of the Nova Funds. The pricing for origination fees is governed by origination contracts that have been negotiated by both parties and are considered to be arms-length and consistent with origination fees charged to third party customers. For its origination services to the Nova Funds, the Company earns origination fees equal to the lesser of (i) 2% of the net death benefit for the policy or (ii) $20,000.


	Years Ended December 31,				$ Change		% Change
	2023		2022
Related Party origination revenue		$494,972		$—		$494,972	—%

Related party origination revenue increased to $494,972 from $—, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Revenue from originations arose due to Business Combination of LMA and Abacus on June 30, 2023 as this stream of revenue comes from the Abacus business.


	Years Ended December 31,				$ Change		% Change
	2023		2022
Origination Revenue		$3,708,928		$—		$3,708,928	—%

Origination Revenue increased to $3,708,928 from $—, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Origination Revenue occurred due to Business Combination of LMA and Abacus on June 30, 2023 as this stream of revenue comes from the Abacus business.

Cost of Revenues (Excluding Depreciation and Amortization) and Gross Profit

Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization) primarily consists of servicing fees, commissions expense, escrow fees, servicing and active management payroll costs, stock-based compensation for active management and servicing employees, life expectancy fees, lead generation expenses, and active management consulting expenses. The payroll costs related to policy servicing are for recurring and non-recurring projects where the time incurred for servicing policies is measurable and directly correlates to revenue earned. Similarly, consulting expenses are for discretionary commissions earned directly related to revenue generated as part of the Active management revenue stream.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
Cost of revenue (excluding depreciation and amortization)	$	6,390,921	$	5,884,669	$	506,252		8.6%

Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation and amortization) increased by $506,252, or 8.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in cost of revenues is primarily due to an increase of payroll expenses related to increased headcount, stock-based compensation expense, and increase of commissions for origination activity related to the increase in insurance policy purchase and sale

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activity during 2023. Related party cost of revenue of 99,456 is associated with third party commission expense for related party origination activity, which is now included within the consolidated financial statements for the Company subsequent to the Business Combination that took place on June 30, 2023.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
Gross profit	$	59,911,074	$	38,828,883	$	21,082,191		54.3	%

Gross profit increased by $21,082,191, or 54.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in gross profit is primarily due to an increase in active management services, offset by an increase in cost of revenues.

Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of advertising and marketing related expenses.


	Years Ended December 31,				$ Change		% Change
	2023		2022
Sales and marketing expenses	$	4,905,747	$	2,596,140	$	2,309,607	89.0	%

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $2,309,607, or 89.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in sales and marketing expense was attributable to an increase in television advertising costs related to the increase in insurance policy purchase and sale activity during 2023.

Table of Conten ts

General, Administrative, and Other

General, administrative, and other primarily consists of compensation and benefits related costs associated with our finance, legal, human resources, information technology, and administrative functions. General, administrative and other costs also consist of third-party professional service fees for external legal, accounting and other consulting services, rent and lease charges, insurance costs, and software expense.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
General, administrative and other (including stock based compensation of $10,455,417 and $— in 2023 and 2022, respectively)	$	26,482,571	$	1,426,865	$	25,055,706	1,756.0	%

General, administrative, and other increased by $25,055,706, or 1,756.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in general, administrative, and other expenses is primarily related to stock-based compensation of $10,445,417, payroll expense of $7,653,559, accounting and auditing fees of $1,790,765, legal and professional fees of $1,321,712, and an increase in other expenses general and administrative expenses of $3,844,253 due to the increase in active management activity post the Merger.

Depreciation and amortization expense

Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of depreciation on property and equipment purchased and leasehold improvements and amortization of intangible assets. The property at the Company currently consists of furniture, fixtures and leasehold improvements for the office and are not directly used to support the servicing or trading of life settlement policies. The intangible assets at the Company consist of customer relationships, internally developed and used technology, and non-compete agreements.


	Years Ended December 31,				$ Change		% Change
	2023		2022
Depreciation and amortization	$	3,409,928	$	4,282	$	3,405,646	79,534.0	%

The increase of $3,405,646, or 79,534.0%, in depreciation and amortization expense is primarily related to amortization of intangible assets.

Unrealized Loss (Gain) on Investments


	Years Ended December 31,				$ Change		% Change
	2023		2022
Unrealized loss (gain) on investments	$	(1,369,112)	$	1,045,623	$	(2,414,735)	(230.9)	%

Unrealized loss (gain) on investments decreased by $(2,414,735) or (230.9)% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. During the first and third quarters of 2022, the Company, through three subsidiaries, LMATT Series 2024, Inc., LMATT Growth Series, Inc., LMATT Growth and Income Series, Inc. purchased S&P 500 call options and sold S&P 500 put options through a broker as an economic hedge related to the market-indexed instruments described below. The primary cause of this decrease pertains to the change in fair value of those options and is classified as an unrealized loss on investments within the results of operations.

(Gain) Loss on Change in Fair Value of Debt

Table of Conten ts


	Years Ended December 31,				$ Change		% Change
	2023		2022
(Gain) loss on change in fair value of debt	$	2,356,058	$	90,719	$	2,265,339	2497.1	%

Change in gain on fair value of debt increased by $2,265,339, or 2497.1% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase is primarily attributable to changes in the risk-free fair value of LMATT Series 2024, Inc., LMATT Growth Series, Inc., LMATT Growth and Income Series, Inc. related debt.

On March 31, 2022, LMATT Series 2024, Inc., a 70% owned subsidiary which the Company consolidates for financial reporting, issued $10,166,900 in market-indexed private placement notes. The note, titled the Longevity Market Assets Target-Term Series (LMATTS) 2024, is a market-indexed instrument designed to provide upside performance exposure of the S&P 500 Index, while limiting downward exposure. Upon maturity of the note in 2024, the principal, plus the return based upon the S&P 500 Index must be paid. The note has a feature to protect debt holders from market downturns, up to 40%. Any subsequent losses below the 40% threshold will reduce the note on a one-to-one basis. As of December 31, 2023, $8,816,900 of the principal amount remained outstanding. The notes are held at fair value, which represents the exit price, or anticipated price to transfer the liability to a third party. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the LMATT Series 2024, Inc. notes were $9,477,780. The notes are secured by the assets of the issuing entities, which includes cash, S&P 500 options, and life settlement policies totaling $5,152,589 as of December 31, 2023. The note’ agreements do not restrict the trading of life settlement contracts prior to maturity of the note, as total assets of the issuing companies are considered as collateral. There are also no restrictive covenants associated with the notes with which the entities must comply.

On September 16, 2022, LMATTS Growth Series 2.2024, Inc., a 100% owned subsidiary which the Company consolidates for financial reporting issued $2,333,391 in market-indexed private placement notes. The note, titled the Longevity Market Assets Target-Term Growth Series 2.2024, Inc. (“LMATTSTM Series 2.2024, Inc.”) is a market-indexed instrument designed to provide upside performance exposure of the S&P 500 Index, while limiting downward exposure. Upon maturity of the note in 2024, the principal, plus the return based upon the S&P 500 Index must be paid. The note has a feature to provide upside performance participation that is capped at 120% of the performance of the S&P 500. A separate layer of the note has a feature to protect debt holders from market downturns by up to 20% if the index price experiences a loss during the investment period. After the underlying index has decreased in value by more than 20%, the investment will experience all subsequent losses on a one-to-one basis. As of December 31, 2023, the entire principal amount remained outstanding. The notes are held at fair value, which represents the exit price, or anticipated price to transfer the liability to a third party. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the LMATT Series 2.2024, Inc. notes were $3,551,852. The notes are secured by the assets of the issuing entity, LMATT Series 2.2024, Inc., which includes cash, S&P 500 options, and life settlement policies totaling $1,086,735 as of December 31, 2023. The note agreements do not restrict the trading of life settlement contracts prior to maturity of the note, as total assets of the issuing company are considered as collateral. There are also no restrictive covenants associated with the note with which the entity must comply.

On September 16, 2022, LMATTS Growth and Income Series 1.2026, Inc., a 100% owned subsidiary which the Company consolidates for financial reporting issued $400,000 in market-indexed private placement notes. The note, titled the Longevity Market Assets Target-Term Growth and Income Series 1.2026, Inc (“LMATTSTM Growth and Income Series 1.2026, Inc.”) is a market-indexed instrument designed to provide upside performance exposure of the S&P 500 Index, while limiting downward exposure. Upon maturity of the note in 2026, the principal, plus the return based upon the S&P 500 Index must be paid. The note has a feature to provide upside performance participation that is capped at 140% of the performance of the S&P 500. A separate layer of the note has a feature to protect debt holders from market downturns by up to 10% if the index price experiences a loss during the investment period. After the underlying index has decreased in value by more than 10%, the investment will experience all subsequent losses on a one-to-one basis. This note also includes a 4% dividend feature that will be paid annually. As of December 31, 2023, the entire principal amount remained outstanding. The notes are held at fair value, which represents the exit price, or anticipated price to transfer the liability to a third party. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the LMATT Growth and Income Series 1.2026, Inc., notes

Table of Conten ts

were $569,862. The notes are secured by the assets of the issuing entity, LMATTS Growth and Income Series 1.2026, Inc., which includes cash, S&P 500 options, and life settlement policies totaling $242,488 as of December 31, 2023. The note agreements do not restrict the trading of life settlement contracts prior to maturity of the note, as total assets of the issuing company are considered as collateral. There are also no restrictive covenants associated with the note with which the entity must comply. See additional fair value considerations within Note 12 of the Company’s interim financial statements.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense) consists of working capital support that the Company provides to two life settlement Providers through the SSES further discussed in Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, of the Company’s condensed financial statements. The Company entered into the SSES with the Providers and simultaneously acquired an option to purchase the outstanding equity ownership of the Providers, upon the achievement by the Providers of certain financial targets. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Providers were considered to be VIEs, but were not consolidated in our consolidated financial statements as we do not hold a controlling financial interest in the Providers.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022			$ Change			% Change
Other income (expense)	$	(146,443)		$	(347,013)		$	200,570		(57.8)	%
Interest (expense)			(9,866,821)			(42,798)			(9,824,023)	22954.4	%
Interest income			594,764			1,474			593,290	100	%
Loss on change in fair value of warrant liability			(4,204,360)			—			(4,204,360)	100	%

Other income (expense) decreased by $200,570, or 57.8%, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease is primarily related to financial assistance provided to the Providers. Refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the Annual report for further information.

Interest expense was $9,824,023 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $42,798 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in interest expense is primarily related to the Owl Rock Credit Facility (includes $3,327,418 of loss on extinguishment), the SPV Purchase and Sale Note (non-cash interest expense of $1,538,004), and the Sponsor PIK Note (non-cash interest of $644,217), and the launch of two Income funds, LMA Income Series, LP and LMA Income Series II, LP for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Interest income was $593,290, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $1,474 the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in interest income is primarily due to money market sweeps during 2023.

Loss on change in fair value of warrant liability was $(4,204,360), for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $— for the year ended December 31, 2022. The loss is primarily attributable to the increase in the price for the public warrants from June 30, 2023 to December 31, 2023, which is a determining factor for measuring the fair value of the private warrants.

Income Tax Expense

Prior to the Business Combination, the Company elected to file as an S corporation for federal and Florida state income tax purposes. As such, the Company incurred no federal or Florida state income taxes, except for income taxes recorded related to LMATT Series 2024, Inc., a Delaware C corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of LMX Series, LLC, which are consolidated by the Company. Accordingly, the income tax expense has historically been attributable to income tax expense for LMATT Series 2024, Inc. However, the Business Combination resulted in changes to the tax status of certain entities which impacted the provision for income taxes.

Table of Conten ts


	Years Ended December 31,				$ Change		% Change
	2023		2022
Income tax expense	$	1,468,535	$	889,943	$	578,592	65.0	%

Income tax expense increased by $578,592, or 65.0% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Our effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, was 14.0% and 22%, respectively. The Company's effective tax rate as of December 31, 2022 differed from the statutory rate of 21% due to the impact of state income taxes and valuation allowance released, as there was sufficient evidence of the Company’s ability to generate future taxable income at December 31, 2022. The existence of non-taxable flow-through entities within the Company as well as a change in tax status of certain entities upon the Business Combination caused the effective tax rate to be significantly lower than the statutory rate for the year ended December 31, 2023. The income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 is mainly related to the unfavorable adjustment related to restricted stock award deductions limited by IRC 162(m).

Results of Operations—Segment Results

The Company organizes its business into three reportable segments (i) portfolio servicing, (ii) active management, and (iii) originations, which generate revenue in different manners. During 2021, we primarily focused on the Portfolio Servicing business. At the end of June 2021, we underwent a change in our business to focus on active management services in addition to portfolio servicing. Finally, the Company originates life insurance policies as a result of the Business Combination.

This segment structure reflects the financial information and reports used by the Company's management, specifically its chief operating decision maker (CODM), to make decisions regarding the Company’s business, including resource allocations and performance assessments as well as the current operating focus in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) ASC 280, Segment Reporting. The Company's CODM is the Chief Executive Officer of the Company.

The portfolio servicing segment generates revenues by providing policy services to customers on a contract basis. The active management segment generates revenues by buying, selling and trading policies and maintaining policies through to death benefit. The origination segment generates revenue by originating life insurance policy settlement contracts as a licensed life settlement provider on behalf of third-party institutional investors interested in investing in the life settlement asset class. The Company's reportable segments are not aggregated.

The following tables provides supplemental information of revenue and profitability by operating segment:

Portfolio Servicing


	Years Ended December 31,				$ Change	% Change
	2023		2022
Total revenue	$	1,002,174	$	1,470,972	(468,798)	(31.9)%
Gross profit (Loss)	278,115		300,235		(22,120)	(7.4)%

Total revenue for the portfolio servicing segment decreased by $(468,798) or (31.9)%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in portfolio servicing revenue is primarily attributable to a decrease in the non-recurring consulting projects in Portfolio servicing revenue. Gross profit from our portfolio servicing segment decreased by $22,120, or 7.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to increases in cost of revenue.

Active Management

Table of Conten ts


	Years Ended December 31,				$ Change		% Change
	2023		2022
Total revenue	$	61,195,377	$	43,242,580	$	17,952,797	41.5%
Gross profit	59,020,991		38,528,648		$	20,492,343	53.2%

Total revenue for the active management segment increased by $17,952,797, or 41.5% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Gross profit from our active management segment increased $20,492,343, or 53.2% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in Active management revenue and gross profit was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue of $17,952,797, or 41.5%, and decrease in cost of revenue from 10.9% of revenue in 2022 to 3.6% of revenue in 2023. The decrease in cost of revenue was related to decrease in discretionary commissions for individuals directly related to active management trading revenue.

Originations


	Years Ended December 31,				$ Change		% Change
	2023		2022
Total revenue	$	19,247,972	$	—	$	19,247,972	—%
Gross profit	611,968		—		611,968		—%

Total revenue for the originations segment increased by $19,247,972 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. Among the total originations revenue, the majority of the balance is related to the eliminated intercompany activity of $(15,044,072) that is related to policies that Abacus originated for LMA. No originations revenue was recorded prior the June 30, 2023 Business Combination.

Table of Conten ts

Key Business Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The consolidated financial statements of Abacus Life, Inc. have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We monitor key business metrics and non-GAAP financial measures that assist us in evaluating our business, measuring our performance, identifying trends and making strategic decisions. We have presented the following non-GAAP measures, their most directly comparable GAAP measure, and key business metrics:


Non-GAAP Measure			Comparable GAAP Measure
Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted EPS			Net Income attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. and EPS
Adjusted EBITDA			Net Income

Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted EPS, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin, are not measures of financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered substitutes for GAAP measures, net income (loss) (for Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin), net income (loss) attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. (for Adjusted Net Income) or earnings (loss) per share (for Adjusted EPS), which are considered to be the most directly comparable GAAP measures. These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools, and when assessing Company’s operating performance, these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation or as substitutes for net income (loss), net income (loss) attributable to Abacus Life, Inc., earnings (loss) per share or other consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income data prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Adjusted Net Income is presented for the purpose of calculating Adjusted EPS. The Company defines Adjusted Net Income as net income (loss) attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. adjusted for non-controlling interest income, amortization, change in fair value of warrants and non-cash stock-based compensation and the related tax effect of those adjustments. Management believes that Adjusted Net Income is an appropriate measure of operating performance because it eliminates the impact of expenses that do not relate to business performance.

Adjusted EPS measures our per share earnings and is calculated as Adjusted Net Income divided by adjusted weighted-average shares outstanding. We believe Adjusted EPS is useful to investors because it enables them to better evaluate per share operating performance across reporting periods and management believes that Adjusted EPS is an appropriate measure of operating performance because it eliminates the impact of expenses that do not relate to business performance.

Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EPS

The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted Net Income to the most comparable GAAP financial measure, net income (loss) attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. and Adjusted EPS to the most comparable GAAP financial measure, earnings per share, on a historical basis for the periods indicated below:

Table of Conten ts


		Years Ended December 31,
		2023			2022
Net income attributable to Abacus Life, Inc.			$	9,516,626		$	31,682,275
	Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		(482,139)			704,699

	Amortization expense		3,364,167			—
	Stock based compensation		10,768,024			—
	Loss on change in fair value of warrant liability		4,204,360			—
	Tax impact [1]		2,069,993			—
Adjusted Net Income			$	29,441,031		$	32,386,974
Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - basic [2]			56,951,414			50,369,350
Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - diluted [2]			57,767,898			50,369,350
Proforma Adjusted EPS - basic			$	0.52		$	0.64
Proforma Adjusted EPS - diluted			$	0.51		$	0.64

[1] Tax impact represents the permanent difference in tax expense related to the restricted stock awards granted to the CEO due to IRC 162(m) limitations.

[2] The number of shares outstanding have been retrospectively recast for prior period presented to reflect the the outstanding stock of Abacus Life, Inc. as a result of the Business Combination.

Adjusted Net Income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $29,441,031 compared to $32,386,974 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $(2,945,943), or (9.1)%, in adjusted Net Income is primarily due to increases in general and administrative expenses and sales and marketing expenses to support the increase in active management activity. Adjusted basic EPS for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.52 compared to $0.64 for the year ended December 31, 2022. Adjusted diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.51 compared to $0.64 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Adjusted EBITDA is net income adjusted for depreciation expense, amortization, interest expense, income tax and other non-cash and certain non-recurring items that in our judgement significantly impact the period-over-period assessment of performance and operating results that do not directly relate to business performance within Abacus Life, Inc.'s control. These items may include payments made as part of the Company's expense support commitment, (gain) loss on change in fair value of debt, loss on change in fair value of warrant liability, S&P 500 put and call options that were entered into as an economic hedge related to the debt (described as the unrealized loss on investments), non-cash stock based compensation, and certain non-recurring items. Adjusted EBITDA should not be determined as substitution for net income (loss), cash flows provided (used in) operating, investing, and financing activities, operating income (loss), or other metrics prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Table of Conten ts

Management believes the use of Adjusted EBITDA assists investors in understanding the ongoing operating performance by presenting comparable financial results between periods. We believe that by removing the impact of depreciation and amortization and excluding certain non-cash charges, amounts spent on interest and taxes and certain non-recurring charges that are highly variable from year to year, Adjusted EBITDA provides our investors with performance measures that reflect the impact to operations from trends in changes in revenue, policy values and operating expenses, providing a perspective not immediately apparent from net income and operating income. The adjustments we make to derive the non-GAAP measure of Adjusted EBITDA exclude items which may cause short-term fluctuations in net income and operating income and which we do not consider to be the fundamental attributes or primary drivers of our business.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin to the most comparable GAAP financial measure, net income (loss), on a historical basis for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 indicated below:


		Years Ended December 31,
		2023			2022
Net Income			$	9,034,487		$	32,386,974
	Depreciation and amortization expense		3,409,928			4,282
	Income Tax		1,468,535			889,943
	Interest (Expense)		9,866,821			42,798
	Other Income (Expenses)		146,443			347,013
	Interest Income		(594,764)			(1,474)
	Loss on change in fair value of warrant liability		4,204,360			—
	Stock based compensation		10,768,024			—
	Unrealized loss (gain) on investments		(1,369,112)			1,045,623
	Loss on change in fair value of debt		2,356,058			90,719
Adjusted EBITDA			$	39,290,780		$	34,805,878
Adjusted EBITDA Margin			59.2%			77.8%
Net Income Margin			13.6%			72.4%

Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $39,290,780 compared to $34,805,878 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $4,484,902, or 13%, in adjusted EBITDA is primarily due to stock-based compensation of $10,768,024, $9,824,023 in interest expense, $4,204,360 loss on change in fair value of warrant liability, an increase in depreciation and amortization expense of $3,405,646, and an increase $2,265,339 in gain on change in fair value of debt, partially offset by an increase in General and administrative expense not including stock-compensation of $(14,600,289) and an increase in sales and marketing expense of $(2,309,607) to support the increase in active management activity.

We monitor the following key business metrics: (i) number of policies serviced, (ii) value of policies serviced, and (iii) total invested dollars. Servicing revenue involves the provision of services to one affiliate by common ownership and third parties which own life insurance policies. The number of policies and the value of policies serviced represents the volume and dollar value of policies over which the above services are performed. Total invested dollars represent the acquisition cost plus premiums paid by the policy. We use the aforementioned metrics to assess business operations and provide concrete benchmarks that provide a clear snapshot of growth between the periods under consideration. Please refer to the following Key Business Metrics below:

Table of Conten ts


	Years Ended December 31,					$ Change		% Change
	2023			2022
Key business metric
Number of policies serviced		722		473		249		52.6%
Value of policies serviced		$	1,143,584,088	$	732,264,245	$	411,319,843	56.2%
Total invested dollars		$	257,129,186	$	180,788,244	$	76,340,942	42.2%


Non-GAAP Measure			Comparable GAAP Measure
Proforma Adjusted Net Income, Proforma Adjusted EPS			Net Income attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. and Net Income for Abacus Settlements, LLC and EPS for Abacus Life, Inc.
Proforma Adjusted EBITDA			Net Income for Abacus Life, Inc. and Net Income for Abacus Settlements, LLC

Proforma adjusted Net Income and Proforma Adjusted EPS

Proforma Adjusted Net Income, Proforma Adjusted EPS, Proforma Adjusted EBITDA and Proforma Adjusted EBITDA Margin, are not measures of financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered substitutes for GAAP measures, net income (loss) for Abacus Life Inc. and Abacus Settlements, LLC (for Proforma Adjusted EBITDA and Proforma Adjusted EBITDA Margin), net income (loss) attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. and net income for Abacus Settlements, LLC (for Proforma Adjusted Net Income) or earnings (loss) per share (for Proforma Adjusted EPS), which are considered to be the most directly comparable GAAP measures. These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools, and when assessing Company’s operating performance, these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation or as substitutes for net income (loss) for Abacus Life, Inc. and Abacus Settlements, LLC, net income (loss) attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. and Abacus Settlements, LLC, earnings (loss) per share or other consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income data prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Proforma Adjusted Net Income is presented for the purpose of calculating Proforma Adjusted EPS. The Company defines Proforma Adjusted Net Income as net income (loss) attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. plus historical net income for Abacus Settlements, LLC prior to the Business Combination adjusted for non-controlling interest, amortization, stock based compensation, change in fair value of warrants, and the related tax effect of those adjustments. Management believes that Proforma Adjusted Net Income is an appropriate measure of operating performance because it represents the combined results for the two legacy operating companies, Abacus Settlements, LLC and Longevity Market Assets, LLC year-over-year as if the business combination had occurred at the beginning of the years shown and eliminates the impact of expenses that do not relate to business performance.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Proforma Adjusted Net Income to the most comparable GAAP financial measure, net income (loss) attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. and net income for Abacus Life, Inc. and Proforma Adjusted EPS to the most comparable GAAP financial measure, earnings per share, on a historical basis for the periods indicated below:

Table of Conten ts


		Years Ended December 31,
		2023			2022
	Net income attributable to Abacus Life, Inc.		$	9,516,628		$	31,682,276
	Net income for Abacus Settlements, LLC [1]		(974,901)			(52,495)
Net income attributable to Abacus Life, Inc.			8,541,727			31,629,781
	Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		(482,139)			704,699
	Amortization expense		3,364,167			—
	Stock compensation expense		10,768,024			—
	Loss on change in fair value of warrant liability		4,204,360			—
	Tax impact [2]		2,069,993			—
Proforma Adjusted Net Income			$	28,466,132		$	32,334,480

Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - basic			56,951,414			50,369,350
Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - diluted			57,767,898			50,369,350
Proforma Adjusted EPS - basic			$	0.50		$	0.64
Proforma Adjusted EPS - diluted			$	0.49		$	0.64

[1] Net income attributable to Abacus Settlements, LLC, includes all of 2023 activity.

[2] Tax impact represents the permanent difference in tax expense related to the restricted stock awards granted to certain executives due to IRC 162(m) limitations.

Proforma Adjusted Net Income for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $28,466,132 compared to $32,334,480 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease of $(3,868,348), or (12.0)%, in Proforma adjusted Net Income is primarily due to the increase in proforma general and administrative expenses offset by increase in revenues. Proforma Adjusted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.50 compared to $0.64 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Table of Conten ts

Proforma Adjusted EBITDA

Proforma Adjusted EBITDA is net income for Abacus Life, Inc. plus historical net income for Abacus Settlements, LLC prior to the Business Combination and adjusted for depreciation expense, amortization expense, interest expense, income tax and other non-cash and certain non-recurring items that in our judgement significantly impact the period-over-period assessment of performance and operating results that do not directly relate to business performance within Abacus Life, Inc.'s control. These unusual items may include payments made as part of the Company's expense support commitment, (gain) loss on change in fair value of debt, loss on change in fair value of warrant liability, S&P 500 put and call options that were entered into as an economic hedge related to the debt (described as the unrealized loss on investments), non-cash stock based compensation, and certain non-recurring items. Proforma Adjusted EBITDA should not be determined as substitution for net income (loss), cash flows provided (used in) operating, investing, and financing activities, operating income (loss), or other metrics prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Management believes the use of Proforma Adjusted EBITDA assists investors in understanding the ongoing operating performance by presenting comparable financial results between periods and represents the combined results for the two legacy operating companies, Abacus Settlements, LLC and Longevity Market Assets, LLC year-over-year as if the business combination had occurred at the beginning of the years shown. We believe that by removing the impact of depreciation and amortization and excluding certain non-cash charges, amounts spent on interest and taxes and certain non-recurring charges that are highly variable from year to year, Proforma Adjusted EBITDA provides our investors with performance measures that reflect the impact to operations from trends in changes in revenue, policy values and operating expenses, providing a perspective not immediately apparent from net income and operating income. The adjustments we make to derive the non-GAAP measure of Proforma Adjusted EBITDA exclude items which may cause short-term fluctuations in net income and operating income and which we do not consider to be the fundamental attributes or primary drivers of our business.

The following table presents a reconciliation of Proforma Adjusted EBITDA and Proforma Adjusted EBITDA margin to the most comparable GAAP financial measure, net income (loss) for Abacus Life Inc. and net income (loss) for Abacus Settlements, LLC, on a historical basis for the periods indicated below:

Table of Conten ts


		Years Ended December 31,
		2023				2022
	Net Income for Abacus Life, Inc.		$	9,034,489			$	32,386,975
	Net Income for Abacus Settlements, LLC		(974,901)				(52,495)
Proforma Net Income			8,059,588				32,334,480

	Depreciation and amortization expense		3,481,174				109,604
	Interest expense		9,866,657				51,615
	Interest income		(596,681)				(3,673)
	Income Tax		1,471,721				891,961
	Stock compensation		10,768,024				—
	Other (Income) / Expenses		(108,200)				346,740
	Loss on change in fair value of warrant liability		4,204,360				—

	Expense support agreement		—				—
	Loss on change in fair value of debt		2,356,058				90,719
	Unrealized (gain) / loss on investments		(1,369,112)				1,045,623
Proforma Adjusted EBITDA			$	38,133,589			$	34,867,069

	Revenue		79,588,733				69,917,016

Proforma Adjusted EBITDA Margin			47.91		%		49.87		%
Proforma Net Income Margin			10.13		%		46.25		%

[1] Net income attributable to Abacus Settlements, LLC, includes all of 2023 activity.

[2] Tax impact represents the permanent difference in tax expense related to the restricted stock awards granted to certain executives due to IRC 162(m) limitations.

Proforma Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $38,133,589 compared to $34,867,069 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $3,266,520 or 9.4%, in proforma adjusted EBITDA is primarily due to the increase in proforma revenue and interest expense, partially offset by increases in operating expenses. While operating expenses also increased, many of these increases in expenses are being reflected in the non-recurring and non-cash adjustments shown herein as a result of the Business Combination.

Table of Conten ts

Proforma Segment revenue

Proforma Segment Revenue is not a measure of financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered substitutes for GAAP measures, segment revenue for Abacus Life Inc. and Abacus Settlements, LLC, which are considered to be the most directly comparable GAAP measures. This non-GAAP financial measure has limitations as analytical tools, and when assessing Company’s operating performance, this non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered in isolation or as substitutes for segment revenue for Abacus Life Inc. and Abacus Settlements, LLC, or other consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income data prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The Company defines Proforma Segment Revenue as segment revenue for Abacus Life, Inc. plus historical revenue for Abacus Settlements, LLC prior to the Business Combination adjusted for inter-segment activity for policies that Abacus Settlements, LLC has originated on behalf of Longevity Market Assets, LLC. Management believes that Proforma Segment Revenue is an appropriate measure of operating performance because it represents the combined results for the two legacy operating companies, Abacus Settlements, LLC and Longevity Market Assets, LLC year-over-year as if the business combination had occurred at the beginning of the years shown and eliminates inter-segment revenue.


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Portfolio Servicing	$	1,002,174	$	1,470,972
Proforma Active Management	61,195,377		43,242,580
Proforma Originations	32,435,254		25,203,463
Total Proforma Revenue (including intersegment)	94,632,805		69,917,015
Intersegment elimination	(15,044,072)		—
Total Proforma Revenue	$	79,588,733	$	69,917,015

Proforma Segment Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $79,588,733 compared to $69,917,015 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $9,671,718 or 13.8% in Proforma Segment revenue is primarily due to an increase in Active Management revenue and Originations revenue, prior to the inter-segment elimination.

Table of Conten ts

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company finances its operations primarily through cash generated from operations and net proceeds from debt or equity financing. The Company actively manages its working capital and the associated cash requirements when servicing policies while also effectively utilizing cash and other sources of liquidity to purchase additional policies. As of December 31, 2023, our principal source of liquidity was cash totaling $25,588,668. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had a net income attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. of $9,516,626. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had net income attributable to Abacus Life, Inc. of $31,682,275.

The Company is obligated to provide financial support to the Providers as described in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 11, Commitments and Contingencies, of the Company’s financial statements. At inception of the SSES on January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021, the Company had incurred $120,000 related to the initial funding of operations, and $— related to expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred expense of $163,338 to fund the Providers’ deficits. In 2022, the Providers reimbursed the Company for the initial funding of $120,000. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Providers were considered to be VIEs, but were not consolidated in our consolidated financial statements due to a lack of the power criterion or the losses/benefits criterion.

On November 10, 2023, the Company issued $35,650,000 in fixed rate senior unsecured notes (“Fixed Unsecured Notes”). The net proceeds after related debt issue costs, were used by the Company to repay the Owl Rock Credit Facility, with the remaining to be used for general corporate purposes. The Fixed Unsecured Notes are based on a fixed interest rate of 9.875% to be paid in quarterly interest payments beginning on February 15, 2024 and mature on November 15, 2028. The Company has the option to redeem the Fixed Unsecured Notes in whole or in part at a price of 100% of the outstanding principal balance on or after November 15, 2027. The notes will be senior unsecured obligations of the Company and will rank equal in right of payment to all of the Company’s other senior unsecured indebtedness from time to time outstanding.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our revenue growth rate and the expansion of our active management and portfolio activities. The Company may, in the future, enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, products and technologies. The Company may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing.

Refer to Note 4, Life Insurance Settlement Policies, Note 13, Long-Term Debt, and Note 19, Leases, for further discussion on rights and obligations that impact liquidity.

Cash Flows from our operations

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Net cash provided/(used) in operating activities	$	(64,523,149)		$	10,693,254
Net cash provided/(used) in investing activities			2,241,502			(3,704,646)
Net cash provided by financing activities			57,817,492			22,961,795

Operating Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2023, our operating activities used $(64,523,149) of net cash as compared to $10,693,254 of net cash provided from operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in net cash used from operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily due to $(80,598,101) net cash used to purchase life settlement policies accounted for at fair value and $7,018,933 net cash provided to sell life settlement policies accounted for

Table of Conten ts

at cost during the year ended December 31, 2023, partially offset by $7,188,332 in higher operational expense accruals and $10,768,024 of non-cash stock-based compensation, compared to purchases of $(8,066,975) life settlement polices accounted for at fair value and $(8,716,111) life settlement polices accounted for at cost during the year ended in December 31, 2022.

Table of Conten ts

Investing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2023, investing activities provided $2,241,502 of net cash as compared to (3,704,646) net cash used during the year ended December 31, 2022. $2,241,502 of net cash provided in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023, was related to receipts of $2,781,176 from affiliates, $(350,000) used to purchase other investments, and (189,674) used to purchase equipment. Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 was related to purchase of available-for-sale investments of $(750,000), other investments of $(50,000) and the increase in the amounts due from affiliates during the year of $(2,904,646).

Financing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2023, financing activities generated $57,817,492 of net cash as compared to 22,961,795 of net cash generated during the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase of $34,855,697 in net cash generated in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022, was mainly related to proceeds of $124,672,976 from the issuance of debt, offset by $(26,250,000) of repayment of debt, $(23,533,073) of capital distributions to members, $(11,397,402) in transaction costs, $(5,547,943) payment of discounts and financing costs, and $(1,283,062) of repurchase of commons stock during December 31, 2023. Net cash generated in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 was related to the increase in amount for issuance of debt securities of $30,028,640, partially offset by amounts due to affiliates of $(666,845) and distributions to former members of $(6,400,000).

See Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, Note 13, Long-Term Debt, and Note 14, Stockholders’ Equity, for additional information related to our financing sources.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023, include three notes, LMATTSTM 2024, LMATTSTM 2.2024, and LMATTSTM 1.2026. The $10,166,900 LMATTSTM 2024 notes are a market-indexed instrument designed to provide upside performance exposure of the S&P 500 Index, while limiting downward exposure. Upon maturity of the notes in 2024, the principal, plus the return based upon the S&P 500 Index must be paid. The notes have a feature to protect debt holders from market downturns, up to 40%. Any subsequent losses below the 40% threshold will reduce the notes. The notes do not pay interest to the holders. As of December 31, 2023, $8,816,900 of the principal amount remained outstanding.

The $2,333,391 LMATTSTM 2.2024 notes are market-indexed instruments designed to provide upside performance exposure of the S&P 500 Index, while limiting downward exposure. Upon maturity of the notes in 2024, the principal, plus the return based upon the S&P 500 Index must be paid. The notes have a feature to protect debt holders from market downturns, up to 20%. Any subsequent losses below the 20% threshold will reduce the notes. The notes do not pay interest to the holders. As of December 31, 2023, the $2,333,391 principal amount remained outstanding.

The $400,000 LMATTSTM 1.2026 notes are market-indexed instruments designed to provide upside performance exposure of the S&P 500 Index, while limiting downward exposure. Upon maturity of the notes in 2026, the principal, plus the return based upon the S&P 500 Index must be paid. The notes have a feature to protect debt holders from market downturns, up to 10%. Any subsequent losses below the 10% threshold will reduce the notes. The notes pay annual interest of 4% on invested capital to the holders. As of December 31, 2023, the $400,000 principal amount remained outstanding.

Table of Conten ts

Additionally, LMA Income Series, GP, LLC, wholly owned and controlled by that LMA Series, LLC, formed a limited partnership, LMA Income Series, LP and issued partnership interests to limited partners in a private placement offering. The initial term of the offering is three years with the ability to extend for two additional one-year periods at the discretion of the general partner, LMA Income Series, GP, LLC. The limited partners will receive an annual dividend of 6.5% paid quarterly and 25% of returns in excess of a 6.5% internal rate of return capped at a 15% net internal rate of return. The General Partner will receive 75% of returns in excess of a 6.5% internal rate of return to limited partners then 100% in excess of a 15% net internal rate of return. It was determined that LMA Series, LLC is the primary beneficiary of LMA Income Series, LP and thus has fully consolidated the limited partnership in its consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, LMA Income Series II, GP, LLC, wholly owned and controlled by that LMA Series, LLC, formed a limited partnership, LMA Income Series II, LP and issued partnership interests to limited partners in a private placement offering. The initial term of the offering is three years with the ability to extend for two additional one-year periods at the discretion of the general partner, LMA Income Series II, GP, LLC. The limited partners will receive annual dividends equal to the Preferred Return Amounts as follows: Capital commitment less than $500,000, 7.5%; between $500,000 and $1,000,000, 7.8%; over $1,000,000, 8%. Thereafter, 100% of the excess to be paid to the General Partner. It was determined that LMA Series, LLC is the primary beneficiary of LMA Income Series, LP and thus has fully consolidated the limited partnership in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The private placement offerings proceeds for both LMA Income Series, LP and LMA Income Series II, LP will be used to acquire an actively managed large and diversified portfolio of financial assets. Abacus Life, Inc. elected to account for the secured borrowings at fair value under the collateralized financing entity guidance within ASC 810, Consolidations. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the LMA Income Series, LP secured borrowing was $22,368,210. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the LMA Income Series II, LP secured borrowing was $32,380,852.

Additionally, Abacus Life, Inc. has operating lease obligations, which are included as liabilities on our balance sheet, for our office space. As of December 31, 2023, operating lease obligations were $1,914,785 with $1,914,785 due in less than one year and $0 due within one to three years, which are comprised of the minimum commitments for our office space.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements, including information about new accounting standards and the future adoption of such standards.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company prepared its consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Our preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and related disclosures at the date of the financial statements, as well as revenue and expense recorded during the reporting periods. The Company evaluates our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis.

Table of Conten ts

The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and or other relevant assumptions that the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from management’s estimates.

See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements for further information related to our critical accounting policies and estimates, which are as follows:

Table of Conten ts

Valuation of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

As described in Note 1, Description of Business, and Note 3, Business Combination, to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed a “Business Combination” on June 30, 2023 where it acquired 100% of the ownership interest of Abacus Settlements, LLC (“Abacus”). The enterprise value for Abacus was estimated to be $165,361,332 of which 140,287,000 and $32,900,000 was recognized as goodwill and intangible assets, respectively. Refer to to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 6, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for how we determine the fair value of goodwill and other intangible assets, reporting units, and how we determine when an impairment loss should be recorded. We completed our annual goodwill impairment test during the fourth quarter of 2023 and did not record any impairment charges. During 2023, we also evaluated our other intangible assets for impairment and did not record any impairment charges.

Warrants

As described in Note 1, Description of Business, and Note 3, Business Combination, to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has a series of warrants outstanding (collectively the “Warrants”), which include: (i)

warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”) originally issued in connection the Company’s initial public

offering (the “Company IPO”) to purchase up to 7,120,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value

$0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”), issuable upon the exercise, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share;

(ii) warrants issued in connection with the Closing of the Business Combination to purchase up to 1,780,000

shares of our Common Stock issuable upon the exercise, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share; (iii) warrants

(the “Public Warrants”) issued in connection with the Company IPO to purchase up to 17,250,000 shares of

Common Stock, at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, of the public warrants. The Private Placement Warrants are accounted as a liability with the change in fair value flowing to net income. We evaluate the fair value of the Private Placement Warrants on a quarterly basis. See Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, for additional discussion. At the time of the Business Combination, the Public Warrants were remeasured and accounted for as an expense of the IPO resulting in charge to stockholder’s equity. See to Note 14, Stockholder’s Equity, for additional discussion.

Longevity Market Assets Target-Term Series (LMATTSTM) Note

On March 31, 2022, LMATT Series 2024, Inc., which the Company consolidates for financial reporting, issued $10,066,900 in market-indexed private placement notes. The notes, LMATTSTM 2024, are market-indexed instruments designed to provide upside performance exposure of the S&P 500 Index, while limiting downward exposure. Upon maturity of the notes in 2024, the principal, plus the return based upon the S&P 500 Index must be paid. The notes have a feature to protect debt holders from market downturns, up to 40%. Any subsequent losses below the 40% threshold will reduce the notes. The notes do not pay interest to the holders. As of December 31, 2023, $8,816,900 of the principal amount remained outstanding.

On September 16, 2022, LMATT Growth Series 2.2024, Inc., which the Company consolidates for financial reporting, issued $2,333,391 in market-indexed private placement notes. The notes, LMATTSTM 2.2024, are market-indexed instruments designed to provide upside performance exposure of the S&P 500 Index, while limiting downward exposure. Upon maturity of the notes in 2024, the principal, plus the return based upon the S&P 500 Index must be paid. The notes have a feature to protect debt holders from market downturns, up to 20%. Any subsequent losses below the 20% threshold will reduce the notes. The notes do not pay interest to the holders. As of December 31, 2023, the entire $2,333,391 principal amount remained outstanding.

On September 16, 2022, LMATT Growth and Income Series 1.2026, Inc., which Abacus Life, Inc. consolidates for financial reporting, issued $400,000 in market-indexed private placement notes. The notes, LMATTSTM 1.2026, are market-indexed instruments designed to provide upside performance exposure of the S&P 500 Index, while limiting downward exposure. Upon maturity of the notes in 2026, the principal, plus the return based upon the S&P 500 Index must be paid. The notes have a feature to protect debt holders from market downturns, up to 10%. Any subsequent losses below the 10% threshold will reduce the notes. The notes pay an annual 4% interest rate

Table of Conten ts

on invested capital to the holders. As of December 31, 2023, the entire $400,000 principal amount remained outstanding.

The Company has elected the fair value option in accounting for the instruments. Fair value is determined using Level 3 inputs. The valuation methodology is based on the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing formula and a discounted cash flow analysis. Inputs to the Black-Scholes-Merton model include (i) the S&P 500 Index price, (ii) S&P 500 Index volatility, (iii) a risk-free rate based on data published by the US Treasury, and (iv) a term assumption based on the contractual term of the LMATTSTM 2024 notes and LMATTSTM 2.2024 notes. The discounted cash flow analysis includes a discount rate that is based on the implied discount rate assumption developed by calibrating a valuation model to the purchase price on the initial investment date. The implied discount rate is evaluated for reasonableness by benchmarking it to yields on actively traded comparable securities.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company has recognized a loss of $(1,867,391) and a loss of $(666,013) for the LMATTSTM 2024 notes and LMATTSTM 2.2024 notes, respectively on the change in fair value fair value of the debt resulting from risk-free valuation scenarios, which is included within (gain) loss on change in fair value of debt within the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income. See Note 13, Long-Term Debt, and Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

Table of Conten ts

Longevity Market Assets Income Series, LP

On September 2, 2022, LMA Income Series, GP, LLC, wholly owned and controlled by that LMA Series, LLC, which Abacus Life, Inc. consolidates, formed a limited partnership, LMA Income Series, LP and subsequently issued partnership interests to limited partners in a private placement offering. It was determined that LMA Series, LLC is the primary beneficiary of LMA Income Series, LP and thus has fully consolidated the limited partnership in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. The limited partners will receive an annual dividend of 6.5% paid quarterly and 25% of returns in excess of a 6.5% internal rate of return capped at 9% which would require a 15% net internal rate of return. The General Partner will receive 75% of returns in excess of a 6.5% internal rate of return to limited partners then 100% in excess of a 15% net internal rate of return. The general partner committed $250,000, with the limited partners contributing $17,428,349. Additional limited partner contributions of $4,461,095 were raised in the first quarter of 2023 bringing the total deposit amount to $21,889,444.

The private placement offerings proceeds were used to acquire an actively managed large and diversified portfolio of financial assets. The Company, through its consolidated subsidiaries, serves as the portfolio manager for the financial asset portfolio, which includes investment sourcing and monitoring. In this role, the Company has the unilateral ability to acquire and dispose of any of the above investments. The Company elected to account for the secured borrowing at fair value under the collateralized financing entity guidance within ASC 810-10-30. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the secured borrowing, not including the $250,000 committed from the general partner, was $32,380,852 and there was no gain or loss recognized. See Note 13, Long-Term Debt, to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

Longevity Market Assets Income Series II, LP

On January 31, 2023, LMA Series, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, signed an Operating Agreement to be the sole member of a newly created general partnership, LMA Income Series II, GP, LLC. Subsequent to that, LMA Income Series II, GP, LLC formed a limited partnership, LMA Income Series II, LP and subsequently issued partnership interests to limited partners in a private placement offering. It was determined that LMA Series, LLC is the primary beneficiary of LMA Income Series II, LP and thus has fully consolidated the limited partnership in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. The limited partners will receive annual dividends equal to the preferred return amounts as follows: Capital commitment less than $500,000, 7.5%; between $500,000 and $1,000,000, 7.8%; over $1,000,000, 8%. Thereafter, 100% of the excess to be paid to the General Partner.

The private placement offerings proceeds were used to acquire an actively managed large and diversified portfolio of financial assets. The Company, through its consolidated subsidiaries, serves as the portfolio manager for the financial asset portfolio, which includes investment sourcing and monitoring. In this role, the Company has the unilateral ability to acquire and dispose of any of the above investments. The Company elected to account for the secured borrowing at fair value under the collateralized financing entity guidance within ASC 810-10-30. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of the secured borrowing, not including the commitment from the general partner, was $32,380,852 and there was no gain or loss recognized. See Note 13, Long-Term Debt, to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

Valuation of Life Insurance Policies

Abacus Life, Inc. accounts for its holdings of life insurance settlement policies at fair value in accordance with ASC 325-30, Investments in Insurance Contracts. Any resulting changes in estimates are reflected in operations in the period the change becomes apparent.

Table of Conten ts

The Company follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, in estimating the fair value of its life insurance policies, which defines fair value as an exit price representing the amount that would be received if an asset were sold or that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the guidance establishes a three-level, fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. Level 1 relates to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 relates to observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1. Level 3 relates to unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Abacus Life, Inc.'s valuation of life settlements is considered to be Level 3, as there is currently no active market where Abacus Life, Inc. is able to observe quoted prices for identical assets. Abacus Life, Inc.'s valuation model incorporates significant inputs that are not observable.

The aggregate face value of policies held at fair value is $520,503,710 as of December 31, 2023, with a corresponding fair value of $122,296,559. The aggregate face value of policies accounted for using the investment method is $33,900,000 as of December 31, 2023, with a corresponding carrying value of $1,697,178. See Note 4, Life Insurance Settlement Policies, and Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

Equity Investments in Privately-Held Companies

Equity investments without readily determinable fair values include our investments in privately-held companies in which Abacus Life, Inc. holds less than a 20% ownership interest and does not have the ability to exercise significant influence. Abacus Life, Inc. determines fair value using level 3 inputs under the measurement alternative. These investments are recorded at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer.

In addition, the Company monitors these investments to determine if impairment charges are required based primarily on the financial condition and near-term prospects of these companies. As of December 31, 2023, Abacus Life, Inc. did not identify any impairment indicators and determined that the carrying value of $1,650,000 is the fair value for these equity investments in privately held companies, given that there have been no observable price changes. See Note 8, Other Investments and Other Noncurrent Assets, to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

Available-For-Sale Securities

The Company has investments in securities that are classified as available-for-sale securities, and which are reflected on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. These securities solely consist of a convertible promissory note in a private company that was entered into an arms-length. Abacus Life, Inc. determines the fair value using unobservable inputs by considering the initial investment value, next round financing, and the likelihood of conversion or settlement based on the contractual terms in the agreement. Unrealized gains and losses on these investments are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, on the consolidated balance sheets. Abacus Life, Inc. classifies its available-for-sale securities as short-term or long-term based on the nature of the investment, its maturity date and its availability for use in current operations. Abacus Life, Inc. monitors its available-for-sale securities for possible other-than-temporary impairment when business events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the investment may not be recoverable. As of December 31, 2023, Abacus Life, Inc. evaluated the fair value of its investment and determined that the fair value approximates the carrying value of $1,105,935, and no unrealized gains and losses were recorded. See Note 8, Other Investments and Other Noncurrent Assets, to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

Stock Repurchase Program

Table of Conten ts

On December 11, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program under which the

Company may purchase shares of our common stock for an aggregate purchase price not to exceed $15

million over a period of up to 18 months. See Note 14, Stockholders’ Equity, to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our stock repurchase program.

Table of Conten ts

ABACUS SETTLEMENTS, LLC MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis provide information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of Abacus Settlements, LLC’s financial condition and results of operations. This discussion should be read in conjunction with Abacus Settlements, LLC’s unaudited financial statements and related notes thereto that appear elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In addition to historical financial analysis, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions, as described under the heading “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” or elsewhere in this quarterly statement. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this “Abacus Settlements, LLC Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “we,” “us,” “our,” and “Abacus” are intended to mean the business and operations of Abacus Settlements, LLC.

Overview

Abacus originates life insurance policy settlement contracts as a licensed life settlement provider on behalf of third-party institutional investors (“Financing Entities”) interested in investing in the life settlement asset class. Specifically, Abacus originates policies through three primary origination channels (Agents/Financial Advisors, Direct-to-Consumers, Life Settlement Brokers) and Third-Party Intermediaries. Abacus screens them for eligibility by verifying that the policy is in force, obtaining consents and disclosures, and submitting cases for life expectancy estimates. This process is characterized as our origination services, which averages a fee of approximately 2% of face value (“Origination Revenue”).

Our Business Model

As a life settlement provider, Abacus serves as a purchaser of outstanding life insurance policies. When serving as a purchaser, Abacus’ primary purpose in the transaction is to connect buyers and sellers through an origination process. The origination process is core to Abacus’ business and drives its economics. Abacus averages approximately 2% of face value in origination fees on policies and has developed three high quality origination channels which include agents and Financial Advisors, direct to consumer and Life Settlements Brokers. Abacus also originates policies with Third-Party Intermediaries. Generally, diversification across multiple origination channels lowers average policy acquisition costs and increases estimated returns. Abacus finds sellers through its origination channels using strategic marketing practices in its core markets, with the purpose of finding policy owners who want to capitalize on their investments prior to death by extracting value from their policies through the sale of such policies to Financing Entities.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

Our operations and financial performance are impacted by economic factors affecting the industry, including:

Table of Conten ts

Opportunities in the Life Settlements Industry

Within the life settlements industry, there is significant policy value that lapses on an annual basis. Currently, the life settlements industry only captures a narrow portion of the potential market leaving significant runway for future growth for industry participants. With the anticipation of growth in total face value of life insurance policies, we believe we are well positioned to capitalize on the overall market growth. Abacus is currently conducting business in 49 states and the District of Columbia. The company holds viatical settlement and or life settlement provider licenses in forty-three (43) of those jurisdictions. Abacus also conducts business in seven (7) jurisdictions which do not currently have life and or viatical settlement provider licensing requirements. Abacus conducts business where is it legally allowed to across the United States. The only state Abacus is not currently conducting business in is Alaska and there are no current plans to procure a license.

Macroeconomic Changes

Global macroeconomic factors, including regulatory policies, unemployment, changes in retirement savings, the cost of healthcare, inflation, and tax rate changes impact demand for our origination services. These factors evolve over time and while these changes have not currently made any significant impact on performance, these trends may shift the timing and volume of transactions, or the number of customers using our origination services.

Components of Results of Operations

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for each of the periods indicated, and we presented and expressed the relationship of certain line items as a percentage of revenue for those periods. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

Table of Conten ts

The following tables set forth our historical results for the periods indicated, and the changes between periods:


	Six Months Ended June 30		Year Ended December 31
	2023		2022
Origination revenue	$	3,252,738	$	7,050,007
Related-party revenue	9,931,938		18,153,456
Total revenue	13,184,676		25,203,463
Cost of revenue	2,734,949		5,538,470
Related party cost of revenue	6,558,354		11,022,535
Gross profit	3,891,373		8,642,458
Operating expenses
General and administrative expenses	4,848,580		8,674,425
Depreciation expense	5,597		12,165
Total operating expenses	4,854,177		8,686,590
Income (loss) from operations	(962,804)		(44,132)
Other income (expense)
Interest income	1,917		2,199
Interest (expense)	(11,725)		(8,817)
Other income	—		273
Total other (expense)	(9,808)		(6,345)
Income (loss) before income taxes	(972,612)		(50,477)
Provision for income taxes	2,289		2,018
Net income (loss) and comprehensive income	$	(974,901)	$	(52,495)

Origination Revenue

Abacus recognizes revenue from origination activities by acting as a provider of life settlements and viatical settlements by representing investors that are interested in purchasing life settlements on the secondary or tertiary market. Revenue from origination services consists of fees negotiated for each purchase and sale of a policy to an investor, which also include any agent and broker commissions received and the reimbursement of transaction costs.


	Six Months Ended June 30		Year Ended December 31
	2023		2022
Origination revenue	$	3,252,738	$	7,050,007

Revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended September 30, 2022 was $3,252,738 and $7,050,007, respectively, and is comprised of revenue in broker channel based on face values on the policies originated with consistent third party customers, origination fees, services revenue, and transaction fees reimbursements.

Related Party Revenue

Abacus has a related party relationship with Nova Trading (US), LLC (“Nova Trading”), a Delaware limited liability company and Nova Holding (US) LP, a Delaware limited partnership (“Nova Holding” and,

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collectively with Nova Trading, the “Nova Funds”) as the owners of Abacus jointly own 11% of the Nova Funds. The pricing for origination fees is governed by origination contracts that have been negotiated by both parties and are considered to be arms-length and consistent with origination fees charged to third party customers. For its origination services to the Nova Funds, Abacus earns origination fees equal to the lesser of (i) 2% of the net death benefit for the policy or (ii) $20,000.


	Six Months Ended June 30		Year Ended December 31
	2023		2022
Related Party Revenue	$	9,931,938	$	18,153,456

Related party revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2023 was $9,931,938 and $18,153,456, respectively. For six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022, Abacus had originated 72 and 333 policies for the Nova Funds with a total value of $96,674,080 and $87,143,005, respectively, and is comprised of origination services to LMA and transaction fees reimbursed by the related party. Further, for the six months ended June 30, 2023, Abacus had originated 103 policies, for LMA with a total value of $192,685,578.

Cost of Revenue, Related Party Cost of Revenue, and Gross Margin

Cost of revenue is primarily comprised of third-party commissions, which includes third-party sales and marketing commission fees, as well as transaction costs that are reimbursed as part of the origination activity and depreciation and amortization expense. Abacus receives an origination fee plus any commission to be paid from the purchaser for its part in arranging the life settlement transactions. Out of that fee income, Abacus pays commissions to the licensed representative of the seller, if one is required. Commission expense is recorded at the same time revenue is recognized and is included within cost of revenue. Depreciation expense consists of depreciation of property and equipment assets, which are computer equipment. Amortization expense consists primarily of amortization of capitalized costs incurred for the development of internal use software. The costs incurred exclusively consist of fees incurred from an external consulting firm during the development stage of the project and is amortized on the straight-line basis over an estimated useful life of three years.


	Six Months Ended June 30			Year Ended December 31
	2023			2022
Cost of revenue	$	2,734,949		$	5,538,470
Related party cost of revenue	6,558,354			11,022,535
Gross Profit	$	3,891,373		$	8,642,458
Gross Margin	30		%	34		%

Cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $2,734,949 and $5,538,470 and is primarily comprised of commissions expense, life expectancy fees, and lead generation expenses.

Related party cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $6,558,354 and $11,022,535 and is comprised of LMA agent commission expenses, originations of policies sold to the Nova Funds, and transaction fees reimbursements.

Gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $3,891,373 and $8,642,458, respectively. Gross margin for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022 was 30% and 34%, respectively.

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Operating Expenses

Operating expenses are comprised of general and administrative expenses as well as depreciation expense.

General and administrative expenses include compensation, payroll, advertising, marketing, rent, insurance, recruitment, trade shows, telephone & internet, licenses, and other professional fees.

Depreciation expense consists of depreciation of property and equipment assets, which are computer equipment, office furniture and lease improvement.


	Six Months Ended June 30		Year Ended December 31
	2023		2022
General and administrative expenses	$	4,848,580	$	8,674,425
Depreciation expense	5,597		12,165

General and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was $4,848,580 and $8,674,425, respectively, and is comprised of payroll expenses for administration support, sales department, marketing expenses, sponsorships, rent and office expenses.

Depreciation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for year ended December 31, 2022 was $5,597 and $12,165, respectively. The depreciation expense for both the periods were computed on property and equipment (i.e., computer equipment, office furniture, and leasehold improvements).

Other income (expense)

Other income (expense) includes interest income, consulting income, and other income. Interest income represents the interest earned on Abacus’ certificates of deposits. Consulting income represents income earned on various origination consulting services performed. Other income comprises of income from credit card cash rewards.


	Six Months Ended June 30		Year Ended December 31
	2023		2022
Interest income	$	1,917	$	2,199
Interest (expense)	(11,725)		(8,817)
Other income	—		273

Interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $1,917 and $2,199, respectively. The interest income for both the periods represents interest earned on Abacus certificate of deposit.

Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $11,725 and $8,817, respectively, and is comprised of amortization of deferred financing fees.

Other Income for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $273.

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Provision for Income Taxes


	Six Months Ended June 30		Year Ended December 31
	2023		2022
Provision for income taxes	$	2,289	$	2,018

Provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $2,289 and $2,018, respectively. The amounts for both the periods are primarily annual report filing fees with various states.

Business Segments

Operating as a centrally led life insurance policy intermediary, Abacus’ Chief Executive Officer is the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) who allocates resources and assesses financial performance. As a result of this management approach, Abacus is organized as a single operating segment. The CODM reviews performance and allocates resources based on the total originations, total corresponding revenue generated for the period, gross profit, and adjusted EBITDA.

Key Business Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Management uses non-GAAP financial measures, in conjunction with GAAP financial measures, as an integral part of managing our business and to, among other things: (i) monitor and evaluate the performance of our business operations and financial performance; (ii) facilitate internal comparisons of the historical operating performance of our business operations; (iii) review and assess the operating performance of our management team; (iv) analyze and evaluate financial and strategic planning decisions regarding future operating investments; and (v) plan for and prepare future annual operating budgets and determine appropriate levels of operating investments.

We monitor the following key business metrics and non-GAAP financial measures that assist us in evaluating our business, measuring our performance, identifying trends and making strategic decisions. As such, we have presented the following non-GAAP measure, their most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure, and key business metrics:


Non-GAAP Measure			Comparable U.S. GAAP Measure
Adjusted EBITDA			Net Income

Adjusted EBITDA is net income adjusted for depreciation expense, provision for income taxes, interest income, and certain non-recurring items that in our judgement significantly impact the period-over-period assessment of performance and operating results. Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an indicator of our operating performance, liquidity, or cash flows provided by or used in operating, investing, and financing activities, as there may be significant factors or trends that it fails to address. We caution investors that non-GAAP financial information departs from traditional accounting conventions. Therefore, its use can make it difficult to compare current results with results from other reporting periods and with the results of other companies.

Management believes the use of Adjusted EBITDA measures assists investors in understanding the ongoing operating performance by presenting comparable financial results between periods. We believe that by removing the impact of depreciation and amortization, amounts spent on interest and taxes and certain non-recurring income and charges that are highly variable from year to year, Adjusted EBITDA provides our investors with performance measures that reflect the impact to operations from trends in changes in revenue and operating expenses, providing a perspective not immediately apparent from net

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income and operating income. The adjustments we make to derive the non-GAAP measure of Adjusted EBITDA exclude items which may cause short-term fluctuations in net income and operating income and which we do not consider to be the fundamental attributes or primary drivers of our business.

The following table illustrates the reconciliations from net income to adjusted EBITDA for the six months ended June 30, 2023, and the year ended December 31, 2022:


	Six Months Ended June 30		Year Ended December 31
	2023		2022
Net income (loss) and comprehensive income	$	(974,901)	$	(52,495)
Depreciation expense	5,597		12,165
Provision for income taxes	2,289		2,018
Interest income	(1,917)		(2,199)
Interest expense	11,725		8,817
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(957,207)	$	(31,694)

Adjusted EBITDA for the six months ended June 30, 2023, was $(957,207) and for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $(31,694).

We monitor the following key business metrics such as the number of policies originated year-over-year in measuring our performance. Origination revenues represent fees negotiated for each purchase and sale of a policy to an investor. The number of policy originations represents the volume of policies over which the above origination services are performed. The number of policy originations directly correlates with origination revenues allowing management to evaluate fees earned upon each transaction. There are no estimates, assumptions, or limitations specific to the number of policy originations.


	Six Months Ended June 30	Year Ended December 31
	2023	2022
Number of Policy Originations	253	487

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed operations since our inception primarily through customer payments and net proceeds from equity financing in the form of capital contributions from our members. Our principal uses of cash and cash equivalents in recent periods have been funding our operations. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our principal sources of liquidity were cash and cash equivalents of $808,226 and $1,458,740 and retained earnings of $509,953 and $1,927,137, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we had a net loss of $(974,901) and net cash used by operations of $(24,292). We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents as well as proceeds from equity financing will be sufficient to fund anticipated cash requirements for the next twelve months.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our revenue growth rate, the expansion of our sales and marketing activities, the timing and extent of spending to support product development efforts. We may, in the future, enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, products and technologies. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. The additional debt financing would result in debt service obligations, and any future instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that could restrict our operations.

Cash Flows

Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and Year Ended December 31, 2022:

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and year ended December 31, 2022: