UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______________ to _______________

Commission File Number: 001-39675

ALLEGRO MICROSYSTEMS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	46-2405937
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
955 Perimeter Road Manchester, New Hampshire	03103
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(603) 626-2300

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	ALGM	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of September 29, 2023, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates was $2,567,653,518 based on the closing sale price as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on such date.

As of May 20, 2024, the registrant had 193,748,130 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s proxy statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days of the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
	Forward Looking Statements	1
PART I.
Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	18
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	32
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	32
Item 2.	Properties	34
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	35
PART II.
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	35
Item 6.	Reserved	36
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	37
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	48
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	48
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	49
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	49
Item 9B.	Other Information	49
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	50
PART III.
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	51
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	51
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	52
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	52
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	52
PART IV.
Item 15.	Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules	53
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	57
	Signatures	58
	Index to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-1
	Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms	F-2
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-5
	Consolidated Statements of Operations	F-6
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	F-7
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	F-8
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-9
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-11

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, prospective products and the plans and objectives of management for future operations, may be forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, including, among others, statements regarding the liquidity, growth and profitability strategies and factors and trends affecting our business are forward-looking statements. Without limiting the foregoing, in some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “aim,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “exploring,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “seek,” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. No forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future results, performance, or achievements, and one should avoid placing undue reliance on such statements.

Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to us. Such beliefs and assumptions may or may not prove to be correct. Additionally, such forward-looking statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to various factors, including, but not limited to, those identified in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to:

•downturns or volatility in general economic conditions;

•our ability to compete effectively, expand our market share and increase our net sales and profitability;

•our reliance on a limited number of third-party semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities and suppliers of other materials;

•any failure to adjust purchase commitments and inventory management based on changing market conditions or customer demand;

•shifts in our product mix, customer mix or channel mix, which could negatively impact our gross margin;

•the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry, including the analog segment in which we compete;

•any downturn or disruption in the automotive market or industry;

•our ability to successfully integrate the acquisition of other companies or technologies and products into our business;

•our ability to compensate for decreases in average selling prices of our products and increases in input costs;

•our ability to manage any sustained yield problems or other delays at our third-party wafer fabrication facilities or in the final assembly and test of our products;

•our ability to accurately predict our quarterly net sales and operating results and meet the expectations of investors;

•our dependence on manufacturing operations in the Philippines;

•our reliance on distributors to generate sales;

•events beyond our control impacting us, our key suppliers or our manufacturing partners;

•our ability to develop new product features or new products in a timely and cost-effective manner;

•our ability to manage growth;

•any slowdown in the growth of our end markets;

•the loss of one or more significant customers;

•our ability to meet customers’ quality requirements;

•uncertainties related to the design win process and our ability to recover design and development expenses and to generate timely or sufficient net sales or margins;

•changes in government trade policies, including the imposition of export restrictions and tariffs;

•our exposures to warranty claims, product liability claims and product recalls;

•our dependence on international customers and operations;

•the availability of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives on end-user demands for certain products;

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•risks, liabilities, costs and obligations related to governmental regulations and other legal obligations, including export/trade control, privacy, data protection, information security, cybersecurity, consumer protection, environmental and occupational health and safety, antitrust, anti-corruption and anti-bribery, product safety, environmental protection, employment matters, and tax;

•the volatility of currency exchange rates;

•our ability to raise capital to support our growth strategy;

•our indebtedness may limit our flexibility to operate our business;

•our ability to effectively manage our growth and to retain key and highly skilled personnel;

•our ability to protect our proprietary technology and inventions through patents or trade secrets;

•our ability to commercialize our products without infringing third-party intellectual property rights;

•disruptions or breaches of our information technology systems or confidential information or those of our third-party service providers;

•our principal stockholder has substantial control over us;

•anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”);

•any failure to design, implement or maintain effective internal control over financial reporting;

•changes in tax rates or the adoption of new tax legislation;

•the negative impacts of sustained inflation on our business;

•the physical, transition and litigation risks presented by climate change; and

•other events beyond our control.

Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties.

You should read this Annual Report and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, whether as a result of any new information, future events or otherwise.

Additionally, our discussion of various items herein or elsewhere, including our discussion of environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters, may include information that is not necessarily “material” under the federal securities laws for SEC reporting purposes. For many ESG matters, this disclosure is informed by various ESG standards and frameworks (including standards for the measurement of underlying data), and the interests of various stakeholders. Much of this information is subject to assumptions, estimates or third-party information that is still evolving and subject to change. For example, we note that methodologies regarding the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions and related ESG data are still evolving. Our disclosures on such matters may change as well, but we cannot guarantee that they will align with the expectations of any particular stakeholder. Similarly, our disclosures based on any standards may change due to revisions in framework requirements, availability of information, changes in our business or applicable government policies, or other factors, some of which may be beyond our control.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “Allegro” refer to the operations of Allegro MicroSystems, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

Our Mission

Our mission is to be a global leader in semiconductor sensing and power solutions for motion control and energy-efficient systems in automotive and industrial applications, moving the world to a safer and more sustainable future.

Company Overview

The Company is a leading global designer, developer, fabless manufacturer and marketer of sensor integrated circuits (“ICs”) and application-specific analog power ICs enabling the most important emerging technologies in the automotive and industrial markets. We are a leading supplier of magnetic sensor IC solutions worldwide based on market share, driven by our market leadership in the automotive market. Our products are foundational to automotive and industrial electronic systems. Our sensor ICs enable our customers to precisely measure motion, speed, position and current, while our power ICs include high-temperature and high-voltage capable motor drivers, power management ICs, light emitting diode (“LED”) driver ICs and isolated gate drivers. We believe that our technology expertise, combined with our deep applications knowledge and strong customer relationships, enable us to develop solutions that provide more value to customers than typical ICs. Compared to a typical IC, our solutions are more integrated, intelligent and sophisticated for complex applications and easier for customers to use.

Growth in the global semiconductor industry has traditionally been driven by the consumer market. Looking ahead, industry growth is expected to be driven by technology mega trends in the automotive and industrial markets. These mega trends have created requirements for new technologies in vehicles, both powertrain and in the cabin, to support vehicle electrification and advanced driver assistance systems (“ADAS”). These shifts also require technology to enable intelligence and automation in factories and energy efficiency in clean energy applications. According to industry experts, these mega trends are expected to dramatically increase the demand for sensing and power solutions like those we develop. We believe our patented portfolio of sensor and power ICs provides the underlying technology required to win in the presence of larger competitors.

Our longstanding history of innovation in the semiconductor industry is built on our market leading magnetic sensor IC technology. Our “first of its kind” approach took the complexity of magnetic systems design and embedded it within our solutions, dramatically simplifying the customers’ design effort while increasing system reliability. This is a pattern we have repeated over consecutive generations of products, enabling us to establish a strong presence in the most rigorous and demanding automotive markets. Our portfolio now includes more than 1,000 products, and we ship over 1.5 billion units annually to more than 10,000 customers worldwide. By developing sophisticated, analog mixed-signal IC solutions that incorporate our patented intellectual property, proprietary and robust process technologies with our unique packaging know-how, we believe we are well-positioned to compete across all of our target markets. Our established position as an incumbent supplier for the automotive market and our long product life cycles attest to the strength of this competitive advantage.

Our value proposition is based on providing complete IC solutions for motion control and energy efficient systems. This includes sensing angular or linear position, driving an electric motor or actuator, and regulating the power applied to sensing and driving circuits so they operate safely and efficiently. These capabilities are based on fundamental technical advances we have made in the field of Hall-effect and magnetoresistive (“xMR”) sensors and Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (“BCD”) power ICs. We continue to be instrumental in developing Hall-effect and xMR transducers and power double diffusion metal oxide semiconductor devices on silicon, application-optimized packaging, high-temperature operation, high-speed precision signal paths for signal processing, and 100-volt (“100V”) capable BCD wafer technology. With our 2023 acquisition of Crocus Technology International Corp. (“Crocus”), we now offer tunnel magnetoresistance (“TMR”) solutions that provide the highest magnetic sensitivity, lower power consumption, and the smallest size by comparison to other magnetic technologies. In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (“HEV”), Electric Vehicles (“EV”) and ADAS applications, these innovations translate to increased driving range for EVs, smaller and more reliable power conversion systems, and improved safety and efficiency of motor and power management systems, as well as safer and more reliable steering and braking systems. In the industrial market, these technologies enable clean energy and automation. These innovations improve reliability to avoid factory downtime, accurately measure current to support increased energy efficiency for high-density clean energy applications and reduce the solution footprint to lower total system cost.

We have maintained our sensor IC leadership and built our power IC business through successfully developing deep customer relationships over time. We commonly collaborate with customers early and over a multi-year period to design products capable of meeting demanding performance and quality requirements. Through this customer collaboration in product design, we believe we have unique insight into market trends and customer requirements for new, improved and innovative products. We believe that these insights enable us to develop differentiated solutions, often in advance of our competitors.

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Our customer list includes virtually all of the world’s top automotive companies by market share and a large number of leading industrial companies. We are a preferred vendor to tier-one suppliers in the automotive industry that supply parts or systems directly to original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). We are also a preferred partner or vendor to many global OEMs. Our products can be found in vehicles built by nearly every automotive OEM worldwide and in many common industrial systems. We support customers through design and application centers located in North America, South America, Asia and Europe. Our local teams in these centers work closely with our customers on their unique design requirements, often acting as an extension of a customer’s development team.

Our strategy to extend our market leadership in high-growth markets, increase our IC design footprint and capacity, and accelerate growth through enhanced sales operations relies on a fabless and asset-lite manufacturing model. We use external wafer manufacturing consisting of both standard and proprietary processes, along with internal and external assembly and test capabilities to provide both flexibility and scale. Through our subcontractor manufacturers, we are able to employ our proprietary wafer fabrication processes while leveraging our subcontractors’ manufacturing technologies and high-volume capacity. Our use of both internal and external assembly and test capabilities is designed to balance the protection of our proprietary technology and processes while achieving automotive quality manufacturing at scale.

Our Market

Within the global semiconductor industry, we focus on the magnetic sensor and power management IC markets.

E-Mobility

We define e-Mobility as the electrification of vehicles, HEVs and EVs powertrain, and the increasing adoption of advanced safety-related driver assistance systems, known as ADAS.

We are a leading provider of sensing and power solutions for vehicle electrification, building on our decades of experience in powertrain efficiency and performance leadership in technologies that reduce emissions. The ability to improve efficiency is critical as OEMs strive to comply with increasingly stringent regulations and heightened customer awareness of the environmental impact of high emissions.

As HEVs and EVs become a meaningful share of the automotive market, OEMs face challenges and opportunities to change system architectures in order to reduce complexities while achieving optimal system efficiency and vehicle range. This presents a number of new socket opportunities for semiconductors, and we expect our content per vehicle will continue to increase, driven by research and development innovation to serve this high-growth market.

As an expert in delivering ICs supporting efficient power conversion in HEVs and EVs, we believe we are uniquely positioned to support increased electrification, providing the critical automotive-grade components required to enable energy-efficient and cost-effective vehicles. We believe this allows us to take advantage of the significant semiconductor content increases expected to result from the HEV and EV migration and strong growth of electrified powertrains over the coming years.

Our October 2023 acquisition of Crocus and its leading TMR technology bolsters our current sensor and position sensor product portfolio and solidifies our leading magnetic sensing market position. TMR technology provides the highest magnetic sensitivity, lower power consumption, and the smallest size by comparison to other magnetic technologies. We believe our TMR products, which we market under the name XtremeSense™, are an ideal fit for high growth industries such as automotive, industrial and consumer goods, which require higher accuracy, greater bandwidth and lower power consumption.

Our high voltage power portfolio provides us with additional content opportunities in both HEV and EV powertrains. This first-to-market technology, which integrates an isolated DC-DC and isolated gate driver (“IGD”) is more efficient than competitive solutions that require two chips. This not only allows customers to reduce their printed circuit boards (“PCBs”), but also enables the entire system, like an on-board charger, to shrink. We continue to innovate this technology, which will enable gallium nitride (“GaN”) and silicon carbide (“SiC”) solutions in the electric powertrain.

ADAS capabilities are considered some of the most desirable features in modern vehicles and continue to be adopted in vehicles worldwide. Industry experts expect ADAS feature adoption will continue to increase over time. ADAS is a precursor to fully autonomous vehicles. While many ADAS-equipped vehicles are being produced today, as ADAS features become more sophisticated and increasingly adopted, demand for our sensor and power ICs is expected to expand in steering and braking systems. Based on industry forecasts, we believe the transition to vehicles that incorporate ADAS Level 2 through 5 technologies and strong adoption of sensors and power management products to support these vehicles, will enable us to increase our total available market related to ADAS and related safety and chassis technologies.

Our devices play a key role in ADAS applications, reacting to system inputs to enable collision avoidance, lane keeping, automatic emergency braking or self-park features through automatic steering and braking. A steering system equipped with even a modest degree of automation utilizes products across our entire portfolio, including sensors, power management ICs and motor driver ICs, which we believe is indicative of the size of our potential market opportunity as ADAS applications become increasingly more sophisticated.

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Adoption of ADAS technologies continues to grow, and our solutions do not require waiting for widespread adoption of fully autonomous vehicles; we already ship a significant volume of devices every year that enable ADAS capabilities. Vehicles equipped with Level 1 ADAS feature sets (i.e., the capability to take control of one functionality) use Allegro devices. We have been helping to increase the safety and drive features in ADAS applications of steering and braking systems for years. We believe our track record of supplying devices for safety applications and experience with supporting ADAS features in high-end vehicles, combined with increased penetration of ADAS as it scales from luxury vehicles to mainstream and economy vehicles, positions us to expand our business to capitalize on this rapidly growing opportunity. Along with increased adoption, there will be increased content opportunities as ADAS technology and system architectures continue to advance.

Traditional Automotive Applications

The internal combustion engine (“ICE”) will continue to exist in some form for the foreseeable future, either in pure ICE vehicles or HEVs, the largest portion of the EV market for the next few years. OEMs continue to improve their fuel mileage and look to Allegro to help create the most efficient ICE powertrains possible. We have decades of experience as a proven supplier in ICE powertrains to support engine efficiency.

Safety, comfort and convenience business will continue to evolve with vehicle electrification, which we believe leads to more content opportunities. Systems that historically relied on engine temperature or mechanical energy are now electrifying, and new system technologies are being rolled out. Products our customers have relied on for lighting and infotainment are becoming more energy efficient as we develop more advanced products and innovate with our customers.

Clean Energy

Our automotive first philosophy resonates with our industrial customers who appreciate our rigorous quality standards, devices designed to withstand extreme environments and our long product lifecycle of 10 years or more. These customers are in our target markets of clean energy, defined as renewable energy generation, storage and distribution, EV charging infrastructure and data centers.

Renewable energy, especially solar, and EV charging are being driven by government regulations to reduce emissions and the increased electrification of a variety of products and processes. We have the flexibility to meet the needs of a variety of solar and EV charging technologies and types. Having the technology and products to support these markets from their infancy provides us with an advantage to help customers bring their products to market more quickly. This enables us to learn with our customers and solve challenges as they arise. Additionally, our IGDs will have a strong presence in these power conversion markets, enabling GaN and SiC-based platforms.

We offer one of the largest portfolios of current sensors on the market today, including those with integrated components, requiring less board space. Our “lossless” current sensor ICs are used to improve efficiency in power conversion systems. Our 100V BCD wafer process technology and galvanically isolated current sensors are suited for higher voltage operation, and we believe the demand for current sensor ICs will increase as more solar and EV applications come to market. In addition, we expect our IGD technology to enable us to use a single, small-footprint package to significantly reduce system design time and complexity.

Our motor drivers are heavily adopted in data center applications, mainly for thermal efficiency, as these products reduce complexity and design time, while also reducing the energy consumption required to cool servers.

Automation

With the growing adoption of factory automation, there is increasing demand for precise motion control and energy efficient technologies presenting additional meaningful growth opportunities for us. We believe we can leverage our technology leadership in solutions optimized for high-accuracy, high-voltage and high-reliability conditions to expand our presence in these markets. Many of these applications require the same safety and accuracy specifications that we have designed into our automotive first devices. In particular, we believe we have the potential to leverage synergies between our power and sensor solutions, including motor drivers, voltage regulators, display drivers, and current, position and speed sensors, in under-penetrated opportunities within industrial automation.

Broad Industrial

The Broad Industrial market includes our personal mobility, or two-wheeler market, and a broad variety of other use cases from heavy equipment to telecom connectivity. Our two-wheeler business is seeing similar electrification trends as larger vehicles. Our solutions are proven in electrified powertrains and in the small form factors needed in these applications. These markets are looking for many of the same device specifications that our automotive customers use, from high voltage and high temperature performance to long life cycle, small form factors, integration and unique packaging. Our automotive quality standards result in solutions that provide robust, high performance over long lifecycles, garnering trust from our industrial customers.

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Consumer & Computer Markets

The consumer and computer markets include smart home applications, personal computers, consumer grade medical devices and consumer electronics. Our devices enable our customers in these markets to manufacture more energy efficient products with extended battery life.

Market Opportunity

Within our target markets, a key element of our growth strategy is to increase our revenue through portfolio and customer expansion. We are a market share leader in the magnetic sensor IC market, and we believe there is considerable opportunity to continue to grow this foundational business. For example, over the last five years, we introduced new position sensor ICs and quickly ramped up revenue in motion control applications, particularly in the ADAS market. We believe similar share growth opportunities exist in other adjacent areas of the magnetic sensor IC market. We also plan to grow in the magnetic sensor market through the release of our new TMR technology.

We are also leveraging our power IC products to increase our total content within automotive and industrial applications. For example, over the last five years, we introduced new power devices, including motor driver ICs, and grew revenue in the automotive ADAS and data center markets. We believe there is more opportunity for us to expand our offerings, as electrified vehicles will require more motors to run pumps and fans and as data center architecture continues to evolve.

Our latest opportunity to expand our market presence is with our new IGDs. These solutions will have applications in power conversion in EVs, such as on-board chargers and traction inverters, as well as in clean energy.

Increasing our Served Available Market

Another focus of our growth strategy is to significantly expand our served available market by using our established position in high-value automotive and industrial applications to increase our content per system. We believe the automotive market is very attractive due to the rigorous quality and safety requirements that create meaningful challenges for new competitors and the significant technology shifts currently underway that are expected to significantly increase semiconductor content per vehicle.

Part of our served available market expansion is through acquisitions that open new sockets and new applications to us. We anticipate that the Crocus acquisition will provide us access to an additional served available market of almost $1 billion in 2030.

With the growth of semiconductor content opportunities related to EV and ADAS penetration already accelerating, we have seen significant increases in our electronic system content per vehicle. For example:

•Our opportunity for vehicles adopting ADAS features is expected to grow as the adoption moves from high-end vehicles to mid- and lower-range vehicles. An additional benefit from ADAS is the content opportunity increase per system as new architectures are adopted. We believe that moving from today’s systems to electromechanical braking and steer-by-wire will nearly double the devices required per system.

•According to our internal estimates and third-party sources, we believe that we have a total opportunity of up to approximately $100 of potential content in each battery EV or plug-in EV.

•In a popular mid-sized 2022 model sedan shipped worldwide, our content per vehicle increased by over 50% as the vehicle model transitioned from ICE to a battery EV.

There is a similar dynamic in the industrial market, where clean energy and automation are two mega trends requiring more semiconductor content as they gain mainstream adoption. Our current sensors, motor drivers, and position sensors’ performance and reliability make them uniquely capable of delivering on customer expectations for both energy efficiency and motion control.

Company Strategy

Our strategy is to provide complete IC solutions for our customers, innovate with purpose to build on leadership in our key markets and expand our presence to become a global leader in semiconductor power and sensing solutions for motion control and energy efficient systems in automotive and industrial applications.

Invest in research and development that is market-aligned and focused on targeted portfolio expansion

We believe that our investments in research and development in the areas of product design, automotive-grade wafer fabrication technology and IC packaging development are critical to maintaining our competitive advantage. In both the automotive and industrial markets, major technology shifts driven by disruptive technologies are creating high-growth opportunities in areas such as e-Mobility, clean energy and automation. We believe the convergence of requirements for intelligence and energy efficiency within these emerging markets is directly aligned with our core competencies. Our knowledge of customers’ end systems has driven an expansion of our sensor IC and power solutions to enable these new technologies. By aligning our research and development investments with disruptive technology trends while undergoing a rigorous return on investment (“ROI”) review, we believe we can deliver an attractive combination of growth and profitability.

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Emphasize our automotive “first” philosophy to align our product development with the most rigorous applications and safety standards

We are a leading supplier of magnetic sensor ICs for the automotive market because we have been intentional about incorporating support for the stringent automotive operating voltages, temperature ranges and safety and reliability standards into every part of our operations, from design to manufacturing. By designing our products from the ground up to operate at high temperatures and at high voltages, we have built a strong technical reputation among our automotive customers. We believe our focus on meeting or exceeding industry standards as the baseline for product development increases our opportunity in the automotive market as customers look for trusted suppliers to deliver highly reliable solutions for rapidly growing emerging markets. For example, growing adoption of HEVs and EVs has dramatically increased the variety and complexity of components needed to support modern powertrains. We believe our philosophy of designing for automotive safety and reliability gives us a meaningful lead over new entrants attempting to enter the automotive market. We also believe we can use our expertise in designing for the automotive market combined with our expanding product portfolio to capitalize on increasing demand from industrial customers for rugged solutions that meet the highest quality and reliability standards. Additionally, in our experience, demand for solutions that meet or exceed stringent safety and reliability specifications supports higher average selling prices (“ASPs”) and slower ASP declines over time than are typical for our industry.

Invest to lead in chosen markets and apply our intellectual property and technology to pursue adjacent growth markets

We intend to continue to invest in technology advancements and our intellectual property portfolio to maintain the leading market share position in magnetic sensor ICs and achieve leadership positions in power ICs within our target markets. We believe we can maximize our investments by leveraging our proven technology and existing research and development, sales and support efforts to take advantage of synergistic opportunities in new, adjacent growth markets. For example:

•We target our patented sensor IC, and power-related intellectual property to address increasing electronics content in automotive applications based on the growing adoption of electric powertrains and advanced safety systems for semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles.

•We are investing in advanced current sensor IC and sensor-less motor control technologies to target industrial clean energy applications where we believe the trend towards increasing energy efficiency provides an opportunity to apply our rich history of innovation to rapidly accelerate our growth.

•We are aligning our application domain knowledge, sensor design skills and power management and motor control algorithm expertise to capitalize on the trend towards increasing automation and electronics content inherent in the industrial automation transformation.

We believe our strategy of leveraging our key capabilities to target adjacent growth markets will enable us to achieve higher returns on our research and development investments.

Expand our sales channels and enhance our sales operations and customer relationships

We sell our products globally through our direct sales force, distributors and independent sales representatives. Our global sales infrastructure is optimized to support customers through a combination of key account managers and regional technical and support centers near customer locations. These centers enable us to act as an extension of our customers’ design teams, providing us with key insights into product requirements and accelerating the adoption and ramp up of our products in customer designs. We intend to continue strengthening our relationships with our existing customers while also enabling our channel partners to support demand creation and fulfillment for smaller broad-based industrial customers. We believe we will be able to further penetrate the industrial market and efficiently scale our business to accelerate growth by enabling our channel to become an extension of our demand generation and customer support efforts.

Continue to improve our gross margins through product innovation and cost optimization

We strive to improve our profitability by both rapidly introducing new products with value-added features and reducing our manufacturing costs through our fabless, asset-lite manufacturing model. Over the last several years, we have improved our gross margin from a 40% range historically to the mid 50% range. We expect to continue to improve our product mix by developing new products for growth markets where we believe we can generate higher ASPs and/or higher gross margins. We also intend to further our relationships with key foundry suppliers to apply our products and applications knowledge to develop differentiated and cost-efficient wafer processes and packages. We believe we can reduce our manufacturing costs by leveraging the advanced manufacturing capabilities of our strategic suppliers, implementing more cost-effective packaging technologies and leveraging both internal and external assembly and test capacity to reduce our capital requirements, lower our operating costs, enhance reliability of supply and support our continued growth. We intend to continue to choose the industry’s leading manufacturing partners to maintain the quality of our products for the automotive market, to ensure continuity of supply and to best protect our intellectual property.

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Selectively pursue acquisitions and other strategic transactions

We evaluate and selectively pursue acquisitions and transactions as an integral part of our strategy to supplement organic growth. Acquisitions should accelerate our growth in strategic e-Mobility and industrial markets, extend or enhance our existing technology expertise, and leverage our existing sales channels. Such acquisitions include our acquisitions of Crocus and Heyday Integrated Circuits (“Heyday”).

Maintain sustainability efforts

We intend to continue to innovate with purpose, aiming to help address critical global challenges related to energy efficiency and vehicle emissions, as well as clean and renewable energy with our sensing and power management product portfolio. In addition, we strive to operate our business in a socially responsible and environmentally sustainable manner, and with the goals of maintaining a dedication to social responsibility in our supply chain and disclosing the environmental impact of our business operations.

We identified five goals that help to inform our ESG strategy: (1) maximize the positive impact of our products, (2) build a diverse and innovative workforce, (3) minimize our impact on the planet, (4) engage our supply chain to advance sustainability, and (5) cultivate opportunities in local communities.

Company Products and Solutions

Our product portfolio includes over 1,000 products across a range of high-performance analog mixed-signal semiconductors.

We apply our deep technology know-how to deliver magnetic sensing IC and power IC solutions to:

•Sense speed, position, and current to enable electric powertrains, improve vehicle fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions, enable safer cars through ADAS safety features, and enhance factory automation and clean energy systems;

•Regulate systems to improve safety and power efficiency and ultimately reduce solution size; and

•Drive motors through our advanced, proprietary algorithms that provide industry leading reliability and energy efficiency, with minimal audible noise and vibration.

Magnetic Sensor ICs

We offer what we believe to be the industry’s leading portfolio of integrated magnetic sensor ICs. Our solutions are based on our monolithic Hall-effect, GMR and TMR technology that allows customers to develop contactless sensor solutions that reduce mechanical wear and provide greater measurement accuracy and system control. Our portfolio of magnetic sensor ICs includes the following:

•Current Sensor ICs: Current sensor ICs provide output signals proportional to the overall strength of a magnetic field created by a current carrying conductor. We have developed a broad portfolio of current sensors to meet multiple voltage and application needs for our customers. Current sensor ICs are used to improve energy efficiency in a broad range of applications, including on-board chargers, DC-DC converters, inverters, industrial motors, solar inverters, and EV charging infrastructure.

•Position Sensor ICs: Position sensor ICs provide an analog or digital voltage output that measures the intensity of a magnetic field, thereby establishing a precise position. In automotive applications, our position sensor ICs are used to improve safety applications such as ADAS power steering and braking systems, certain HEV powertrain systems such as the shaft position of a starter generator and ICE powertrain systems such as clutch and fork position in advanced transmissions. Our TMR angle sensor ICs offer high resolution position feedback and the safety diagnostics required for adoption in advanced ADAS motor position applications.

•Speed Sensor ICs: Speed sensor ICs detect and process the magnetic fields created by a rotating gear tooth or ring magnet with the output being a digital reading proportional to speed. These sensor ICs are used in camshaft/crankshaft and transmission systems and employ proprietary algorithms for high accuracy, leading to reduced CO2 emissions and improved fuel economy of combustion engines. Additionally, xMR wheel speed sensors play an important role in increasing the safety of ADAS braking systems.

Power ICs

Our power IC portfolio comprises of high-temperature and high-voltage capable motor driver ICs, regulator power management ICs, LED driver ICs and high-voltage IGDs, which allow our customers to design safer, smaller and more power-efficient systems. We employ embedded algorithms that simplify system-level design, reduce audible noise, and increase start-up reliability in brushless DC (“BLDC”) motors and fans. Our portfolio of power ICs includes the following:

•Motor Driver ICs: Motor driver ICs contain the power drivers and the sequencing logic to drive the coils of a variety of motors. Our motor driver ICs utilize embedded algorithms to improve energy efficiency and motion control in HEV and EV systems, automotive fans and pumps, data center cooling fans, automation and home appliances.

•Regulator and LED Driver ICs: As the industry transitions to more highly integrated products, our portfolio of regulator ICs, and power management ICs (“PMICs”) is used extensively in under-hood automotive ADAS and powertrain systems. Our LED driver ICs and modules are used in smart lighting systems to improve system safety, efficiency and size.

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•Isolated Gate Drivers: These devices combine isolated DC-DC and IGDs into a single package. They are designed to complement GaN and SiC switches in high-efficiency power conversion systems. Our IGDs enable an application that is smaller and more efficient than competing solutions, helping to shrink PCBs and reduce total system size in clean energy, data centers, and electrified powertrains.

Examples of our IC products and their applications in end markets are set forth in the following table.

	Automotive Market IC Solutions	Industrial Market IC Solutions	Other Market IC Solutions
PRODUCTS	▪ Current sensors	▪ Current sensors	▪ Current sensors
	▪ Position sensors	▪ Position sensors	▪ Position sensors
	▪ Speed sensors	▪ Speed sensors	▪ Motor drivers
	▪ LED drivers	▪ LED drivers	▪ Regulators
	▪ Motor drivers	▪ Motor drivers
	▪ Regulators and PMICs	▪ Regulators
	▪ Isolated gate drivers	▪ Isolated gate drivers
APPLICATIONS	▪ Electric motor powertrain and charging systems for EV	▪ EV charging infrastructure	▪ Smart home/IoT
	▪ ADAS, active safety, including steering and braking systems	▪ Solar power generation, storage, and distribution	▪ PC printers and peripherals
	▪ Engine management and transmission systems	▪ Factory automation equipment	▪ Personal electronics
	▪ Comfort and convenience including in-cabin motors, HVAC, infotainment, LED lighting	▪ Industrial motors	▪ Energy Star household appliances including white goods
	▪ Passive safety including seatbelt switches, wipers, door/window sensors, seat position, suspension	▪ Data center and network infrastructure	▪ Consumer grade medical devices
		▪ Personal mobility

Environmental, Social and Governance Initiatives

Our commitment to sustainability is intrinsic to our core value of “Innovation with Purpose” and is directly aligned to our corporate strategy and growth plans. As we expand the reach and influence of our products, we have an important opportunity to make a positive impact on our teams, communities, and the planet. Our world-class innovators are not only helping to solve customer challenges, like reducing emissions, make applications more energy efficient, and harness renewable energy, they are also looking inward, imagining ways we can enhance our impact on the communities where we live and work. ESG is an integral part of our future as it aligns with our stakeholders’ evolving expectations and supports our customers to achieve their own ESG goals. We are able to advance our ESG journey through the work of our five strategic ESG initiatives, which are:

•Maximizing the positive impact of our products;

•Minimizing our impact on the planet;

•Engaging our supply chain to advance sustainability;

•Building a diverse and innovative workforce; and

•Cultivating opportunities in local communities.

At the core of this strategy is to maximize the positive impact of our products. We believe our ICs help address global challenges related to CO2 emissions, energy efficiency and clean, renewable energy in a variety of applications, for example:

•Reduced vehicle emissions and improved fuel economy for ICE vehicles. Our magnetic speed and position sensor ICs, motor driver ICs, and PMICs are used in advanced, high-efficiency transmission, steering and braking systems in vehicles. For example, our magnetic speed sensor ICs are used to provide precise transmission gear speed and position information, improving engine performance, reducing CO2 emissions, and improving fuel economy. We are also a leading provider of specialized crankshaft speed sensor ICs needed to operate the stop/start engine systems designed to reduce emissions through improved efficiency. Allegro ICs sense the steering angle and torque, measure wheel speed, regulate power to the sensors and control electronics, and drive the actuators needed to operate the steering motors and braking calipers in advanced electronic braking and steering systems which help to improve fuel efficiency in vehicles.

•Energy efficiency in HEVs and EVs. Our fast response magnetic current sensor ICs are used to accurately measure electric current and protect electronics used in EV powertrains, while improving the energy efficiency of the EV. In many EVs, up to 40 current sensor ICs are used across the vehicle in traction motor inverters, DC-DC converters, battery management systems

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and on-board-charging systems. In addition, our highly integrated power IC products help reduce electronic system size, material cost and overall weight thereby improving energy efficiency in HEVs and EVs. Our 100-volt capable wafer technology is ideal for use in powering electronics directly from the internal 48-volt battery further reducing inefficiencies associated with multiple stages of voltage conversion and regulation.

•Renewable and smart energy applications. Our magnetic current sensor ICs with embedded high-voltage isolation are used extensively in power conversion and inverter applications in solar and wind energy generation. In addition, our IGDs simplify design, reduce size and greatly improve efficiency of renewable energy systems. In other instances, our angle sensor ICs and motor driver ICs play a key role in the mechatronic systems used to optimize the alignment between solar panels and the changing position of the sun. Our products also provide a non-intrusive, reliable, high-precision and low-cost way to measure power in power monitoring applications.

•Energy efficiency in next generation infrastructure. Our power IC products, such as motor driver ICs, are used extensively in data center cooling fan applications. In addition, our magnetic current sensor ICs help improve energy efficiency and minimize energy losses in power supply units in data center and telecom systems. We expect the transition from 12-volt to 48-volt power architectures in data center and telecom markets will require energy-efficient, high-voltage power and sensor IC solutions to achieve necessary levels of energy efficiency.

As part of the Company’s aim to reduce the environmental impact of our products throughout the lifecycle, we are investing in innovation as well as measuring and tracking emissions, waste, and water usage across our facilities. The Company has implemented several energy, water, and waste reduction projects at our facilities. We also strive to adhere to international standards and regulations regarding manufacturing and business procedures and product composition. We have publicly disclosed Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions and targets, energy use, waste data, water consumption, and other key ESG metrics in our ESG Report and in CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project) questionnaires on climate change and water security. These reports are available on our website at www.allegromicro.com/en/about-allegro/corporate-responsibility. The content on our website and in our ESG Report are not part of, nor are they incorporated by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company is a member of the Responsible Business Alliance (“RBA”), the world’s largest industry coalition dedicated to corporate social responsibility in global supply chains. The Company’s subcontractors and direct materials suppliers must complete and sign the Company’s Supplier Code of Conduct, addressing labor and human rights, worker health and safety and environmental standards in alignment with RBA. In the Company’s Supplier Code of Conduct, subcontractors and direct materials suppliers attest to having ISO 14001 and ISO 450001 certifications (or comparable) or have a plan to become certified.

To support our commitment to ESG, we have established a cross-functional team led by our legal department to manage our ESG program (the “ESG Steering Committee”). Our ESG Steering Committee consists of key team members from various departments throughout the Company who are responsible for providing oversight of ESG risks and opportunities, guiding the Company through our multi-year ESG goal setting and roadmap implementation, and working to promote our suppliers’ compliance with the Company’s global sustainability efforts. Additionally, on a quarterly basis, our ESG team updates senior management and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of the Board of Directors on ESG target setting and progress, risks and opportunities, regulatory preparedness, ratings, customer requirements, and other key ESG focus areas. An ESG update is also provided annually to our full Board of Directors.

Sales, Marketing and Customer Support

We sell our products worldwide through multiple sales channels, including through our direct sales force and through distributors and independent sales representatives, who resell our products to numerous end customers. We have a geographically diverse mix of sales. Our net sales made to distributors were approximately 52.9%, 39.3% and 36.8% of our net sales in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, excluding our distribution relationship with Sanken Electric Co., Ltd. (“Sanken”) in Japan. We have fully transitioned from Sanken to third-party distributors and direct to end customers in fiscal year 2024, and Sanken represented approximately 16.5% and 19.4% of our net sales in fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively. Sales to our largest, non-affiliated distributor accounted for 10.2%, 10.8%, and 11.0% of our net sales in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Our direct sales force and applications engineers provide our customers with specialized technical support. We believe that maintaining a close relationship with our customers and serving their specific technical needs improves their level of satisfaction and enables us to anticipate and influence their future product needs. We provide ongoing technical training to our distributor and sales representatives to keep them informed of our existing and new products.

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We maintain an internal marketing organization that is responsible for increasing our brand awareness and promoting our products to prospective customers. This includes the creative management of our website, market research and analytics, and development of demand generation strategies and materials, such as product announcements, press releases, brochures, training and videos, as well as securing thought leadership through published technical and trend articles and advertisements, and active engagement in key industry events.

Customers

We sell our products to major global OEMs and their key suppliers, primarily in the automotive and industrial markets. We sold to more than 10,000 end customers, directly and through distributors, during each of fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022. Approximately half of our net sales during each of fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022 were derived from sales to our top 20 customers, which includes distributors. We believe that no end customer, including those served through our distributors, exceeded 10% of our net sales during fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Research and Development Strategy

We are a technology company, and we believe our future success depends on our ability to rapidly develop and introduce differentiated new products in our target markets. As a result, we are committed to investing in our process and product development capabilities while focusing our engineering efforts on designing and introducing new application-specific products, developing new semiconductor process and packaging technologies, enhancing design productivity and evaluating new technologies. Our research and development investments are subject to a rigorous ROI review to ensure alignment with our growth and profitability targets. We believe that by effectively applying these resources, we have developed proprietary innovations and intellectual property that will give us an early lead in our target markets and will enable accelerated growth over time.

Over the last 10 years, we believe we have been instrumental in achieving fundamental developments that have enabled a number of key technology transitions in the automotive and industrial markets. We believe we are one of very few suppliers in the semiconductor industry to integrate proprietary motor control algorithms into our motion control devices to achieve optimized BLDC motor performance. We remain one of the few suppliers who has developed multiple packaging technologies capable of operating up to 175 degrees Celsius and including passive components and high current conductors required to make high efficiency, high voltage current sensor products. We were also one of the first in our industry to develop automotive grade xMR technology on silicon wafers, which enabled breakthrough advances in product performance. This advanced technology is a key enabler across all of our strategic focus areas in the automotive and industrial markets as more of the e-Mobility and clean energy markets transition to xMR.

We augment our internally generated intellectual property through a mix of licensed intellectual property, partnering with industry experts, and through acquisitions. For example, the two businesses we acquired in the past two years, provide leading technology, including TMR and IGD, which will expand our serviced available market, most notably in EV and clean energy.

Our global team of highly skilled engineers has extensive semiconductor development experience, including expertise in analog design, test and process technology. As of March 29, 2024, we had approximately 742 employees dedicated to research and development, with centers in the United States, Europe, South America, and Asia. The efforts of our engineering team and our strategic acquisitions have resulted in our intellectual property portfolio nearly doubling over the last three years, further strengthening our position in our target markets.

We have also made significant investments in our core engineering capabilities, including improvements in tools to support greater engineering efficiency, electrical component modeling, magnetic performance modeling and thermal distribution modeling. We believe these improved tools enable us to more accurately evaluate and predict the performance of our designs, resulting in improved time-to-market for our products and satisfaction of our customers.

Our focus on meeting or exceeding the stringent automotive market safety and reliability requirements is fundamental to our research and development process. We anticipate that we will continue to make research and development investments in order to enhance our leadership position and expand our markets with innovative, high-quality products and services (as exemplified through our acquisition of our high voltage power group and our acquisition of Crocus and its TMR technology). In addition, our board of directors has a standing Strategy Committee, whose purpose is to provide guidance to management on various technological choices and assist in implementing our strategic direction.

Process and Packaging Technology

Our product and technology development engineers have long-established expertise in designing mixed signal power and magnetic sensor ICs using proprietary semiconductor process technologies and intelligent packaging. We consider these capabilities to be strategically important because they allow us to create complete system products and highly integrated solutions that meet the quality and robustness requirements of our most stringent automotive customers and applications. These have the benefit of advancing the feature, function and cost of ownership of our devices relative to those of our competitors. For example, we released a unique 100V- and 175-degree Celsius capable BCD wafer technology designed to handle automotive voltage and temperature transients while also integrating high-density logic circuits and electrically erasable programmable read-only memory to enable configurable and embedded

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algorithms, and various Hall-effect and xMR transducer technology on the same silicon wafer. These technologies are fundamental to the transition from 12-volt to 48-volt power supply required in the rapidly emerging HEV and EV markets, and to the next generation of ADAS systems. We are in the process of applying these capabilities to the industrialization of our IGD portfolio.

In choosing the process technology to be used to manufacture a new product, we seek to optimize the match between the process technology and the desired performance parameters of the product for our customers. Our current strategic semiconductor process innovations include the following:

Automotive Quality and Safety

We have developed, characterized and qualified our wafer and package technologies to meet or exceed the rigorous automotive requirements that our customers demand. Robust development processes and guidelines have resulted in devices capable of exceeding the requirements of AEC Q100 Automotive Grade 0 of 150 degrees Celsius, and our field failure rates are consistent with or better than customer requirements.

Integrated Transducers

One of our fundamental innovations is the integration of magnetic transducers and complementary metal oxide semiconductor circuitry into one piece of silicon to create a complete, fully integrated system. Hall-effect elements are implanted in silicon providing robust and low noise solutions that are optimized for stress and temperature effects. Thin film, high-resolution xMR transducers are deposited directly on top of the complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (“CMOS”) circuitry creating a more reliable solution than multi-chip solutions by reducing interconnects and solution area. To achieve the highest level of Automotive Safety Integrity Level (“ASIL”), we are able to integrate xMR and Hall-effect transducers onto the same silicon to produce heterogeneous solutions capable of performing reliably in the most demanding automotive environments.

High-Voltage Technology

Our intellectual property developed over years of experience in automotive applications includes advanced mixed-signal integration of high-voltage solutions with our high-precision analog designs. For example, our innovative wafer technology enables high-voltage power transistors to be combined with embedded digital logic and precision analog circuits on a monolithic motor control IC. This enables a number of application-specific advancements, including taking the complex algorithm development in motor drivers into the IC, vastly reducing our customers’ design complexity and creating the most efficient and quietest solutions in the market. Similar benefits exist for our sensor products through monolithic integration of transducers with precision analog circuits and intelligent signal processing on a high-voltage IC that can be powered from a 12-volt vehicle battery.

Advanced, Small Form Factor Integrated Packages

We continue to combine circuit design and process innovation with novel packaging solutions that improve performance and reliability while reducing solution footprint and our customers’ cost of ownership. Two decades of sensor package innovation have led to the development of a family of integrated systems in a package for magnetic current, position and speed sensor ICs as well as power systems. By integrating a combination of a magnet, magnetic core, passive components, and our silicon integrated circuit in a single body, we are able to offer inventive magnetic sensors that reduce our customers’ needs to design complex magnetic models or complex interface circuits, solve electrical interference issues with external PCBs, and enable smaller and more cost-effective customer systems. The current sensors integrate specially designed lead frames to allow a high-precision, factory-programmed single package solution that provides a unique high-efficiency and high-voltage isolation product and can sense current for products plugged directly into a household electrical outlet or connected to an 800-volt automotive battery. Years of design and manufacturing refinement have led to the latest generation of power products that integrate passive components and power delivery into small packages to reduce PCB footprint and reduce noise in high-power systems. We also believe we are one of only a few companies in our industry that have developed a broad portfolio of packages that are suitable for operation in automotive environments and 175-degree Celsius temperatures.

Intellectual Property

We consider the strength of our intellectual property portfolio to be a significant competitive advantage. Our intellectual property includes patented inventions, trade secrets, accumulated technical know-how and trademarks. As of March 29, 2024, we owned 1,910 patents, including 934 active U.S. patents (with expiration dates between 2024 and 2042), with an additional 471 pending patent applications, including 214 U.S. patent applications.

We market our products worldwide under the “Allegro” name. We either hold or have applied for trademarks in all jurisdictions where we do significant business.

Competition

The semiconductor industry, particularly the market for high-performance analog mixed-signal semiconductors, is highly competitive. Although no one company competes with us across all of our product lines, we face significant competition within each of our business areas from both domestic and international semiconductor companies. Our primary magnetic sensor and power IC

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competitors are other semiconductor designers and manufacturers, such as Analog Devices, Infineon, Melexis, Monolithic Power Systems, TDK Micronas, and Texas Instruments.

Our ability to compete successfully against these companies depends on elements both within and outside of our control. Some of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, marketing and management resources than we have. These competitive advantages may enable them to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies or changes in customer requirements, or better position them to withstand adverse economic or market conditions.

We believe we can successfully compete against these organizations in our target markets by leveraging our design and market expertise and leadership position, proprietary manufacturing processes, custom packaging capabilities and close customer relationships. In addition, we compete in our target markets to varying degrees on the basis of a number of competitive factors, including:

•time to market;

•system and application expertise;

•product quality and reliability;

•quality systems and support;

•product features and performance;

•proprietary technology;

•production capacity; and

•solution price.

We believe we currently compete favorably with respect to these factors. However, we cannot assure you that our products will continue to compete favorably or that we will be successful in the face of increasing competition from new products and enhancements introduced by existing competitors or new competitors entering our markets. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Business and Industry—We face intense competition and may not be able to compete effectively, which could reduce our market share and decrease our net sales and profitability.”

Seasonality

Our business exhibits some seasonality. Historically, our net sales have generally been higher in the second half of the fiscal year than in the first half. However, various factors, such as market conditions, the cyclicality of the semiconductor industry, new product introductions and the supply chain environment, can impact the effects of seasonality on our business.

Employees and Human Capital Resources

Our employees are our most valuable assets and contribute to Allegro’s success. We have a skilled and experienced workforce across research and development, operations and quality, sales and marketing and our general and administrative support functions. Together as “One Allegro,” our employees are instrumental in driving operational execution and quality excellence, delivering strong financial performance, advancing innovation, and building trusted customer relationships to help solve our most complex problems.

As of March 29, 2024, we employed 4,593 full-time employees, including 742 in research and development, 3,347 in operations and quality (the overwhelming majority located at our facility in Manila, Philippines (the “AMPI Facility”)), 230 in sales and marketing and 274 in general and administrative. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good, as we have never experienced a labor-related work stoppage. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We enhanced our research and development population by 51 employees following the acquisition of Crocus, with the majority of these employees at our new design center in Grenoble, France.

The success and growth of Allegro’s business is dependent in large part on our ability to attract, retain and develop a diverse population of talented and high-performing employees at all levels of our organization. We continue to expand our technical organizational footprint with the addition and/or expansion of engineering talent across our global design centers and centers of excellence, including operations in Texas (USA), Argentina, India, Philippines, France and Italy. We continue to attract top analog design talent to drive future innovation. In fiscal year 2024, we implemented a technical ladder across our engineering disciplines to promote a robust career path opportunity for our highly valued engineering employees.

For our research, engineering and production management positions, we require employees with university and graduate-level degrees. As of March 29, 2024, 2,218 of our employees held university and graduate-level degrees, of which 1,013 of these employees were located outside of our factory locations. Globally, the demand for employees with such levels of education is high and competitive.

To succeed in these conditions, Allegro implements key recruitment and retention strategies, objectives and effectiveness measures as part of the overall management of our business. These core strategies are advanced through the following programs, policies and initiatives:

Competitive Pay and Benefits. Allegro’s compensation programs are designed to align the compensation of our employees, who operate in a highly competitive and technologically challenging environment, with Allegro’s business performance and to provide the

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proper incentives to attract, retain and motivate employees to achieve superior performance. The structure of our compensation programs provides incentive earnings for both short-term and long-term performance. Specifically:

•We provide employee wages that are competitive and consistent with employees’ positions, skill levels, experience, knowledge and geographic location.

•All non-sales employees participate in one of our annual cash incentive programs, allowing them to share in the profitability and business performance of Allegro. We also generally provide equity grants globally. In the U.S. and the United Kingdom, we offer an employee stock purchase plan to our non-executive employees, which allows them to purchase shares of Allegro stock at a discounted price. Each of these programs further aligns our employees’ financial interests with the performance of the business and the interests of our stockholders.

•We provide short-term incentive and equity awards based on both business and individual performance.

•All sales and field applications positions participate in our annual sales incentive plan, allowing them to earn additional cash incentives based on the achievement of specific sales metrics designed to drive our financial performance.

•We purchase compensation data from external compensation and benefits consulting firms to ensure we provide competitive compensation in each of the geographic locations in which we operate.

•We align our executives’ annual and long-term equity compensation, in the form of performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) and time-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”), with our stockholders’ interests by linking realizable pay with Allegro’s stock performance and other key business and financial operating metrics.

•We provide comprehensive benefit options designed to retain our employees and support their families in all areas of health and wellness.

•We provide social community benefits, including a global charitable gift matching program, and a global volunteer policy, both of which help our employees give back to the local communities in which we operate.

Employee recruitment, retention and development. Allegro works diligently to attract the best talent from a broad array of sources to meet the current and future demands of our business. We have established relationships with world-class colleges and universities, professional associations and industry groups to proactively attract talented and capable new hires. We also utilize social media, local job fairs and educational organizations to find motivated and responsible candidates who represent diverse backgrounds, perspectives and experiences. We have made strides to increase the diversity of backgrounds, perspectives and experiences of our leaders in management positions, while building internal resources to support future leadership openings. Allegro has a strong employee value proposition that leverages our technology leadership, collaborative working environment, shared sense of purpose and culture, and the desire to do the right thing to attract talent to our Company.

We closely monitor employee turnover rates, as our success depends upon retaining and investing in our highly trained manufacturing and technical staff. Allegro strives to decrease employee-initiated voluntary turnover and increase employee retention through a combination of competitive compensation, individual developmental opportunities and personal career enrichment and growth. We strive to provide an inclusive culture where employees can come to work, feel a sense of belonging and achieve their personal best. We provide a Flex@Allegro program to allow our employees the opportunity to decide where and how work gets accomplished. This flexible work arrangement enables our employees to achieve better work and life balance, and helps us to attract and retain talent. Our retention at the technical, professional and managerial levels is high.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. We strive to cultivate a diverse workforce composed of individuals with different backgrounds, passions, and skillsets, as we work together to innovate with purpose. We understand that a holistic approach to diversity necessitates more than recruiting diverse talent; it requires the cultivation of a workforce that is safe, creative, and collaborative, and where there are equitable opportunities for every employee. In addition to the Employee Resource Groups (“ERGs”) we established in fiscal year 2023 and in fiscal year 2024 (Early@Allegro and Women@Allegro), we introduced a third ERG called Veterans@Allegro. We have organizational metrics to monitor our global gender composition of both management and technical populations. We publicly report the self-reported race and ethnicity characteristics of our U.S. workforce. In fiscal year 2024, we launched our first global Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (“DEI”) survey, with a high participation rate. Our highest scoring items were Contributions to a Broader Purpose, and Inclusion - feeling respected at Allegro. As a result of this survey, we provided several DEI educational offerings to raise employee awareness and to cultivate an environment where everyone can contribute to Allegro’s success by leveraging their diverse backgrounds and lived experiences.

Employee Engagement. At Allegro, we strive to create a positive, values-based culture and high employee engagement where our employees can bring their best to work. In fiscal year 2024, we launched our first ever global employee engagement survey to all employees, and achieved a high participation rate. Our high overall engagement score was a strong indicator of how positive our employees feel about their work. The survey found that a majority of our employees would also recommend Allegro as a place to work. In addition, our highest scoring items were Alignment and Involvement and Confidence in Allegro’s Success, which indicates our employees understand how their work contributes to Allegro’s goals, and know what they need to do to be successful.

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Information about our Executive Officers. The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive officers as of May 23, 2024:

Name	Age	Position with Company
Vineet Nargolwala	51	President and Chief Executive Officer, Director
Derek P. D’Antilio	52	Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
Sharon S. Briansky	50	Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Michael C. Doogue	48	Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer
Max R. Glover	42	Senior Vice President of Worldwide Sales
Erin E. Hagen	47	Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer
Suman Narayan	52	Senior Vice President, Products

Vineet Nargolwala has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our board of directors since he joined Allegro in June 2022. Mr. Nargolwala is a technology executive with over 25 years of global executive leadership experience. Prior to joining Allegro, Mr. Nargolwala previously served as Executive Vice President of Sensing Solutions at Sensata Technologies, a leading industrial technology company that develops sensors and sensor-based solutions for the automotive, heavy vehicle and off-road, industrial, and aerospace industries, from March 2020 to May 2022. Mr. Nargolwala joined Sensata as Vice President, Sensors Americas in February 2013 and was later promoted to Senior Vice President, Performance Sensing, North America, Japan and Korea in April 2016. In February 2019, he was appointed Senior Vice President, General Manager, Global Safety & Mobility, and in September 2019, he was appointed Senior Vice President, Sensing Solutions. Prior to Sensata, he was with Honeywell International Inc. for over nine years in business strategy and P&L leadership roles of increasing responsibility. Prior to Honeywell, Mr. Nargolwala was at Nortel Networks in product management and engineering roles. He has been a member of the board of directors of Brady Corporation since February 2022. Mr. Nargolwala holds a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from Maharaja Sayajirao University in Baroda, India, a Master’s degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas and a Master of Business Administration from Cornell University.

Derek P. D’Antilio has served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer since he joined Allegro in January 2022. Prior to joining Allegro, Mr. D’Antilio served as the Chief Financial Officer of a Summit Partners Portfolio Company and helped lead the sale and recapitalization of the company. From February 2019 to March 2021, he served as the Chief Financial Officer of IDEX Biometrics, a publicly traded and global fabless semiconductor company, where he played an instrumental role in leading a Nasdaq listing and preparing the company to scale its production. Prior to IDEX Biometrics, Mr. D’Antilio spent eight years at MKS Instruments, a global equipment and service provider to semiconductor and industrial markets and held numerous leadership roles, including Vice President & Corporate Controller, where he oversaw global accounting and reporting, FP&A, and treasury. Earlier in his career, Mr. D’Antilio was a CPA and CMA in public accounting and served as an audit manager at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Mr. D’Antilio holds a B.S.B.A. in Accounting from Salem State University, an M.B.A. from Babson College and has attended an Executive Education program at the University of Chicago.

Sharon S. Briansky has served as our Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since she joined Allegro in December 2021. Prior to joining Allegro, Ms. Briansky served as the Vice President, Deputy General Counsel and Secretary at Thermo Fisher Scientific (“Thermo Fisher”) from 2017 to 2021. Prior to that she served as Vice President, Associate General Counsel at Thermo Fisher from 2005 to 2017. Ms. Briansky received a B.A. in Political Science from the University of North Carolina in 1995 and a J.D. from Boston University School of Law in 1998.

Michael C. Doogue has served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer, since being named as the Company’s first Chief Technology Officer in September 2022. Mr. Doogue joined Allegro in 1998 as a Design Engineer facilitating the development of Allegro’s innovative speed and current sensor ICs. Mr. Doogue has also served in various leadership positions at Allegro, including as Design Manager from 2002 to 2006, Director of Strategic Marketing from 2006 to 2011, Business Unit Director of Linear Current Sensors from 2011 to 2016, Vice President of Advanced Sensor Technologies from 2016 to 2019, and as Senior Vice President of Technology and Products from 2019 to 2022. Mr. Doogue holds over 70 U.S. patents in the areas of sensors and semiconductors. Mr. Doogue received a B.A. in Physics from Colby College in 1997 and a B.E. in Electrical Engineering from Dartmouth College in 1998. In 2007, Mr. Doogue completed the Stanford Executive Program at the Stanford University Graduate School of Business.

Max R. Glover has served as our Senior Vice President of Worldwide Sales since he joined Allegro in 2019. Prior to joining Allegro, Mr. Glover served as the General Manager of the Automotive Sales Group at Intel Corporation, a computing, networking, data storage, and communications solutions company from 2016 to 2019. Mr. Glover also served as Intel Corporation’s Director of Sales from 2013 to 2016, and also served in various leadership, sales, marketing and engineering roles from 2001 to 2013. Mr. Glover received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Cincinnati in 2004.

Erin E. Hagen joined the Company as our Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer in May 2024. Prior to joining Allegro, Ms. Hagen served as Global Human Resources Business Partner for Cabot Corporation, a leading global specialty chemicals and performance materials company, from January 2021 until May 2024. Prior to that, she served as Chief Human Resources

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Officer for Wind River Environmental, LLC, a septic, grease, and wastewater services company, from 2019 through 2021. From 2014 through 2019, Ms. Hagen worked for OMNOVA Solutions Inc., a developer and manufacturer of emulsion polymers, specialty chemicals and building products in roles of increasing responsibility within the human resources organization. Ms. Hagen holds an M.S. in Positive Organization Development and Change from Case Western Reserve University and a bachelor’s degree in organizational communications from Central Michigan University.

Suman Narayan was appointed Senior Vice President, Products, in September 2022. Prior to that, he served as Vice President, Sensor Business Unit, since joining the Company in January of 2021. Before joining Allegro, Mr. Narayan was Senior Vice President and General Manager, Semiconductor and Embedded Systems, for Cyient, Inc., a global engineering, manufacturing, and digital technology solutions company, from 2016 to 2021. Prior to that, he served as Vice President and General Manager, High-Performance Smart Power, for ON Semiconductor Corporation from 2014 to 2016 and held roles of increasing seniority with Texas Instruments Inc. from 1995 to 2014. Mr. Narayan holds an M.B.A., from The University of Texas, an M.S. in Electrical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, from Iowa State University, and a B.S., Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering from PSG College of Technology, in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Regulation

We recognize the importance of protecting the environment and the health and safety of our employees, customers, and communities. Our Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Policy outlines policies and training programs that are designed to promote and protect employee safety. Our EHS teams oversee workplace conditions for our employees. All Allegro EHS policies and procedures are developed in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Our AMPI Facility is certified to ISO 45001 for environmental management and ISO 45001 for occupational health and safety.

Our operations are subject to various federal, state, local, international, and non-U.S. laws and regulations governing pollution and environmental protection and occupational health and safety, including those relating to hazardous and toxic materials, product composition, and the investigation and cleanup of contaminated sites. This includes sites we currently or formerly owned or operated, due to the release of hazardous materials, regardless of whether we caused such release. In addition, we may be strictly liable for joint and several costs associated with investigation and remediation of sites at which we have arranged for the disposal of hazardous wastes if such sites become contaminated, even if we fully comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations. We are also subject to various federal, state, local, international, and non-U.S. laws and regulations relating to occupational health and safety. Any failure on our part to comply with these laws and regulations, including new laws or new interpretations of existing ones, may subject us to significant fines or other civil or criminal costs, obligations, sanctions or property damage or personal injury claims, or suspension of our facilities’ operating permits. In addition, in the event of an incident involving hazardous materials, we could be liable for damages and such liability could exceed the amount of any liability insurance coverage and the resources of our business. Compliance with current or future environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations could restrict our ability to expand our business or require us to modify processes or incur other substantial expenses which could harm our business.

We face increasing complexity in our product design and procurement operations due to the evolving nature of environmental laws, regulations, directives and standards, as well as specific customer requirements. These laws, regulations, directives, and standards have an impact on the material composition of our products entering specific markets. For example, the European Union (“EU”) adopted its Restriction of Hazardous Substance Directive (“RoHS”) legislation, EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS) and 2011/65/EU (RoHS II), amended by 2015/863/EU and continues to develop evolving compliance standards, with its most recent restrictions announced as part of RoHS 3, which took effect in July 2019. The EU also adopted the European Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (“REACH”) in 2007, which calls for the progressive substitution of dangerous chemicals in manufacturing. In 2006, China first published its RoHS equivalent, the Administrative Measures on the Control of Pollution Cause by Electronic Information Products. This regulation was revised in 2016 when China enacted the Administrative Measures on the Restrictions of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Products Regulations, which expanded the scope of the 2006 requirements and is designed to restrict additional hazardous substance in certain electrical and electronic products. In addition, any business selling products to consumers in California containing certain listed chemicals or substances is subject to California Proposition 65 (officially known as the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986), which requires disclosure of the listed chemical and potential health risks. In addition to these regulations and directives, we may face costs and liabilities in connection with product take-back legislation, which holds manufacturers responsible for the collection and proper disposal of their products discarded by their customers. There are also increasing regulations regarding the use of green marketing claims, which may also affect our product design and procurement operations.

Although we incur costs to comply with the provisions discussed above and other applicable federal, state, local, international and non-U.S. laws and regulations relating to environmental protection in the ordinary course of our business, such costs have not materially affected, and are not presently expected to materially affect, our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.

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Available Information

We file annual, quarterly and current reports and any amendments to those reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Documents we file with the SEC are available free of charge on our website at https://investors.allegromicro.com/financials/sec-filings, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed with the SEC. The information included on or available through our website is not part of this or any other report we file with the SEC. Any document that we file with the SEC is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors.

An investment in our common stock involves risks. You should consider these risks carefully, as well as the other information contained in this Annual Report. If any of these risks occurs or increases in scope or severity, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed materially. In that event, the trading price of our common stock might decline, and you might lose all or part of your investment. You should also refer to the other information contained in this Annual Report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or not believed by us to be material may also negatively impact us.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Downturns or volatility in general economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Our net sales, gross margin, and profitability depend significantly on general economic conditions and the demand for products in the markets in which our customers compete. Weaknesses in the global economy and financial markets, including as a result of a recession, may lead to lower demand for products that incorporate our solutions, particularly in the automotive and industrial markets. In particular, since we have significant sales in China, our business development plans, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected by significant political, social and economic developments in China. The current stagnation in China’s economy has adversely impacted, and could further adversely impact, our customers, prospective customers, suppliers, distributors and partners in China, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. A decline in end-user demand can affect our customers’ demand for our products, the ability of our customers to obtain credit and otherwise meet their payment obligations and the likelihood of customers canceling or deferring existing orders. Our net sales, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected by such actions.

Volatile and/or uncertain economic conditions, as well as inflationary pressures, can adversely impact sales, gross margin and profitability and make it difficult for us to accurately forecast and plan our future business activities. To the extent expected favorable economic conditions do not materialize or take longer to materialize than expected, we may face an oversupply of our products and have excess inventory, which could result in charges for excess and obsolete inventory. Conversely, if we underestimate customer demand, we may fail to meet customer needs, which could impair our customer relationships. In addition, any disruption in the credit markets, including as a result of a recession, could impede our access to capital, which could be further adversely affected if we are unable to obtain or maintain favorable credit ratings. If we have limited access to additional financing sources, we may be required to defer capital expenditures or seek other sources of liquidity, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Similarly, if our suppliers face challenges in obtaining credit or other financial difficulties, they may be unable to provide the materials we need to manufacture our products. All of these factors related to global economic conditions, which are beyond our control, could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

We face intense competition and may not be able to compete effectively, which could reduce our market share and decrease our net sales and profitability.

We are in an intensely competitive segment of the global semiconductor industry. Our competitive landscape includes rapid technological change in product design and manufacturing, continuous declines in ASPs, and customers who make purchase decisions based on a mix of factors of varying importance, which varies from customer-to-customer and from market-to-market. Our ability to compete in this environment depends on many factors, including our ability to identify emerging markets and technology trends in an accurate and timely manner, introduce new and innovative products, implement new manufacturing technologies at a sustainable pace, maintain the performance and quality of our products, and manufacture our products in a cost-effective manner.

Often, we compete against larger companies that possess substantial financial, technical, development, engineering, manufacturing and marketing resources. Varying combinations of these resources provide advantages to these competitors, such as the rapid implementation of artificial intelligence strategies for developing products and service offerings, which enable them to influence industry trends and the pace at which they adapt to these trends. A strong competitive response from one or more of our competitors to our marketplace efforts, or a shift in customer preferences to competitors’ products, could result in increased pressure to lower our prices more rapidly than anticipated, increased sales and marketing expense, and/or market share loss. In addition, certain countries, such as China, have begun implementing initiatives to build domestic semiconductor supply chains, and we may be at a disadvantage in attempting to compete with entities associated with such foreign government efforts. To the extent our profitability is negatively impacted by competitive pressures and reduced pricing, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on a limited number of third-party semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities and a limited number of suppliers of other materials, and the failure of any of these suppliers to supply wafers or other materials on a timely basis could harm our business and our financial results.

We currently rely on a limited number of third-party wafer fabrication facilities for the fabrication of semiconductor wafers used in the manufacture of our IC products, primarily United Microelectronics Corporation (“UMC”), Polar Semiconductor, LLC (“PSL”),

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and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (“TSMC”), and we purchase a number of key materials and components used in the manufacture of our products from single or limited sources. We depend on these foundries and other sources to meet our production needs. These foundries have limited production capacities with little ability to quickly expand capacity. From time to time, we have encountered shortages and delays in obtaining wafers and other components and materials, and we may encounter additional shortages and delays in the future. Additionally, two of our third-party wafer fabrication facilities are located in Taiwan, a location where earthquakes are commonplace, and geopolitical changes in China-Taiwan relations could disrupt their operations. Any disruption in our foundries’ supply of wafers to us may require us to transfer manufacturing processes to a new location or facility. Converting or transferring such fabrication processes from one of our primary facilities to an alternative or backup facility due to a disruption would likely be expensive and could take a substantial amount of time, given our highly complex manufacturing and fabrication processes, which incorporate our proprietary technologies. During such a transition, it is unlikely that our existing inventory would be sufficient to meet customer demand and would likely require us to incur unanticipated costs. As a result, we may not be able to meet our customers’ needs during such a transition, which would negatively impact our net sales, potentially damage our customer relationships and our reputation and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we cannot supply our products due to a lack of components, are unable to source materials from other suppliers, or to redesign products with other components in a timely manner, our business will be significantly harmed. We do not have long-term contracts with some of our suppliers and third-party manufacturers. As a result, any such supplier or third-party manufacturer can discontinue supplying components or materials to us at any time and without penalty. Moreover, we depend on the quality of the wafers and other components and materials that they supply to us, over which we have limited control. Any one or more of our other suppliers may become financially unstable as the result of global market conditions. Moreover, our suppliers’ abilities to meet our requirements could be impaired or interrupted by factors beyond their control, such as natural disasters or other disruptions. If any one or more of our suppliers is unable or unwilling to deliver us products and we are unable to identify alternative sources of supply for such materials or components on a timely basis, our operations may be adversely affected. In addition, even if we identify any such alternative sources of supply, we could experience delays in testing, evaluating and validating materials or products of potential alternative suppliers or products we obtain through outsourcing. Qualifying new contract manufacturers, and specifically semiconductor foundries, is time consuming and might result in unforeseen manufacturing and operations problems. Furthermore, financial or other difficulties faced by our suppliers, or significant changes in demand for the components or materials they use in the products they supply to us, could limit the availability of those products, components or materials to us. We are also subject to potential delays in the development by our suppliers of key components, which may affect our ability to introduce new products. Any of these problems or delays could damage our relationships with our customers, adversely affect our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and our ability to grow our business.

Failure to adjust our purchase commitments and inventory management based on changing market conditions or customer demand could result in an inability to meet customer demand or additional charges for obsolete or excess inventories or non-cancellable purchase commitments.

We make significant decisions, including determining the levels of business that we will seek and accept, production schedules, levels of reliance on outsourced contract manufacturing, personnel needs and other resource requirements, based on our estimates of customer requirements. The short-term nature of the commitments by many of our customers and the possibility of rapid changes in demand for their products reduce our ability to accurately estimate future requirements of our customers. On occasion, our customers may require rapid increases in production, which can challenge our resources. We may not have sufficient capacity at any given time to meet our customers’ demands. Conversely, downturns in the semiconductor industry have in the past caused, and may in the future, cause our customers to significantly reduce the number of products ordered from us. Because many of our sales, research and development and manufacturing expenses are relatively fixed, a reduction in customer demand may decrease our gross margins and operating income.

In addition, we base operating decisions, and enter into purchase commitments, on the basis of anticipated net sales trends, which are highly unpredictable. Changes in forecasts or the timing of orders from customers expose us to risks of inventory shortages or excess inventory. Some of our purchase commitments are not cancellable, and in some cases we are required to recognize a charge representing the amount of material or capital equipment purchased or ordered, which exceeds our actual requirements. For example, we have noncancellable purchase commitments with vendors and “take-or-pay” agreements with certain of our third-party wafer fabrication partners, under which we are required to purchase a minimum number of wafers per year or face financial penalties. These types of commitments and agreements could reduce our ability to adjust our inventory to address declining market demands. If demand for our products is less than we expect, we may experience additional excess and obsolete inventories and be forced to incur additional charges. If net sales in future periods fall substantially below our expectations, or if we fail to accurately forecast changes in demand mix, we could again be required to record substantial charges for obsolete or excess inventories or noncancellable purchase commitments. Moreover, during a market upturn we may not be able to purchase sufficient supplies or components to meet increasing product demand, which could prevent us from taking advantage of opportunities and maximizing our net sales. Our failure to adjust our supply chain volume, secure sufficient supply from our third-party vendors, including our semiconductor wafer suppliers, or estimate our customers’ demand could have a material adverse effect on our net sales, business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Shifts in our product mix, customer mix or channel mix may result in declines in gross margin.

Gross margins on individual products fluctuate over the product’s life cycle. Our overall gross margins have fluctuated from period to period as a result of shifts in product mix, customer mix, channel mix, the introduction of new products, decreases in ASPs for older products and our ability to reduce product costs. In addition, in periods of high demand for some of our products, we may have to source a portion of materials from higher-cost providers, which may decrease overall gross margin. These fluctuations are expected to continue in the future.

The cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry may limit our ability to maintain or improve our net sales and profitability.

The semiconductor industry, including the analog segment in which we compete, is highly cyclical and is prone to significant downturns from time to time. Cyclical downturns can result from a variety of market forces, which can result in significant declines in analog semiconductor demand. We are currently experiencing a downturn and may experience downturns in the future. Downturns have been characterized by diminished product demand, production overcapacity, high inventory levels and accelerated erosion of ASPs. Recent downturns in the semiconductor industry had been attributed to a variety of factors, including the initial onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, ongoing trade disputes among the United States and China, weakness in demand and pricing for semiconductors across applications and excess inventory. Recent downturns directly impacted our business, as was the case with many other companies, suppliers, distributors and customers in the semiconductor industry and other industries around the world, and any prolonged or significant future downturns in the semiconductor industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Conversely, significant upturns can cause us to be unable to satisfy demand in a timely and cost-efficient manner and could result in increased competition for access to third-party foundry and assembly capacity. In the event of such an upturn, we may not be able to expand our workforce and operations in a sufficiently timely manner, procure adequate resources and raw materials, including semiconductor wafers from our third-party wafer manufacturing partners, or locate suitable third-party suppliers or other third-party subcontractors to respond effectively to changes in demand for our existing or new products, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Substantial portions of our sales are made to automotive industry suppliers. Any downturn or disruption in the automotive market or industry could significantly harm our financial results.

Our customers that supply various systems and components to automotive OEMs accounted for 72.4%, 66.4% and 68.0% of our total net sales in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This concentration of sales exposes us to the risks associated with the automotive market and automotive industry. For example, our anticipated future growth is highly dependent on the adoption of automotive technologies and HEV and EV powertrain vehicles, which traditionally have had increased sensor and power product content. A downturn in the automotive market could delay automakers’ plans to introduce new vehicles with these features, which would negatively impact the demand for our products and the ability to grow our business. The automotive industry is also undergoing consolidation, reorganization and rapid change as a result of a shift to HEVs and EVs, and changes and disruption in the automotive industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Acquisitions of other companies or technologies, may create additional risks, including risks associated with our ability to successfully integrate these acquisitions into our business.

We have acquired other companies as part of our growth strategy, and we continue to consider future acquisitions of other companies, or their technologies or products, to improve our market position, broaden our technological capabilities, and expand our product offerings. Acquiring companies or technologies, including the recently completed acquisition of Crocus, involves a number of risks, including, but not limited to: the potential disruption of our ongoing business; the increased costs incurred to finance acquisitions and the allocation of capital to fund acquisitions being diverted from other operational priorities, such as research and development; unexpected costs or incurring unknown liabilities; the diversion of management resources from other strategic and operational issues; the inability to retain the key employees of the acquired businesses; difficulties relating to integrating the operations and personnel of the acquired businesses; adverse effects on our existing customer relationships or the existing customer relationships of acquired businesses; the potential incompatibility of the acquired business or their customers; issues not discovered during our due diligence that could impact our assumptions concerning the status of and prospects for the products and technologies of the acquired business; and acquired intangible assets, including goodwill, becoming impaired as a result of technological advancements or worse-than-expected performance of the acquired business. If we are unable to successfully address any of these risks, our business could be harmed.

Decreases in average selling prices of our products and increases in input costs may reduce our gross margins.

The market for our products is generally characterized by declining ASPs, resulting from factors such as increased competition, overcapacity, the introduction of new products and increased unit volumes. We have in the past experienced, and in the future may experience, substantial period-to-period fluctuations in operating results due to declining ASPs. ASPs may decrease in the future in response to the introduction of new products by us or our competitors, or due to other factors, including customer pricing pressures. We typically conduct annual pricing negotiations for our existing products with some of our largest customers. In order to sustain profitable operations, we must continually reduce costs for our existing products and also develop and introduce new products with enhanced

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features on a timely basis that can be sold initially at higher ASPs. Failure to do so could cause our net sales and gross margins to decline, which would negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations and could significantly harm our business.

We may be unable to reduce the cost of our products sufficiently to enable us to compete with others. Our cost reduction efforts may not allow us to keep pace with competitive pricing pressures given the increased cost of certain materials, such as semiconductor wafers and other raw materials, and could adversely affect our gross margins. We maintain an infrastructure of facilities and human resources in several locations around the world and, as a result, have limited ability to reduce our operating costs. Accordingly, in order to remain competitive, we must continually reduce the cost of manufacturing our products through design and engineering changes. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in redesigning our products and bringing redesigned products to the market in a timely manner, or that any redesign will result in sufficient cost reductions to allow us to reduce the price of our products to remain competitive or maintain or improve our gross margins. To the extent we are unable to reduce the prices of our products and remain competitive, our net sales will likely decline, resulting in further pressure on our gross margins, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to grow our business.

If we encounter sustained yield problems or other delays at our third-party wafer fabrication facilities or in the final assembly and test of our products, we may lose sales and damage our customer relationships.

The manufacture of our products, including the fabrication of semiconductor wafers, and the assembly and testing of our products, involve highly complex processes. For example, minute levels of contaminants in the manufacturing environment, difficulties in the wafer fabrication process or other factors can cause a substantial portion of the components on a wafer to be nonfunctional. These problems may be difficult to detect at an early stage of the manufacturing process and often are time-consuming and expensive to correct. From time to time, we have experienced problems in achieving acceptable yields at our third-party wafer fabrication partners, resulting in delays in the availability of components. Moreover, an increase in the rejection rate of products during the quality control process before, during or after manufacture and/or shipping of such products, results in lower yields and margins. In addition, changes in manufacturing processes required due to changes in product specifications, changing customer needs and the introduction of new product lines have historically significantly reduced our manufacturing yields, resulting in low or negative margins on those products. Poor manufacturing yields over a prolonged period of time could adversely affect our ability to deliver our products on a timely basis and harm our customer relationships, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our quarterly net sales and operating results are difficult to predict accurately and may fluctuate significantly from period to period. As a result, we may fail to meet the expectations of investors, which could cause our stock price to decline.

We operate in a highly dynamic industry, and our future operating results could be subject to significant fluctuations, particularly on a quarterly basis. Our quarterly net sales and operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past and may continue to vary from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, many of which are not within our control. Although some of our customers provide us with non-binding forecasts of their future requirements for our products, a significant percentage of our net sales in each fiscal quarter is dependent on sales that are booked and shipped during that fiscal quarter, and are typically attributable to a large number of orders from diverse customers and markets. As a result, accurately forecasting our operating results in any fiscal quarter is difficult. If our operating results do not meet the expectations of securities analysts and investors, our stock price may decline. Additional factors that can contribute to fluctuations in our operating results include the timing of customer qualification of our products and commencement of volume sales by our customers of systems that include our products, product rates of return or price concessions in excess of those expected or forecasted, as well as the other risk factors identified in this section of our Annual Report.

We may experience a delay in generating or recognizing revenues for a number of reasons. Open orders at the beginning of each quarter are typically lower than expected net sales for that quarter and are generally cancellable or reschedulable with minimal notice. Accordingly, we depend on obtaining orders during each quarter for shipment in that quarter to achieve our net sales objectives, and failure to fulfill such orders by the end of a quarter may adversely affect our operating results. Furthermore, our customer agreements typically provide that the customer may delay scheduled delivery dates and cancel orders within specified timeframes without significant penalty. In addition, we maintain an infrastructure of facilities and human resources in several locations around the world and have a limited ability to reduce the expenses required to maintain such infrastructure. Because we base our operating expenses on anticipated revenue trends and a high percentage of our expenses are fixed in the short term, any delay in generating or recognizing forecasted net sales or changes in levels of our customers’ forecasted demand could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Due to our limited ability to reduce expenses, in the event our revenues decline or our net sales do not meet our expectations, it is likely that in some future quarters our operating results will decrease from the previous quarter or fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors. As a result of these factors, our operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter. Accordingly, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations should not solely be relied upon as indications of future performance. Any shortfall in net sales or net income compared to a previous quarter or to levels expected by the investment community could cause a decline in the trading price of our stock.

Our dependence on our manufacturing operations in the Philippines exposes us to certain risks that may harm our business.

We rely heavily on the manufacturing operations of the AMPI Facility, which operates as our primary internal assembly and testing facility. We depend on the AMPI Facility for our sensor and power products, and if this facility suspends operations, our ability

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to assemble and test our products could be materially impaired. Furthermore, any disruption in operations at the AMPI Facility could adversely affect our ability to meet customer demand in a timely manner, or at all, which would lead to a reduction in our net sales and may adversely affect our reputation and customer relationships, potentially resulting in longer-term harm to our business. In addition, an earthquake, fire, flood or other natural or man-made disaster, as well as a pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak of infectious disease, strikes, political or civil unrest, or any number of other factors beyond our control could also disable the facility, causing catastrophic losses. Some of these risks may become more frequent or intense as a result of climate change. Although we supplement the assembly capabilities at the AMPI Facility with other external or independent assembly subcontractors throughout Asia, if our manufacturing operations at the AMPI Facility are obstructed or hampered, it could take a considerable length of time, at an increased cost, for us to resume manufacturing at another location, which could materially harm our manufacturing efficiency and capacity, delay production and shipments and result in costly expenditures to repair or replace this facility.

To ensure continued product manufacturing (including assembly and testing of our products), we may be required to establish or invest in alternative manufacturing facilities. Any attempt to establish or invest in alternative manufacturing facilities, however, could increase our costs, negatively affect our profitability, and limit our ability to maintain competitive prices for our products, which would negatively impact our competitive position. To our knowledge, only a few alternative manufacturing facilities have the capability to assemble and test our most advanced and complex products, and if we are forced to engage such alternative manufacturing facilities, we may encounter difficulties and incur additional costs. Accordingly, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to manage the risks and challenges associated with our dependence on the AMPI Facility, and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A significant portion of our net sales are generated through distributors, which subjects us to certain risks.

We sell our products worldwide through multiple sales channels, including through our direct sales force, distributors and independent sales representatives, which resell our products to numerous end customers. A significant portion of our net sales are made to distributors, which were approximately 52.9%, 39.3% and 36.8% of our net sales in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, excluding our former distribution relationship with Sanken in Japan, which represented approximately 16.5% and 19.4% of our net sales in fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively. Sales to our largest, non-affiliated distributor accounted for 10.2%, 10.8%, and 11.0% of our net sales in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The impairment or termination of our relationships with our distributors, or the failure of these parties to diligently sell our products and comply with applicable laws and regulations, could materially and adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and profits. Because our distributors control the relationships with end customers, if our relationship with any distributor ends, we could also lose our relationships with their customers. In addition, because our distributors do not sell our products exclusively, they may focus their sales efforts and resources on other products that produce better margins or greater commissions for them or are incorporated into a broader strategic relationship with one of their other suppliers. Because we do not control the sales representatives and other employees of our distributors, we cannot guarantee that our sales processes, regulatory compliance and other priorities will be consistently communicated and executed. In addition, we may not have staff in one or more of the locations covered by our distributors, which makes it particularly difficult for us to monitor their performance. While we may take steps to mitigate the risks associated with noncompliance by our distributors, there remains a risk that they will not comply with regulatory requirements or our requirements and policies. Actions by the sales representatives and other employees of our distributors could result in flat or declining sales in a given geographic area, reputational harm to our Company or our products, or legal liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to the risk of losing customers, the operation of local laws and our agreements with our distributors could make it difficult for us to replace a distributor we feel is underperforming.

Events beyond our control impacting us, our key suppliers or our manufacturing partners could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our ability to make, transport and sell products in coordination with our suppliers, customers (including OEMs), distributors and third-party manufacturers or other subcontractors is critical to our success. Damage or disruption to either our or our key suppliers or manufacturing partners’ supply, manufacturing or distribution capabilities resulting from weather, freight carrier availability, any potential effects of climate change, natural disaster, disease, fire, explosion, cyber-attacks, terrorism, pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of infectious disease, strikes, civil unrest, repairs or enhancements at facilities manufacturing or distributing our products or other reasons could impair our ability to manufacture, sell, and deliver products on a timely basis or at all. Climate change may also increase the frequency or intensity of certain of these risks. For more information, see our risk factor titled “Climate change presents physical, transition and litigation risks that could disrupt our business operations and force us to incur increased costs and expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.”

Other companies in our industry may be affected differently by natural disasters or other disruptions depending on the location and concentration of their suppliers, operations and customers. In addition, many of our competitors are larger companies with more substantial financial and other resources and, as a result, may be better able to plan for, withstand or otherwise mitigate the effects of any such disruption. While we may take steps to plan for or address the occurrence of any such event, we cannot guarantee that we will be successful. Our failure to take adequate steps to reduce the likelihood or mitigate the potential impact of such events, or to effectively manage such events if they occur, particularly when a wafer or packaging component is sourced from a limited number of locations or

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suppliers, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and/or require additional resources to restore our supply chain.

If we fail in a timely and cost-effective manner to develop new product features or new products that address customer preferences and achieve market acceptance, our operating results could be adversely affected.

Our customers are constantly seeking new products with more features and functionality at a lower cost, and our success relies heavily on our ability to continue to develop and market to our customers new and innovative products and improvements of existing products, including those that may incorporate, or are based or developed using, software or artificial intelligence technologies. In order to respond to new and evolving customer demands, achieve strong market share and keep pace with new technological, processing and other developments, we must constantly introduce new and innovative products into the market. Although we strive to respond to customer preferences and industry expectations in the development of our products, we may not be successful in developing, introducing or commercializing any new or enhanced products on a timely basis or at all. Further, if initial sales volumes for new or enhanced products do not reach anticipated levels within the time periods we expect, we may be required to engage in additional marketing efforts to promote such products and the costs of developing and commercializing such products may be higher than we predict. Moreover, new and enhanced products may not perform as expected. We may encounter lower manufacturing yields and longer delivery schedules in commencing volume production of new products that we introduce, which could increase costs and disrupt supply of such products.

A fundamental shift in technologies, particularly one that impacts magnetic or power ICs, the regulatory climate or demand patterns and preferences in our existing product markets or the product markets of our customers or end-users could make our current products obsolete, prevent or delay the introduction of new products or enhancements to our existing products or render our products irrelevant to our customers’ needs. If our new product development efforts fail to align with the needs of our customers, including due to circumstances outside of our control, such as a fundamental shift in the product markets of our customers and end users or regulatory changes, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to effectively manage our growth, and we may need to incur significant expenditures to address the additional operational and control requirements of our growth, either of which could harm our business and operating results.

Ongoing growth requires continued expansion of our operational, engineering, accounting and financial systems, procedures, controls and other internal management systems. This may require substantial managerial and financial resources, and our efforts in this regard may not be successful. Our current systems, procedures and controls may not be adequate to support future operations. Unless our growth results in an increase in our revenues that is proportionate to the increase in our costs associated with this growth, our operating margins and profitability will be adversely affected. Failure to adequately manage our growth, improve our operational, financial and management information systems, or effectively motivate and manage new and future employees could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on growth in the end markets that use our products. Any slowdown in the growth of these end markets could adversely affect our financial results.

Our continued success will depend in large part on general economic growth and growth within our target markets in the automotive and industrial sectors. Factors affecting these markets, including reductions in sales of our customers’ products, deterioration of our customers’ financial condition, insufficient customer resources dedicated to promoting and commercializing their products, the inability of our customers to adapt to changing technological demands, design flaws in customer products, the effects of catastrophic and other disruptive events, and increased supply chain, manufacturing or production costs could seriously harm our customers and, as a result, harm us. Any slowdown in the growth of these end markets could adversely affect our financial results. For example, a significant element of our growth strategy depends on the increasing adoption of HEVs and EVs, which are expected to have higher sensor and power product content. If anticipated demand in the end market for these vehicles does not materialize, it would adversely affect demand for our products from customers and impact our ability to execute our growth strategy.

The loss of one or more significant customers could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

During fiscal year 2024, no end customer, including those served through our distributors, exceeded 10% of our net sales. However, the loss of or a significant reduction in business with a significant end customer, particularly in the automotive market, could have a material adverse effect on our net sales and, in turn, on our overall business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our competitive position could be adversely affected if we are unable to meet customers’ quality requirements.

Semiconductor IC suppliers must meet increasingly stringent quality standards of certain OEMs and customers, particularly for automotive applications. While our quality performance to date has generally met these requirements, we may experience problems in achieving acceptable quality results in the manufacture of our products, particularly in connection with production of new products or adoption of a new manufacturing process. Our failure to achieve acceptable quality levels could adversely affect our business results.

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The nature of the design win process requires us to incur expenses without any guarantee that research and development efforts will generate net sales, which could adversely affect our financial results.

We focus on winning competitive bid selection processes, called “design wins,” to develop products for use in our customers’ products. These lengthy selection processes may require us to incur significant expenditures and dedicate valued engineering resources to the development of new products without any assurance that we will achieve design wins. If we incur such expenditures and fail to be selected in the bid selection process, our operating results may be adversely affected. Further, because of the significant costs associated with qualifying new suppliers, customers are likely to use the same or an enhanced version of semiconductor products from existing suppliers across a number of similar and successor products for a lengthy period of time. As a result, if we fail to secure an initial design win for any of our products to a customer, we may lose the opportunity to make future sales of those products to that customer for a significant period of time or at all and experience an associated decline in net sales relating to those products. This phenomenon is typical in the automotive market. Failure to achieve initial design wins may also weaken our position in future competitive selection processes because we may not be perceived as an industry leader.

Even if we succeed in securing design wins for our products, we may not generate timely or sufficient net sales or margins from those wins and our financial results could suffer.

After incurring significant design and development expenditures and dedicating engineering resources to achieve a single initial design win for a product, a substantial period of time generally elapses before we generate meaningful net sales relating to such product, if at all. The reasons for this delay include, among other things: changing customer requirements, resulting in an extended development cycle for the product; delay in the ramp-up of volume production of the customer’s products into which our solutions are designed; delay or cancellation of the customer’s product development plans; competitive pressures to reduce our selling price for the product; the discovery of design flaws, defects, errors or bugs in the products; lower than expected customer acceptance of solutions designed for customer’s products; lower than expected market acceptance of customers’ products; and higher manufacturing costs than anticipated. If we do not continue to achieve design wins in the short term, we may not be able to achieve expected net sales levels associated with these design wins. If we experience delays in achieving such sales levels, our operating results could be adversely affected. Moreover, even if a customer selects our product, we cannot guarantee that this will result in any sales of our products, as the customer may ultimately change or cancel its product plans, or our customer’s efforts to market and sell its product may not be successful.

Changes in government trade policies, including the imposition of export restrictions and tariffs, could limit our ability to sell products to certain customers or limit demand from certain customers, which may materially and adversely affect our sales and results of operations.

The U.S. or foreign governments may take administrative, legislative or regulatory action that could materially interfere with our ability to sell products in certain countries and/or to certain customers, particularly in China. For example, the United States and China have imposed export restrictions related to certain semiconductors and a number of tariffs and other restrictions on items imported or exported between the United States and China and have proposed imposing additional tariffs. We cannot predict what actions may ultimately be taken with respect to export restrictions, tariffs or trade relations between the United States and China or other countries, what products may be subject to such actions, or what actions may be taken by the other countries in retaliation. The institution of export restrictions and trade tariffs both globally and between the United States and China specifically carries the risk of negatively impacting China’s overall economic condition, which could have negative repercussions for our business since Greater China accounted for the highest percentage of the Company’s total net sales in any one country in the fiscal year 2024.

In addition, since we manufacture our products outside the United States, new or increased tariffs on certain goods imported into the United States, if adopted, could have a disproportionate impact on our business and make our products more expensive and less competitive in domestic markets. Furthermore, changes in U.S. trade policy could trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries, which could impose restrictions on our ability to do business in or with affected countries or prohibit, reduce or discourage purchases of our products by foreign customers, leading to increased costs of components contained in our products, increased costs of manufacturing our products, and higher prices for our products in foreign markets. For example, there are risks that the Chinese government may require the use of local suppliers in place of non-Chinese suppliers like us, compel companies that do business in China to partner with local companies to conduct business and provide incentives to government-backed local customers to buy from local suppliers. Changes in, and responses to, U.S. trade policy could reduce the competitiveness of our products and cause our sales to decline, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Warranty claims, product liability claims and product recalls could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We face an inherent business risk of exposure to warranty and product liability claims if products fail to perform as expected or any such failure is alleged to result in bodily injury, death, and/or property damage. In addition, if any of our designed products are alleged to be defective, we may be required to participate in their recalls. Some OEMs expect suppliers to warrant their products for longer periods of time and are increasingly looking to them for contribution when faced with product liability claims or recalls. For example, some of our products are used in automotive safety systems, the failure of which could lead to injury or death. We carry various commercial liability policies, including umbrella/excess policies which provide some protection against product liability exposure. However, a successful warranty or product liability claim against us in excess of our available insurance coverage and established

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reserves, or a requirement that we participate in a product recall, could have adverse effects on our business results. Further, in the future, it is possible that we will not be able to obtain insurance coverage in the amounts and for the risks we seek at policy costs and terms we desire. Additionally, if our products fail to perform as expected or such failure of our products results in a recall, our reputation may be damaged, which could make it more difficult for us to sell our products to existing and prospective customers and could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our dependence on international customers and operations also subjects us to a range of other additional regulatory, operational, financial and political risks that could adversely affect our financial results.

For fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, approximately 85.8%, 86.6% and 85.9%, respectively, of our net sales were to customers outside of the United States. In addition, a substantial majority of our products are assembled and tested at facilities outside of the United States. Our principal assembly and test facility is located in the Philippines at our AMPI Facility. We also rely on several other wafer fabrication manufacturing partners located throughout Asia. Any conflict or uncertainty in this region, including public health or safety concerns or natural disasters, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, conducting business outside the United States subjects us to a number of additional risks and challenges, including:

•changes in a specific country’s or region’s political, regulatory or economic conditions;

•a pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak of an infectious disease, which may cause us or our distributors, vendors and/or customers to temporarily suspend operations in the affected city or country;

•compliance with a wide variety of domestic and foreign laws and regulations (including those of municipalities or provinces where we have operations) and unexpected changes in those laws and regulatory requirements, including uncertainties regarding taxes, social insurance contributions and other payroll taxes and fees to governmental entities, tariffs, quotas, export controls, export licenses and other trade barriers;

•unanticipated restrictions on our ability to sell to foreign customers where sale of products and provision of services may require export licenses or are prohibited by government action, unfavorable foreign exchange controls and currency exchange rates;

•the risk of substantial penalties and litigation related to violations of a wide variety of laws, treaties and regulations, including labor regulations and anti-corruption regulations (including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and U.K. Bribery Act);

•difficulties and costs of staffing and managing international operations across different geographic areas and cultures;

•potential political, legal and economic instability, armed conflict, and civil unrest in the countries in which we and our customers, suppliers and contract manufacturers are located, such as macroeconomic weakness related to trade and political disputes between the United States and China, tensions across the Taiwan Strait, the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the ongoing conflict in the Middle East;

•difficulty and costs of maintaining effective data security;

•inadequate protection of intellectual property;

•transportation and other supply chain delays and disruptions;

•nationalization and expropriation;

•restrictions on the transfer of funds to and from foreign countries, including withholding taxes and other potentially negative tax consequences;

•unfavorable and/or changing foreign tax treaties and policies; and

•increased exposure to general market and economic conditions outside of the U.S.

These factors, individually or in combination, could impair our ability to effectively operate one or more of our foreign facilities or deliver our products, result in unexpected and material expenses, or cause an unexpected decline in the demand for our products in certain countries or regions. Our failure to manage the risks and challenges associated with our international business and operations could have a material adverse effect on our business. For example, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has led to sanctions, export controls and other penalties being levied by the United States, European Union and other countries against Russia, Belarus, the Crimea region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic, and the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic. Russian military actions and the resulting sanctions could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets. Any Russian response could also disrupt commercial and financial transactions. Further conflict between Ukraine and Russia could adversely impact the global supply chain, disrupt our operations and/or our customers’ operations, negatively impact the demand for our products in our primary end markets or lead to an increase in cyberattacks and espionage.

End-user demand for certain HEVs, EVs and green energy products often depends on the availability of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives. The reduction, modification, expiration or elimination of such government economic incentives could reduce end-user demand and thus affect our customers’ demand for our products.

The U.S. federal government, some state and local governments, as well as foreign governments provide certain incentives to end-users and purchasers of certain HEVs, EVs and green energy products in the form of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives. End-users often rely on these governmental rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives to significantly lower the

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purchase price of these products. However, these incentives may expire on a particular date, end when the allocated funding is exhausted, or be reduced or terminated as a matter of regulatory or legislative policy. Any slowdown in end-user demand for our products as a result of such changes to these incentives could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We will lose sales if we are unable to obtain government authorization to export certain of our products, and we will be subject to legal and regulatory consequences if we do not comply with applicable export control laws and regulations.

Exports of certain of our products and other products are subject, or could be subject in the future, to export controls imposed by the U.S. government and administered by the U.S. Departments of State and Commerce. In certain instances, these regulations may require pre-shipment authorization from the administering department. For products subject to the Export Administration Regulations, administered by the Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security, the requirement for a license is dependent on the type and end use of the product, the final destination, the identity of the end user and whether a license exception might apply. Products developed and manufactured in our foreign locations are subject to export controls of the applicable foreign nation. Obtaining export licenses can be difficult, costly and time-consuming, and we may not always be successful in obtaining necessary export licenses. Our failure to obtain required import or export approval for our products or limitations on our ability to export or sell our products imposed by these laws may harm our international and domestic revenues. Noncompliance with these laws could have negative consequences, including government investigations, penalties and reputational harm. The absence of comparable restrictions on competitors in other countries may adversely affect our competitive position. Failure to obtain export licenses for our products or having one or more of our customers be restricted from receiving exports from us could significantly reduce our net sales and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changing currency exchange rates may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have operations and assets in the U.S. as well as foreign jurisdictions and we prepare our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars, but a portion of our earnings and expenditures are denominated in other currencies. We therefore must translate our foreign assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses into U.S. dollars at applicable exchange rates. Consequently, fluctuations in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar may negatively affect the value of these items in our financial statements. In addition, since many of our sales in foreign jurisdictions are denominated in U.S. dollars, a decrease in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar may effectively increase the price of our products in the currency of the jurisdiction in which the sale took place and may result in our products becoming too expensive for non-U.S. customers who do not conduct their business in U.S. dollars. Furthermore, currency exchange rates have been especially volatile in the recent past, and such currency fluctuations may make it difficult for us to predict our results of operations. If we fail to manage our foreign currency exposure adequately, we may suffer losses in the value of our net foreign currency investment, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be negatively affected.

Our ability to raise capital in the future may be limited and could prevent us from executing our growth strategy.

Our ability to operate and expand our business depends on the availability of adequate capital, which in turn depends on cash flow generated by our business and the availability of borrowings under our credit facilities and other debt, equity or other applicable financing arrangements. We believe that our existing cash resources and our access to the capital markets will be sufficient to finance our continued operations, growth strategy, and planned capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. However, we have based this estimate on our current operating plans and expectations, which are subject to change, and cannot assure you that our existing resources will be sufficient to meet our future liquidity needs. We may require additional capital to respond to business opportunities, challenges, acquisitions or other strategic transactions and/or unforeseen circumstances. The timing and amount of our working capital and capital expenditure requirements may vary significantly depending on numerous factors, including: market acceptance of our products; the need to adapt to changing technologies and technical requirements; the existence of opportunities for expansion; and access to and availability of sufficient management, technical, marketing and financial personnel.

If our capital resources are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity securities or debt securities or obtain debt financing. The sale of additional equity securities or convertible debt securities would result in additional dilution to our stockholders. Additional debt would result in increased expenses and could result in covenants that would restrict our operations and our ability to incur additional debt or engage in other capital-raising activities. Interest rates have risen significantly over the last several months and may continue to rise, making the cost of incurring new debt obligations more expensive to the Company. We have not made arrangements to obtain additional financing, and there is no assurance that financing, if required, will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to grow and support our business and respond to business opportunities and challenges could be significantly limited.

Our indebtedness may limit our flexibility to operate our business and adversely affect our financial health and competitive position.

As of March 29, 2024, we had $249.4 million in aggregate principal amount of debt outstanding under our 2023 Term Loan Facility (as defined herein), no debt outstanding under our 2023 Revolving Credit Facility and $224.0 million of additional borrowings available thereunder. To service this indebtedness, and any additional indebtedness or other long-term obligations we may incur in the

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future, we need to generate sufficient levels of cash from our operating activities. Our ability to generate cash is subject, in part, to our ability to successfully execute our business strategy, as well as general economic, financial, competitive, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We cannot assure you that our business will be able to generate sufficient levels of cash from operations or that future borrowings or other financings will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to service our indebtedness and fund our other liquidity needs. To the extent we are required to use cash from operations or the proceeds of any future financing to service our indebtedness instead of funding working capital, capital expenditures or other general corporate purposes, we will be less able to plan for, or react to, changes in our business, industry and in the economy generally. This will place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less indebtedness.

In addition, the agreements governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities (as defined herein) contain, and any agreements evidencing or governing other future indebtedness may also contain, certain covenants that limit our and our restricted subsidiaries’ ability to engage in certain transactions that may be in our long-term best interests. Subject to certain limited exceptions, these covenants include limitations on additional indebtedness, liens, various fundamental changes, dividends and distributions, investments (including acquisitions), transactions with affiliates, asset sales, prepayment of junior financing, changes in business and other limitations customary in senior secured credit facilities. In addition, the Company is required to maintain a Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2023 Revolving Credit Agreement) of no more than 4.00 to 1.00 at the end of each fiscal quarter, which may, subject to certain limitations, be increased to 4.50 to 1.00 for four fiscal quarters subsequent to the Company completing an acquisition in excess of $500,000. Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events and factors beyond our control. If we were to breach one or more covenants, the administrative agent with the consent of, or at the request of, the holders of more than 50% in principal amounts of the loans and commitments, may terminate the commitments and accelerate the maturity of the loans and enforce certain other remedies. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we may be able to incur significant additional indebtedness in the future. While the agreements governing our Senior Secured Credit Facilities generally restrict our and our restricted subsidiaries’ ability to incur additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to important and significant exceptions and limitations. Also, these agreements generally do not prohibit us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness as defined therein. To the extent that we incur additional indebtedness or such other obligations, the risks associated with our indebtedness described above could increase.

We depend on key and highly skilled personnel to operate our business, and if we are unable to retain our current personnel and hire additional personnel, our ability to develop and market our products could be harmed, which in turn could adversely affect our financial results.

Our success depends to a large extent upon the continued services of our executive officers, managers and skilled personnel, including our development engineers. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team or other key personnel, which could disrupt our business. Generally, our employees are not bound by obligations that require them to continue to work for us for any specified period and, therefore, they could terminate their employment with us at any time. Moreover, our employees are generally not subject to non-competition agreements. Given these limitations, we may not be able to continue to attract, retain and motivate the qualified personnel necessary for our business. In addition, we recruit from a limited pool of engineers with expertise in analog mixed-signal semiconductor design, and the competition for such personnel can be intense. The loss of one or more of our executive officers or other key personnel or our inability to locate suitable or qualified replacements could be significantly detrimental to our product development efforts and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Increases in salaries in the markets in which we have employees have increased our labor costs and made it more competitive to acquire talent. In addition, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel, including certain foreign nationals who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents, many of whom are highly skilled and constitute an important part of our U.S. workforce, particularly in the areas of engineering and product development. Our ability to hire and retain these employees and their ability to remain and work in the U.S. are impacted by laws and regulations, as well as by procedures and enforcement practices of various government agencies. Changes in immigration laws, regulations or procedures may adversely affect our ability to hire or retain such workers, increase our operating expenses and negatively impact our ability to deliver our products and services, any of which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to our Information Technology, Intellectual Property, and Data Security and Privacy

If we are unable to protect our proprietary technology and inventions through patents, our ability to compete successfully and our financial results could be adversely impacted.

We seek to protect our proprietary technology and inventions, particularly those relating to the design of our products, through the use of patents. As of March 29, 2024, we owned 1,910 patents, including 934 active U.S. patents (with expiration dates between 2024 and 2042), with an additional 471 pending patent applications, including 214 U.S. patent applications. Maintenance of patent portfolios, particularly outside of the U.S. is expensive, and the process of seeking patent protection is lengthy and costly. While we intend to maintain our current portfolio of patents and to continue to prosecute our currently pending patent applications and file future patent applications when appropriate, the value of these actions may not exceed their expense. Existing patents and those that may be

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issued from any pending or future applications may be subject to challenges, invalidation or circumvention, and the rights granted under our patents may not provide us with meaningful protection or any commercial advantage. In addition, the protection afforded under the patent laws of one country may not be the same as that in other countries. This means, for example, that our right to exclusively commercialize a product in those countries where we have patent rights for that product can vary on a country-by-country basis. We also may not have the same scope of patent protection in every country where we do business. Additionally, it is difficult and costly to monitor the use of our intellectual property. It may be the case that our intellectual property is already being infringed and infringement may occur in the future without our knowledge. The difficulty and failure to identify any violations of our intellectual property rights could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and result of operations and hurt our competitive advantage.

If we are unable to protect our proprietary technology and inventions through trade secrets, our competitive position and financial results could be adversely affected.

We seek to protect our proprietary technology and inventions, particularly those relating to our manufacturing processes, as trade secrets. In the United States, trade secrets are protected under the federal Economic Espionage Act of 1996 and the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016 (the “Defend Trade Secrets Act”), and under state law, with many states having adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (the “UTSA”) and several of which that have not. In addition to these federal and state laws inside the United States, under the World Trade Organization’s (“WTO”) Trade Related-Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement, trade secrets are to be protected by WTO member states as “confidential information.” Under the UTSA and other trade secret laws, protection of our proprietary information as trade secrets requires us to take steps to prevent unauthorized disclosure to third parties or misappropriation by third parties. In addition, the full benefit of the remedies available under the Defend Trade Secrets Act requires specific language and notice requirements present in the relevant agreements, which may not be present in all of our agreements. While we require our officers, employees, consultants, distributors, and existing and prospective customers and collaborators to sign confidentiality agreements and take various security measures to protect unauthorized disclosure and misappropriation of our trade secrets, we cannot assure or predict that these measures will be sufficient. The semiconductor industry is generally subject to high employee turnover, so the risk of trade secret misappropriation may be amplified. If any of our trade secrets are subject to unauthorized disclosure or are otherwise misappropriated by third parties, our competitive position may be materially and adversely affected.

Our ability to compete successfully depends in part on our ability to commercialize our products without infringing the patent, trade secret or other intellectual property rights of others.

To the same extent that we seek to protect our technology and inventions with patents and trade secrets, our competitors and other third parties do the same for their technology and inventions. We have no means of knowing the content of patent applications filed by third parties until they are published. It is also difficult and costly to continuously monitor the intellectual property portfolios of our competitors to ensure our technologies do not violate the intellectual property rights of any third parties.

Patent assertion entities are common in the semiconductor industry, which is characterized by frequent litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. From time to time, we receive communications from third parties that allege that our products or technologies infringe their patent or other intellectual property rights. As the Company grows and its profile and visibility increases, we may receive more or similar communications in the future. Lawsuits or other proceedings resulting from allegations of infringement could subject us to significant liability for damages, invalidate our proprietary rights and adversely affect our business. In the event that any third party succeeds in asserting a valid claim against us or any of our customers, we could be forced to do one or more of the following: discontinue selling, importing or using certain technologies that contain the allegedly infringing intellectual property, which could cause us to stop manufacturing certain products; seek to develop non-infringing technologies, which may not be feasible; incur significant legal expenses; pay substantial monetary damages to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing; and/or seek licenses for the infringed technology that may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

If a third party causes us to discontinue the use of any of our technologies, we could be required to design around those technologies. This could be costly and time-consuming and could have an adverse effect on our financial results. Any significant impairments of our intellectual property rights from any litigation we face could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and our ability to compete in our industry.

We or our third-party service providers may be subject to disruptions or breaches of our information technology systems that could irreparably damage our reputation and business, expose us to liability and materially and adversely affect our operating results.

We rely on computer systems, hardware, software, technology infrastructure and online sites and networks for both internal and external operations (collectively, “IT Systems”) that are critical to our business. We own and manage some of these IT systems but also rely on third parties for a range of IT Systems and other products and services. In conducting our business, we also routinely collect and store sensitive data, including proprietary technology and information and personal information related to our business and our customers, suppliers and business partners, as well as proprietary technology and information owned by our customers (collectively, “Confidential Information”). The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this Confidential Information is critical to our operations and business strategy.

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We face numerous and evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT Systems and Confidential Information. We or our third-party service providers may be subject to IT System disruptions or breaches or compromises to Confidential Information caused by cyberattacks, computer viruses, malware (including ransomware), illegal hacking, criminal fraud or impersonation, acts of vandalism or terrorism, employee or contractor error or malfeasance, social engineering or phishing, or software related errors, bugs or other vulnerabilities. Security measures that we, our third-party service providers, and our customers have implemented may not detect or prevent such disruptions or security breaches. There can also be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our IT Systems and Confidential Information. Further, any integration of artificial intelligence in our or any third party’s operations, products or services could pose new or unknown cybersecurity risks and challenges. Cyberattacks are expected to accelerate on a global basis in both frequency and magnitude, and threat actors are increasingly sophisticated in using techniques and tools that circumvent controls, evade detection, and remove forensic evidence, which means that we and our third-party providers may be unable to anticipate, contain or recover from future attacks or incidents in a timely or effective manner. In addition, the increase in global remote working dynamics presents additional opportunities for threat actors to engage in social engineering (for example, phishing) and to exploit vulnerabilities in non-corporate networks. The costs to us to reduce the risk of or alleviate cybersecurity attacks, breaches and vulnerabilities could be significant. Any type of security breach, attack or misuse of data, whether experienced by us or an associated third-party service provider or in our supply chain, could harm our reputation or deter existing or prospective customers from using our products and applications, increase our operating expenses in order to contain and remediate the incident, expose us to unbudgeted or uninsured liability, disrupt our operations, divert management focus away from other priorities, increase our risk of regulatory scrutiny, or result in the imposition of penalties and fines under state, federal and foreign laws. Moreover, any such compromise of our information security or IT Systems could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized publication of our Confidential Information or that of other parties with which we do business, an interruption in our operations, the unauthorized transfer of cash or other of our assets, the unauthorized release of customer or employee data or a violation of privacy or other laws. In addition, computer programmers and hackers may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms and other malicious software programs that attack our products, or that otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities, and any such attack, if successful, could expose us to liabilities for customer claims, regulatory investigations and fines, litigation (including class actions), and increased costs of remediation and compliance. Any of the foregoing could irreparably damage our reputation and business, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. While we maintain various insurance policies, we cannot be certain that any or all cybersecurity or privacy-related losses or costs will be covered in whole or in part by our policies.

We are subject to governmental regulation and other legal obligations, particularly related to privacy, data protection and information security, and consumer protection laws across different markets where we conduct our business. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business.

In the United States and other jurisdictions in which we operate, we are subject to various consumer protection, data privacy and information security laws and related regulations. These laws and regulations impose significant compliance requirements in relation to our IT Systems and Confidential Information, and in some instances, may expose us to private rights of action and statutory damages for certain types of events. If we are found to have breached any such laws or regulations in any such jurisdiction, we may be subject to investigations and enforcement actions that require us to change our business practices in a manner, which may negatively impact our revenue, as well as exposure to litigation, fines, civil and/or criminal penalties and adverse publicity that could cause our customers to lose trust in us, negatively impacting our reputation and business in a manner that harms our financial position. As a U.S.-based company operating in many countries around the world, we are subject not only to U.S. federal and varying U.S. state privacy, data protection, information security, and consumer protection laws and regulations, but also to numerous foreign laws and regulations, including the EU General Data Protection Regulation and the Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China. Complying with these laws and regulations is costly and time-consuming, and as these laws and regulations are being interpreted broadly and in potentially conflicting ways by global regulators, we are subject to increased compliance obligations and regulatory scrutiny, litigation and reputational risks, which could have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial results. Additionally, restrictions on the collection, use, sharing or disclosure of personal information or additional requirements and liability for security and data integrity could require us to modify our solutions and features, possibly in a material manner, and limit our ability to develop new products and features.

Risks Related to Regulatory Compliance

Our failure to comply with the large body of laws and regulations to which we are subject could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

We are subject to regulation by various governmental agencies in the United States and other jurisdictions in which we operate. These laws and regulations include: antitrust regulatory activities; consumer protection laws; data privacy and cybersecurity laws; import/export regulatory activities; product safety regulatory activities; worker health and safety; environmental protection; employment matters; and tax and other regulations in each of the areas in which we conduct business. In certain jurisdictions, regulatory requirements in one or more of these areas may be more stringent than in the United States. In the area of employment matters, noncompliance with applicable regulations or requirements could subject us to investigations, sanctions, enforcement actions, fines, damages, penalties, or injunctions. In certain instances, former employees have brought claims against us, and we expect that we will encounter similar actions

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against us in the future. An adverse outcome in any such litigation could require us to pay damages, attorneys’ fees and costs. These enforcement actions could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. If any governmental sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and an increase in professional fees.

Our failure to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, other applicable anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, and applicable economic and trade sanctions and export control laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We have extensive international operations, and a substantial portion of our business, particularly with respect to our manufacturing processes and sales network, is conducted outside of the United States. Our operations are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), as well as the anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws in the countries where we do business. The FCPA prohibits covered parties from offering, promising, authorizing or giving anything of value, directly or indirectly, to a “foreign government official” with the intent of improperly influencing the official’s act or decision, inducing the official to act or refrain from acting in violation of lawful duty, or obtaining or retaining an improper business advantage. The FCPA also requires publicly traded companies to maintain records that accurately and fairly represent their transactions, and to have an adequate system of internal accounting controls. In addition, other applicable anti-corruption laws prohibit bribery of domestic government officials, and some laws that may apply to our operations prohibit commercial bribery, including giving or receiving improper payments to or from non-government parties, as well as so-called “facilitation” payments. In addition, we are subject to U.S. and other applicable economic and trade sanctions and export control laws and regulations that restrict with whom we may transact business, including the economic and trade sanctions enforced by the U.S. Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control and export control laws and regulations administered and enforced by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Though we maintain policies, internal controls and other measures reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and regulations, and certain safeguards designed to ensure compliance with U.S. economic and trade sanctions and export control laws, our employees or agents may nevertheless engage in improper conduct for which we might be held responsible. Any violations of these laws or regulations, or even allegations of such violations, can lead to an investigation and/or enforcement action, which could disrupt our operations, cause significant management distraction, and lead to significant costs and expenses, including legal fees. If we, or our employees or agents acting on our behalf, are found to have engaged in practices that violate these laws and regulations, we could suffer severe fines and penalties, profit disgorgement, injunctions on future conduct, securities litigation, bans on transacting government business, delisting from securities exchanges and other consequences that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, our reputation, our net sales or our stock price could be adversely affected if we become the subject of any negative publicity related to actual or perceived violations of anti-corruption, anti-bribery or economic or trade sanctions or export control laws and regulations.

In order to comply with environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations, we may need to modify our activities or incur substantial costs, and such laws and regulations, including any failure to comply with such laws and regulations, could subject us to substantial costs, liabilities, obligations and fines, or require us to have our suppliers alter their processes.

The semiconductor industry is subject to a variety of international, federal, state, local and non-U.S. laws and regulations governing pollution, environmental protection and occupational health and safety, including those relating to hazardous and toxic materials, product composition, and the investigation and cleanup of contaminated sites, including sites we currently or formerly owned or operated, due to the release of hazardous materials, regardless of whether we caused such release. In addition, we may be strictly liable for joint and several costs associated with investigation and remediation of sites at which we have arranged for the disposal of hazardous wastes if such sites become contaminated, even if we fully comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations could subject us to significant fines or other civil or criminal costs, obligations, sanctions or property damage or personal injury claims, or suspension of our facilities’ operating permits. Compliance with current or future environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations could restrict our ability to expand our business or require us to modify processes or incur other substantial expenses which could harm our business. In the event of an incident involving hazardous materials, we could be liable for damages and such liability could exceed the amount of any liability insurance coverage and the resources of our business. In addition, in the event of the discovery of contaminants or the imposition of clean up obligations for which we are responsible, we may be required to take remedial or other measures which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In response to environmental concerns, some customers and government agencies impose requirements for the elimination and/or labeling of hazardous substances, such as lead (which is widely used in soldering connections in the process of semiconductor packaging and assembly), in electronic equipment, as well as requirements related to the take-back of products discarded by customers. For example, the EU adopted its RoHS, which prohibits, with specified exceptions, the sale in the EU market of electrical and electronic equipment containing more than agreed levels of lead or other hazardous materials, and China has enacted similar regulations. Environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations have tended to become more stringent over time, causing a need to redesign technologies, imposing greater compliance costs and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations, which could seriously harm our business.

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Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our principal stockholder, Sanken, has substantial control over us, which could limit your ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control, and otherwise affect the prevailing market price of our common stock.

Our principal stockholder, Sanken, beneficially owns, in the aggregate, approximately 51.0% of our outstanding common stock as of March 29, 2024. The Stockholders’ Agreement gives Sanken (for so long as Sanken beneficially owns at least 5% of our common stock) certain rights with respect to the composition of our board of directors (the “Board”), including certain rights to designate members of our Board. As a result, Sanken and its affiliates have significant influence over the management and affairs of our Company, as well as the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and the approval of significant corporate transactions, including any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets and the issuance or redemption of equity interests in certain circumstances. The interests of Sanken may not always align with, and in some cases may conflict with, our interests and the interests of our other stockholders. For instance, Sanken could attempt to delay or prevent a change in control of our Company, even if such change in control would benefit our other stockholders, which could deprive our other stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock. This concentration of ownership may also affect the prevailing market price of our common stock due to investors’ perceptions that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. As a result, this concentration of ownership may not be in your best interests.

Provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and under the DGCL contain anti-takeover provisions that could prevent or discourage a takeover.

Provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and our Bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of our Company that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, because our Board is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board. Among other things, these provisions include those establishing a classified board of directors with three-year staggered terms, no cumulative voting in director elections, the ability of the Board to authorize the issuance of preferred stock and the terms of such preferred stock, a two-thirds vote of stockholders to amend or repeal our bylaws or amend the provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation regarding the election and removal of directors, the approval of a majority of the Board to call a special meeting of stockholders, and advance notice procedures that stockholders must comply with in order to nominate candidates to our Board or to propose matters to be acted upon at an annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders. In addition, we have opted out of Section 203 of the DGCL, but our Certificate of Incorporation provides that engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with any “interested” stockholder (any stockholder with 15% or more of our voting stock (subject to certain exceptions)) for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an “interested” stockholder is prohibited, subject to certain exceptions.

General Risks

We could be subject to changes in tax rates or the adoption of new tax legislation, whether in or out of the United States, or could otherwise have exposure to additional tax liabilities, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

As a multinational business, we are subject to income and other taxes in both the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. Changes to tax laws or regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate, or in the interpretation of such laws or regulations, could significantly increase our effective tax rate (“ETR”) and reduce our cash flow from operating activities, and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. For example, in October 2021, a global consortium of countries agreed to establish a new framework for international tax reform, including a new global minimum tax of 15% (“Pillar Two Minimum Tax”). In December 2022, European Union member states voted unanimously to implement rules for the Pillar Two Minimum Tax and gave member states until December 31, 2023 to implement such rules into national legislation. Many member states have enacted minimum tax legislation and others, including non-EU members, are considering law changes in the near term. In general, if a jurisdiction has an ETR below the 15%, the Pillar Two Minimum Tax may impute an additional alternative minimum “top-up tax.” The Company will be subject to the Pillar Two Minimum Tax rules starting in fiscal year 2025. If Pillar Two proposals are enacted into law in the U.S. or other countries in which we operate, it is possible that such proposals could increase our tax uncertainty and may adversely affect our provision for income taxes in the future. The FASB considers the Pillar Two Minimum Tax an alternative minimum tax (“AMT”); therefore, deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized or adjusted for any estimated future effects. In addition, other factors or events, including business combinations and investment transactions, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, adjustments to taxes upon finalization of various tax returns or as a result of deficiencies asserted by taxing authorities, increases in expenses not deductible for tax purposes, changes in available tax credits, changes in transfer pricing methodologies, other changes in the apportionment of our income and other activities among tax jurisdictions, and changes in tax rates, could also increase our ETR and/or valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities.

Our tax filings are subject to review or audit by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) and state, local and foreign taxing authorities. We exercise significant judgment in determining our worldwide provision for taxes and, in the ordinary course of our

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business, there may be transactions and calculations where the proper tax treatment is uncertain. We may also be liable for taxes in connection with businesses we acquire. Our determinations are not binding on the IRS or any other taxing authorities, and accordingly the final determination in an audit or other proceeding may be materially different than the treatment reflected in our tax provisions, accruals and returns. An assessment of additional taxes because of an audit could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Failure to comply with requirements to design, implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.

As a publicly traded company, we have significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal controls. If we are unable to maintain appropriate internal financial reporting controls and procedures, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements and adversely affect our operating results. In addition, we are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 404”), to furnish a report by our management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment needs to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation and testing. Testing and maintaining internal controls may divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business. In addition, pursuant to Section 404, we are required to include in the annual reports that we file with the SEC an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm, and the costs and burdens of complying with Section 404 could be significant.

Sustained inflation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Inflation rates in the markets in which we operate have increased and may continue to rise. Inflation over the last several quarterly periods has led us to experience higher costs, including higher labor costs, wafer and other costs for materials from suppliers, and transportation and energy costs. Our suppliers have raised their prices and may continue to raise prices, and in the competitive markets in which we operate, we may not be able to make corresponding price increases to preserve our gross margins and profitability. If inflation rates continue to rise or remain elevated for a sustained period of time, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Climate change presents physical, transition and litigation risks that could disrupt our business operations and force us to incur increased costs and expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Our business and operations are highly dependent on our ability to utilize key physical locations for the design, manufacture, assembly and testing of our products, particularly our AMPI Facility and the facilities utilized by our third-party wafer fabrication partners. Natural disasters and severe weather events could damage our or our suppliers’ facilities or interrupt operations at or transportation to and from these facilities, which could result in delays in our ability to sell our products that would negatively impact our net sales, potentially damage our customer relationships and our reputation, and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, natural disasters and severe weather events in the markets in which we operate could cause economic hardships and a reduction in the demand for our products.

While our anticipated future growth is highly dependent on the adoption of HEV and EV powertrain vehicles, which have increased sensor and power product content, and our products in the industrial market which have applications in clean energy and EV charging, both of which we anticipate will benefit from a transition to lower emission vehicles and clean energy, we are subject to transition risks as the world moves away from fossil fuels. Regulation, outside pressure from stakeholders or necessity could force us to incur greater costs in the future to invest in green technology for use in our operations, or retrofit existing equipment with technology that is more environmentally friendly, while also exposing us to greater compliance costs and litigation risks. These same or similar factors and risks apply to our manufacturing partners and suppliers, who could pass their increased transition costs on to us by charging us higher prices. Any material increase in costs as a result of a transition to a reduced carbon economy could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information.

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Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.

Key elements of our cybersecurity risk management program includes:

•risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems and information;

•a formal IT Risk Register documenting and mitigating identified risks, reviewed by management on a quarterly basis;

•a security team principally responsible for managing (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents;

•the regular use of external service providers to independently assess and test security posture, as well as to otherwise assist with aspects of our security processes on an as needed basis;

•cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, including incident response personnel and senior management;

•a written cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for responding to cybersecurity incidents;

•tabletop exercises conducted by outside counsel periodically to evaluate our incident response plan and response capabilities; and

•a third-party risk management process for key service providers based on our assessment of their criticality to our operations and respective risk profile.

We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, which have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. We face risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Information Technology, Intellectual Property, and Data Security and Privacy.”

Cybersecurity Governance

Our Board considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to the Audit Committee (the “Committee”) oversight of risk assessment and risk management, including cybersecurity and other information technology risks. The Committee oversees management’s implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.

The Committee receives periodic reports from management on our cybersecurity risks. In addition, management updates the Committee, where it deems appropriate, regarding cybersecurity incidents it considers to be significant or potentially significant. These presentations may cover a range of topics, including:

•the current cybersecurity landscape and emerging threats;

•progress on cybersecurity projects;

•incident reports;

•lessons learned from past events; and

•adherence to regulatory requirements and/or industry standards, as appropriate.

The Committee reports to the full Board regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity. The full Board also periodically receives briefings from management on our cyber risk management program. Board members receive presentations on cybersecurity topics from our Chief Digital and Information Officer.

Our management team, including our Chief Digital and Information Officer and General Counsel, are responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats. Our Chief Digital and Information Officer has primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervises both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. Our Chief Digital and Information Officer has more than 30 years of experience in information technology, including prior experience in cybersecurity architecture. We have a diverse information security team with varying backgrounds, years of experience and levels of information security certification.

Our management team takes steps to stay informed about and monitor efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in our IT environment.

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Item 2. Properties.

Manufacturing, Operations and Facilities

Our corporate headquarters is located in Manchester, New Hampshire, and we have a global footprint with 29 locations across four continents. Our operations are primarily conducted at the locations shown below. Our subsidiary, Allegro MicroSystems Philippines Inc. (“AMPI”), in Manila, Philippines, operates as our primary internal assembly and testing facility.

Facility	Facility Function	Facility Size	Status
Manila, Philippines	Manufacturing - Assembly, Test, Finish	Approximately 434,000 square feet	Owned
Manchester, New Hampshire	Corporate Headquarters, Research and Development, Administrative	Approximately 125,000 square feet	Owned
Marlborough, Massachusetts	Research and Development, Administrative	Approximately 52,000 square feet	Leased (10-year lease expires in 2028)

We also lease design and applications support centers in the Americas, Asia and Europe. Our decision to open and maintain additional design centers is based on several factors, including the ability to employ talented engineers at efficient costs and to better serve our local customer base.

Our manufacturing strategy consists of a combined internal and external sourcing strategy. This strategy enhances security of supply by providing both internal and external capacity throughout the manufacturing process, and has enabled us to reduce our capital requirements, reduce our fixed costs, obtain additional capacity to meet customer needs in periods of high demand and establish wafer process technology collaborations.

We have a fabless business model that provides us with enhanced security of supply and manufacturing flexibility. Our primary fab partners currently include PSL, UMC and TSMC. We have master service agreements with all primary foundry partners, and some we have also engaged in long-term supply agreements.

The AMPI Facility is our primary internal assembly and testing facility for our sensor and power products, with packaging capabilities and quality standards that meet stringent automotive safety and reliability specification requirements. We also supplement the assembly capabilities of the AMPI Facility with subcontractors throughout Asia, and approximately 47%, 51% and 51% of our assembly was outsourced in fiscal years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

While our principal test operations are performed at the AMPI Facility, additional test capabilities are available at our Manchester, New Hampshire facility, and a small portion of testing is outsourced.

We are committed to manufacturing products of the highest quality and performance. We strive to have a “zero-defect” quality culture focused on meeting or exceeding demanding high-temperature automotive quality standards. We strive to comply with industry standards such as IATF 16949:2016 (the automotive sector-specific quality management system standard) and ISO 14001 (a voluntary standard for environmental management published by the International Standards Organization), and we also strive to comply with ISO 26262 ASIL product development standards, RoHS and similar environmental product requirements. Leading global automotive, industrial, and consumer manufacturers regularly audit our facilities for compliance with these standards, as well as with their own customer-specific standards. We are also members of the Responsible Business Alliance, the world’s largest industry coalition dedicated to corporate social responsibility in global supply chains and, in conjunction with our sustainability efforts, we participate in the CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project), a global environmental disclosure system designed to enable companies and governments to disclose and manage their carbon emissions.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may be involved in claims, regulatory examinations or investigations and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. The outcome of any such claims or proceedings, regardless of the merits, and the Company’s ultimate liability, if any, is inherently uncertain. These claims, even if not meritorious, could result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources.

We are not currently party to any material legal proceedings, and we are not aware of any pending or threatened legal proceeding against us that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows or financial condition.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ALGM”. As of May 20, 2024, there were 193,748,130 shares of our common stock held by approximately 12 holders of record, which does not include beneficial owners of common stock whose shares are held in the names of various securities brokers, dealers and registered clearing agencies.

Dividends

We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business and the repayment of outstanding debt. Therefore, we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Stock Performance Graph

The following Stock Price Performance Graph and related information include comparisons required by the SEC. The Graph does not constitute “soliciting material” and should not be deemed “filed” or incorporated by reference into any other filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate this information by reference into such filing.

The following line graph compares for the period beginning October 29, 2020, the initial trading date of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, and ending on March 29, 2024, the last day of our most recently completed fiscal year, the cumulative total stockholder returns for our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index and Philadelphia Semiconductor Index, and assumes reinvestment of any dividends. The stockholder return in the graph below is not necessarily indicative of, nor it is intended to forecast, the potential future performance of our common stock, and we do not make or endorse any predictions as to future stockholder returns. We selected these comparative groups due to industry similarities and the fact that they include several direct competitors.

 

	Base Period
	October 29, 2020		March 26, 2021		March 25, 2022		March 31, 2023		March 29, 2024
Allegro MicroSystems, Inc.	$	100.00	$	142.77	$	164.86	$	271.13	$	152.32
Nasdaq Composite Index	$	100.00	$	117.46	$	126.67	$	109.26	$	146.43
Philadelphia Semiconductor Index	$	100.00	$	136.02	$	154.37	$	141.48	$	214.80

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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 6. Reserved.

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and other information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical data, this discussion contains forward-looking statements about our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and prospects based on current expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Additionally, our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

We operate on a 52- or 53-week fiscal year ending on the last Friday of March. Each fiscal quarter has 13 weeks, except in a 53-week year, when the fourth fiscal quarter has 14 weeks. All references to “2024,” “fiscal year 2024” or similar references relate to the 52-week period ended March 29, 2024. All references to “2023,” “fiscal year 2023” or similar references relate to the 53-week period ended March 31, 2023.

This section discusses items pertaining to and comparisons of financial results between 2024 and 2023. A discussion of 2022 items and comparisons between 2023 and 2022 financial results can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7. of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on May 25, 2023.

Overview

Allegro MicroSystems, Inc. is a leading global designer, developer, fabless manufacturer and marketer of sensor ICs and application-specific analog power ICs enabling the most critical technologies in the automotive and industrial markets. We are a leading supplier of magnetic sensor IC solutions worldwide based on market share, driven by our market leadership in the automotive market. Our products are foundational to automotive and industrial electronic systems. Our sensor ICs enable our customers to precisely measure motion, speed, position and current, while our power ICs include high-temperature and high-voltage capable motor drivers, power management ICs, LED driver ICs and isolated gate drivers. We believe that our technology expertise, combined with our deep applications knowledge and strong customer relationships, enable us to develop solutions that provide more value to customers than typical ICs. Compared to a typical IC, our solutions are more integrated, intelligent and sophisticated for complex applications and easier for customers to use.

We are headquartered in Manchester, New Hampshire and have a global footprint with 29 locations across four continents. Our portfolio includes more than 1,000 products, and we ship over 1.5 billion units annually to more than 10,000 customers worldwide. During fiscal years 2024 and 2023, we generated $1,049.4 million and $973.7 million in total net sales, respectively, with $152.9 million and $187.5 million in net income, respectively.

Recent Initiatives to Improve Results of Operations

We implemented several initiatives during fiscal years 2023 and 2024 that were designed to improve our operating results during those fiscal years and going forward.

We continue to implement initiatives to improve gross margin, which is calculated as gross profit divided by total net sales. Our gross margin decreased from 56.1% in fiscal year 2023 to 54.8% in fiscal year 2024. This gross margin decrease was a result of our product mix, as well as the addition of cost of goods sold acquired from Crocus.

With our efforts to leverage our fixed costs and operating margin improvements, we have attained efficiencies through cost structure improvements, streamlining of manufacturing and support processes, and further utilization of excess capacity. These manufacturing efficiencies allowed us to leverage higher volumes with increasing demand across most of our applications, while increasing the absorption of fixed costs. Although these initiatives have resulted in gross margin and operating income improvements over the previous quarters, we cannot ensure that these trends will continue over the long-term.

In September 2022, we completed the acquisition of Heyday, a privately held company specializing in compact, fully integrated isolated gate drivers that enable energy conversion in high-voltage gallium nitride and silicon carbide wide-bandgap semiconductor designs (the “Heyday Acquisition”). The Heyday Acquisition expanded our solutions for energy efficiency, including our market-leading current sensor solutions. Additionally, it significantly expanded Allegro’s addressable market for EV, solar inverters, EV charging infrastructure, network infrastructure, and broad-based market industrial applications.

On March 30, 2023, the Company entered into a termination of the distribution agreement with Sanken (the “Termination Agreement”). The Termination Agreement formally terminated the distribution agreement dated as of July 5, 2007, by and between the Company and Sanken (the “Distribution Agreement”), effective March 31, 2023, which provided Sanken the exclusive right to distribute the Company’s products in Japan. In connection with the termination of the Distribution Agreement, and, as provided for in the

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Termination Agreement, the Company made a one-time payment of $5.0 million to Sanken in exchange for the cancellation of Sanken’s exclusive distribution rights in Japan. Concurrent with the Termination Agreement, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“AML”), and Sanken also entered into a short-term, nonexclusive distribution agreement (the “Short-Term Distribution Agreement”) and a consulting agreement (the “Consulting Agreement”), each of which became effective on April 1, 2023. The Short-Term Distribution Agreement provided for the management and sale of Company product inventory for a period of 24 months. Under the terms of the Consulting Agreement, Sanken agreed to continue to provide transition services for a period of six months to a strategic customer as orders for the customer were transitioned from Sanken to the Company, and the Company agreed to pay Sanken for providing these transition services.

These agreements facilitated the transition of the distribution of our products in Japan from related party distributor sales through Sanken to third-party distributors and direct customers in Japan. Additionally, we invested in expanding our operations in Japan to directly manage and service our customers in that market, which resulted in increases in our cost of goods sold and operating expenses. The net impacts of the transition from the prior sales model in Japan is expected to provide incremental benefits to our gross margin over the long-term.

On August 7, 2023, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among the Company, Allegro MicroSystems, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“AML”), Silicon Structures LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of AML (“Merger Sub”), Crocus Technology International Corp., a Delaware corporation (“Crocus”), and NanoDimension Management Limited, as the representative of the Crocus shareholders. Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Merger Agreement, on October 31, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), Merger Sub merged with and into Crocus, with Crocus continuing as the surviving corporation and as a wholly owned subsidiary of AML (the “Transaction”). The aggregate purchase price paid by the Company on the Closing Date was $412.3 million in cash, subject to certain remaining working capital adjustments.

On September 11, 2023, AML entered into a note purchase agreement with Crocus, wherein AML agreed to purchase subordinated promissory notes up to the principal amount of $7 million, subject to certain terms and conditions contained in the note purchase agreement. AML issued an initial subordinated promissory note to Crocus in the principal amount of $4 million on September 11, 2023 and an additional subordinated promissory note in the principal amount of $3 million on October 2, 2023 (collectively the “Crocus Loans”). Interest on each of the Crocus Loans accrued from the date of the note on the unpaid principal balance at a rate equal to 12.5% per annum, computed on the basis of the actual number of days elapsed and a year consisting of 365 days. All unpaid principal, together with any then unpaid and accrued interest and other amounts payable thereunder, were due and payable on the earlier of (i) September 11, 2027 or (ii) when, upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, such amounts were declared due and payable by AML or made automatically due and payable, in each case, in accordance with the terms thereof. The Crocus Loans were repaid in full in connection with the closing of the Transaction described above.

On October 31, 2023, we entered into a $250 million term loan maturing in 2030 (the “2023 Term Loan Facility”), the proceeds of which were used to repay all outstanding term loans under the term loan agreement dated September 30, 2020, with Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, as administrative agent, collateral agent, and the other agents, arrangers and lenders parties thereto and to finance, in part, the Transaction. The 2023 Term Loan Facility was executed as an incremental amendment to the revolving facility credit agreement dated June 21, 2023 (the “2023 Revolving Credit Agreement”) with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, collateral agent, a letter of credit issuer and a lender, and the other agents, lenders and letter of credit issuers parties thereto. The 2023 Term Loan Facility amortizes at a rate of 0.25% per quarter, and the initial margin applicable to the 2023 Term Loan Facility is 2.75% for term SOFR-based loans and 1.75% for base rate loans.

In February 2024, the Company initiated a realignment of resources associated with our photonics and advanced 3D imaging solutions business to refocus spending on other technologies. As a result of the change in strategy, the Company recorded impairment charges of $11.6 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2024 related to intangible, and long-lived assets from our 2021 acquisition of Voxtel, Inc. (“Voxtel”).

Other Key Factors and Trends Affecting our Operating Results

Our financial condition and results of operations have been, and will continue to be, affected by numerous other factors and trends, including the following:

Inflation

Inflation rates in the markets in which we operate have increased and may continue to rise. Inflation over the last several quarters has led us to experience higher costs, including higher labor costs, wafer and other costs for materials from suppliers, and transportation and energy costs. Our suppliers have raised their prices and may continue to raise prices, and in the competitive markets in which we operate, we may not be able to make corresponding price increases to preserve our gross margins and profitability. If inflation rates continue to rise or remain elevated for a sustained period of time, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. While we have generally been able to offset increases in these costs through

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various productivity and cost reduction initiatives, as well as adjusting our selling prices and releasing new products with improved gross margins, our ability to increase our average selling prices depends on market conditions and competitive dynamics. Given the timing of our actions compared to the timing of these inflationary pressures, there may be periods during which we are unable to fully recover the increases in our costs.

Design Wins with New and Existing Customers

Our end customers continually develop new products in existing and new application areas, and we work closely with our significant OEM customers in most of our target markets to understand their product roadmaps and strategies. For new products, the time from design initiation and manufacturing until we generate sales can be lengthy, typically between two and four years. As a result, our future sales are highly dependent on our continued success at winning design mandates from our customers. Further, despite current inflationary and pricing conditions, we expect the ASPs of our products to decline over time, and we consider design wins to be critical to our future success. We anticipate being increasingly dependent on revenue from newer design wins for our newer products. The selection process is typically lengthy and may require us to incur significant design and development expenditures in pursuit of a design win, with no assurance that our solutions will be selected. As a result, the loss of any key design win or any significant delay in the ramp-up of volume production of the customer’s products into which our product is designed could adversely affect our business. In addition, volume production is contingent upon the successful introduction and market acceptance of our customers’ end products, which may be affected by several factors beyond our control.

Customer Demand, Orders and Forecasts

Demand for our products is highly dependent on market conditions in the end markets in which our customers operate, which are generally subject to seasonality, cyclicality and competitive conditions. In addition, a substantial portion of our total net sales is derived from sales to customers that purchase large volumes of our products. These customers generally provide periodic forecasts of their requirements. However, these forecasts do not commit such customers to minimum purchases, and customers can revise these forecasts without penalty. In addition, as is customary in the semiconductor industry, customers are generally permitted to cancel orders for our products within a specified period. Cancellations of orders could result in the loss of anticipated sales without allowing us sufficient time to reduce our inventory and operating expenses. In addition, changes in forecasts or the timing of orders from customers expose us to the risks of inventory shortages or excess inventory. We are currently operating in an inflationary environment.

Manufacturing Costs and Product Mix

Gross margin has been, and will continue to be, affected by a variety of factors, including the ASPs of our products, product mix in a given period, material costs, yields, manufacturing costs and efficiencies. We believe the primary driver of gross margin is the ASP negotiated between us and our customers relative to material costs and yields. Our pricing and margins depend on the volumes and the features of the products we produce and sell to our customers. As our products mature and unit volumes increase, despite current price leverage, we expect their ASPs to decline in the long term. We continually monitor and work to reduce the cost of our products and improve the potential value our solutions provide to our customers, as we target new design win opportunities and manage the product life cycles of our existing customer designs. We also maintain a close relationship with our suppliers and subcontractors to improve quality, increase yields and lower manufacturing costs. As a result, these declines often coincide with improvements in manufacturing yields and lower wafer, assembly, and testing costs, which offset some or all of the margin reduction that results from declining ASPs. However, we expect our gross margin to fluctuate on a quarterly basis as a result of changes in ASPs due to product mix, new product introductions, transitions into volume manufacturing and manufacturing costs. Gross margin generally decreases if production volumes are lower as a result of decreased demand, which leads to a reduced absorption of our fixed manufacturing costs. Gross margin generally increases when the opposite occurs.

Cyclical Nature of the Semiconductor Industry

The semiconductor industry has historically been highly cyclical and is characterized by increasingly rapid technological change, product obsolescence, competitive pricing pressures, evolving standards, short product life cycles in consumer and other rapidly changing markets and fluctuations in product supply and demand. New technology may result in sudden changes in system designs or platform changes that may render some of our products obsolete and require us to devote significant research and development resources to compete effectively. Periods of rapid growth and capacity expansion are occasionally followed by significant market corrections in which sales decline, inventories accumulate, and facilities go underutilized. During periods of expansion, our margins generally improve as fixed costs are spread over higher manufacturing volumes and unit sales. In addition, we may build inventory to meet increasing market demand for our products during these times, which serves to absorb fixed costs further and increase our gross margins. During an expansion cycle, we may increase capital spending and hiring to add to our production capacity. During periods of slower growth or industry contractions, our sales, production and productivity and margins generally decline.

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Components of Our Results of Operations

Net sales

Our total net sales are derived from product sales to direct customers and distributors. We sell products globally through our direct sales force, third-party and related party distributors and independent sales representatives. Sales are derived from products for different applications. Our core applications are focused on the automotive, industrial and other industries.

We sell magnetic sensor ICs and power ICs in the Americas, EMEA and Asia. Net sales are generally recognized when control of the products is transferred to the customer, which typically occurs at a point in time upon shipment or delivery, depending on the terms of the contract. When we transact with a distributor, our contractual arrangement is with the distributor and not with the end customer. Whether we transact business with and receive the order from a distributor or directly from an end customer through our direct sales force and independent sales representatives, our revenue recognition policy and resulting pattern of revenue recognition for the order are the same. We recognize revenue net of sales returns, price protection adjustments, stock rotation rights and any other discounts or credits offered to our customers.

Cost of goods sold, gross profit and gross margin

Cost of goods sold consists primarily of costs of purchasing raw materials, costs associated with probe, assembly, test and shipping our products, costs of personnel, including stock-based compensation, costs of equipment associated with manufacturing, procurement, planning and management of these processes, costs of depreciation and amortization, costs of logistics and quality assurance, and costs of royalties, value-added taxes, utilities, repairs and maintenance of equipment, and an allocated portion of our facility occupancy costs.

Gross profit is calculated as total net sales less cost of goods sold. Gross profit is affected by numerous factors, including average selling price, revenue mix by product, channel and customer, foreign exchange rates, seasonality, manufacturing costs and the effective utilization of our facilities. Another factor impacting gross profit is the time required for the expansion of existing facilities to reach full production capacity. As a result, gross profit varies from period to period and year to year.

A significant portion of our costs are fixed, and as a result, costs are generally difficult to adjust or may take time to adjust in response to changes in demand. In addition, our fixed costs increase as we expand our capacity. If we expand capacity faster than required by our sales growth, our gross margin could be negatively affected.

Operating Expenses

Research and development (“R&D”) expenses

R&D expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs of our research and development organization, including stock-based compensation, costs of development of wafers and masks, license fees for computer-aided design software, costs of development testing and evaluation, costs of developing automated test programs, equipment depreciation and related occupancy and equipment costs. While most of the costs incurred are for new product development, a significant portion of these costs are related to process technology development, and proprietary package development. R&D expenses also include costs for technology development by external parties. We expect further increases in R&D expenses, in absolute dollars, as we continue the development of innovative technologies and processes for new product offerings, as well as increase the headcount of our R&D personnel in future years.

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses

SG&A expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation, and sales commissions to independent sales representatives, professional fees, including the costs of accounting, audit, legal, regulatory and tax compliance. Additionally, costs related to advertising, trade shows, corporate marketing, as well as an allocated portion of our occupancy costs, also comprise SG&A expenses.

We anticipate our selling and marketing expenses will increase in absolute terms as we expand our sales force and increase our sales and marketing activities.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Impairment of long-lived assets consists primarily of impairment charges related to intangibles assets and other long-lived assets when factors exist that indicate the carrying amounts of these assets may not be recoverable.

Interest expense

Interest expense comprises of interest expense from term loan debt and credit facilities that we maintain with various financial institutions.

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Interest income

Interest income comprises of income earned on our cash and cash equivalents, consisting primarily of certain investments that have contractual maturities no greater than three months at the time of purchase.

Foreign currency transaction gain (loss)

We incur transaction gains and losses resulting from intercompany transactions, as well as transactions with customers or vendors, denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the legal entity in which the transaction is recorded.

(Loss) income in earnings of equity investment

(Loss) income in earnings of equity investment is related to our equity investment in PSL.

Other Income, net

Other Income, net includes unrealized (loss) gains on marketable securities from changes in the fair value of equity securities with readily determinable fair values. These investments are measured at fair value with unrealized gains and losses related to changes in the entity’s stock price. Miscellaneous income and expense items unrelated to our core operations are also within other income, net.

Income tax provision

Our provision, or benefit, for income taxes is based on an estimate of the annual effective tax rate plus the tax impact of discrete items.

We are subject to tax in the U.S. and various foreign jurisdictions. Our effective income tax rate fluctuates primarily because of: the change in the mix of our U.S. and foreign income; the impact of discrete transactions and law changes; state tax impacts and the difference between the amount of tax benefits generated by the foreign derived intangible income (“FDII”) deduction, including permanent impacts of 174 Capitalization (as defined below), and research credits, offset by the additional tax costs associated with global intangible low-tax income (“GILTI”), Subpart F income and non-deductible stock-based compensation charges.

Pursuant to the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Jobs Act”), U.S. tax law began requiring us to capitalize and amortize domestic and foreign research and development expenditures over five and 15 years, for domestic and foreign research, respectively (“174 Capitalization”). The impact of 174 Capitalization for the fiscal year 2024 is an increase in annual cash taxes of approximately $20.0 million and an FDII benefit of $9.0 million. While it is possible that Congress may modify this provision, potentially with retroactive effect, we have no assurance that this provision will be reversed. Additionally, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has issued notice 2024-12 and is expected to issue final guidance which may modify this law change or its impact.

We regularly assess the likelihood of outcomes that could result from the examination of our tax returns by the IRS, and other tax authorities to determine the adequacy of our income tax reserves and expense. Should actual events or results differ from our then-current expectations, charges or credits to our provision for income taxes may become necessary. Any such adjustments could have a significant effect on our results of operations.

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Results of Operations

Fiscal Year 2024 Compared to Fiscal Year 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations and our results of operations as a percentage of total net sales for the fiscal years ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

	Fiscal Year Ended												Change
	March 29, 2024			As a % of Net Sales			March 31, 2023			As a % of Net Sales			$			%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Total net sales (1)	$	1,049,367			100.0	%	$	973,653			100.0	%	$	75,714			7.8	%
Cost of goods sold (1)		474,838			45.2	%		427,574			43.9	%		47,264			11.1	%
Gross profit		574,529			54.8	%		546,079			56.1	%		28,450			5.2	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		176,638			16.8	%		150,850			15.5	%		25,788			17.1	%
Selling, general and administrative		188,429			18.0	%		191,922			19.7	%		(3,493	)		(1.8	)%
Impairment of long-lived assets		13,218			1.3	%		—			—	%		13,218			—	%
Total operating expenses		378,285			36.0	%		342,772			35.2	%		35,513			10.4	%
Operating income		196,244			18.7	%		203,307			20.9	%		(7,063	)		(3.5	)%
Other income (expense), net:
Interest expense		(10,763	)		(1.0	)%		(2,336	)		(0.2	)%		(8,427	)		360.7	%
Interest income		3,144			0.3	%		1,724			0.2	%		1,420			82.4	%
Foreign currency transaction gain		5,064			0.5	%		980			0.1	%		4,084			416.7	%
Loss in earnings of equity investment		(538	)		(0.1	)%		(406	)		(0.0	)%		(132	)		32.5	%
Other Income, net		1,646			0.2	%		8,077			0.8	%		(6,431	)		(79.6	)%
Total other income (expense), net		(1,447	)		(0.1	)%		8,039			0.8	%		(9,486	)		(118.0	)%
Income before income tax provision		194,797			18.6	%		211,346			21.7	%		(16,549	)		(7.8	)%
Income tax provision		41,909			4.0	%		23,852			2.4	%		18,057			75.7	%
Net income		152,888			14.6	%		187,494			19.3	%		(34,606	)		(18.5	)%
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		191			0.0	%		137			0.0	%		54			39.4	%
Net income attributable to Allegro MicroSystems, Inc.	$	152,697			14.6	%	$	187,357			19.2	%	$	(34,660	)		(18.5	)%

(1)Our total net sales and cost of goods sold for the periods presented above include related party net sales generated through our distribution agreement with Sanken and costs of goods sold related thereto. See our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for additional information regarding our related party net sales and cost of goods sold for the periods set forth above.

Total net sales

Total net sales increased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to higher demand related to e-Mobility products, safety comfort and convenience applications, and broad-based and other industrial applications, including clean energy and automation, partially offset by decline in our data center applications and consumer and smart home products.

Sales Trends by Market

During the preparation of the third quarter fiscal year 2024 interim condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company identified an immaterial error in the classification of net sales by application, whereby customer returns and sales allowances were incorrectly classified by application between Automotive, Industrial and Other in the prior periods. There was no impact to previously reported total net sales or net income in any of the periods.

The Company assessed the materiality of the revision qualitatively and quantitatively, and determined the revisions to be immaterial to the prior period interim fiscal year 2024, annual fiscal year 2023, and annual fiscal year 2022 consolidated financial statements. All prior period amounts have been revised in our accompanying Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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The following table summarizes total net sales by market. The categorization of net sales by market is based on the characteristics of the end product and application into which our product will be designed.

	Fiscal Year Ended				Change
	March 29, 2024		March 31, 2023		Amount			%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Automotive	$	759,454	$	646,761	$	112,693			17.4	%
Industrial		223,810		208,604		15,206			7.3	%
Other		66,103		118,288		(52,185	)		(44.1	)%
Total net sales	$	1,049,367	$	973,653	$	75,714			7.8	%

Automotive net sales increased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to higher demand for our e-Mobility products and safety, comfort and convenience applications.

Industrial net sales improved in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to increases in broad-based industrial and other industrial applications, which include clean energy and automation applications. These increases were partially offset by declines in our data center applications.

Other net sales decreased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to lower demand for our consumer and smart home products.

Sales Trends by Product

The following table summarizes net sales by product.

	Fiscal Year Ended				Change
	March 29, 2024		March 31, 2023		Amount		%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Magnetic sensors (“MS”) and other	$	649,869	$	598,579	$	51,290		8.6	%
Power integrated circuits (“PIC”)		399,498		375,074		24,424		6.5	%
Total net sales	$	1,049,367	$	973,653	$	75,714		7.8	%

The growth in net sales by product was driven by increases in both PIC and MS and other product sales. MS and other sales were driven primarily by higher demand for our current and isolator products, as well as increases in volume and mix for our magnetic sensors. PIC sales were driven by increase in demand for our high-performance power products and motors.

Sales Trends by Geographic Location

The following table summarizes net sales by geographic location based on ship-to location.

	Fiscal Year Ended				Change
	March 29, 2024		March 31, 2023		Amount			%
	(Dollars in thousands)
Americas:
United States	$	149,283	$	131,150	$	18,133			13.8	%
Other Americas		32,119		28,014		4,105			14.7	%
EMEA:
Europe		176,628		169,368		7,260			4.3	%
Asia:
Greater China		274,851		253,906		20,945			8.2	%
Japan		175,713		160,763		14,950			9.3	%
South Korea		113,877		96,549		17,328			17.9	%
Other Asia		126,896		133,903		(7,007	)		(5.2	)%
Total net sales	$	1,049,367	$	973,653	$	75,714			7.8	%

Net sales increased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to product mix and market share gains across all geographies, except for Other Asia, which was negatively impacted by a reduction in data center demand.

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Growth in Asia was driven by China and South Korea, which included growth in net sales of our safety, comfort and convenience applications, as well as our ADAS applications. The increase for the United States was driven by our gains in ADAS, while growth in Europe was mostly related to EV.

Cost of goods sold, gross profit and gross margin

Cost of goods sold increased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. The increase in cost of goods sold was primarily due to high production volume and product mix, as well as the amortization of intangible assets in relation to the acquisition of Crocus.

Gross profit increased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. The increase in gross profit was driven by the increase in net sales as discussed above, partially offset by increase of cost of goods sold, as discussed above.

R&D expenses

R&D expenses increased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. This increase was primarily due to a combined increase in personnel, stock-based compensation and outside service costs, in addition to a general increase in operating expenses to fund new product development, partially offset by reduced variable compensation expense.

R&D expenses represented 16.8% of our total net sales for the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024, an increase from 15.5% of our total net sales for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. This percentage increase was primarily due to investments in personnel to fund new product development.

SG&A expenses

SG&A expenses decreased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily due to the inclusion in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, of accelerated stock-based compensation expense related to the retirement of our former chief executive officer and severance due to changes in our leadership. These costs are partially offset by increased professional fees, outside service costs and personnel increases in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024.

SG&A expenses represented 18.0% of our total net sales for the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024, representing a decrease from 19.7% of our total net sales for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. This percentage decrease was primarily due to the impacts noted above, partially offset by the growth in net sales in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024.

Impairment of long-lived assets

We recorded an impairment of long-lived assets of $13.2 million in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024. The impairment was related to our decision to refocus resources away from our photonic and advanced 3D imaging solutions.

Interest expense

Interest expense increased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. The increase was primarily due to higher interest payments on the 2023 Term Loan Facility, which was used to finance the acquisition of Crocus.

Interest income

Interest income increased increased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, primarily due to higher cash balances maintained throughout the comparable period and higher interest rates.

Foreign currency transaction gain (loss)

We recorded a foreign currency transaction gain in both the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023. The foreign currency transaction gain recorded in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 was related to a transaction between the U.S. and French subsidiaries. The foreign currency transaction gain recorded in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 was primarily due to realized and unrealized gains from our United Kingdom location, partially offset by realized and unrealized losses from our Philippines location.

Loss in earnings of equity investment

Loss in earnings of equity investment in both fiscal years ended March 29, 2024 and March 31, 2023, represented the loss in earnings on our 30% investment in PSL.

Other Income, net

Other Income, net decreased in the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. This decrease was attributable to $11.8 million of gains related to sales of our investment in marketable securities and earnings in our money market fund deposits in the fiscal year March 29, 2024, offset by unrealized losses of $11.2 million related to our investment in

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marketable securities during the same year, compared to unrealized gains of $7.5 million related to our investment in marketable securities in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.

Income tax provision

Income tax provision and the effective income tax rate were $41.9 million and 21.5%, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 29, 2024, and $23.9 million and 11.3%, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. The effective tax rate (“ETR”) year-over-year was primarily impacted by the Crocus entity restructuring, partially offset by an increase in Research Tax Credits and a decrease in current year non-deductible executive compensation expense. The Crocus entity restructuring relates to the integration of Crocus’s operations (see Note 3), and the increase in the ETR is primarily from establishing a deferred tax liability on the transfer of intangible assets to the U.S.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 29, 2024, we had $212.1 million of cash and cash equivalents and $454.3 million of working capital, compared to $351.6 million of cash and cash equivalents and $500.5 million of working capital as of March 31, 2023. Working capital is impacted by the timing and extent of our business needs.

Our primary requirements for liquidity and capital resources besides our growth initiatives, are working capital, capital expenditures, principal and interest payments on our outstanding debt, and other general corporate needs. Historically, these cash requirements have been met through cash provided by operating activities and cash and cash equivalents. Our current capital deployment strategy for 2025 is to utilize cash on hand and capacity under our 2023 Revolving Credit Facility to support our continued growth initiatives into select markets and planned capital expenditures, as well as consider potential acquisitions. As of March 29, 2024, the Company was not party to any off-balance sheet arrangements that have had or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources. The cash requirements for the upcoming fiscal year relate to our operating leases, operating and capital purchase commitments, and expected contributions to our defined benefit and contribution plans. Additionally, we expect to continue to strategically invest in expanding our operations in China, Europe, Japan and India in order to directly manage and service our customers in these markets, which could result in increases in our total net sales, cost of goods sold and operating expenses. For information regarding the Company’s expected cash requirements and timing of payments related to leases and noncancellable purchase commitments, see Note 12, “Leases” and Note 16, “Commitments and Contingencies” to the audited consolidated financial statements. Additionally, refer to Note 15, “Retirement Plans” to the audited consolidated financial statements for more information related to the Company’s pension and defined contribution plans.

On June 21, 2023, we entered into a revolving credit agreement (the “2023 Revolving Credit Agreement”) with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent, collateral agent, a letter of credit issuer and a lender, and other agents, lenders and letter of credit issuers parties. The agreement provides for a $224.0 million secured revolving credit facility (the “2023 Revolving Credit Facility”), which includes a $20.0 million letter of credit subfacility. The 2023 Revolving Credit Facility is available until, and loans made thereunder will mature on, June 21, 2028.

On October 31, 2023, we entered into a $250.0 million term loan maturing in 2030 with Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc. as administrative agent and collateral agent, and other agents, arrangers and lenders party thereto (the “2023 Term Loan Facility” and together with the 2023 Revolving Credit Agreement, the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”). The proceeds of the 2023 Term Loan Facility were used to repay the $25.0 million outstanding balance under the 2020 Term Loan Facility (as defined below) and to finance, in part, the merger with Crocus. The 2023 Term Loan Facility was executed as an incremental amendment to the 2023 Revolving Credit Agreement, and accordingly is subject to the same covenants and limitations. A payment of $50.0 million was applied to the term loan balance on April 30, 2024, which has eliminated the quarterly payments. The balance of the loan has a planned maturity date of October 31, 2030.

On September 30, 2020, we (i) entered into a term loan credit agreement with Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch, as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the other agents, arrangers and lenders party thereto, providing for a $325.0 million senior secured term loan facility due in fiscal year 2028 (the “2020 Term Loan Facility”), and (ii) entered into a revolving facility credit agreement with Mizuho Bank, Ltd., as administrative agent and collateral agent, and the other agents, arrangers and lenders party thereto, providing for a $50.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility expiring in 2023. On October 31, 2023, the 2020 Term Loan Facility was paid in full in connection with the 2023 Term Loan Facility.

We believe that our existing cash will be sufficient to finance our continued operations, growth strategy, planned capital expenditures and the additional expenses that we expect to incur during the next 12 months. In order to support and achieve our future growth plans, we may need or advantageously seek to obtain additional funding through equity or debt financing. We believe that our current operating structure will facilitate sufficient cash flows from operations to satisfy our expected long-term liquidity requirements beyond the next 12 months. If these resources are not sufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements due to changes in circumstances, we may be required to borrow under our 2023 Revolving Credit Facility or seek additional financing. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, may contain covenants that significantly

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restrict our operations or our ability to obtain additional debt financing in the future. Any additional financing that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders. We cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us or our existing stockholders, or at all. See “Risk Factors —Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our ability to raise capital in the future may be limited and could prevent us from executing our growth strategy.”

Cash Flows from Operating, Investing and Financing Activities

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the fiscal years ended 2024 and 2023:

	Fiscal Year Ended
	March 29, 2024			March 31, 2023
	(dollars in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	181,715		$	193,206
Net cash used in investing activities		(516,716	)