UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

__________________________

Form 10-K

__________________________

(Mark One)

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from          to          

Commission File Number 1-36756

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Lamar Advertising Company

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Commission File Number 1-12407

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Lamar Media Corp.

(Exact names of registrants as specified in their charters)

__________________________

Delaware	47-0961620
Delaware	72-1205791
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
5321 Corporate Blvd., Baton Rouge, LA	70808
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrants’ telephone number, including area code: (225) 926-1000

SECURITIES OF LAMAR ADVERTISING COMPANY

REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, $0.001 par value	LAMR	The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC

SECURITIES OF LAMAR ADVERTISING COMPANY

REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT:

None

SECURITIES OF LAMAR MEDIA CORP.

REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

None

SECURITIES OF LAMAR MEDIA CORP.

REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT:

None

___________________________________________

Indicate by check mark if Lamar Advertising Company is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if Lamar Advertising Company is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark if Lamar Media Corp. is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark if Lamar Media Corp. is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether each registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether each registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Date File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether Lamar Advertising Company is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “accelerated filer”, “large accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	¨
Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	¨
Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if Lamar Advertising Company has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether Lamar Advertising Company has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to Section 240.10D-1(b). ¨

Indicate by check mark whether Lamar Media Corp. is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “accelerated filer”, “large accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	¨
Non-accelerated filer	x	Smaller reporting company	¨
Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if Lamar Media Corp. has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether Lamar Media Corp. has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to Section 240.10D-1(b). ¨

Indicate by check mark if either registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by nonaffiliates of Lamar Advertising Company was $7,547,230,179 based on $87.97 per share as reported at the close of trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on June 30, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

As of June 30, 2022, the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by nonaffiliates of Lamar Media Corp. was $0.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuers’ classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class	Outstanding at February 1, 2023
Lamar Advertising Company Class A common stock, $0.001 par value per share	87,327,832 shares
Lamar Advertising Company Class B common stock, $0.001 par value per share	14,420,085 shares
Lamar Media Corp. common stock, $0.001 par value per share	100 shares

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Document	Parts into Which Incorporated
Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders scheduled to be held on May 10, 2023 (Proxy Statement)	Part III

This combined Form 10-K is separately filed by (i) Lamar Advertising Company and (ii) Lamar Media Corp. (which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Lamar Advertising Company). Lamar Media Corp. meets the conditions set forth in general instruction I(1) (a) and (b) of Form 10-K and is, therefore, filing this form with the reduced disclosure format permitted by such instruction.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
ITEM 1.	Business	5
	General	5
	Corporate History	5
	Operating Strategies	6
	Capital Allocation Strategy	6
	Company Operations	7
	Competition	9
	Geographic Diversification	10
	Taxable REIT Subsidiaries	10
	Advertising Tenants	11
	Regulation	11
	Legal Proceedings	12
	Real Estate Portfolio	12
	Contract Expirations	13
	Human Capital Resources	13
	Inflation	14
	Seasonality	14
	Available Information	14
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	15
ITEM 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	24
ITEM 2.	Properties	25
ITEM 3.	Legal Proceedings	25
ITEM 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	25
PART II
ITEM 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	26
ITEM 6.	Reserved	26
ITEM 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
	Lamar Advertising Company	27
	Overview	27
	Non-GAAP Financial Measures	27
	Results of Operations: Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	29
	Liquidity and Capital Resources	31
	Critical Accounting Estimates	38
	Accounting Standards and Regulatory Update	39
	Lamar Media	39
	Results of Operations: Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021	39
ITEM 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	43
ITEM 8.	Financial Statements	44
ITEM 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	104
ITEM 9A.	Controls and Procedures	104
ITEM 9B.	Other Information	105
ITEM 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections	105

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PART III
ITEM 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	106
ITEM 11.	Executive Compensation	106
ITEM 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	106
ITEM 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	106
ITEM 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	106
PART IV
ITEM 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	107
ITEM 16.	Form 10-K Summary	107
Index to Exhibits		108
Signatures		122

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NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain information included in this report is forward-looking in nature within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. This report uses terminology such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “plans,” “expects,” “future,” “intends,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue” and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements in this report include statements about: (i) our future financial performance and condition; (ii) our business plans, objectives, prospects, growth and operating strategies; (iii) our future capital expenditures and level of acquisition activity; (iv) our ability to integrate acquired assets and realize operating efficiency from acquisitions; (v) market opportunities and competitive positions; (vi) our future cash flows and expected cash requirements; (vii) expected timing and amount of distributions to our stockholders; (viii) estimated risks; (ix) our ability to maintain compliance with applicable covenants and restrictions included in Lamar Media Corp’s (“Lamar Media”) senior credit facility, Accounts Receivable Securitization Program (as defined herein) and the indentures relating to its outstanding notes; (x) stock price; and (xi) our ability to remain qualified as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”).

Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors, including but not limited to the following, any of which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements: (i) the state of the economy and financial markets generally and their effects on the markets in which we operate and the broader demand for advertising, including inflationary pressures; (ii) the levels of expenditures on advertising in general and outdoor advertising in particular; (iii) risks and uncertainties relating to our significant indebtedness; (iv) the demand for outdoor advertising and its continued popularity as an advertising medium; (v) our need for, and ability to obtain, additional funding for acquisitions, operations and debt refinancing; (vi) increased competition within the outdoor advertising industry; (vii) the regulation of the outdoor advertising industry by federal, state and local governments; (viii) our ability to renew expiring contracts at favorable rates; (ix) the integration of businesses and assets that we acquire and our ability to recognize cost savings and operating efficiencies as a result of these acquisitions; (x) our ability to successfully implement our digital deployment strategy; (xi) the market for our Class A common stock; (xii) changes in accounting principles, policies or guidelines; (xiii) our ability to effectively mitigate the threat of and damages caused by hurricanes and other kinds of severe weather; (xiv) our ability to maintain our status as a REIT; and (xv) changes in tax laws applicable to REITs or in the interpretation of those laws.

The forward-looking statements in this report are based on our current good faith beliefs; however, actual results may differ due to inaccurate assumptions, the factors listed above or other foreseeable or unforeseeable factors. Consequently, we cannot guarantee that any of the forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate. The forward-looking statements in this report speak only as of the date of this report, and Lamar Advertising Company and Lamar Media Corp. expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statement contained in this report, except as required by law.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

The industry and market data presented throughout this report are based on the experience and estimates of our management and the data in reports issued by third-parties, including the Out of Home Advertising Association of America (OAAA). In each case, we believe this industry and market data is reasonable. We have not, however, independently verified the industry and market data derived from third-party sources, and no independent source has verified the industry and market data derived from management’s experience and estimates.

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PART I

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS

GENERAL

Lamar Advertising Company is one of the largest outdoor advertising companies in the United States based on number of displays and has operated under the Lamar name since 1902. We operate in a single operating and reporting segment, advertising. We rent space for advertising on billboards, buses, shelters, benches, logo plates and in airport terminals. We offer our customers a fully integrated service, satisfying all aspects of their display requirements from ad copy production to placement and maintenance.

We operate three types of outdoor advertising displays: billboards, logo signs and transit advertising displays.

Billboards. As of December 31, 2022, we owned and operated approximately 160,200 billboard advertising displays in 45 states and Canada. We rent most of our advertising space on two types of billboards: bulletins and posters.

•Bulletins are generally large, illuminated advertising structures that are located on major highways and target vehicular traffic.

•Posters are generally smaller advertising structures that are located on major traffic arteries and city streets and target vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

In addition to traditional billboards, we also rent space on digital billboards, which are generally located on major traffic arteries and city streets. As of December 31, 2022, we owned and operated approximately 4,500 digital billboard advertising displays in 43 states and Canada.

Logo signs. We rent advertising space on logo signs located near highway exits.

•Logo signs generally advertise nearby gas, food, camping, lodging and other attractions.

We are the largest provider of logo signs in the United States, operating 23 of the 26 privatized state logo sign contracts. As of December 31, 2022, we operated approximately 139,000 logo sign advertising displays in 23 states and the province of Ontario, Canada.

Transit advertising displays. We also rent advertising space on the exterior and interior of public transportation vehicles, in airport terminals, and on transit shelters and benches in over 80 markets. As of December 31, 2022, we operated approximately 47,500 transit advertising displays in 24 states and Canada.

CORPORATE HISTORY

We have operated under the Lamar name since our founding in 1902 and have been publicly traded on NASDAQ under the symbol “LAMR” since 1996.

During 2014, we completed a reorganization in order to qualify as a real estate investment trust (a “REIT”) for federal income tax purposes. During 2022, the Company completed a tax reorganization to a specific type of REIT known as an Umbrella Partnership Real Estate Investment Trust ("UPREIT"). The UPREIT structure allows property owners of appreciated properties to contribute property to the operating partnership of the REIT, on a tax-deferred basis, in exchange for a partnership interest in the form of operating partnership units.

In this Annual Report, unless the context otherwise requires, we refer to Lamar Advertising Company and its consolidated subsidiaries (and its predecessor and its consolidated subsidiaries), as applicable, as the “Company”, “Lamar Advertising” or “we”, and we refer to Lamar Advertising’s wholly owned subsidiary Lamar Media Corp. as “Lamar Media.”

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OPERATING STRATEGIES

We strive to be a leading provider of outdoor advertising services in each of the markets that we serve, and our operating strategies for achieving that goal include:

Continuing to provide high quality local sales and service. We seek to identify and closely monitor the needs of our tenants and to provide them with a full complement of high quality advertising services. Local advertising constituted approximately 78% of our outdoor net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022, which management believes is higher than the industry average. We believe that the experience of our regional, territory and local managers has contributed greatly to our success. For example, our regional managers have been with us for an average of 31 years. In an effort to provide high quality sales and service at the local level, we employed approximately 950 local account executives as of December 31, 2022. Local account executives are typically supported by additional local staff and have the ability to draw upon the resources of our central office, as well as our offices in other markets, in the event business opportunities or customers’ needs support such an allocation of resources.

Continuing a centralized control and decentralized management structure. Our management believes that, for our particular business, centralized control and a decentralized organization provide for greater economies of scale and are more responsive to local market demands. Therefore, we maintain centralized accounting and financial control over our local operations, but our local managers are responsible for the day-to-day operations in each local market and are compensated according to that market’s financial performance.

Continuing to focus on internal growth. Within our existing markets we seek to increase our revenue and improve cash flow by employing highly-targeted local marketing efforts to improve our display occupancy rates and by increasing advertising rates where and when demand can absorb rate increases. Our local offices spearhead this effort and respond to local customer demands quickly.

In addition, we routinely invest in upgrading our existing displays and constructing new displays. Since January 1, 2013, we have invested approximately $1.2 billion in capitalized expenditures, which include improvements to our existing real estate portfolio, improvements to recently acquired locations and the construction of new locations. Our regular improvement and expansion of our advertising display inventory allows us to provide high quality service to our current tenants and to attract new tenants.

Continuing to pursue other outdoor advertising opportunities. We plan to renew existing logo sign contracts and pursue additional logo sign contracts. Logo sign opportunities arise periodically, both from states initiating new logo sign programs and states converting from government-owned and operated programs to privately-owned and operated programs. Furthermore, we plan to pursue additional tourist oriented directional sign programs in both the United States and Canada and also other motorist information signing programs as opportunities present themselves. In addition, in an effort to maintain market share, we continue to pursue attractive transit and airport advertising opportunities as they become available.

Reinvesting in capital expenditures including digital technology. We have a history of investing in capital expenditures, particularly in our digital platform. We spent approximately $167.1 million in total capital expenditures in fiscal year 2022, of which approximately $81.1 million was spent on digital technology. We expect our 2023 capitalized expenditures to be approximately $185 million.

CAPITAL ALLOCATION STRATEGY

The objective of our capital allocation strategy is to simultaneously increase adjusted funds from operations and our return on invested capital. To maintain our REIT status, we are required to distribute to our stockholders annually an amount equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains. After complying with our REIT distribution requirements, we plan to continue to allocate our available capital among investment alternatives that meet our return on investment criteria. During 2022, we generated $781.6 million of cash from operating activities, which was used to fund capital expenditures, acquisitions, and dividends to our stockholders.

•Capital expenditures program. We will continue to reinvest in our existing assets and expand our outdoor advertising display portfolio through new construction. This includes growth and maintenance capital expenditures associated with the construction of new and existing billboard displays, the entrance into and renewal of logo sign and transit contracts, technology-related investments and the purchase of real estate and operating equipment.

•Acquisitions. We will seek to pursue strategic acquisitions of outdoor advertising businesses and assets. This includes acquisitions in our existing markets and in new markets where we can meet our return on investment

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criteria. When evaluating investments in new markets, our return on investment criteria reflects the additional risks inherent to the particular geographic area.

COMPANY OPERATIONS

Billboard Advertising

We rent most of our advertising space on two types of billboard advertising displays: bulletins and posters. As of December 31, 2022, we owned and operated approximately 160,200 billboard advertising displays in 45 states and Canada.  In 2022, we derived approximately 76% of our billboard advertising net revenues from bulletin rentals and 24% from poster rentals.

Bulletins are large, advertising structures (the most common size is 14 feet high by 48 feet wide, or 672 square feet) consisting of panels on which advertising copy is displayed. We wrap advertising copy printed with computer-generated graphics on a single sheet of vinyl around the structure. To attract more attention, some of the panels may extend beyond the linear edges of the display face and may include three-dimensional embellishments. Because of their greater impact and higher cost, bulletins are usually located on major highways and target vehicular traffic. At December 31, 2022, we operated approximately 78,600 bulletin displays.

We generally rent individually-selected bulletin space to advertisers for the duration of the contract (ranging from 4 to 52 weeks). We also rent bulletins as part of a rotary plan under which we rotate the advertising copy from one bulletin location to another within a particular market at stated intervals (usually every sixty to ninety days) to achieve greater reach within that market.

Posters are smaller advertising structures (the most common size is 11 feet high by 23 feet wide, or 253 square feet; we also operate junior posters, which are 5 feet high by 11 feet wide, or 55 square feet). Poster panels utilize a single flexible sheet of polyethylene material that inserts onto the face of the panel. Posters are concentrated on major traffic arteries and target vehicular traffic, and junior posters are concentrated on city streets and target hard-to-reach pedestrian traffic and nearby residents. At December 31, 2022, we operated approximately 81,600 poster displays.

We generally rent poster space for 4 to 26 weeks, determined by the advertiser’s campaign needs.  Posters are sold in packages of Target Rating Point (“TRP”) levels, which determine the percentage of a target audience an advertiser needs to reach.  A package may include a combination of poster locations in order to meet reach and frequency campaign goals.

In addition to the traditional static displays, we also rent digital billboards. Digital billboards are large electronic light emitting diode (“LED”) displays (the most common sizes are 14 feet high by 48 feet wide, or 672 square feet; 10.5 feet high by 36 feet wide, or 378 square feet; and 10 feet high by 21 feet wide, or 210 square feet) that are generally located on major traffic arteries and city streets. Digital billboards are capable of generating over one billion colors and vary in brightness based on ambient conditions. They display completely digital advertising copy from various advertisers in a slide show fashion, rotating each advertisement approximately every 6 to 8 seconds. At December 31, 2022, our inventory included approximately 4,500 digital display billboards in various markets. These 4,500 digital billboards generated approximately 30% of billboard advertising net revenue.

We own the physical structures on which the advertising copy is displayed. We build the structures on locations we either own or lease. In each local office, one employee typically performs site leasing activities for the markets served by that office. See Item 2. — “Properties.”

In the majority of our markets, our local production staffs perform the full range of activities required to create and install billboard advertising displays. Production work includes creating the advertising copy design and layout, coordinating its printing and installing the designs on the displays. Our talented design staff uses state-of-the-art technology to prepare creative, eye-catching displays for our tenants. We can also help with the strategic placement of advertisements throughout an advertiser’s market by using software that allows us to analyze the target audience and its demographics. Our artists also assist in developing marketing presentations, demonstrations and strategies to attract new tenant advertisers.

In marketing billboard displays to advertisers, we compete with other forms of out-of-home advertising and other media. When selecting the media and provider through which to advertise, advertisers consider a number of factors and advertising providers, which are described in the section titled — “Competition” below.

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Logo Sign Advertising

We entered the logo sign advertising business in 1988 and have become the largest provider of logo sign services in the United States, operating 23 of the 26 privatized state logo contracts. We erect logo signs, which generally advertise nearby gas, food, camping, lodging and other attractions, and directional signs, which direct vehicle traffic to nearby services and tourist attractions, near highway exits. As of December 31, 2022, we operated approximately 42,400 logo sign structures containing approximately 139,000 logo advertising displays in the United States and Canada.

We operate the logo sign contracts in the province of Ontario, Canada and in the following states:

Colorado	Kansas	Minnesota	Montana	New Hampshire	Ohio	Tennessee
Delaware	Kentucky	Mississippi	Nebraska	New Jersey	Oklahoma	Utah
Florida	Louisiana	Missouri(1)	Nevada	New Mexico	South Carolina	Wisconsin
Georgia	Michigan

(1)The logo sign contract in Missouri is operated by a 66 2/3% owned partnership.

We also operate the tourist oriented directional signing (“TODS”) programs for the states of Colorado, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina, Utah, and the province of Ontario, Canada, providing approximately 16,400 advertising displays.

Our logo and TODS operations are decentralized. Generally, each office is staffed with an experienced local general manager, local sales and office staff and a local signing sub-contractor. This decentralization allows the management staff of Interstate Logos, L.L.C. (the subsidiary that operates all of the logo and directional sign-related businesses) to travel extensively to the various operations and serve in a technical and management advisory capacity and monitor regulatory and contract compliance. We also run a silk screening operation in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and a display construction company in Atlanta, Georgia.

State logo sign contracts represent the exclusive right to erect and operate logo signs within a state for a period of time. The terms of the contracts vary, but generally range from five to ten years, with additional renewal terms. Each logo sign contract generally allows the state to terminate the contract prior to its expiration and, in most cases, with compensation for the termination to be paid to the Company. When a logo sign contract expires, we transfer ownership of the advertising structures to the state. Depending on the contract, we may or may not be entitled to compensation at that time. Of our 24 logo sign contracts in place, in the United States and Canada, at December 31, 2022, 4 are subject to renewal or expiration in 2023.

States usually award new logo sign contracts and renew expiring logo sign contracts through an open proposal process. In bidding for new and renewal contracts, we compete against other logo sign providers, as well as local companies based in the state soliciting proposals.

In marketing logo signs to advertisers, we compete with other forms of out-of-home advertising and other media. When selecting the media and provider through which to advertise, advertisers consider a number of factors and advertising providers which are described in the section titled — “Competition” below.

Transit Advertising

We entered into the transit advertising business in 1993 as a way to complement our existing business and maintain market share in certain markets. Transit contracts are generally with the local municipalities and airport authorities and allow us the exclusive right to rent advertising space to customers in airports and on buses, benches or shelters. The terms of the contracts vary but generally range between 3-10 years, many with renewable options for contract extension. We rent transit advertising displays in airport terminals and on bus shelters, benches and buses in over 80 transit markets, and our production staff provides a full range of creative and installation services to our transit advertising tenants. As of December 31, 2022, we operated approximately 47,500 transit advertising displays in 24 states and Canada.

Municipalities usually award new transit advertising contracts and renew expiring transit advertising contracts through an open bidding process. In bidding for new and renewal contracts, we compete against national outdoor advertising providers and local, on-premise sign providers and sign construction companies. Transit advertising operators incur significant start-up costs to build and install the advertising structures (such as transit shelters) upon being awarded contracts.

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In marketing transit advertising displays to advertisers, we compete with other forms of out-of-home advertising and other media. When selecting the media and provider through which to advertise, advertisers consider a number of factors and advertising providers which are described in the section titled — “Competition” below.

COMPETITION

Although the outdoor advertising industry has encountered a wave of consolidation, the industry remains fragmented. The industry is comprised of several large outdoor advertising and media companies with operations in multiple markets, as well as smaller, local companies operating a limited number of structures in one or a few local markets.

Although we primarily focus on small to mid-size markets where we can attain a strong market share, in each of our markets we compete against other providers of outdoor advertising and other types of media, including:

•Larger outdoor advertising providers, such as (i) Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings, Inc., which operates billboards, street furniture displays, transit displays and other out-of-home advertising displays and (ii) Outfront Media, Inc., which operates traditional outdoor, street furniture and transit advertising properties.

•Broadcast and cable television, radio, print media, direct mail marketing, the internet, social media and applications used in conjunction with wireless devices.

•An increasing variety of out-of-home advertising media, such as advertising displays in shopping centers, malls, airports, stadiums, movie theaters, supermarkets and advertising displays on taxis, trains and buses.

In selecting the form of media through which to advertise, advertisers evaluate their ability to target audiences having a specific demographic profile, lifestyle, brand or media consumption or purchasing behavior or audiences located in, or traveling through, a particular geography. Advertisers also compare the relative costs of available media, evaluating the number of impressions (potential viewings), exposure (the opportunity for advertising to be seen) and circulation (traffic volume in a market), as well as potential effectiveness, quality of related services (such as advertising copy design and layout) and customer service. In competing with other media, we believe that outdoor advertising is relatively more cost-efficient than other media, allowing advertisers to reach broader audiences and target specific geographic areas or demographic groups within markets.

We believe that our strong emphasis on sales and customer service and our position as a major provider of advertising services in each of our primary markets enables us to compete effectively with the other outdoor advertising companies, as well as with other media, within those markets.

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GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSIFICATION

Our advertising displays are geographically diversified across the United States and Canada. The following table sets forth information regarding the geographic diversification of our advertising displays, which are listed in order of contribution to total revenue. Markets with less than 1% of total displays are grouped in the category “all other United States.”

	Percentage of Revenues for the year ended, December 31, 2022															Number of Displays for the year ended, December 31, 2022
Market	Static Billboard Displays			Digital Billboard Displays			Transit Displays			Logo Displays			Total Displays			Static Billboard Displays	Digital Billboard Displays	Transit Displays	Logo Displays	Total Displays	Percentage of Total Displays
Las Vegas, NV	1.7		%	2.2		%	17.6		%	—			2.8		%	748	83	1,504	—	2,335	0.6	%
New York, NY	2.6		%	2.5		%	—			—			2.3		%	917	70	—	—	987	0.3	%
Chicago, IL	2.0		%	2.7		%	—			—			1.9		%	2,094	156	—	—	2,250	0.6	%
Pittsburgh, PA	1.9		%	2.5		%	0.5		%	—			1.9		%	2,884	62	339	—	3,285	0.9	%
Cleveland, OH	1.7		%	1.9		%	1.8		%	—			1.7		%	2,275	58	2,528	—	4,861	1.3	%
Nashville, TN	1.6		%	2.3		%	—			—			1.6		%	2,131	83	—	—	2,214	0.6	%
San Bernardino, CA	1.4		%	2.2		%	1.3		%	—			1.6		%	638	51	1,145	—	1,834	0.5	%
Seattle, WA	1.9		%	0.8		%	2.0		%	—			1.5		%	1,600	19	1,745	—	3,364	0.9	%
Dallas, TX	1.8		%	1.0		%	1.7		%	—			1.5		%	1,307	27	459	—	1,793	0.5	%
Atlanta, GA	1.1		%	2.7		%	—			—			1.4		%	772	87	—	—	859	0.2	%
Knoxville, TN	1.7		%	0.9		%	—			—			1.3		%	2,407	60	—	—	2,467	0.7	%
Phoenix, AZ	0.3		%	2.5		%	6.6		%	—			1.3		%	146	56	4,062	—	4,264	1.2	%
Indianapolis, IN	1.4		%	1.0		%	1.3		%	—			1.2		%	2,555	32	123	—	2,710	0.8	%
Reading, PA	1.1		%	1.9		%	—			—			1.2		%	1,373	107	—	—	1,480	0.4	%
Raleigh, NC	1.5		%	0.8		%	—			—			1.1		%	2,564	45	—	—	2,609	0.7	%
Richmond, VA	1.1		%	1.7		%	—			—			1.1		%	1,267	47	—	—	1,314	0.4	%
Greenville-Spartanburg, SC	1.2		%	1.2		%	—			—			1.1		%	1,854	51	—	—	1,905	0.5	%
Hartford, CT	1.0		%	1.8		%	—			—			1.1		%	839	50	—	—	889	0.2	%
Birmingham, AL	1.1		%	1.3		%	0.5		%	—			1.1		%	1,507	47	273	—	1,827	0.5	%
Oklahoma City, OK	1.2		%	1.1		%	—			—			1.1		%	2,053	39	—	—	2,092	0.6	%
Denver, CO	0.7		%	0.5		%	5.9		%	—			1.0		%	215	10	3,374	—	3,599	1.0	%
Cincinnati, OH	0.9		%	1.5		%	—			—			1.0		%	1,135	39	—	—	1,174	0.3	%
Providence, RI	0.9		%	1.5		%	—			—			1.0		%	533	32	—	—	565	0.2	%
Austin, TX	1.4		%	0.4		%	—			—			1.0		%	895	9	—	—	904	0.3	%
All US Logo Programs*	—			—			—			92.3		%	3.6		%	—	—	—	144,623	144,623	39.8	%
All Other United States	66.8		%	61.1		%	44.3		%	—			61.2		%	121,052	3,145	21,606	—	145,803	40.2	%
All Other Canada*	—			—			16.5		%	7.7		%	1.4		%	—	—	10,352	10,685	21,037	5.8	%
Total	100.0		%	100.0		%	100.0		%	100.0		%	100.0		%	155,761	4,465	47,510	155,308	363,044	100.0	%
Total Revenue (in millions)	$	1,292.3		$	521.7		$	138.0		$	80.1		$	2,032.1

* Logo displays at December 31, 2022 include 16,352 displays related to the tourist oriented direction signing ("TODS") programs.

TAXABLE REIT SUBSIDIARIES

We hold and operate certain of our assets that cannot be held and operated directly by a REIT through taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs. A TRS is a subsidiary of a REIT that pays corporate taxes on its taxable income. The assets held in our TRSs primarily consist of our transit advertising business, advertising services business and our foreign operations. We may, from time to time, change the election of previously designated TRSs to be treated as qualified REIT subsidiaries (“QRSs”) or other disregarded entities, and may reorganize and transfer certain assets or operations from our TRSs to other subsidiaries, including QRSs.

Our TRS assets and operations will continue to be subject, as applicable, to U.S. federal and state corporate income taxes. Furthermore, our assets and operations outside the United States will continue to be subject to foreign taxes in the jurisdictions in which those assets and operations are located. Net income from our TRSs will either be retained by our TRSs and used to fund their operations, or distributed to us, where it will be reinvested in our business or be available for distribution to Lamar Advertising’s stockholders. As of December 31, 2022, the annual revenue generated by our TRSs in the aggregate was approximately $323.2 million.

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ADVERTISING TENANTS

Our tenant base is diverse. The table below sets forth the industries from which we derived most of our billboard advertising revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022, as well as the percentage of billboard advertising revenues attributable to the advertisers in those industries. The individual advertisers in these industries accounted for approximately 70% of our billboard advertising net revenues in the year ended December 31, 2022. No individual tenant accounted for more than 2% of our billboard advertising net revenues in that period.

Categories	Percentage of Net Billboard Advertising Revenues
Service	14	%
Health Care	11	%
Restaurants	9	%
Retailers	8	%
Automotive	5	%
Gaming	5	%
Amusement — Entertainment/Sports	4	%
Financial — Banks, Credit Unions	4	%
Education	4	%
Insurance	3	%
Real Estate	3	%
	70	%

REGULATION

Outdoor advertising is subject to governmental regulation at the federal, state and local levels. Regulations generally restrict the size, spacing, lighting and other aspects of advertising structures and pose a significant barrier to entry and expansion in many markets.  Federal law, principally the Highway Beautification Act of 1965 (the “HBA”), regulates outdoor advertising on Federal — Aid Primary, Interstate and National Highway Systems roads. The HBA requires states, through the adoption of individual Federal/State agreements, to “effectively control” outdoor advertising along these roads, and mandates a state compliance program and state standards regarding size, spacing and lighting. These state standards, or their local and municipal equivalents, may be modified over time in response to legal challenges or otherwise, which may have an adverse effect on our business. The HBA requires any state or political subdivision that compels the removal of a lawful billboard along a Federal — Aid Primary or Interstate highway to pay just compensation to the billboard owner.

All states have passed billboard control statutes and regulations at least as restrictive as the federal requirements, including laws requiring the removal of illegal signs at the owner’s expense (and without compensation from the state). Although we believe that the number of our billboards that may be subject to removal as illegal is immaterial, and no state in which we operate has banned billboards entirely, from time to time governments have required us to remove signs and billboards legally erected in accordance with federal, state and local permit requirements and laws. Municipal and county governments generally also have sign controls as part of their zoning laws and building codes. We contest laws and regulations that we believe unlawfully restrict our constitutional or other legal rights and may adversely impact the growth of our outdoor advertising business.

Using federal funding for transportation enhancement programs, state governments have purchased and removed billboards for beautification, and may do so again in the future. Under the power of eminent domain, state or municipal governments have laid claim to property and forced the removal of billboards. Under a concept called amortization by which a governmental body asserts that a billboard operator has earned compensation by continued operation over time, local governments have attempted to force removal of legal but nonconforming billboards (i.e., billboards that conformed with applicable zoning regulations when built but which do not conform to current zoning regulations). Although the legality of amortization is questionable, it has been upheld in some instances. Often, municipal and county governments also have sign controls as part of their zoning laws, with some local governments prohibiting construction of new billboards or allowing new construction only to replace existing structures. Although we have generally been able to obtain satisfactory compensation for those of our billboards purchased or removed as a result of governmental action, there is no assurance that this will continue to be the case in the future.

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We have continued to expand the deployment of digital billboards, which display static digital advertising copy from various advertisers that change every 6 to 8 seconds. We have encountered some existing regulations that restrict or prohibit these types of digital displays, but it has not yet materially impacted our digital deployment. However, new regulations could be enacted to impose greater restrictions on digital billboards due to alleged concerns over aesthetics or driver safety.

The findings of future studies related to the impact of digital billboards on driver safety issues, if any, may result in regulations at the federal or state level that impose greater restrictions on digital billboards. Any new restrictions on digital billboards could have a material adverse effect on both our existing inventory of digital billboards and our plans to expand our digital deployment, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we are involved in litigation in the ordinary course of business, including disputes involving advertising contracts, site leases, employment claims and construction matters. We are also involved in routine administrative and judicial proceedings regarding billboard permits, fees and compensation for condemnations. We are not a party to any lawsuit or proceeding which, in the opinion of management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on us.

REAL ESTATE PORTFOLIO

Our management headquarters is located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. We also own 128 local operating facilities with front office administration and sales office space connected to back-shop poster and bulletin production space. In addition, we lease an additional 149 operating facilities at an aggregate lease expense for 2022 of approximately $9.2 million.

We own approximately 10,500 parcels of property beneath our advertising displays. As of December 31, 2022, we leased approximately 72,500 outdoor sites, accounting for an annualized lease expense of approximately $319.3 million. This amount represented approximately 18% of billboard advertising net revenues for that period. These leases are for varying terms ranging from month-to-month to a term of over ten years, and many provide us with renewal options. Our lease agreements generally permit us to use the land for the construction, repair and relocation of outdoor advertising displays, including all rights necessary to access and maintain the site. Approximately 75% of our leases will expire or be subject to renewal in the next 5 years, 15% will expire or be subject to renewal in 6 to 10 years and 10% thereafter. There is no significant concentration of displays under any one lease or subject to negotiation with any one landlord. An important part of our management activity is to manage our lease portfolio and negotiate suitable lease renewals and extensions.

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The following table illustrates the number of leased and owned sites by state as of December 31, 2022, which is sorted from greatest to least in number and percentage of leased sites. States in which we lease less than 2% of our portfolio are grouped in the category “All Other States and Canada”.

State	# of billboard leased sites	% of total		# of owned billboard sites	% of total
Texas	5,110	7.0	%	1,019	9.7	%
Pennsylvania	4,850	6.7	%	1,607	15.3	%
California	4,461	6.2	%	150	1.4	%
Ohio	4,148	5.7	%	594	5.7	%
North Carolina	3,897	5.4	%	279	2.7	%
Georgia	3,365	4.6	%	309	2.9	%
Indiana	3,122	4.3	%	627	6.0	%
Alabama	3,112	4.3	%	513	4.9	%
Tennessee	2,994	4.1	%	471	4.5	%
Louisiana	2,978	4.1	%	534	5.1	%
Wisconsin	2,572	3.5	%	341	3.3	%
Florida	2,480	3.4	%	431	4.1	%
South Carolina	2,298	3.2	%	150	1.4	%
New York	2,158	3.0	%	219	2.1	%
Missouri	2,046	2.8	%	297	2.8	%
Michigan	1,931	2.7	%	285	2.7	%
Mississippi	1,855	2.6	%	412	3.9	%
Oklahoma	1,700	2.3	%	136	1.3	%
Virginia	1,582	2.2	%	175	1.7	%
Illinois	1,483	2.0	%	336	3.2	%
All Other States and Canada	14,365	19.9	%	1,607	15.3	%
	72,507	100.0	%	10,492	100.0	%

CONTRACT EXPIRATIONS

We derive revenues primarily from renting advertising space to customers on our advertising displays. Our contracts with customers generally cover periods ranging from one week to one year and are generally billed every four weeks. Since contract terms are short-term in nature, we do not consider revenues by year of contract expiration to be meaningful.

HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our People. We employed approximately 3,500 people as of December 31, 2022. Approximately 300 employees were engaged in overall management and general administration at our corporate headquarters in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and the remainder, including approximately 950 local account executives, were employed in our operating offices.

Fifteen of our local offices employ billposters and construction personnel who are covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe that our relationship with our employees, including our approximately 100 unionized employees, is favorable, and we have never experienced a strike or work stoppage.

As Lamar’s business continues to grow, so does the Company’s strong commitment to recruiting a work force with diverse talents, as well as to developing and retaining the successful members of our sales and management teams. Our 950 local account executives and approximately 175 local management employees have been with the Company for an average of 12 years. We regularly provide on-site training and remote sales training videos to enhance the skills of our sales and management team members.

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We employ approximately 1,150 operations employees, including operations management. These employees are responsible for installing advertising copy, maintaining our billboard inventory and ensuring our billboards, logos and transit displays are in safe operating condition. We empower these employees to have a safety-first mentality, which includes the authority to stop an installation or other work job for any safety concern. We also provide training and certification to our operations employees, including training for crane operations and climbing safety. Our management regularly conducts scheduled safety meetings and unscheduled job observations to ensure that we maintain a safety mindset every day.

Diversity and inclusion. We recognize that our organization grows stronger as we are able to draw on the skills of employees with a variety of backgrounds and life experiences, particularly as the audiences that we serve become more diverse. We want to embrace Lamar employees’ unique differences of race, gender and gender identity, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, nationality, socioeconomic status, language, ability, age, religious commitment, veteran status, or political perspective. As such, we are committed to cultivating a culture where all employees see the opportunity to show up to work as their most authentic selves.

As of December 31, 2022, approximately 36% of our work force was female, 17% of our employees and 33% of our named executive offices identified themselves as minorities, while 33% of our Board of Directors was female and one of our nine directors was a member of a minority group.

We have established several initiatives aimed at further diversifying our work force, including establishing an alliance with a hiring network that helps bring us a more diverse pool of candidates and creating an internal women’s leadership network that provides our female leaders with tools and a supportive community to help them develop into senior-level managers. Our Executive Vice President of Human Resources, who also serves as our Chief Diversity Officer, is charged with providing training that reinforces our commitment to treat all of our employees with dignity and respect.

INFLATION

During 2020 and 2021 inflation did not have a significant impact on our business. During 2022, as a result of the inflationary environment in the U.S., we experienced increases in our direct and general and administrative costs, including increases in labor costs and utilities. Increases in expenses were largely offset by increases in our advertising rates. We also experienced increased interest expenses related to rising interest rates. We expect the inflationary environment and these pressures to continue into 2023.

SEASONALITY

Our revenues and operating results are subject to seasonality. Typically, we experience our strongest financial performance in the summer and fall, and our weakest financial performance in the first quarter of the calendar year, partly because retailers cut back their advertising spending immediately following the holiday shopping season. We expect this trend to continue in the future. Because a significant portion of our expenses is fixed, a reduction in revenues in any quarter is likely to result in a period-to-period decline in operating performance and net earnings.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

We make our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports available free of charge through our website, www.lamar.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after filing them with, or furnishing them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission. Information contained on our website is not part of this Annual Report.

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ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

Risks Related to Our Capital Structure

The Company’s substantial debt may adversely affect its business, financial condition and financial results.

The Company has borrowed substantially in the past and will continue to borrow in the future. At December 31, 2022, Lamar Advertising Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Lamar Media, had approximately $3.31 billion of total debt outstanding, net of deferred financing costs, consisting of approximately $985.8 million in bank debt outstanding under Lamar Media’s senior credit facility, $2.08 billion in various series of senior notes, $249.4 million under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program and $2.0 million in other seller notes. Despite the level of debt presently outstanding, the terms of the indentures governing Lamar Media’s notes and the terms of the senior credit facility and Accounts Receivable Securitization Program allow Lamar Media to incur substantially more debt, including approximately $694.0 million available for borrowing under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2022.

The Company’s substantial debt and its use of cash flow from operations to make principal and interest payments on its debt may, among other things:

•make it more difficult for the Company to comply with the financial covenants in its senior credit facility and in its Accounts Receivable Securitization Program, which could result in a default and an acceleration of all amounts outstanding under the facility or under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program;

•limit the cash flow available to fund the Company’s working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements;

•limit the Company’s ability to obtain additional financing to fund future dividend distributions, working capital, capital expenditures or other general corporate requirements;

•place the Company at a competitive disadvantage relative to those of its competitors that have less debt;

•force the Company to seek and obtain alternate or additional sources of funding, which may be unavailable, or may be on less favorable terms, or may require the Company to obtain the consent of lenders under its senior credit facility or the holders of its other debt;

•limit the Company’s flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in its business and industry; and

•increase the Company’s vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions.

Lamar Media has variable rate debt outstanding under the senior credit facility and its Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. Increases in the interest rates applicable to these borrowings have recently resulted in increased interest expense, which has impacted the Company's net income. Interest rates may continue to increase as a result of macroeconomic factors outside of our control. The Company may take actions in the future to mitigate its interest rate exposure, however, it cannot guarantee that the actions that it takes to mitigate these risks will be effective. Additionally, to the extent we refinance existing debt obligations or seek to enter into new debt financing arrangements in the current interest rate environment, we expect that such arrangements would be subject to higher interest rates than our existing debt obligations, which would further increase our interest expense.

Any of these problems could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and financial results.

The Company may be unable to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy its significant debt service obligations.

The Company’s ability to generate cash flow from operations to make principal and interest payments on its debt will depend on its future performance, which will be affected by a range of economic, competitive and business factors. The Company cannot control many of these factors, including general economic conditions, its customers’ allocation of advertising expenditures among available media and the amount spent on advertising in general, and its business would be negatively impacted if the general economy were to deteriorate in the future. If its operations do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations to satisfy its debt service obligations, the Company may need to borrow additional funds to make these payments or undertake alternative financing plans, such as refinancing or restructuring its debt, or reducing or delaying capital investments and acquisitions. The Company cannot guarantee that such additional funds or alternative financing will be available on favorable terms, if at all. The Company’s inability to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or obtain additional funds or alternative financing on acceptable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Restrictions in the Company’s and Lamar Media’s debt agreements reduce operating flexibility and contain covenants and restrictions that create the potential for defaults, which could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and financial results.

The terms of Lamar Media’s senior credit facility and the indentures relating to Lamar Media’s outstanding notes restrict the ability of the Company and Lamar Media to, among other things:

•incur or repay debt;

•dispose of assets;

•create liens;

•make investments;

•enter into affiliate transactions; and

•pay dividends and make inter-company distributions.

At December 31, 2022, the terms of Lamar Media’s senior credit facility and of its Accounts Receivable Securitization Program also restrict the Company from exceeding a specified secured debt ratio.  Lamar Media is also subject to certain other financial covenants relating to the incurrence of additional debt. Please see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a description of the specific financial ratio requirements under the senior credit facility.

The Company’s ability to comply with the financial covenants in the senior credit facility, Accounts Receivable Securitization Program and the indentures governing Lamar Media’s outstanding notes (and to comply with similar covenants in any future agreements) depends on its operating performance, which in turn depends significantly on prevailing economic, financial and business conditions and other factors that are beyond the Company’s control. Therefore, despite its best efforts and execution of its strategic plan, the Company may be unable to comply with these financial covenants in the future.

The Company is currently in compliance with all financial covenants. However, if in the future there are economic declines the Company can make no assurance that these declines will not negatively impact the Company’s financial results and, in turn, its ability to meet these financial covenant requirements. If Lamar Media fails to comply with its financial covenants, Lamar Media could be in default under the senior credit facility and the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program (which could result in an event of default under the indentures governing its outstanding notes). In the event of such a default under the senior credit facility, the lenders under the senior credit facility could accelerate all of the debt outstanding, could elect to institute foreclosure proceedings against Lamar Media’s assets, and it could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. Any of these events could adversely affect Lamar Media’s business, financial condition and financial results. In the event of such a default under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program, the lenders under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program could accelerate all of the debt outstanding, could elect to institute foreclosure proceedings against the assets of the Special Purpose Subsidiaries (as defined herein), and the Special Purpose Subsidiaries could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. Any of these events could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and financial results.

In addition, these restrictions reduce the Company’s operating flexibility and could prevent the Company from exploiting investment, acquisition, marketing, or other time-sensitive business opportunities.

The Company is controlled by significant stockholders who have the power to determine the outcome of all matters submitted to the stockholders for approval and whose interest in the Company may be different than yours.

As of December 31, 2022, members of the Reilly family, including Kevin P. Reilly, Jr., the Company’s Executive Chairman, and Sean Reilly, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, and their affiliates, owned in the aggregate approximately 15% of the Company’s outstanding common stock, assuming the conversion of all Class B common stock to Class A common stock. As of that date, their combined holdings represented approximately 62% of the voting power of Lamar Advertising’s outstanding capital stock, which would give the Reilly family and their affiliates the power to:

•elect the Company’s entire Board of Directors;

•control the Company’s management and policies; and

•determine the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matter requiring stockholder approval, including charter amendments, mergers, consolidations, financings and asset sales.

The Reilly family may have interests that are different than yours in making these decisions.

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Our UPREIT structure may result in potential conflicts of interest.

We are structured as an “UPREIT,” which stands for “umbrella partnership real estate investment trust.” While limited partners of Lamar Advertising Limited Partnership (the “Operating Partnership”) do not generally have any right to participate in or exercise management power over the business and affairs of the Operating Partnership, they do have the right to vote on certain amendments to the partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership, as well as on certain other matters. Persons holding such voting rights may exercise them in a manner that conflicts with the interests of our stockholders.

The partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership provides that, for so long as we own a controlling interest in the Operating Partnership, any conflict that cannot be resolved in a manner not adverse to either our stockholders or the limited partners shall be resolved by the general partner in favor of our stockholders. Circumstances may arise in the future when the interests of limited partners in the Operating Partnership may conflict with the interests of our stockholders.

Risks Related to Our Business

The Company’s growth through acquisitions may be difficult, which could adversely affect our future financial performance. In addition, if we are unable to successfully integrate any completed acquisitions, our financial performance would also be adversely affected.

The Company has historically grown through acquisitions. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed acquisitions for a total cash purchase price of approximately $479.8 million.

The future success of our acquisition strategy could be adversely affected by many factors, including the following:

•the pool of suitable acquisition candidates is dwindling, and we may have a more difficult time negotiating acquisitions on favorable terms;

•we may face increased competition for acquisition candidates from other outdoor advertising companies and private equity funds (particularly funds that are focused on investing in media and/or infastruc, some of which may have greater financial resources than we do, which may result in higher prices for those businesses and assets;

•we may not have access to the capital needed to finance potential acquisitions and may be unable to obtain any required consents from our current lenders to obtain alternate financing;

•compliance with REIT requirements may hinder our ability to make certain investments and may limit our acquisition opportunities;

•we may be unable to integrate acquired businesses and assets effectively with our existing operations and systems as a result of unforeseen difficulties that could divert significant time, attention and effort from management that could otherwise be directed at developing existing business;

•we may be unable to retain key personnel of acquired businesses;

•we may not realize the benefits and cost savings anticipated in our acquisitions; and

•as the industry consolidates further, larger mergers and acquisitions may face substantial scrutiny under antitrust laws.

These obstacles to our opportunistic acquisition strategy may have an adverse effect on our future financial results.

The Company could suffer losses due to asset impairment charges for goodwill and other intangible assets.

The Company tested goodwill for impairment on December 31, 2022. Based on the Company’s review at December 31, 2022, no impairment charge was required. The Company continues to assess whether factors or indicators become apparent that would require an interim impairment test between our annual impairment test dates. For instance, if our market capitalization is below our equity book value for a period of time without recovery, we believe there is a strong presumption that would indicate a triggering event has occurred and it is more likely than not that the fair value of one or both of our reporting units is below the carrying amount. This would require us to test the reporting units for impairment of goodwill. If this presumption cannot be overcome a reporting unit could be impaired under ASC 350 “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets” and a non-cash charge would be required. Any such charge could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s net earnings.

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The Company’s logo sign contracts are subject to state award and renewal.

In 2022, the Company generated approximately 4% of its revenues from state-awarded logo sign contracts. In bidding for these contracts, the Company competes against other national logo sign providers as well as numerous smaller local logo sign providers. As a logo sign provider, the Company incurs significant start-up costs upon being awarded a new contract. These contracts generally have a term of five to ten years, with additional renewal periods. Some states reserve the right to terminate a contract early, and most contracts require the state to pay compensation to the Company as a logo sign provider for early termination. At the end of the contract term, the Company, as a logo sign provider, transfers ownership of the logo sign structures to the state. Depending on the contract, the logo provider may or may not be entitled to compensation for the structures at the end of the contract term.

Of the Company’s 24 logo sign contracts in place at December 31, 2022, 4 are subject to renewal or expiration in 2023. The Company may be unable to renew its expiring contracts. The Company may also lose the bidding on new contracts.

If the Company’s contingency plans relating to hurricanes and other natural disasters fail, the resulting losses could hurt the Company’s business.

The Company has determined that it is uneconomical to insure against losses resulting from hurricanes and other natural disasters. Although the Company has developed contingency plans designed to mitigate the threat posed by hurricanes and other forms of inclement weather to its real estate portfolio (e.g., removing advertising faces at the onset of a storm, when possible, which better permits the structures to withstand high winds during the storm), these plans could fail and significant losses could result. To the extent that such natural disaster events become more frequent or destructive because of climate change, we may incur increased costs related to storm remediation and preparation.

Our cash distributions are not guaranteed and may fluctuate.

A REIT generally is required to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders. The Company may have available net operating loss (“NOL”) carry forwards that could reduce or substantially eliminate its REIT taxable income, and thus it may not be required to distribute material amounts of cash to qualify for taxation as a REIT. The Company expects that, for the foreseeable future, it may utilize available NOL carry forwards to reduce its REIT taxable income.

The Board of Directors of the Company, in its sole discretion, will determine on a quarterly basis the amount of cash to be distributed to its stockholders based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the Company’s results of operations, cash flow and capital requirements, economic conditions, tax considerations, borrowing capacity and other factors, including debt covenant restrictions that may impose limitations on cash payments, future acquisitions and divestitures, any stock repurchase program, and general market demand for its advertising space available for rent. Consequently, the Company’s distribution levels may fluctuate.

The Lamar Advertising charter, the Lamar Advertising bylaws and Delaware law may inhibit a takeover that stockholders consider favorable and could also limit the market price of Lamar Advertising stock.

Provisions of the Lamar Advertising charter, the Lamar Advertising bylaws and applicable provisions of Delaware law may make it more difficult for or prevent a third party from acquiring control of Lamar Advertising without the approval of the Board of Directors. These provisions:

•impose restrictions on ownership and transfer of Lamar Advertising common stock that are intended to facilitate the Company’s compliance with certain REIT rules relating to share ownership;

•limit who may call a special meeting of stockholders;

•establish advance notice and informational requirements and time limitations on any director nomination or proposal that a stockholder wishes to make at a meeting of stockholders;

•do not permit cumulative voting in the election of its directors, which would otherwise permit less than a majority of stockholders to elect directors; and

•provide the Board of Directors the ability to issue additional classes and shares of preferred stock and to set voting rights, preferences and other terms of the preferred stock without stockholder approval.

In addition, Section 203 of the DGCL generally limits the Company’s ability to engage in any business combination with certain persons who own 15% or more of its outstanding voting stock or any of its associates or affiliates who at any time in the past three years have owned 15% or more of its outstanding voting stock.

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These provisions may have the effect of entrenching the Company’s management team and may deprive the Company’s stockholders of the opportunity to sell their shares to potential acquirers at a premium over prevailing prices. This potential inability to obtain a control premium could reduce the price of Lamar Advertising common stock.

Risks Related to Our Industry

The Company’s revenues are sensitive to the state of the economy and the financial markets generally and other external events beyond the Company’s control.

The Company rents advertising space on outdoor structures to generate revenues. Advertising spending is particularly sensitive to changes in economic conditions.

Additionally, the occurrence of any of the following external events could further depress the Company’s revenues:

•a widespread reallocation of advertising expenditures to other available media by significant renters of the Company’s displays; and

•a decline in the amount spent on advertising, in general, or outdoor advertising in particular as a result of macroeconomic factors.

The Company faces competition from larger and more diversified outdoor advertisers and other forms of advertising that could hurt its performance.

While the Company enjoys a significant market share in many of its small and medium-sized markets, the Company faces competition from other outdoor advertisers and other media in all of its markets. Although the Company is one of the largest companies focusing exclusively on outdoor advertising in a relatively fragmented industry, it competes against larger companies with diversified operations, such as television, radio and other broadcast media. These diversified competitors have the advantage of cross-selling complementary advertising products to advertisers.

The Company also competes against an increasing variety of out-of-home advertising media, such as advertising displays in shopping centers, malls, airports, stadiums, movie theaters and supermarkets, and on taxis, trains and buses. To a lesser extent, the Company also faces competition from other forms of media, including radio, newspapers, direct mail advertising, telephone directories and the Internet. The industry competes for advertising revenue along the following dimensions: exposure (the number of “impressions” an advertisement makes), advertising rates (generally measured in cost-per-thousand impressions), ability to target specific demographic groups or geographies, effectiveness, quality of related services (such as advertising copy design and layout) and customer service. The Company may be unable to compete successfully along these dimensions in the future, and the competitive pressures that the Company faces could adversely affect its profitability or financial performance.

Federal, state and local regulation impact the Company’s operations, financial condition and financial results.

Outdoor advertising is subject to governmental regulation at the federal, state and local levels. Regulations generally restrict the size, spacing, lighting and other aspects of advertising structures and pose a significant barrier to entry and expansion in many markets.  Federal law, principally the Highway Beautification Act of 1965, or the HBA, regulates outdoor advertising on Federal — Aid Primary, Interstate and National Highway Systems roads. The HBA requires states, through the adoption of individual Federal/State Agreements, to “effectively control” outdoor advertising along these roads, and mandates a state compliance program and state standards regarding size, spacing and lighting. These state standards, or their local and municipal equivalents, may be modified over time in response to legal challenges or otherwise, which may have an adverse effect on our business. The HBA requires any state or political subdivision that compels the removal of a lawful billboard along a Federal — Aid Primary or Interstate highway to pay just compensation to the billboard owner.

All states have passed billboard control statutes and regulations at least as restrictive as the federal requirements, including laws requiring the removal of illegal signs at the owner’s expense (and without compensation from the state). Although the Company believes that the number of our billboards that may be subject to removal as illegal is immaterial, and no state in which we operate has banned billboards entirely, from time to time governments have required us to remove signs and billboards legally erected in accordance with federal, state and local permit requirements and laws. Municipal and county governments generally also have sign controls as part of their zoning laws and building codes. We contest laws and regulations that we believe unlawfully restrict our constitutional or other legal rights and may adversely impact the growth of our outdoor advertising business.

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Using federal funding for transportation enhancement programs, state governments have purchased and removed billboards for beautification, and may do so again in the future. Under the power of eminent domain, state or municipal governments have laid claim to property and forced the removal of billboards. Under a concept called amortization by which a governmental body asserts that a billboard operator has earned compensation by continued operation over time, local governments have attempted to force removal of legal but nonconforming billboards (i.e., billboards that conformed to applicable zoning regulations when built but which do not conform to current zoning regulations). Although the legality of amortization is questionable, it has been upheld in some instances. Often, municipal and county governments also have sign controls as part of their zoning laws, with some local governments prohibiting construction of new billboards or allowing new construction only to replace existing structures. Although we have generally been able to obtain satisfactory compensation for those of our billboards purchased or removed as a result of governmental action, there is no assurance that this will continue to be the case in the future.

We have continued to expand the deployment of digital billboards, which display static digital advertising copy from various advertisers that change every 6 to 8 seconds. We have encountered some existing regulations that restrict or prohibit these types of digital displays but it has not yet materially impacted our digital deployment. However, new regulations could be enacted to impose greater restrictions on digital billboards due to alleged concerns over aesthetics or driver safety.

The findings of future studies related to the impact of digital billboards on driver safety issues, if any, may result in regulations at the federal or state level that impose greater restrictions on digital billboards. Any new restrictions on digital billboards could have a material adverse effect on both our existing inventory of digital billboards and our plans to expand our digital deployment, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our business and operations could suffer in the event of cybersecurity breaches and we may incur significant legal and financial exposure.

The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions, has generally increased and become more sophisticated over time. Although we have implemented physical and electronic security measures designed to protect against the loss, misuse and alteration of our websites, digital assets, proprietary business information and any personal identifiable information (“PII”) that we collect, no security measures are impenetrable and we and outside parties we interact with may be unable to anticipate or prevent unauthorized access. A security breach could occur due to the actions of outside parties, employee error, malfeasance or a combination of these or other actions. An increase in the number of our employees and outside parties with which we do business working remotely may increase the risk of a cybersecurity incident, which has required us to modify our security measures.

If an actual or perceived breach of our security were to occur, proprietary or competitive information may be misappropriated, and we could experience disruptions in our business operations, information processes and internal controls. In addition, the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures may be harmed and adversely affect our competitive position. In the event of a security breach, we could suffer significant legal and financial exposure in connection with remediation efforts, investigations and legal proceedings, which could lead to the need for additional resources in our security and system protection measures.

We have been and expect to continue to be the target of fraudulent activities and security breaches; however, to date they have not had a material impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We could be negatively impacted by environmental, social and governance (ESG) and sustainability matters.

Governments, shareholders, customers, employees and other stakeholders are increasingly focusing on corporate ESG practices and disclosures, and expectations in this area are rapidly evolving and growing. We may incur costs related to ESG initiatives, including those related to producing enhanced mandatory or voluntary disclosures about our business. If we are unable to respond effectively to ESG matters, our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT

If Lamar Advertising fails to remain qualified as a REIT, both Lamar Advertising and Lamar Media would be taxed as regular C corporations and would not be able to deduct distributions to the stockholders of Lamar Advertising when computing their taxable income.

Lamar Advertising elected to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes starting with its taxable year ended December 31, 2014 and for each subsequent taxable year thereafter. REIT qualification involves the application of highly

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technical and complex provisions of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, (the “Code”) to Lamar Advertising’s assets and operations as well as various factual determinations concerning matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. There are limited judicial or administrative interpretations of these provisions. Although Lamar Advertising plans to operate in a manner consistent with the REIT qualification rules, the Company cannot assure you that it will so qualify or remain so qualified. Lamar Media is treated as a qualified REIT subsidiary of Lamar Advertising that is disregarded as separate from its parent REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

If, in any taxable year, Lamar Advertising fails to qualify for taxation as a REIT, and is not entitled to relief under the Code:

•it will not be allowed a deduction for distributions to its stockholders in computing its taxable income;

•it and its corporate subsidiaries, including Lamar Media, will be subject to applicable federal and state income tax, including any applicable state-level alternative minimum tax, on its taxable income at regular corporate rates; and

•it would be disqualified from REIT tax treatment for the four taxable years following the year during which it was so disqualified.

Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for distributions to Lamar Advertising’s stockholders, may require it to borrow funds (under Lamar Media’s senior credit facility or otherwise) or liquidate some investments to pay any such additional tax liability. This adverse impact could last for five or more years because, unless it is entitled to relief under certain statutory provisions, it will be taxable as a corporation, beginning in the year in which the failure occurs, and it will not be allowed to re-elect to be taxed as a REIT for the following four years.

Even if it qualifies as a REIT, certain of Lamar Advertising’s and its subsidiaries’ business activities will be subject to U.S. and foreign taxes which will continue to reduce its cash flows, and it will have potential deferred and contingent tax liabilities.

Even if it qualifies as a REIT, Lamar Advertising may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes and foreign taxes on its income and assets, including any applicable state-level alternative minimum taxes, taxes on any undistributed income, and state, local or foreign income, franchise, property and transfer taxes. In addition, the Company could in certain circumstances be required to pay an excise or penalty tax, which could be significant in amount, in order to utilize one or more relief provisions under the Code to maintain qualification for taxation as a REIT.

In order to maintain its qualification as a REIT, the Company holds certain of its non-qualifying REIT assets and receives certain non-qualifying items of income through one or more TRSs. These non-qualifying REIT assets consist principally of the Company’s advertising services business and its transit advertising business. Those TRS assets and operations will continue to be subject, as applicable, to U.S. federal and state corporate income taxes. Furthermore, the Company’s assets and operations outside the United States are subject to foreign taxes in the jurisdictions in which those assets and operations are located. In addition, the Company may incur a 100% excise tax on transactions with a TRS if they are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. Any of these taxes would decrease the Company’s earnings and its cash available for distributions to stockholders.

The Company was subject to a U.S. federal income tax at the highest regular corporate rate (currently 21%) on all or a portion of the gain recognized from a sale of assets occurring within five years after the effective date of our REIT conversion, to the extent of the built-in gain based on the fair market value of those assets held by the Company on the effective date of REIT conversion in excess of the Company’s then tax basis in those assets. Such five-year period has expired with respect to the Company but certain tax years for which this rule applied remain open such that additional taxes could be assessed with respect to sales in those tax years. The same rules apply to any assets we acquire from a “C” corporation in a carry-over basis transaction with built-in gain at the time of the acquisition by us. Gain from a sale of an asset occurring after the specified period ends will not be subject to this corporate level tax.

Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates on dividend income from non-REIT corporations.

Qualified dividend income payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates are generally subject to tax at reduced rates. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced qualified dividend rates. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2026, non-corporate taxpayers may generally deduct 20% of certain pass-through business income, including “qualified REIT dividends” (generally, dividends received by a REIT shareholder that are not designated as capital gain dividends or qualified dividend income), subject to certain limitations. Although this deduction

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reduces the effective tax rate applicable to certain dividends paid by REITs, such tax rate may still be higher than the tax rate applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends. This may cause investors to view REIT investments as less attractive than investments in non-REIT corporations, which in turn may adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our stock.

Gain on disposition of assets deemed held for sale in the ordinary course of business is subject to 100% tax.

If we sell any of our assets, the IRS may determine that the sale is a disposition of an asset held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business. Gain from this kind of sale will generally be subject to a 100% tax. Whether an asset is held "primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business" depends on the particular facts and circumstances of the sale. Although we will attempt to comply with the terms of safe-harbor provisions in the Internal Revenue Code prescribing when asset sales will not be so characterized, we cannot assure you that we will be able to do so.

Failure to make sufficient distributions would jeopardize Lamar Advertising’s qualification as a REIT and/or would subject it to U.S. federal income and excise taxes.

As a REIT, Lamar Advertising is required to distribute to its stockholders with respect to each taxable year at least 90% of its REIT taxable income (excluding capital gains and net of any available NOL carry forwards) in order to qualify as a REIT, and 100% of its REIT taxable income (excluding capital gains and net of any available NOL carry forwards) in order to avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes. For these purposes, Lamar Advertising’s subsidiaries that are not TRSs, including Lamar Media, will be treated as part of the REIT and therefore Lamar Advertising also will be required to distribute out their taxable income.

Because the REIT distribution requirements will prevent us from retaining earnings, we may be required to refinance debt at maturity with additional debt or equity, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

Covenants specified in our existing and future debt instruments may limit Lamar Advertising’s ability to make required REIT distributions.

Lamar Media’s senior credit facility and the indentures relating to Lamar Media’s outstanding notes contain certain covenants that could limit Lamar Advertising’s distributions to its stockholders. If these limits prevent Lamar Advertising from satisfying its REIT distribution requirements, it could fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT. If these limits do not jeopardize Lamar Advertising’s qualification for taxation as a REIT but do nevertheless prevent it from distributing 100% of its REIT taxable income, it will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax, and potentially a nondeductible excise tax, on the retained amounts.

Lamar Advertising and its subsidiaries may be required to borrow funds, sell assets, or raise equity to satisfy its REIT distribution requirements or maintain the asset tests.

In order to meet the REIT distribution requirements and maintain its qualification and taxation as a REIT and avoid corporate income taxes, Lamar Advertising and/or its subsidiaries, including Lamar Media, may need to borrow funds, sell assets or raise equity, even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings, sales or offerings. Any insufficiency of its cash flows to cover Lamar Advertising’s REIT distribution requirements could require it to raise short- and long-term debt, to sell assets, or to offer equity securities in order to fund distributions required to maintain its qualification and taxation as a REIT and avoid corporate income taxes. Furthermore, the REIT distribution requirements may increase the financing Lamar Advertising needs to fund capital expenditures, future growth and expansion initiatives. This would increase its total leverage.

In addition, if Lamar Advertising fails to comply with certain asset tests at the end of any calendar quarter, it must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing its REIT qualification. As a result, it may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. These actions may reduce its income and amounts available for distribution to its stockholders.

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Complying with REIT requirements may cause Lamar Advertising, its subsidiaries (other than TRSs) to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.

To qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Lamar Advertising must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of its income, the nature and diversification of its assets, the amounts it distributes to its stockholders and the ownership of Lamar Advertising common stock. For these purposes, Lamar Advertising is treated as owning the assets of and receiving or accruing the income of its subsidiaries (other than TRSs). Thus, compliance with these tests will require Lamar Advertising and its subsidiaries to refrain from certain activities and may hinder their ability to make certain attractive investments, including investments in the businesses to be conducted by TRSs, and to that extent limit their opportunities. Furthermore, acquisition opportunities in domestic and international markets may be adversely affected if Lamar Advertising needs or requires the target company to comply with certain REIT requirements prior to closing.

Ownership limitations contained in the Lamar Advertising charter may restrict stockholders from acquiring or transferring certain amounts of shares.

In order for Lamar Advertising to remain qualified as a REIT, no more than 50% of the value of the outstanding shares of its stock may be owned, directly or indirectly or through application of certain attribution rules, by five or fewer “individuals” (as defined in the Code) at any time during the last half of a taxable year (other than the first taxable year for which an election to be a REIT has been made). To preserve its REIT qualification, the Lamar Advertising charter generally prohibits any person or entity from owning actually and by virtue of the applicable constructive ownership provisions more than 5% of the outstanding shares of Lamar Advertising common stock. These ownership limitations could restrict stockholders from acquiring or transferring certain amounts of shares of its stock. The Lamar Advertising charter also provides a separate share ownership limitation for certain members of the Reilly family and their affiliates that allows them to own actually and by virtue of the applicable constructive ownership provisions no more than 19% of the outstanding shares of Lamar Advertising common stock and, during the second half of any taxable year other than its first taxable year as a REIT, no more than 33% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of all classes and series of its stock, in each case excluding any shares of its stock that are not treated as outstanding for federal income tax purposes.

If Lamar Advertising’s operating partnership does not qualify as a partnership, its income may be subject to taxation, and Lamar Advertising would no longer qualify as a REIT.

The Internal Revenue Code classifies “publicly traded partnerships” as associations taxable as corporations (rather than as partnerships), unless substantially all of their taxable income consists of specified types of passive income. Lamar Advertising structured the Operating Partnership to be classified as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. However, no assurance can be given the IRS will not challenge Lamar Advertising’s position or will classify the Operating Partnership as a “publicly traded partnership” for federal income tax purposes. To minimize this risk, Lamar Advertising has placed certain restrictions on the transfer and/or redemption of partnership units in the Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of the Operating Partnership. If the IRS would assert successfully that the Operating Partnership should be treated as a “publicly traded partnership” and substantially all of the Operating Partnership’s gross income did not consist of the specified types of passive income, the Internal Revenue Code would treat the Operating partnership as an association taxable as a corporation. In such event, Lamar Advertising would cease to qualify as a REIT. In addition, the imposition of a corporate tax on the Operating Partnership would reduce the amount of distributions the Operating Partnership could make to Lamar Advertising and, in turn, reduce the amount of cash available to Lamar Advertising to pay dividends to our shareholders.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the CARES Act and the Inflation Reduction Act, as well as any future tax legislation, may impact the Company’s business and security holders.  

On December 22, 2017, H.R. 1, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) was signed into law. The TCJA made major changes to the Code, including a number of provisions of the Code that affect the taxation of REITs and their stockholders. Among the changes made by the TCJA are permanently reducing the generally applicable corporate tax rate, generally reducing the tax rate applicable to individuals and other non-corporate taxpayers for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, eliminating or modifying certain previously allowed deductions (including substantially limiting interest deductibility and, for individuals, the deduction for non-business state and local taxes). On March 27, 2020, legislation intended to support the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), was signed into law. The CARES Act made technical corrections, or temporary modifications, to certain of the provisions of the TCJA, including, without limitation, the provisions of the TCJA concerning NOLs and interest expense deductions. Certain CARES Act related interest expense deduction changes are discussed in the following subsection. With respect to NOLs, effective for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2018, the TCJA limited the deduction for NOL carryforwards to 80% of taxable income (before the deduction) and eliminated NOL carrybacks for individuals and non-REIT corporations (NOL carrybacks did not apply to REITs under prior law), but allows for indefinite NOL carryforwards. The CARES Act repealed such 80% limitation for carryforwards to taxable years beginning before

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January 1, 2021. The CARES Act also allows a five-year carryback for NOLs arising in 2018, 2019, or 2020. The TCJA’s NOL limitations (even as modified by the CARES Act) may result in Lamar Advertising having to make additional distributions in order to comply with REIT distribution requirements or avoid taxes on retained income and gains.

On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”). The IRA includes numerous tax provisions that impact corporations, including the implementation of a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax based on “adjusted financial statement income” exceeding $1 billion, as well as a 1% excise tax on certain stock repurchases and economically similar transactions. However, REITs are excluded from the definition of an “applicable corporation” and therefore are not subject to the corporate alternative minimum tax. Additionally, the 1% excise tax specifically does not apply to stock repurchases by REITs. Any taxable REIT subsidiaries of Lamar Advertising operate as standalone corporations and therefore could be adversely affected by the IRA. Lamar Advertising will continue to analyze and monitor the application of the IRA to its business; however, the effect of these changes on the value of Lamar Advertising’s assets, shares of Lamar Advertising stock or market conditions, generally, is uncertain.

The individual and collective impact of the changes made by the TCJA, the CARES Act and the IRA on REITs and their security holders are uncertain and may not become evident for some period of time. The effect of any technical corrections with respect to the TCJA, the CARES Act or the IRA could have an adverse effect on Lamar Advertising, its subsidiaries, and holders of its securities. It is also possible additional tax legislation could be enacted in the future, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, which could have an adverse effect on Lamar Advertising, its subsidiaries, and holders of its securities.

Lamar Advertising may potentially be unable to deduct the full amount of its interest expense pursuant to the TCJA and the CARES Act.

For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, interest deductions for businesses with average annual gross receipts of over $25 million are capped at 30% of the business’ “adjusted taxable income” plus business interest income pursuant to the TCJA. For these purposes, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2022, “adjusted taxable income” is computed without regard to deductions allowable for depreciation, amortization, or depletion. The CARES Act increased the aforementioned 30% limitation to 50% for taxable years beginning in 2019 or 2020 and permitted an entity to elect to use its 2019 adjusted taxable income to calculate the applicable limitation for its 2020 taxable year. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021, “adjusted taxable income” is calculated by taking deductions allowable for depreciation, amortization, or depletion into account. This limitation, however, does not apply to an “electing real property trade or business.” As a REIT, Lamar Advertising would generally constitute a real property trade or businesses, and thus would retain the ability to fully deduct interest expenses if it makes such an election. However, an entity making such an election must use a longer depreciation cost recovery period for its property. Lamar Advertising has not made such election to date and has not yet determined whether it will make such election at a later date.

Legislative changes or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on Lamar Advertising and its subsidiaries.

At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs or the administrative and judicial interpretations of those laws may be amended or interpreted in a different manner. Federal and state tax laws are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS, the U.S. Department of the Treasury, and state taxing authorities. Additional changes to the tax laws, regulations and administrative and judicial interpretations, which may have retroactive application, could adversely affect Lamar Advertising and its subsidiaries. The Company cannot predict with certainty whether, when, in what forms, or with what effective dates, the tax laws, regulations and administrative and judicial interpretations applicable to Lamar Advertising may be changed. Accordingly, the Company cannot assure you that any such change will not significantly affect Lamar Advertising’s ability to qualify for taxation as a REIT or the U.S. federal income tax consequences to it of such qualification.

The ability of the Board of Directors of Lamar Advertising to revoke its REIT election, without stockholder approval, may cause adverse consequences to its stockholders.

The Lamar Advertising charter provides that the Board of Directors may revoke or otherwise terminate the REIT election, without the approval of its stockholders, if the board determines that it is no longer in the Company’s best interest to continue to qualify as a REIT. If the Company ceases to be a REIT, it will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates and applicable state and local corporate taxes, which may have adverse consequences on its total return to its stockholders.

ITEM 1B.    UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 2.    PROPERTIES

Our management headquarters is located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. We also own 128 local operating facilities with front office administration and sales office space connected to back-shop poster and bulletin production space. In addition, the Company leases an additional 149 operating facilities at an aggregate lease expense for 2022 of approximately $9.2 million.

We own approximately 10,500 parcels of property beneath our outdoor advertising structures. As of December 31, 2022, we leased approximately 72,500 active outdoor sites, accounting for a total annual lease expense of approximately $319.3 million. This amount represented approximately 18% of billboard advertising net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022. These leases are for varying terms ranging from month-to-month to a term of over ten years, and many provide the Company with renewal options. There is no significant concentration of displays under any one lease or subject to negotiation with any one landlord. An important part of our management activity is to manage our lease portfolio and negotiate suitable lease renewals and extensions.

ITEM 3.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company from time to time is involved in litigation in the ordinary course of business, including disputes involving advertising contracts, site leases, employment claims and construction matters. The Company is also involved in routine administrative and judicial proceedings regarding billboard permits, fees and compensation for condemnations. The Company is not a party to any lawsuit or proceeding which, in the opinion of management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on the Company.

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5.    MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

The Company’s Class A common stock has been publicly traded since August 2, 1996 and is currently listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “LAMR.” As of December 31, 2022, the Class A common stock was held by 86 stockholders of record. The Company believes, however, that the actual number of beneficial holders of the Class A common stock may be substantially greater than the stated number of holders of record because a substantial portion of the Class A common stock is held in street name.

The Company’s Class B common stock is not publicly traded and is held of record by members of the Reilly family and their affiliated entities, including the Reilly Family, LLC (the “RFLLC”), formerly the Reilly Family Limited Partnership. Kevin P. Reilly, Jr., our Executive Chairman of the Board, is the executive manager of the RFLLC and Sean E. Reilly, our President and Chief Executive Officer, and Wendell Reilly and Anna Reilly, each of whom is a member of our Board of Directors are also managers of the RFLLC.

The Company’s Series AA preferred stock is entitled to preferential dividends, in an annual aggregate amount of $364,903, before any dividends may be paid on the common stock. All dividends related to the Company’s preferred stock are paid on a quarterly basis. In addition, the Company’s senior credit facility and other indebtedness have terms restricting the payment of dividends.

Dividends

As a REIT, we must annually distribute to our common stockholders an amount equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined before the deduction for distributed earnings and excluding any net capital gain). Generally, we expect to distribute all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income to avoid being subject to income tax or excise tax on undistributed REIT taxable income. The amount, timing and frequency of future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors and will be declared based upon various factors, a number of which may be beyond our control, including our financial condition and operating cash flows, the amount required to maintain REIT status and reduce any income and excise taxes that we otherwise would be required to pay, limitations on distributions in our existing and future debt instruments, our ability to utilize net operating losses (“NOLs”) to offset our distribution requirements, limitations on our ability to fund distributions using cash generated through our TRSs and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On March 16, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $250.0 million of the Company’s Class A common stock. On September 20, 2021, the Board of Directors authorized the extension of the repurchase program through March 31, 2023. There were no repurchases under the program as of December 31, 2022. On February 23, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the renewal of the repurchase program through September 30, 2024. The Company’s management may opt not to make any repurchases under the program, or may make aggregate purchases less than the total amount authorized.

ITEM 6.    [RESERVED]

ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This report contains forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties including those described in Item 1A under the heading “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report, that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements. The Company cautions investors not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements contained in this document. These statements speak only as of the date of this document, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise the statements, except as may be required by law.

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LAMAR ADVERTISING COMPANY

The following is a discussion of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company and the related notes.

Discussion of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 can be found in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

OVERVIEW

The Company’s net revenues are derived primarily from the rental of advertising space on outdoor advertising displays owned and operated by the Company. Revenue growth is based on many factors that include the Company’s ability to increase occupancy of its existing advertising displays; raise advertising rates; and acquire new advertising displays and its operating results are therefore affected by general economic conditions, as well as trends in the advertising industry. Advertising spending is particularly sensitive to changes in general economic conditions, which affect the rates the Company is able to charge for advertising on its displays and its ability to maximize advertising sales or occupancy on its displays.

Acquisitions and capital expenditures

Historically, the Company has made strategic acquisitions of outdoor advertising assets to increase the number of outdoor advertising displays it operates in existing and new markets. The Company continues to evaluate and pursue strategic acquisition opportunities as they arise. The Company has financed its historical acquisitions and intends to finance any future acquisition activity from available cash, borrowings under the senior credit facility or the issuance of debt or equity securities. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources- Sources of Cash,” for more information. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed multiple acquisitions for a total cash purchase price of approximately $479.8 million.  See “Uses of Cash-Acquisitions,” for more information.

The Company’s business requires expenditures for maintenance and capitalized costs associated with the construction of new billboard displays, the entrance into and renewal of logo sign and transit contracts, and the purchase of real estate and operating equipment. The following table presents a breakdown of capitalized expenditures for the past two years:

	2022		2021
	(In thousands)
Billboard — Traditional	$	45,415	$	31,894
Billboard — Digital	81,145		55,285
Logos	13,151		12,926
Transit	4,734		2,514
Land and buildings	11,462		14,077
PP&E	11,171		9,394
Total capital expenditures	$	167,078	$	126,090

We expect our 2023 capital expenditures to be approximately $185 million.

Umbrella Partnership Real Estate Investment Trust

As previously announced, on July 1, 2022, the Company completed a tax reorganization to a specific type of REIT known as an Umbrella Partnership Real Estate Investment Trust ("UPREIT"). The UPREIT structure allows property owners of appreciated properties to contribute property to the operating partnership of the REIT, on a tax-deferred basis, in exchange for a partnership interest in the form of operating partnership units. This reorganization is not expected to have any material impact on the Company's combined financial statements or business operations.

NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

Our management reviews our performance by focusing on several key performance indicators not prepared in conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States (“GAAP”). We believe these non-GAAP performance indicators are meaningful supplemental measures of our operating performance and should not be considered in isolation of, or as a substitute for, their most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

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Included in our analysis of our results of operations are discussions regarding earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“adjusted EBITDA”), Funds From Operations (“FFO”), as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Adjusted Funds From Operations (“AFFO”) and acquisition-adjusted net revenue.

We define adjusted EBITDA as net income before income tax expense (benefit), interest expense (income), equity in (earnings) loss of investee, loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt and investments, stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, loss (gain) on disposition of assets and investments, transaction expenses and capitalized contract fulfillment costs, net.

FFO is defined as net income before gains or losses from the sale or disposal of real estate assets and investments and real estate related depreciation and amortization and including adjustments to eliminate unconsolidated affiliates and non-controlling interest.

We define AFFO as FFO before (i) straight-line income and expense; (ii) capitalized contract fulfillment costs, net; (iii) stock-based compensation expense; (iv) non-cash portion of tax expense (benefit); (v) non-real estate related depreciation and amortization; (vi) amortization of deferred financing costs, (vii) loss on extinguishment of debt; (viii) transaction expenses; (ix) non-recurring infrequent or unusual losses (gains); (x) less maintenance capital expenditures; and (xi) an adjustment for unconsolidated affiliates and non-controlling interest.

Acquisition-adjusted net revenue adjusts our net revenue for the prior period by adding to it the net revenue generated by the acquired assets before our acquisition of these assets for the same time frame that those assets were owned in the current period. In calculating acquisition-adjusted revenue, therefore, we include revenue generated by assets that we did not own in the period but acquired in the current period. We refer to the amount of pre-acquisition revenue generated by the acquired assets during the prior period that corresponds with the current period in which we owned the assets (to the extent within the period to which this report relates) as “acquisition net revenue”. In addition, we also adjust the prior period to subtract revenue generated by the assets that have been divested since the prior period and, therefore, no revenue derived from those assets is reflected in the current period.

Adjusted EBITDA, FFO, AFFO and acquisition-adjusted net revenue are not intended to replace net income or any other performance measures determined in accordance with GAAP. Neither FFO nor AFFO represent cash flows from operating activities in accordance with GAAP and, therefore, these measures should not be considered indicative of cash flows from operating activities as a measure of liquidity or of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to make cash distributions. Rather, adjusted EBITDA, FFO, AFFO and acquisition-adjusted net revenue are presented as we believe each is a useful indicator of our current operating performance. We believe that these metrics are useful to an investor in evaluating our operating performance because (1) each is a key measure used by our management team for purposes of decision making and for evaluating our core operating results; (2) adjusted EBITDA is widely used in the industry to measure operating performance as depreciation and amortization may vary significantly among companies depending upon accounting methods and useful lives, particularly where acquisitions and non-operating factors are involved; (3) acquisition-adjusted net revenue is a supplement to net revenue to enable investors to compare period over period results on a more consistent basis without the effects of acquisitions and divestitures, which reflects our core performance and organic growth (if any) during the period in which the assets were owned and managed by us; (4) adjusted EBITDA, FFO and AFFO each provide investors with a meaningful measure for evaluating our period-to-period operating performance by eliminating items that are not operational in nature; and (5) each provides investors with a measure for comparing our results of operations to those of other companies.

Our measurement of adjusted EBITDA, FFO, AFFO and acquisition-adjusted net revenue may not, however, be fully comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Reconciliations of adjusted EBITDA, FFO, AFFO and acquisition-adjusted net revenue to net income, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, have been included herein.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table presents certain items in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a percentage of net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Net revenues	100.0	%	100.0	%
Operating expenses:
Direct advertising expenses	32.8	%	32.3	%
General and administrative expenses	17.3	%	18.3	%
Corporate expenses	5.0	%	5.2	%
Depreciation and amortization	17.2	%	15.2	%
Operating income	28.4	%	29.2	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—	%	1.2	%
Interest expense	6.3	%	6.0	%
Income tax expense	0.9	%	0.5	%
Net income	21.6	%	21.7	%

Year ended December 31, 2022 compared to Year ended December 31, 2021

Net revenues increased $244.7 million or 13.7% to $2.03 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $1.79 billion for the same period in 2021. This increase was attributable to an increase in billboard net revenues of $200.4 million, an increase in transit net revenues of $42.3 million and an increase in logo net revenues of $2.0 million over the prior year.

Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to acquisition-adjusted net revenues for the comparable period in 2021, increased $180.6 million, or 9.8%. This increase was attributable to an increase of $142.5 million in billboard net revenues, an increase of $36.3 million in transit net revenues and an increase of $1.8 million in logo net revenues. See “Reconciliations” below.

Total operating expenses, exclusive of depreciation and amortization and gain on disposition of assets, increased $123.4 million, or 12.4% to $1.12 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $997.0 million in the same period in 2021. The $123.4 million increase over the prior year is primarily comprised of an increase in total direct, general and administrative and corporate expenses (excluding stock-based compensation and transaction expenses) of $133.8 million primarily related to an increase in our variable billboard lease costs and transit and airport franchise costs, as well as increases in our workforce.

Depreciation and amortization expense increased $78.2 million to $349.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $271.3 million for the same period in 2021. The increase is primarily due to the revision in the cost estimate included in the calculation of asset retirement obligations during 2022, as well as acquisitions and capital expenditures that occurred in the second half of 2021 and during 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized a gain on disposition of assets of $15.7 million as compared to a gain on disposition of assets of $2.1 million for the same period in 2021. The gain on disposition of assets for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily resulted from a gain of $12.6 million from a contingent payment received in connection with the Company's 2018 sale of Puerto Rico assets.

Due to the above factors, operating income increased $56.8 million to $578.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $521.2 million for the same period in 2021.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a $21.6 million loss on debt extinguishment related to Lamar Media's repayment of its 5 3/4% Senior Notes. There was no loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Interest expense increased $21.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $127.5 million as compared to $106.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in interest expense is primarily related to the increase in interest rates on the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program and senior credit facility.

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Equity in earnings of investee was $4.3 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as a result of an investment that occurred in July of 2021.

The increase in operating income and the decrease in loss on extinguishment of debt, offset by the increase in interest expense over the comparable period in 2021, resulted in a $58.8 million increase in net income before income taxes.

The Company recorded income tax expense of $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to income tax expense of $9.3 million for the same period in 2021.The $17.5 million tax expense includes an expense of $6.6 million for the reduction of Puerto Rico deferred tax assets for the year ended December 31, 2022. The $17.5 million equates to an effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 of approximately 3.8%, which differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to our qualification for taxation as a REIT and adjustments for foreign items.

As a result of the above factors, the Company recognized net income for the year ended December 31, 2022 of $438.6 million, as compared to net income of $388.1 million for the same period in 2021.

Reconciliations:

Because acquisitions occurring after December 31, 2020 have contributed to our net revenue results for the periods presented, we provide 2021 acquisition-adjusted net revenue, which adjusts our 2021 net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 by adding to or subtracting from it the net revenue generated by the acquired or divested assets prior to our acquisition or divestiture of these assets for the same time frame that those assets were owned in the year ended December 31, 2022.

Reconciliations of 2021 reported net revenue to 2021 acquisition-adjusted net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 as well as a comparison of 2021 acquisition-adjusted net revenue to 2022 reported net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, are provided below:

Reconciliation and Comparison of Reported Net Revenue to Acquisition-Adjusted Net Revenue

	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Reported net revenue	$	2,032,140	$	1,787,401
Acquisition net revenue	—		64,114
Adjusted totals	$	2,032,140	$	1,851,515

Key Performance Indicators

Net Income/Adjusted EBITDA

(in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,				Amount of Increase (Decrease)		Percent Increase (Decrease)
	2022		2021
Net income	$	438,647	$	388,090	$	50,557	13.0	%
Income tax expense	17,452		9,256		8,196
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		21,604		(21,604)
Transaction expenses	3,769		—		3,769
Interest expense (income), net	126,217		105,621		20,596
Equity in earnings of investee	(4,315)		(3,384)		(931)
Gain on disposition of assets	(15,721)		(2,115)		(13,606)
Depreciation and amortization	349,449		271,294		78,155
Capitalized contract fulfillment costs, net	(555)		(445)		(110)
Stock-based compensation expense	23,136		37,368		(14,232)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	938,079	$	827,289	$	110,790	13.4	%

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Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased 13.4% to $938.1 million. The increase in adjusted EBITDA was primarily attributable to the increase in our gross margin (net revenue less direct advertising expense, exclusive of depreciation and amortization and capitalized contract fulfillment costs, net) of $153.8 million, and was partially offset by an increase in general and administrative and corporate expenses of $43.1 million, excluding the impact of stock-based compensation expense and transaction expenses.

Net Income/FFO/AFFO

(in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,				Amount of Increase (Decrease)		Percent Increase (Decrease)
	2022		2021
Net income	$	438,647	$	388,090	$	50,557	13.0	%
Depreciation and amortization related to real estate	337,387		259,933		77,454
Gain from sale or disposal of real estate	(15,415)		(1,865)		(13,550)
Adjustments for unconsolidated affiliates and non-controlling interest	(3,631)		(2,756)		(875)
FFO	$	756,988	$	643,402	$	113,586	17.7	%
Straight-line expense	3,986		2,443		1,543
Capitalized contract fulfillment costs, net	(555)		(445)		(110)
Stock-based compensation expense	23,136		37,368		(14,232)
Non-cash portion of tax provision	3,212		1,574		1,638
Non-real estate related depreciation and amortization	12,062		11,361		701
Amortization of deferred financing costs	6,158		5,877		281
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		21,604		(21,604)
Transaction expenses	3,769		—		3,769
Capital expenditures – maintenance	(62,659)		(58,196)		(4,463)
Adjustments for unconsolidated affiliates and non-controlling interest	3,631		2,756		875
AFFO	$	749,728	$	667,744	$	81,984	12.3	%

FFO for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $757.0 million as compared to FFO of $643.4 million for the same period in 2021. AFFO for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased 12.3% to $749.7 million as compared to $667.7 million for the same period in 2021. The increase in AFFO was primarily attributable to the increase in our gross margin (net revenue less direct advertising expense, exclusive of depreciation and amortization and capitalized contract fulfillment costs, net), partially offset by an increase in total general and administrative and corporate expenses (excluding the effect of stock-based compensation expense and transaction expenses) and capital expenditures related to the maintenance of our advertising assets.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Overview

The Company has historically satisfied its working capital requirements with cash from operations and borrowings under its senior credit facility and Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. The Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Lamar Media Corp., is the principal borrower under the senior credit facility and maintains all corporate operating cash balances. Certain subsidiaries of Lamar Media are the principal borrowers under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. Any cash requirements of the Company, therefore, must be funded by distributions from Lamar Media.

Sources of Cash

Total Liquidity. As of December 31, 2022 we had $746.6 million of total liquidity, which is comprised of $52.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and $694.0 million of availability under the revolving portion of the senior credit facility. We expect our total liquidity to be adequate for the Company to meet its operational requirements for the next twelve months. We are currently in compliance with the maintenance covenant included in the senior credit facility and we would remain in compliance after giving effect to borrowing the full amount available to us under the revolving portion of the senior credit facility.

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As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had a working capital deficit of $361.5 million and $274.4 million, respectively. The working capital deficit for the year ended December 31, 2022 is primarily related to the $249.4 million outstanding under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program as well as $205.8 million in current operating lease liabilities which has a corresponding right of use asset recorded in long term assets. We expect to have enough cash on hand and availability under our revolving credit facility to meet our operating needs for the next twelve months.

Cash Generated by Operations. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 our cash provided by operating activities was $781.6 million and $734.4 million, respectively. The increase in cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 over the same period in 2021 relates to an increase in revenues offset by an increase in operating expenses (excluding depreciation and amortization). We expect to generate cash flows from operations during 2023 in excess of our cash needs for operations, capital expenditures and dividends, as described herein.

Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. On June 24, 2022, Lamar Media and the Special Purpose Subsidiaries entered into the Sixth Amendment (the "Sixth Amendment") to the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program, as amended. The Sixth Amendment increased the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program from $175.0 million to $250.0 million and extended the maturity date of the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program to July 21, 2025. Additionally, the Sixth Amendment provides for the replacement of LIBOR-based interest rate mechanics with Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("Term SOFR") based interest rate mechanics for the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program.

Borrowing capacity under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program is limited to the availability of eligible accounts receivable collateralizing the borrowings under the agreements governing the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. In connection with the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program, Lamar Media and certain of its subsidiaries (such subsidiaries, the “Subsidiary Originators”) sell and/or contribute their existing and future accounts receivable and certain related assets to one of two special purpose subsidiaries, Lamar QRS Receivables, LLC (the “QRS SPV”) and Lamar TRS Receivables, LLC (the “TRS SPV” and together with the QRS SPV the “Special Purpose Subsidiaries”), each of which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lamar Media. Existing and future accounts receivable relating to Lamar Media and its qualified REIT subsidiaries will be sold and/or contributed to the QRS SPV and existing and future accounts receivable relating to Lamar Media’s TRSs will be sold and/or contributed to the TRS SPV.  Each of the Special Purpose Subsidiaries has granted the lenders party to the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program a security interest in all of its assets, which consist of the accounts receivable and related assets sold or contributed to them, as described above, in order to secure the obligations of the Special Purpose Subsidiaries under the agreements governing the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. Pursuant to the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program, Lamar Media has agreed to service the accounts receivable on behalf of the two Special Purpose Subsidiaries for a fee. Lamar Media has also agreed to guaranty its performance in its capacity as servicer and originator, as well as the performance of the Subsidiary Originators, of their obligations under the agreements governing the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. None of Lamar Media, the Subsidiary Originators or the Special Purpose Subsidiaries guarantees the collectability of the receivables under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. In addition, each of the Special Purpose Subsidiaries is a separate legal entity with its own separate creditors who will be entitled to access the assets of such Special Purpose Subsidiary before the assets become available to Lamar Media. Accordingly, the assets of the Special Purpose Subsidiaries are not available to pay creditors of Lamar Media or any of its subsidiaries, although collections from receivables in excess of the amounts required to repay the lenders and the other creditors of the Special Purpose Subsidiaries may be remitted to Lamar Media.

As of December 31, 2022, there was $250.0 million of outstanding aggregate borrowings under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program at a borrowing rate of approximately 5.3%. Lamar Media has no additional availability under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program as of December 31, 2022. The Accounts Receivable Securitization Program will mature on July 21, 2025.

“At-the-Market” Offering Program. On May 1, 2018, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Wells Fargo Securities LLC and SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc. as our sales agents. Under the terms of the Sales Agreement, the Company could have, from time to time, issued and sold shares of its Class A common stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to $400.0 million through the sales agents as either agents or principals. The Sales Agreement expired by its terms on May 1, 2021. The Company did not issue any shares under this program in 2021.

On June 21, 2021, the Company entered into a new equity distribution agreement (the "2021 Sales Agreement"), with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Wells Fargo Securities LLC, Truist Securities, Inc., SMBC Nikko Securities America, Inc. and Scotia Capital (USA) Inc. as our sales agents (each a "Sales Agent", and collectively, the "Sales Agents"), which replaced the prior Sales Agreement with substantially similar terms. Under the terms of the 2021 Sales Agreement, the Company may, from time to time, issue and sell shares of its Class A common stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to $400.0 million

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through the Sales Agents as either agents or principals. Sales of the Class A common stock, if any, may be made in negotiated transactions or transactions that are deemed to be "at-the-market offerings" as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, including sales made directly on or through the Nasdaq Global Select Market and any other existing trading market for the Class A common stock, or sales made to or through a market maker other than on an exchange. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the Class A common stock under the 2021 Sales Agreement and may at any time suspend solicitations and offers under the 2021 Sales Agreement. The Company intends to use the net proceeds, if any, from the sale of the Class A common stock pursuant to the 2021 Sales Agreement for general corporate purposes, which may include the repayment, refinancing, redemption or repurchase of existing indebtedness, working capital, capital expenditures, acquisition of outdoor advertising assets and businesses and other related investments. The Company did not issue any shares under this program from its inception through December 31, 2022.

Shelf Registration Statement. On June 21, 2021, the Company filed a new automatically effective shelf registration statement (No. 333-257243) that allows Lamar Advertising to offer and sell an indeterminate amount of additional shares of its Class A common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company did not issue any shares under the shelf registration statement.

Credit Facilities. On February 6, 2020, Lamar Media entered into a Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement”) with certain of Lamar Media’s subsidiaries as guarantors, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and the lenders party thereto, under which the parties agreed to amend and restate Lamar Media’s existing senior credit facility. The Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement amended and restated the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of May 15, 2017.

On July 2, 2021, Lamar Media entered into Amendment No. 1 (the "Amendment"), to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. The Amendment amends the definition of "Subsidiary" to exclude each of Lamar Partnering Sponsor LLC and Lamar Partnering Corporation and any of their subsidiaries (collectively, the "Lamar Partnering Entities") such that, after the giving effect to the Amendment, none of the Lamar Partnering Entities are subject to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement covenants and reporting requirements, but any investment by Lamar Media in any of the Lamar Partnering Entities would be subject to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement covenants. The Amendment also amends the definition of "EBITDA" to replace the existing calculation with a net income-based calculation, which excludes the income of non-Subsidiary entities such as the Lamar Partnering Entities, except to the extent that income of such entities is received by Lamar Media in the form of dividends or distributions.

The senior credit facility, as established by the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “senior credit facility”), consists of (i) a $750.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility which will mature on February 6, 2025 (the “revolving credit facility”), (ii) a $600.0 million Term B loan facility (the “Term B loans”)  which will mature on February 6, 2027, and (iii) an incremental facility (the “Incremental Facility”) pursuant to which Lamar Media may incur additional term loan tranches or increase its revolving credit facility subject to a pro forma secured debt ratio calculated as described under “Restrictions under Senior Credit Facility” of 4.50 to 1.00, as well as certain other conditions, including lender approval.  Lamar Media borrowed all $600.0 million in Term B loans on February 6, 2020.  The entire amount of the Term B loans will be payable at maturity.

The Term B loans bear interest at rates based on the Adjusted LIBO Rate (“Eurodollar term loans”) or the Adjusted Base Rate (“Base Rate term loans”), at Lamar Media’s option. Eurodollar term loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the Adjusted LIBO Rate plus 1.50%. Base Rate term loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the Adjusted Base Rate plus 0.50%. The revolving credit facility bears interest at rates based on the Adjusted LIBO Rate (“Eurodollar revolving loans”) or the Adjusted Base Rate (“Base Rate revolving loans”), at Lamar Media’s option. Eurodollar revolving loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the Adjusted LIBO Rate plus 1.50% (or the Adjusted LIBO Rate plus 1.25% at any time the Total Debt Ratio is less than or equal to 3.25 to 1). Base Rate revolving loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the Adjusted Base Rate plus 0.50% (or the Adjusted Base Rate plus 0.25% at any time the total debt ratio is less than or equal to 3.25 to 1). The guarantees, covenants, events of default and other terms of the senior credit facility apply to the Term B loans and revolving credit facility.

On July 29, 2022, Lamar Media entered into Amendment No. 2 (the "Amendment No. 2") to the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement with certain of Lamar Media's subsidiaries as guarantors, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent and the lenders party thereto. The Amendment No. 2 establishes a new $350.0 million Senior Secured Term Loan A loan (the "Term A loans") as a new class of incremental term loans. The Term A loans will mature on February 6, 2025 and bear interest at Term SOFR plus 1.25% and a credit spread adjustment of 0.10%. The covenants, events of default and other terms of the senior credit facility apply to the Term A loans. Lamar Media borrowed all $350.0 million in Term A loans

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on July 29, 2022. Proceeds from the Term A loans were used to repay outstanding balances on the revolving credit facility and a portion of the outstanding balance on our Accounts Receivable Securitization Program.

As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate balance outstanding under the senior credit facility was $995.0 million, consisting of $600.0 million in Term B loans aggregate principal balance, $350.0 million in Term A loans aggregate principal balance and $45.0 million outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Lamar Media had approximately $694.0 million of unused capacity under the revolving credit facility.

Note Offerings. On January 22, 2021, Lamar Media issued, through an institutional private placement, $550.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 3 5/8% Senior Notes due 2031 (the “3 5/8% Senior Notes”). The issuance of the 3 5/8% Senior Notes resulted in net proceeds to Lamar Media of approximately $542.5 million. Lamar Media used the proceeds of this offering, together with cash on hand and borrowings under the revolving credit facility and Accounts Receivable Securitization Program, to redeem all of its outstanding $650.0 million aggregate principal amount 5 3/4% Senior Notes due 2026. See Uses of Cash-Note Redemption for more information.

Factors Affecting Sources of Liquidity

Internally Generated Funds. The key factors affecting internally generated cash flow are general economic conditions, specific economic conditions in the markets where the Company conducts its business and overall spending on advertising by advertisers. We expect to generate cash flows from operations during 2023 in excess of our cash needs for operations, capital expenditures and dividends, as described herein.

Credit Facilities and Other Debt Securities. The Company and Lamar Media must comply with certain covenants and restrictions related to the senior credit facility, its outstanding debt securities and its Accounts Receivable Securitization Program.

Restrictions under Debt Securities. As of December 31, 2022, Lamar Media has outstanding all of the 3 3/4% Senior Notes, the 4% Senior Notes, the 4 7/8% Senior Notes and the 3 5/8% Senior Notes.

The indentures relating to Lamar Media’s outstanding notes restrict its ability to incur additional indebtedness but permit the incurrence of indebtedness (including indebtedness under the senior credit facility), (i) if no default or event of default would result from such incurrence and (ii) if after giving effect to any such incurrence, the leverage ratio (defined as the sum of (x) total consolidated debt plus (y) the aggregate liquidation preference of any preferred stock of Lamar Media’s restricted subsidiaries to trailing four fiscal quarter EBITDA (as defined in the indentures)) would be less than 7.0 to 1.0. Currently, Lamar Media is not in default under the indentures of any of its outstanding notes and, therefore, would be permitted to incur additional indebtedness subject to the foregoing provision.

In addition to debt incurred under the provisions described in the preceding paragraph, the indentures relating to Lamar Media’s outstanding notes permit Lamar Media to incur indebtedness pursuant to the following baskets:

•up to $2.0 billion of indebtedness under the senior credit facility;

•indebtedness outstanding on the date of the indentures or debt incurred to refinance outstanding debt;

•inter-company debt between Lamar Media and its restricted subsidiaries or between restricted subsidiaries;

•certain purchase money indebtedness and capitalized lease obligations to acquire or lease property in the ordinary course of business that cannot exceed the greater of $50.0 million or 5% of Lamar Media’s net tangible assets;

•additional debt not to exceed $75.0 million; and

•up to $500.0 million of permitted securitization financings.

Restrictions under Senior Credit Facility. Lamar Media is required to comply with certain covenants and restrictions under the senior credit facility. If the Company or Lamar Media fails to comply with these tests, the lenders under the senior credit facility will be entitled to exercise certain remedies, including the termination of the lending commitments and the acceleration of the debt payments under the senior credit facility. At December 31, 2022 we were, and currently, we are in compliance with all such tests under the senior credit facility.

Lamar Media must maintain a secured debt ratio, defined as total consolidated secured debt of Lamar Advertising, Lamar Media and its restricted subsidiaries (including capital lease obligations), minus the lesser of (x) $150.0 million and (y) the aggregate amount of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of Lamar Advertising, Lamar Media and its restricted

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subsidiaries (other than the Special Purpose Subsidiaries (as defined above under “Sources of Cash-Accounts Receivable Securitization Program)) to EBITDA, as defined below, for the period of four consecutive fiscal quarters then ended, of less than or equal to 4.5 to 1.0.

Lamar Media is restricted from incurring additional indebtedness subject to exceptions, one of which is that it may incur additional indebtedness not exceeding the greater of $250.0 million or 6% of its total assets.

Lamar Media is also restricted from incurring additional unsecured senior indebtedness under certain circumstances unless, after giving effect to the incurrence of such indebtedness, Lamar Media would have a total debt ratio, defined as (x) total consolidated debt (including subordinated debt) of Lamar Advertising, Lamar Media and its restricted subsidiaries as of any date minus the lesser of (i) $150.0 million and (ii) the aggregate amount of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of Lamar Advertising, Lamar Media and its restricted subsidiaries (other than the Special Purpose Subsidiaries) to (y) EBITDA, as defined below, for the most recent four fiscal quarters then ended, of less than 7.0 to 1.0. 

Lamar Media is also restricted from incurring additional subordinated indebtedness under certain circumstances unless, after giving effect to the incurrence of such indebtedness, it is in compliance with the secured debt ratio covenant and its total debt ratio is less than 7.0 to 1.0.

Under the senior credit facility, as amended, “EBITDA” means, for any period, net income, plus (a) to the extent deducted in determining net income for such period, the sum determined without duplication and in accordance with GAAP, of (i) taxes, (ii) interest expense, (iii) depreciation, (iv) amortization, (v) any other non-cash income or charges accrued for such period, (vi) charges and expenses in connection with the senior credit facility, any actual or proposed acquisition, disposition or investment (excluding, in each case, purchases and sales of advertising space and operating assets in the ordinary course of business) and any actual or proposed offering of securities, incurrence or repayment of indebtedness (or amendment to any agreement relating to indebtedness), including any refinancing thereof, or recapitalization, (vii) any loss or gain relating to amounts paid or earned in cash prior to the stated settlement date of any swap agreement that has been reflected in operating income for such period), and (viii) any loss on sales of receivables and related assets to a securitization entity in connection with a permitted securitization financing, plus (b) the amount of cost savings, operating expense reductions and other operating improvements or synergies projected by Lamar Media in good faith to be realized as a result of any acquisition, investment, merger, amalgamation or disposition within 18 months of any such acquisition, investment, merger, amalgamation or disposition, net of the amount of actual benefits realized during such period from such action; provided, (A) the aggregate amount for all such cost savings, operating expense reductions and other operating improvements or synergies will not exceed an amount equal to 15% of EBITDA for the applicable four quarter period and (B) any such adjustment to EBITDA pursuant to this clause (b) may only take into account cost savings, operating expense reductions and other operating improvements or synergies that are (I) directly attributable to such acquisition, investment, merger, amalgamation or disposition, (II) expected to have a continuing impact on Lamar Media and its restricted subsidiaries and (III) factually supportable, in each case all as certified by the Chief Financial Officer of Lamar Media) on behalf of Lamar Media, minus (c) to the extent included in net income for such period (determined without duplication and in accordance with GAAP) (i) any extraordinary and unusual gains or losses during such period, and (ii) the proceeds of any casualty events and dispositions. For purposes of this EBITDA definition, the effect thereon of any adjustments required under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 141R shall be excluded.  If during any period for which EBITDA is being determined, Lamar Media has consummated any acquisition or disposition, EBITDA will be determined on a pro forma basis as if such acquisition or disposition had been made or consummated on the first day of such period.

Under the senior credit facility, "net income" means for any period, the consolidated net income (or loss) of Lamar Advertising, Lamar Media, and its restricted subsidiaries, determined on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP; provided that the following is excluded from net income: (a) the income (or deficit) of any person accrued prior to the date it becomes a restricted subsidiary or is merged into or consolidated with Lamar Advertising, Lamar Media or any of its restricted subsidiaries, and (b) the income (or deficit) of any person (other than any of our restricted subsidiaries) in which Lamar Advertising, Lamar Media or any of its subsidiaries has an ownership interest, except to the extent that any such income is received by Lamar Advertising, Lamar Media or any of its restricted subsidiaries in the form of dividends or similar distributions.

The Company believes that its current level of cash on hand, availability under the senior credit facility and future cash flows from operations are sufficient to meet its operating needs for the next twelve months. All debt obligations are reflected on the Company’s balance sheet.

Restrictions under Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. The agreements governing the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program contain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and termination

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event provisions, including but not limited to those providing for the acceleration of amounts owed under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program if, among other things, the Special Purpose Subsidiaries fail to make payments when due, Lamar Media, the Subsidiary Originators or the Special Purpose Subsidiaries become insolvent or subject to bankruptcy proceedings or certain judicial judgments, breach certain representations and warranties or covenants or default under other material indebtedness, a change of control occurs, or if Lamar Media fails to maintain the maximum secured debt ratio of 4.5 to 1.0 required under the senior credit facility.

Uses of Cash

Capital Expenditures. Capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions, were approximately $167.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our capital expenditures are categorized as growth or maintenance as described below.

•Growth capital expenditures include discretionary capital expenditures incurred primarily for the expansion or development of new advertising markets and construction of new advertising sites. Growth capital expenditures also include certain technology-related investments necessary to support and scale for future customer demand of our outdoor advertising services, and other capital projects.

•Maintenance capital expenditures include capital expenditures not otherwise categorized as growth capital expenditures, including costs incurred to enhance existing advertising sites, general asset improvements, and ordinary corporate capital expenditures.

We anticipate our 2023 total capital expenditures will be approximately $185 million.

Acquisitions. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed 73 acquisitions for a total cash purchase price of approximately $479.8 million. The acquisitions occurring during the year ended December 31, 2022 were financed using available cash on hand, borrowings under the revolving credit facility and borrowings under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program.

On May 4, 2022, the Company acquired Burkhart Advertising Inc. which included more than 1,500 billboard structures and 3,200 billboard faces, including 23 digital displays. On December 9, 2022, the Company acquired assets from Fairway Outdoor and Standard Outdoor which included approximately 1,600 billboard structures and 3,600 billboard displays. These acquisitions were funded with a combination of cash on hand, borrowings under our revolving credit facility and borrowings under the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program.

Investments. On July 12, 2021, Lamar acquired a minority stake in Vistar Media ("Vistar"), a leading global provider of programmatic technology for the digital out-of-home sector. Management believes that Lamar's investment of $30.0 million will help Vistar strengthen its balance sheet, expand its research and development and extend its reach into new markets. Lamar received a seat on Vistar's Board of Directors.

Note Redemption. On February 3, 2021, the Company redeemed in full all $650.0 million aggregate principal amount 5 3/4% Senior Notes due 2026. The 5 3/4% Senior Notes redemption was completed using the proceeds received from the 3 5/8% Senior Notes offering completed on January 22, 2021, together with cash on hand and borrowings under the revolving credit facility and Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. The notes were redeemed at a redemption price equal to 102.875% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest to (but not including) the redemption date. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $21.6 million related to the note redemption. See Sources of Cash- Note Offerings for more information.

Dividends. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company declared and paid distributions of $508.2 million, or $5.00 per share of common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company declared and paid distributions of $404.8 million, or $4.00 per share of common stock. On February 23, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a dividend of $1.25 per common share to be paid on March 31, 2023. Subject to the approval of the Company’s Board of Directors, the Company expects aggregate quarterly distributions to stockholders in 2023 will be $5.00 per common share, including the dividend payable on March 31, 2023.

As a REIT, the Company must annually distribute to its stockholders an amount equal to at least 90% of its REIT taxable income (determined before the deduction for distributed earnings and excluding any net capital gain). The amount, timing and frequency of future distributions will be at the sole discretion of the Board of Directors and will be declared based upon various factors, a number of which may be beyond the Company’s control, including financial condition and operating cash flows, the amount required to maintain REIT status and reduce any income and excise taxes that the Company otherwise would be required to pay, limitations on distributions in our existing and future debt instruments, the Company’s ability to utilize net operating losses to offset, in whole or in part, the Company’s distribution requirements, limitations on its ability to

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fund distributions using cash generated through its TRSs, the impact of general economic conditions on the Company's operations and other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant. The foregoing factors may also impact management's recommendations to the Board of Directors as to the timing, amount and frequency of future distributions.

Special Purpose Acquisition Company. On April 6, 2021, Lamar Partnering Corporation ("LPC"), a newly formed special purpose acquisition company and indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, filed a Registration Statement on Form S-1, with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). On June 21, 2022, LPC filed its request to withdraw its registration statement with the SEC. In conjunction with the withdrawn offering, the Company incurred a transaction expense of $1.2 million for the write-off of deferred offering costs incurred on behalf of LPC's registration statement. The $1.2 million in expenses are included in Corporate expenses in our Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income at December 31, 2022.

Stock and Debt Repurchasing Program. On March 16, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $250.0 million of the Company's Class A common stock. Additionally, the Board of Directors has authorized Lamar Media to repurchase up to $250.0 million in outstanding senior or senior subordinated notes and other indebtedness outstanding from time to time under the senior credit facility. On September 20, 2021, the Board of Directors authorized the extension of the repurchase program through March 31, 2023. There were no repurchases under the program as of December 31, 2022. On February 23, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the renewal of the repurchase program through September 30, 2024. The Company's management may opt not to make any repurchases under the program, or may make aggregate purchases less than the total amount authorized.

Material Cash Requirements

Our expected material cash requirements for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and thereafter are comprised of contractual obligations, required annual distributions and other opportunistic expenditures.

Debt and Contractual Obligations. The following table summarizes our future debt maturities, interest payment obligations, and contractual obligations including required payments under operating and financing leases as of December 31, 2022 (in millions):

	2023		Thereafter
Debt maturities(1)	$	249.8	$	3,063.0
Interest obligations on long-term debt(2)	155.0		620.9
Contractual obligations, including operating and financing leases	285.9		1,624.3
Total payments due	$	690.7	$	5,308.2

(1)Debt maturities assume there is no refinancing prior to the existing maturity date.

(2)Interest rates on our variable rate instruments assume rates at the December 2022 levels. See Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" for further discussion on interest rate risk.

Required Annual Distributions. As a REIT, the Company must annually distribute to its stockholders an amount equal to at least 90% of its REIT taxable income (determined before the deduction for distributed earnings and excluding any net capital gain). On February 23, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a dividend of $1.25 per common share to be paid on March 31, 2023. Our Board of Directors will continue to evaluate future dividends in order to continue to satisfy the requirements needed to maintain our REIT status.

Opportunistic Expenditures. As part of our capital allocation strategy, we plan to continue to allocate our available capital among investment alternatives that meet our return on investment criteria. We will continue to reinvest in our existing assets and expand our outdoor advertising display portfolio through new construction. We will also continue to pursue strategic acquisitions of outdoor advertising businesses and assets. This includes acquisitions in our existing markets and in new markets where we can meet our return on investment criteria.

Cash Flows

The Company’s cash flows provided by operating activities increased $47.2 million from $734.4 million in 2021 to $781.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily resulting from an increase in revenues of approximately $244.7 million offset by an increase in operating expenses (excluding stock-based compensation, gain on disposition of assets and depreciation and amortization) of approximately $137.6 million, as well as increases in interest expense of $21.1 million and income tax expense and $8.2 million as compared to the comparable period in 2021.

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Cash flows used in investing activities increased $157.3 million from $461.8 million in 2021 to $619.1 million in 2022 primarily due to a net increase in the amount of assets acquired through acquisitions, investments and capital expenditures of $178.5 million, offset by decreases in notes receivable, as compared to the same period in 2021.

The Company’s cash flows used in financing activities were $209.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $294.5 million in 2021. This decrease in cash used in financing activities of $85.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 is primarily due to increased borrowings on the senior credit facility and accounts receivable securitization program in 2022, offset by an increase in cash paid for dividends and distributions in 2022 over the comparable period in 2021.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our discussion and analysis of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to intangible assets, goodwill impairment and asset retirement obligations. We base our estimates on historical and anticipated results and trends and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events and, where applicable, established valuation techniques. These estimates form the basis for making judgments about carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. By their nature, estimates are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. Actual results may differ from our estimates. We believe that the following significant accounting policies and assumptions may involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity than others.

Asset Retirement Obligations. The Company had an asset retirement obligation of $390.4 million as of December 31, 2022. This liability relates to the Company’s obligation upon the termination or non-renewal of a lease to dismantle and remove its billboard structures from the leased land and to restore the site to its original condition. The Company records the present value of obligations associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets in the period in which they are incurred. The liability is capitalized as part of the related long-lived asset’s carrying amount. Over time, accretion of the liability is recognized as an operating expense and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the expected useful life of the related asset. In calculating the liability, the Company calculates the present value of the estimated cost to dismantle using an average cost to dismantle, adjusted for inflation and market risk.

This calculation includes 100% of the Company’s billboard structures on leased land (which currently consist of approximately 72,500 structures). The Company uses a 15-year retirement period based on historical operating experience in its core markets, including the actual time that billboard structures have been located on leased land in such markets and the actual length of the leases in the core markets, which includes the initial term of the lease, plus consideration of any renewal period. Historical third-party cost information is used to estimate the cost of dismantling of the structures and the reclamation of the site. The interest rate used to calculate the present value of such costs over the retirement period is based on the Company’s historical credit-adjusted risk free rate.

Acquisitions. The Company accounts for transactions that meet the definition of a business and group asset purchases as acquisitions. For transactions that meet the definition of a business combination, the Company allocates the purchase price, including any contingent consideration, to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values as of the date of the acquisition with any excess of the purchase price paid over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired recorded as goodwill. For transactions that meet the definition of a business, the determination of the final purchase price and the acquisition-date fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed may extend over more than one period and result in adjustments to the preliminary estimate recognized in the prior period financial statements. For transactions that meet the definition of asset group purchases, the Company allocates the purchase price to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their estimated relative fair values as of the date of the acquisition.  If a transaction is determined to be a group of assets, any direct acquisition costs are capitalized. Transaction costs for transactions determined to be a business combination are expensed as incurred.

The fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is typically determined by using either estimates of replacement costs or discounted cash flow valuation methods. When determining the fair value of tangible assets acquired, the Company must estimate the cost to replace the asset with a new asset, adjusted for an estimated reduction in fair value due to age of the asset, and the economic useful life. When determining the fair value of intangible assets acquired, the Company must estimate the applicable discount rate and the timing and amount of future cash flows.

Lease Liabilities and Right of Use Assets. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Codified as ASC 842),” which resulted in recording operating lease liabilities and right of use assets on our consolidated

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balance sheet. Our operating lease liabilities (including short-term liabilities) and right of use asset balances were $1.24 billion and $1.27 billion as of December 31, 2022, respectively. The balance is recorded based on the present value of the remaining minimum rental payments under the leasing standard for our existing operating leases. The key estimates for our leases include (1) the discount rate used to discount the unpaid lease payments to present value and (2) lease term. Our leases generally do not include a readily determinable implicit rate, therefore, using a portfolio approach, we determine our collateralized incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments based on the information available at lease commencement. Our lease terms include the noncancellable period of the lease plus any additional periods covered by either a Company option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, or an option to extend the lease controlled by the lessor. The Company has determined we are not reasonably certain to exercise renewals or termination options, and as a result we use the lease’s initial stated term as the lease term for our lease population.

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS AND REGULATORY UPDATE

See Note 21, "New Accounting Pronouncements" to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for a discussion of our Accounting Standards and Regulatory Update.

LAMAR MEDIA CORP.

The following is a discussion of the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of Lamar Media for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of Lamar Media and the related notes.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table presents certain items in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a percentage of net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021
Net revenues	100.0	%	100.0	%
Operating expenses:
Direct advertising expenses	32.8	%	32.3	%
General and administrative expenses	17.3	%	18.3	%
Corporate expenses	5.0	%	5.2	%
Depreciation and amortization	17.2	%	15.2	%
Operating income	28.5	%	29.2	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—	%	1.2	%
Interest expense	6.3	%	6.0	%
Income tax expense	0.9	%	0.5	%
Net income	21.6	%	21.8	%

 

Year ended December 31, 2022 compared to Year ended December 31, 2021

Net revenues increased $244.7 million or 13.7% to $2.03 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $1.79 billion for the same period in 2021. This increase was attributable to an increase in billboard net revenues of $200.4 million, an increase in transit net revenues of $42.3 million and an increase in logo net revenues of $2.0 million over the prior year.

Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to acquisition-adjusted net revenues for the comparable period in 2021, increased $180.6 million, or 9.8%. The $180.6 million increase in net revenues is due to a $142.5 million increase in billboard net revenues, a $36.3 million increase in transit net revenues and an increase of $1.8 million in logo net revenues. See “Reconciliations” below.

Total operating expenses, exclusive of depreciation and amortization and gain on disposition of assets, increased $123.7 million, or 12.4% to $1.12 billion for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $996.2 million in the same period in 2021. The $123.7 million increase over the prior year is primarily comprised of an increase in total direct, general and administrative and corporate expenses (excluding stock-based compensation and transaction expenses) of $134.2 million primarily related to an increase in our variable billboard lease costs and transit and airport franchise costs, as well as increases in our workforce.

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Depreciation and amortization expense increased $78.2 million to $349.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to $271.3 million for the same period in 2021. The increase is due to the revision in the cost estimate included in the calculation of asset retirement obligations during 2022, as well as acquisitions and capital expenditures that occurred in the second half of 2021 and during 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, Lamar Media recognized a gain on disposition of assets of $15.7 million as compared to a gain on disposition of assets of $2.1 million for the same period in 2021. The gain on disposition of assets for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily resulted from a gain of $12.6 million from a contingent payment received in connection with the Company's 2018 sale of Puerto Rico assets.

Due to the above factors, operating income increased $56.5 million to $578.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $522.0 million for the same period in 2021.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, Lamar Media recorded a $21.6 million loss on debt extinguishment related to the repayment of its 5 3/4% Senior Notes. There was no loss on debt extinguishment during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Interest expense increased $21.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $127.5 million as compared to $106.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.  The increase in interest expense is primarily related to the increase in interest rates on the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program and senior credit facility.

Equity in earnings of investee was $4.3 million and $3.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as a result of an investment that occurred in July of 2021.

The increase in operating income and the decrease in loss on extinguishment of debt, offset by the increase in interest expense over the comparable period in 2021, resulted in a $58.4 million increase in net income before income taxes.

Lamar Media recorded income tax expense of $17.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to an income tax expense of $9.3 million for the same period in 2021. The $17.5 million tax expense includes an expense of $15.2 million for the reduction of Puerto Rico deferred tax assets for the year ended December 31, 2022. The $17.5 million equates to an effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 of approximately 3.8%, which differs from the federal statutory rate primarily due to our qualification for taxation as a REIT and adjustments for foreign items.

As a result of the above factors, Lamar Media recognized net income for the year ended December 31, 2022 of $439.1 million, as compared to net income of $388.9 million for the same period in 2021.

Reconciliations:

Because acquisitions occurring after December 31, 2020 have contributed to our net revenue results for the periods presented, we provide 2021 acquisition-adjusted net revenue, which adjusts our 2021 net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 by adding to or subtracting from it the net revenue generated by the acquired or divested assets prior to our acquisition or divestiture of these assets for the same time frame that those assets were owned in the year ended December 31, 2022.

Reconciliations of 2021 reported net revenue to 2021 acquisition-adjusted net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 as well as a comparison of 2021 acquisition-adjusted net revenue to 2022 reported net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, are provided below:

Reconciliation and Comparison of Reported Net Revenue to Acquisition-Adjusted Net Revenue 

	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Reported net revenue	$	2,032,140	$	1,787,401
Acquisition net revenue	—		64,114
Adjusted totals	$	2,032,140	$	1,851,515

 

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Key Performance Indicators

Net Income/Adjusted EBITDA

(in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,				Amount of Increase (Decrease)		Percent Increase (Decrease)
	2022		2021
Net income	$	439,149	$	388,908	$	50,241	12.9	%
Income tax expense	17,452		9,256		8,196
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		21,604		(21,604)
Transaction expenses	3,769		—		3,769
Interest expense (income), net	126,217		105,621		20,596
Equity in earnings of investee	(4,315)		(3,384)		(931)
Gain on disposition of assets	(15,721)		(2,115)		(13,606)
Depreciation and amortization	349,449		271,294		78,155
Capitalized contract fulfillment costs, net	(555)		(445)		(110)
Stock-based compensation expense	23,136		37,368		(14,232)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	938,581	$	828,107	$	110,474	13.3	%

Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased 13.3% to $938.6 million. The increase in adjusted EBITDA was primarily attributable to the increase in our gross margin (net revenue less direct advertising expense, exclusive of depreciation and amortization and capitalized contract fulfillment costs, net) of $153.8 million, and was partially offset by an increase in general and administrative and corporate expenses of $43.4 million, excluding the impact of stock-based compensation expense and transaction expenses.

Net Income/FFO/AFFO

(in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,				Amount of Increase (Decrease)		Percent Increase (Decrease)
	2022		2021
Net income	$	439,149	$	388,908	$	50,241	12.9	%
Depreciation and amortization related to real estate	337,387		259,933		77,454
Gain from sale or disposal of real estate	(15,415)		(1,865)		(13,550)
Adjustments for unconsolidated affiliates and non-controlling interest	(3,631)		(2,756)		(875)
FFO	$	757,490	$	644,220	$	113,270	17.6	%
Straight-line expense	3,986		2,443		1,543
Capitalized contract fulfillment costs, net	(555)		(445)		(110)
Stock-based compensation expense	23,136		37,368		(14,232)
Non-cash portion of tax provision	3,212		1,574		1,638
Non-real estate related depreciation and amortization	12,062		11,361		701
Amortization of deferred financing costs	6,158		5,877		281
Loss on extinguishment of debt	—		21,604		(21,604)
Transaction expenses	3,769		—		3,769
Capital expenditures – maintenance	(62,659)		(58,196)		(4,463)
Adjustments for unconsolidated affiliates and non-controlling interest	3,631		2,756		875
AFFO	$	750,230	$	668,562	$	81,668	12.2	%

FFO for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $757.5 million as compared to FFO of $644.2 million for the same period in 2021. AFFO for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased 12.2% to $750.2 million as compared to $668.6 million for the same period in 2021. The increase in AFFO was primarily attributable to the increase in our gross margin (net revenue

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less direct advertising expense, exclusive of depreciation and amortization and capitalized contract fulfillment costs, net), offset by an increase in total general and administrative and corporate expenses (excluding the effect of stock-based compensation expense and transaction expenses) and capital expenditures related to the maintenance of our advertising assets.

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ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Lamar Advertising Company and Lamar Media Corp.

Lamar Advertising Company is exposed to interest rate risk in connection with variable rate debt instruments issued by its wholly owned subsidiary Lamar Media Corp. The information below summarizes the Company’s interest rate risk associated with its principal variable rate debt instruments outstanding at December 31, 2022, and should be read in conjunction with Note 9 of the Notes to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

Lamar Media Corp. has variable rate debt outstanding under the senior credit facility and its Accounts Receivable Securitization Program. Because interest rates may increase or decrease at any time, the Company is exposed to market risk as a result of the impact that changes in interest rates may have on the applicable borrowings outstanding. Increases in the interest rates applicable to these borrowings would result in increased interest expense and a reduction in the Company’s net income.

At December 31, 2022 there was approximately $1.24 billion of indebtedness outstanding under the senior credit facility and Accounts Receivable Securitization Program, or approximately 37.2% of the Company’s outstanding long-term debt (including current maturities) on that date, bearing interest at variable rates. The aggregate interest expense for 2022 with respect to borrowings under the senior credit facility and the Accounts Receivable Securitization Program was $35.7 million, and the weighted average interest rate applicable to these borrowings during 2022 was 3.1%. Assuming that the weighted average interest rate was 200 basis points higher (that is 5.1% rather than 3.1%), then the Company’s 2022 interest expense would have increased by approximately $21.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company attempts to mitigate the interest rate risk resulting from its variable interest rate long-term debt instruments by issuing fixed rate long-term debt instruments and maintaining a balance over time between the amount of the Company’s variable rate and fixed rate indebtedness. In addition, the Company has the capability under the senior credit facility to fix the interest rates applicable to its borrowings at an amount equal to Adjusted LIBO Rate or Adjusted Term SOFR Rate (as applicable), or Adjusted Base Rate plus the applicable margin for periods of up to twelve months (in certain cases with the consent of the lenders), which would allow the Company to mitigate the impact of short-term fluctuations in market interest rates. In the event of an increase in interest rates, the Company may take further actions to mitigate its exposure. The Company cannot guarantee, however, that the actions that it may take to mitigate this risk will be feasible or that, if these actions are taken, that they will be effective.

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ITEM 8.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

LAMAR ADVERTISING COMPANY

AND SUBSIDIARIES