Mar. 30, 2023
Vanessa A. Countryman Secretary U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 100 F Street, N.E. Washington, D.C. 205499–1090
rule-comments@sec.gov
Ms. Countryman:
Retail Investors appreciates the immortalization of confessions from Financial Institutions, Market Makers, Family Offices, Hedge Funds, ISDA Members, & Swaps Counter-Parties on the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s (the “SEC” or “Commission”) release on proposed Rule 13f-2 (“Proposal”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Financial Institutions ISDA Counter-Parties, Hedge Funds & Family Offices full knowledge Signed ISDA and Swaps Contract “directly or indirectly, actually or synthetically, relating to such Transaction or any connected hedging activity” “that can be used to create a long or short exposure to the Shares or Index” thereby creating “Synthetic Buyer” or “Synthetic Seller”. Utilizing “Share Swap Transaction”, “Share Basket Swap Transaction”, “Index Swap Transaction”, & “Index Basket Swap Transaction” a “Custom Index Basket” without having to own the underlying Shares. The documentation & confession using financial instruments such as “rate swap transaction, basis swap, forward rate transaction, commodity swap, commodity option, equity or equity index swap, equity or equity index option, bond option, interest rate option, foreign exchange transaction, cap transaction, floor transaction, collar transaction, currency swap transaction, cross-currency rate swap transaction, currency option or any other similar transaction (including any option with respect to any of these transactions)” as defined within ISDA agreements. These instruments & “securities-based swaps underlying certain of Archegos' positions in order to raise or depress the price of and induce others to purchase those securities” “Indeed, internal counsel from the various prime brokers held a call among themselves earlier that day, agreeing that lawyers would be present on any calls between the brokers, and that the lawyers would read a script on each call making clear that no broker was permitted to disclose its Archegos-related positions”, including Counter-Parties HUDSON BAY CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LP, BARCLAYS CAPITAL INC., BNP PARIBAS, MERRILL LYNCH INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC, STATE STREET BANK AND TRUST CO., UBS SECURITIES LLC, BNP PARIBAS SECURITIES CORP., GOLDMAN SACHS & CO. LLC, MERRILL LYNCH PROFESSIONAL CLEARING CORP., UBS AG, PALOMA PARTNERS MANAGEMENT COMPANY, BOFA SECURITIES, INC., CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS INC., DEUTSCHE BANK AG, DEUTSCHE BANK SECURITIES INC., J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES LLC, MERRILL LYNCH PROFESSIONAL CLEARING CORP., MORGAN STANLEY & CO. INTERNATIONAL PLC, BARCLAYS BANK PLC, CITIGROUP GLOBAL MARKETS INC., CREDIT SUISSE SECURITIES (USA) LLC, DEUTSCHE BANK AG, DEUTSCHE BANK SECURITIES INC., GOLDMAN SACHS INTERNATIONAL, J.P. MORGAN CHASE BANK, NA, MERRILL LYNCH INTERNATIONAL, MERRILL LYNCH PROFESSIONAL CLEARING CORP., SG AMERICAS SECURITIES, LLC, THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, THE BANK OF NOVA SCOTIA, UBS SECURITIES LLC, UBS SWITZERLAND AG, WELLS FARGO BANK NA, SS&C TECHNOLOGIES, INC., SAMLYN CAPITAL, LLC, BARCLAYS CAPITAL INC., FIDELITY PRIME SERVICES, J.P. MORGAN CLEARING CORP., MORGAN STANLEY & CO., INC., NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC, BARCLAYS CAPITAL INC., FIDELITY PRIME SERVICES, MERRILL LYNCH INTERNATIONAL, MORGAN STANLEY CAPITAL SERVICES, LLC, THE NORTHERN TRUST INTERNATIONAL BANKING CORPORATION, MORGAN STANLEY FUND SERVICES (CAYMAN) LTD., “CS participated in block sales of overlapping positions on April 5 and 14, 2021, liquidating approximately $3 billion and $2.2 billion, respectively, on those dates. Otherwise, CS liquidated its other historic Archegos positions through open-market, algorithmic trading. As of April 22, 2021, CS had liquidated 97% of its Archegos exposure.” “Goldman was organizing block sales of certain ADR positions and invited CS to participate. CS ultimately participated in three such Goldmanled block trades, selling shares in Baidu, Tencent, and Vipshop Holdings. In these trades, Goldman did not disclose to CS the number of shares it was putting up in the block, and there was no agreement with Goldman as to which broker’s shares were being sold first and/or how the sales would be distributed. Apart from the block, CS engaged in algorithmic trading that day, aiming to stay within 2-3% of average daily volume. Ultimately, CS sold just over $3 billion notional on March 26, approximately $1.27 billion of which was sold in the Goldman-led block sales.” Family Office Member confession and admissions “…I and others executed trades that allowed the fund to amass market power and certain securities traded on U.S. exchanges. Archegos used securitybased swaps to gain exposure to these securities while concealing the true size of the fund’s positions from the market and our trading counterparties. Once Archegos gained market power in these securities, I and others used this power to trade in such a way as to artificially manipulate the prices of the securities. Acting at the direction of the head of the fund [Hwang], I traded to increase the prices of names in which Archegos held long positions and reduced the prices of securities in which the fund hel[d] short positions. I did this by, for example, buying large amounts of a stock when the price dropped in response to negative news or trading premarket when I knew the fund’s activity would have a greater impact on price. I manipulated the prices of these securities in order to influence others in the market to buy or sell the securities in ways that would benefit Archegos’[s] key positions and increase Archegos’[s] purchasing power through variation margin.” Using positions in “highly-liquid, larger cap issuers” towards “less liquid, China-based issuers, as well as relatively smaller cap U.S. media and technology companies” “artificially increase the market value” & “artificially inflate the share prices”. These ISDA Counter-Parties & Swaps Contracts use “manipulative trading in those stocks interrupted the natural interplay of supply and demand for those stocks – and distorted their underlying economic value for the Counterparties and other market participants – by causing at least two sets of false pricing signals in the market: (1) that the Top 10 Holdings stocks were held by a relatively broad range of market participants, reflecting a relatively broad supply and demand for those stocks – when, in fact, a single buyer (Archegos) was surreptitiously, and by fraudulent means, dominating the market for those stocks; and (2) that the prices of those stocks, both daily and over time, reflected normal market forces when, in fact, their steep climb (and ultimate precipitous fall) was due at least largely to Archegos’s fraudulently dominating the market for, and engaging in manipulative trading of, those stocks.” “These swaps allow clients to obtain "synthetic" leveraged exposure to the underlying stocks without actually owning them.” Also known instruments “derivative known as a total return swap ("TRS")”. Before making recommendations regarding the Proposal, it is important to put some ISDA members, Family Offices, & Counter-Parties own confession, admissions and documentation around the shortcomings of the current system and the Commission’s goals with this proposal in order to evaluate whether the proposal will be successful. “Short selling volume and transactions data cannot easily explain changes in short interest, exposing a gap between these two types of existing data.” Furthermore, these data sets are subject to differences in reporting lag, and can misrepresent the amount of short selling due to mismarking, manipulation & method by Hedge Funds, Family Offices, Brokerages, Financial Institution, Counter-Parties & ISDA members. These are significant and material shortcomings in the transparency of US capital markets, but the Commission neglects to acknowledge the impact of these shortcomings. The lack of transparency into short positions has led to deep mistrust & manipulation by these Financial Institutions in markets for retail investors, and especially for newer retail investors. The Commission risks alienating these investors and driving them away from US capital markets if they do not act to provide transparency and certainty for them. We Need Increased Transparency Despite the pushback from industry firms who face increased compliance costs & spotlight shining on the method of manipulation, we fully support the Commission in this rulemaking, and urge the Commission to go further with these disclosures. Our movement is born from frustration over the many complex and conflicted aspects of market structure, with a lack of transparency and visibility into the inner workings around short selling being a primary driver of our retail investor supporters. The lack of transparency around short positions, the inability to adequately quantify short interest, and the ability for firms to skirt regulation through derivative positions such as options and security-based swaps are making a mockery of our free and open markets. The inadequate ability to properly measure and understand economic short exposure leads to supply/demand imbalances in markets and affects trading prices. We often lament the fact that regulators in other jurisdictions have done more, moved further, and advanced the cause of transparency far more significantly than we have in the US. As other commentators have noted, the EU adopted a short sale reporting regime that essentially requires “immediate public disclosure of large short positions,” by individual issuers. Despite this onerous disclosure regime that goes much further than the Proposal, we agree that “a study of the impact of the EU’s regulation finds no evidence that the disclosure requirements have resulted in increased coordination or have resulted in short sellers being targeted for short squeezes.” The concerns from the industry and from the short selling community are simply not valid. Harmonizing the Proposal with European standards would provide significant benefits, both from a transparency perspective and from the short-selling investment manager’s perspective - it is far easier to comply with the same rule across multiple jurisdictions than to manage varying standards and rules from country to country. It is also important to note, from the perspective of how to set an appropriate threshold for disclosure that, as the Commission acknowledges, the European threshold of 0.5% is being gamed, and therefore setting a threshold substantially higher than that will lead to even further gaming of the threshold and disclosure avoidance. There should be little doubt that firms will attempt to game any threshold that is set, as has happened with 13F long disclosures for many years. Given the European experience with a very low threshold, we would argue that it is important to set the threshold as low as possible to mitigate any effects and impacts from firms attempting to game the threshold. Despite the constant concerns expressed in comment letters about “reverse engineering trading strategies” and the concern voiced in the proposal that there would be a “risk of retaliation towards short individual sellers… as well as the ability for market participants to engage in copy-cat strategies,” the same can be said of current 13F disclosures. Indeed there is an entire industry that follows 13F and other similar disclosures (e.g., politician trades) and allows for copy-cat strategies. The value of transparency and the need for investors, both retail and institutional, to understand the holdings of investment managers, as well as to form an accurate picture of short interest and short trading dynamics should far outweigh these concerns. The Commission has agreed with this view in crafting 13F policies, the EU has agreed with this view with their disclosure regime, and the Proposal should be expanded to include robust public disclosure at the individual manager level of this information. Finally, we would further urge the Commission to set a goal to harmonize reporting timelines for all relevant disclosures, from 13F long and short disclosures to reporting timelines for FINRA and the SROs to ensure that data is released consistently, to avoid misunderstandings and misconceptions. Choice and Control are Fundamental Investor Rights Much like the reasoning behind recent proposals from the Commission around ESG Disclosures, retail and institutional investors want to know the composition of the positions of the funds that they are investing in. While retail investors may not always have access to the type of funds that accumulate significant short positions, they may still be in the position of doing business with such firms, and they deserve to know when such firms are betting against core portfolio positions that they may be holding and may be very passionate about. The feedback from the industry has several consistent themes, but primarily it is focused on disguising short selling activity and reducing transparency. This is antithetical to the Commission’s objectives with the Proposal. Investors, both retail and institutional, cannot properly exercise their right to choose investments, counterparties and other relationships without visibility into the firms that they are investing in or doing business with. An appropriate level of transparency is absolutely required to empower investors to act in their own best interests in an informed manner. All Short Exposure Must Be Included The Proposal as currently crafted has a huge hole that must be remedied, one that the Commission is well aware of - “an investor wishing to profit from the decline of a security’s value can also trade in various derivative contracts, including options and security-based swaps.” The failure to include derivative exposure in this rule will inevitably result in firms exploiting the loophole and will drive more and more firms into the less regulated and less transparent space of derivatives. As the Commission acknowledges in the proposal, “trading in derivatives frequently leads to related trading in the stock market as derivatives’ counterparties seek to hedge their risk.” Derivatives have an impact on the market, and can have a detrimental effect on the price of stocks, as Archegos demonstrated so clearly. While the positions held by Archegos were not disclosed anywhere publicly because they had exploited a loophole in 13F disclosures, the impact on the market was material and overwhelming. Indeed, had these derivative positions been adequately disclosed, it is likely that institutional broker-dealers would have had enough information to mitigate the impact of Archegos’ trading, would have been able to recognize the significant exposure that resulted from the leverage they extended via total return swaps, and would have prevented the crisis from developing in the first place. In much the same way, it is critical for institutional broker-dealers and for retail and institutional investors to understand the extent to which individual firms have high levels of short exposure to individual stocks or ETFs, regardless of whether that exposure is via equity, through the use of derivatives or through other novel mechanisms that the Commission has not considered. Markets are changing and evolving, and as regulators impose new disclosure requirements on firms, those firms will figure out ways to game or avoid those disclosures. That’s what Archegos did with swaps, and that’s what other firms might do with other novel ways of gaining short exposure. One example of this could be through security tokens on crypto exchanges. Another could be through the use of fungible or nearly fungible holdings in foreign affiliates - both equity and derivatives. If one of the primary goals that the Commission is seeking to achieve with the Proposal is to give retail and institutional investors, along with regulators, better visibility into economic short exposure, it is imperative that all short exposure is included. We would also encourage the Commission to include ETF creation and redemption activities. “ETFs constitute 10% of U.S. equity market capitalization but over 20% of short interest and 78% of failuresto-deliver.” Authorized participants are incentivized to “operationally short” ETFs, and often fail to deliver these shares. This is a potential source of stress on financial markets, and “the potential source of stress on the financial system appears to have shifted from common stocks during the pre-crisis period to ETFs during the post-crisis period.” As such, transparency into the ETF creation and redemption process is more important now than ever before. Whether that transparency starts strictly with regulatory transparency versus public disclosure is one that the Commission will have to decide - we would urge full public disclosure of ETF activities in order for the public to more accurately and adequately evaluate the risks involved in trading ETFs, and to better understand the short interest numbers in ETFs that can vary wildly. Hedging Indicator If the Commission insists on continuing with the aggregated disclosures, we would offer one suggestion for an important change. The current proposal for categorizing a position as not hedged, partially hedged or fully hedged could lead to serious problems and misrepresentations of actual economic short exposure, which is the first shortcoming identified by the Commission. Aggregated information could actually end up being very misleading, by painting an inaccurate picture of the size of short positions despite the “hedging” distribution disclosure. “Partial” hedging could be manipulated or abused to mask true short positions (e.g., by hedging an immaterial portion of the position to flag it as “partially hedged”), and overall gross position disclosures could overstate short positions when net positions are not accounted for. A better solution would be to have the actual amount of position hedged, which could range from 0% to 100%+ if the manager’s long position is larger than the manager’s short position. This is similar to one of the alternatives proposed by the Commission, to report the delta value of hedged positions. This would be a critically important addition to the Proposal and make it far more informative if aggregation is the direction the Commission goes. Bona Fide Market Making Reporting We believe it is important that the Proposal’s provision that would “require CAT reporting firms that are reporting short sales to indicate whether such reporting firm is asserting use of the bona fide market making exception under Regulation SHO” is included in the final rule proposal. While we are encouraged by this, as it signals that surveillance teams and regulators are finally trying to better understand the use of this exception, we believe it to be an antiquated exception that is no longer applicable in modern markets, and which should be eliminated. The bona fide market making exemption is being abused, as illustrated by recent enforcement actions, and provides an unreasonable competitive advantage for firms who do not have affirmative obligations to make continuous markets on lit exchanges. As the Commission acknowledges in the proposal, “[f]irms that do not need to obtain a locate prior to effecting a short sale, on the basis of the bona fide market making exception, have a competitive advantage over firms that are required to obtain a locate because these firms can trade more quickly and more easily adjust to or take advantage of changing market conditions.” It is also possible that market makers are using the bona fide market making exception to include transactions and arrangements where other broker-dealers or customers are using the market maker’s exception to avoid compliance with Regulation SHO. It is important that the SEC and FINRA have the surveillance tools and data necessary to police markets, and including this data in CAT should be an easy decision. While it is outside the scope of the Proposal, we believe that market structure reform should focus on leveling the playing field, and fostering more robust and verdant competition in markets. Repealing regulation that affirmatively advantages certain firms over other firms is an important step in that direction. Conclusion Retail Investors appreciate the opportunity to respond to the Proposal & immortalization of confessions from Financial Institutions, Market Makers, Family Offices, Hedge Funds, ISDA Members, & Swaps Counter-Parties. Thank you for considering our comments and we would be happy for ISDA Members, & Swaps Counter-Parties contracts and admission to answer any questions or further explain any of the points.
Sincerely,
[Retail Investor]
[Sun Tzu: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy. To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself]