Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of Consolidation: The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the Company in which a controlling interest is maintained. Investments in affiliated companies where the Company exercises significant influence, but does not control, and the activities of which it is not the primary beneficiary, are accounted for using the equity method. All intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation.
Revenue	Revenue: A contract exists when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. Revenue is generally recognized as performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer of the Company are satisfied. Of the Company's revenue, approximately 90% is from fixed-price contracts and continues to be recognized as of a point in time when products are shipped from the Company's manufacturing or distribution facilities or at a later point in time when control of the products transfers to the customer. The Company recognizes approximately 10% of revenue over time primarily for certain sales of customer-specific product as it satisfies the performance obligations because of the continuous transfer of control to the customer, supported as follows: •For U.S. government contracts, the customer is allowed to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience, and is required to pay the Company for costs incurred plus a reasonable margin and can take control of any work in process. •For certain non-U.S. government contracts involving customer-specific products, the customer controls the work in process based on contractual termination clauses or restrictions on the Company's use of the product, and the Company possesses a right to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable margin. •For certain service contracts, this continuous transfer of control to the customer occurs as the Company's service enhances assets that the customer owns and controls at all times, and the Company is contractually entitled to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable margin. As a result of control transferring over time, revenue is recognized based on progress toward completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. The Company has elected to use the cost-to-cost input measure of progress for these contracts because it best depicts the transfer of goods or services to the customer based on incurring costs on the contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. The pricing and payment terms for non-U.S. government contracts are based on the Company's standard terms and conditions or the result of specific negotiations with each customer. The Company's standard terms and conditions require payment 30 to 90 days from the invoice date based on geographic region, but the timing of payment for specific negotiated terms may vary. The Company also has both prime and subcontracts in support of the provision of goods and services to the U.S. government. Certain of these contracts are subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulation ("FAR") and are priced based on competitive market prices. Under the payment terms of certain of these U.S. government fixed-price contracts, the customer pays the Company performance-based payments, which are interim payments of up to 90% of the costs incurred to date based on quantifiable measures of performance or on the achievement of specified events or milestones. Because the customer retains a portion of the contract price until completion of such contracts, certain of these U.S. government fixed-price contracts result in revenue recognized in excess of billings, which is presented within "Unbilled receivables" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The portion of the payments retained by the customer until final contract settlement is not considered a significant financing component because the intent is to protect the customer. Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies (continued) Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Sales, value-added, and other taxes the Company collects concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. As a practical expedient, the Company may exclude an assessment of whether promised goods are performance obligations, if such promised goods are immaterial to the customer contract taken as a whole, and combine these with other performance obligations. The Company has also elected not to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of any significant financing component where the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Company transfers a promised good to a customer and when the customer pays for that good will be one year or less. Finally, the Company's policy is to exclude performance obligations resulting from contracts with a duration of one year or less from its disclosures related to remaining performance obligations. The amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods and services is not generally subject to significant variations. However, the Company does offer certain customers rebates, prompt payment discounts, end-user discounts, the right to return eligible products, and/or other forms of variable consideration. The Company estimates this variable consideration using the expected value amount, which is based on historical experience. The Company includes estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The Company adjusts the estimate of revenue at the earlier of when the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive changes or when the consideration becomes fixed. The Company recognizes the cost of freight and shipping when control of the products or services has transferred to the customer as an expense in "Cost of products sold" on the Consolidated Statements of Income, because those are costs incurred to fulfill the promise recognized, not a separate performance obligation. To the extent certain freight and shipping fees are charged to customers, the Company recognizes the amounts charged to customers as revenues and the related costs as an expense in "Cost of products sold" when control of the related products or services has transferred to the customer. Contracts are occasionally modified to account for changes in contract specifications, requirements, and pricing. The Company considers contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new enforceable rights and obligations or changes existing ones. Substantially all of the Company's contract modifications are for goods or services that are distinct from the existing contract. Therefore, the effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and the Company's measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is generally recognized on a prospective basis.
Cash Equivalents	Cash Equivalents: The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.
Restricted Cash	Restricted Cash: Cash and cash equivalents of $0.4 million were restricted at December 31, 2024 and 2023.
Accounts Receivable, Less Allowance	Accounts Receivable, Less Allowances: Accounts receivable, less allowances on the Consolidated Balance Sheets include amounts billed and currently due from customers. The amounts due are stated at their net estimated realizable value. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, which represents an estimate of the losses expected from the accounts receivable portfolio, to reduce accounts receivable to their net realizable value. The allowance is based upon historical trends in collections and write-offs, management's judgment of the probability of collecting accounts and management's evaluation of business risk. The Company extends credit to customers satisfying predefined credit criteria. The Company believes it has limited concentration of credit risk due to the diversity of its customer base.
Unbilled Receivables	Unbilled Receivables: Unbilled receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets primarily include unbilled amounts typically resulting from sales under long-term contracts when the following conditions exist: (i) cost-to-cost method of revenue recognition is utilized; (ii) the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer; and (iii) the right to payment is generally subject to the passage of time as milestones are achieved. The amounts recorded for unbilled receivables do not exceed their net realizable value.
Inventories	Inventories: Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with approximately 59% valued by the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method and the remaining 41% valued by the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") method. The majority of the Company’s domestic inventories are valued by the LIFO method, while substantially all of the Company’s international inventories are valued by the FIFO method.
Investments	Investments: Short-term investments are investments with maturities between four months and one year and are valued at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. The Company held short-term investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 with a fair value and cost basis of $15.9 million and $31.6 million, respectively, which were included in "Other current assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Property, Plant and Equipment	Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is valued at cost less accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The provision for depreciation is computed by the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets. The useful lives are 10 to 30 years for buildings, three to 10 years for computer software and three to 20 years for machinery and equipment. The impairment of long-lived assets is evaluated when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset or related group of assets may not be recoverable. If the expected future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized at that time to reduce the asset to the lower of its fair value or its net book value.
Leases	Leases: The Company determines if any arrangement is a lease at the inception of a contract. For leases where the Company is the lessee, it recognizes lease assets and related lease liabilities at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit interest rate. As a result, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The lease assets also consist of amounts for favorable or unfavorable lease terms related to acquisitions. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense while the expense for finance leases is recognized as depreciation expense and interest expense using the accelerated interest method of recognition. A lease asset and lease liability are not recorded for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, and the lease expense related to these leases is recognized as incurred over the lease term.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line method over their legal or estimated useful lives, with useful lives ranging from one to 20 years. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization are tested for impairment at least annually. The Company performs its annual impairment test as of October 1st. Furthermore, goodwill and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable in accordance with accounting rules related to goodwill and other intangible assets.
Purchase accounting and business combinations	Purchase accounting and business combinations: Assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as part of a business combination are recognized at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The Company considers inputs to value the assets and liabilities by taking into account competitive trends, market comparisons, independent appraisals, and historical data, among other factors, as supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions. The valuation inputs in these analyses are based on market participant assumptions. The Company may refine these estimates and record adjustments to an asset or liability with the offset to goodwill during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of the assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.
Product Warranties	Product Warranties: The Company provides limited warranties on certain of its products. The Company accrues liabilities for warranties generally based upon specific claims and in certain instances based on historical warranty claim experience in accordance with accounting rules relating to contingent liabilities. When the Company becomes aware of a specific potential warranty claim for which liability is probable and reasonably estimable, a specific charge is recorded and accounted for accordingly. Adjustments are made quarterly to the accruals as claim data and historical experience change.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes: The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The Company recognizes valuation allowances against deferred tax assets by tax jurisdiction when it is more likely than not those assets will not be realized. Accruals for uncertain tax positions are provided for in accordance with ASC 740-10. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The Company has elected to account for Global Intangible Low Tax Income as a period cost.
Foreign Currency	Foreign Currency: Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries are translated at the rate of exchange in effect on the balance sheet date; income and expenses are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the reporting period. Translation adjustments for assets and liabilities are reflected as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss (income). Foreign currency gains and losses resulting from transactions are included in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits	Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits: The Company recognizes actuarial gains and losses immediately through net periodic benefit cost upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis if specific events trigger a remeasurement. Actuarial gains and losses are excluded from segment results, while all other components of net periodic benefit cost will continue to be included within segment results.
Stock-Based Compensation	Stock-Based Compensation: The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense over the related vesting period of the awards based on the fair value on the grant date. Stock options are issued with an exercise price equal to the opening market price of Timken common shares on the date of grant. The fair value of stock options is determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, which incorporates assumptions regarding the expected volatility, the expected option life, the risk-free interest rate and the expected dividend yield. The fair value of stock-based awards that will settle in Timken common shares, other than stock options, is based on the opening market price of Timken common shares on the grant date. The fair value of stock-based awards that will settle in cash are remeasured at each reporting period until settlement of the awards. The Company recognizes forfeitures on stock-based awards as they occur.
Earnings Per Share	Earnings Per Share: Earnings per share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, adjusted for the dilutive impact of potential common shares for share-based compensation awards.
Derivative Instruments	Derivative Instruments: The Company recognizes all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings. If the derivative is designated and qualifies as a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are either offset against the change in fair value of the hedged assets, liabilities or firm commitments through earnings or recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The Company’s holdings of forward foreign currency exchange contracts qualify as derivatives pursuant to the criteria established in derivative accounting guidance, and the Company has designated certain of those derivatives as hedges.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates: The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Because actual results could differ from these estimates, the Company reviews and updates these estimates and assumptions regularly to reflect recent experience.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements: New Accounting Guidance Adopted: In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280). ASU 2023-07 requires that a public entity disclose: (1) on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss; (2) on an annual and interim basis, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition; and (3) the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the segment expenses disclosed and each reported measure of segment profit or loss. For public business entities, the new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted the new guidance in the fourth quarter of 2024. Refer to Note 4 - Segment Information in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. New Accounting Guidance Issued and Not Yet Adopted: In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). ASU 2024-03 requires that a public entity disclose the detailed information about types of expense. Specifically, a public entity would disclose the amounts of (a) purchases of inventory, (b) employee compensation, (c) depreciation and (d) intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption. A relevant expense caption is an expense caption presented on the face of the income statement within continuing operations that contains any of the expense categories listed in (a)–(d). In addition, a public entity should include certain amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current GAAP in the same disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements. A public entity would also disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively and disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. For public business entities, the new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 40). ASU 2023-09 is intended to enhance the transparency and decision to improve the usefulness of income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The amendments in this update require that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The amendments require that all entities disclose on an annual basis the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated for federal, state, and foreign taxes and further disaggregated for specific jurisdictions to the extent the related amounts exceed a quantitative threshold. For public business entities, the new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is preparing to adopt the new guidance in 2025.
Government Assistance	From time to time, the Company receives government assistance in the form of grants and other incentives from various governments to support capital projects and other business development. The amounts received are typically based on the amount of qualifying capital expenditures or business development costs in the countries providing the government assistance. The Company typically has to meet certain requirements, such as adding or maintaining a specified number of qualifying positions, to retain the government assistance or the funds can be clawed back by the government. Once the Company determines that it will meet the requirements of the government assistance, the funds are recognized over the life of the related assets or as the costs are incurred. For amounts that are expected to be paid back, the Company recognizes applicable interest expense.

Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Principles of Consolidation:

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts and operations of the Company in which a controlling interest is maintained. Investments in affiliated companies where the Company exercises significant influence, but does not control, and the activities of which it is not the primary beneficiary, are accounted for using the equity method. All intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation.

Revenue

Revenue:

A contract exists when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable.

Revenue is generally recognized as performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer of the Company are satisfied. Of the Company's revenue, approximately 90% is from fixed-price contracts and continues to be recognized as of a point in time when products are shipped from the Company's manufacturing or distribution facilities or at a later point in time when control of the products transfers to the customer. The Company recognizes approximately 10% of revenue over time primarily for certain sales of customer-specific product as it satisfies the performance obligations because of the continuous transfer of control to the customer, supported as follows:

•For U.S. government contracts, the customer is allowed to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience, and is required to pay the Company for costs incurred plus a reasonable margin and can take control of any work in process.

•For certain non-U.S. government contracts involving customer-specific products, the customer controls the work in process based on contractual termination clauses or restrictions on the Company's use of the product, and the Company possesses a right to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable margin.

•For certain service contracts, this continuous transfer of control to the customer occurs as the Company's service enhances assets that the customer owns and controls at all times, and the Company is contractually entitled to payment for work performed to date plus a reasonable margin.

As a result of control transferring over time, revenue is recognized based on progress toward completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. The Company has elected to use the cost-to-cost input measure of progress for these contracts because it best depicts the transfer of goods or services to the customer based on incurring costs on the contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred.

The pricing and payment terms for non-U.S. government contracts are based on the Company's standard terms and conditions or the result of specific negotiations with each customer. The Company's standard terms and conditions require payment 30 to 90 days from the invoice date based on geographic region, but the timing of payment for specific negotiated terms may vary. The Company also has both prime and subcontracts in support of the provision of goods and services to the U.S. government. Certain of these contracts are subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulation ("FAR") and are priced based on competitive market prices. Under the payment terms of certain of these U.S. government fixed-price contracts, the customer pays the Company performance-based payments, which are interim payments of up to 90% of the costs incurred to date based on quantifiable measures of performance or on the achievement of specified events or milestones. Because the customer retains a portion of the contract price until completion of such contracts, certain of these U.S. government fixed-price contracts result in revenue recognized in excess of billings, which is presented within "Unbilled receivables" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The portion of the payments retained by the customer until final contract settlement is not considered a significant financing component because the intent is to protect the customer.

Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. Sales, value-added, and other taxes the Company collects concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. As a practical expedient, the Company may exclude an assessment of whether promised goods are performance obligations, if such promised goods are immaterial to the customer contract taken as a whole, and combine these with other performance obligations. The Company has also elected not to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of any significant financing component where the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Company transfers a promised good to a customer and when the customer pays for that good will be one year or less. Finally, the Company's policy is to exclude performance obligations resulting from contracts with a duration of one year or less from its disclosures related to remaining performance obligations.

The amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods and services is not generally subject to significant variations. However, the Company does offer certain customers rebates, prompt payment discounts, end-user discounts, the right to return eligible products, and/or other forms of variable consideration. The Company estimates this variable consideration using the expected value amount, which is based on historical experience. The Company includes estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The Company adjusts the estimate of revenue at the earlier of when the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive changes or when the consideration becomes fixed. The Company recognizes the cost of freight and shipping when control of the products or services has transferred to the customer as an expense in "Cost of products sold" on the Consolidated Statements of Income, because those are costs incurred to fulfill the promise recognized, not a separate performance obligation. To the extent certain freight and shipping fees are charged to customers, the Company recognizes the amounts charged to customers as revenues and the related costs as an expense in "Cost of products sold" when control of the related products or services has transferred to the customer.

Contracts are occasionally modified to account for changes in contract specifications, requirements, and pricing. The Company considers contract modifications to exist when the modification either creates new enforceable rights and obligations or changes existing ones. Substantially all of the Company's contract modifications are for goods or services that are distinct from the existing contract. Therefore, the effect of a contract modification on the transaction price and the Company's measure of progress for the performance obligation to which it relates is generally recognized on a prospective basis.

Cash Equivalents

Cash Equivalents:

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted Cash:

Cash and cash equivalents of $0.4 million were restricted at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Accounts Receivable, Less Allowance

Accounts Receivable, Less Allowances:

Accounts receivable, less allowances on the Consolidated Balance Sheets include amounts billed and currently due from customers. The amounts due are stated at their net estimated realizable value. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, which represents an estimate of the losses expected from the accounts receivable portfolio, to reduce accounts receivable to their net realizable value. The allowance is based upon historical trends in collections and write-offs, management's judgment of the probability of collecting accounts and management's evaluation of business risk. The Company extends credit to customers satisfying predefined credit criteria. The Company believes it has limited concentration of credit risk due to the diversity of its customer base.

Unbilled Receivables

Unbilled Receivables:

Unbilled receivables on the Consolidated Balance Sheets primarily include unbilled amounts typically resulting from sales under long-term contracts when the following conditions exist: (i) cost-to-cost method of revenue recognition is utilized; (ii) the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer; and (iii) the right to payment is generally subject to the passage of time as milestones are achieved. The amounts recorded for unbilled receivables do not exceed their net realizable value.

Inventories

Inventories:

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with approximately 59% valued by the first-in, first-out ("FIFO") method and the remaining 41% valued by the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") method. The majority of the Company’s domestic inventories are valued by the LIFO method, while substantially all of the Company’s international inventories are valued by the FIFO method.

Investments

Investments:

Short-term investments are investments with maturities between four months and one year and are valued at amortized cost, which approximates fair value. The Company held short-term investments as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 with a fair value and cost basis of $15.9 million and $31.6 million, respectively, which were included in "Other current assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, Plant and Equipment:

Property, plant and equipment, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets is valued at cost less accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. The provision for depreciation is computed by the straight-line method based upon the estimated useful lives of the assets. The useful lives are 10 to 30 years for buildings, three to 10 years for computer software and three to 20 years for machinery and equipment.

The impairment of long-lived assets is evaluated when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset or related group of assets may not be recoverable. If the expected future undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recognized at that time to reduce the asset to the lower of its fair value or its net book value.

Leases

Leases:

The Company determines if any arrangement is a lease at the inception of a contract. For leases where the Company is the lessee, it recognizes lease assets and related lease liabilities at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit interest rate. As a result, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The lease assets also consist of amounts for favorable or unfavorable lease terms related to acquisitions. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense while the expense for finance leases is recognized as depreciation expense and interest expense using the accelerated interest method of recognition. A lease asset and lease liability are not recorded for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, and the lease expense related to these leases is recognized as incurred over the lease term.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets:

Intangible assets subject to amortization are amortized on a straight-line method over their legal or estimated useful lives, with useful lives ranging from one to 20 years. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets not subject to amortization are tested for impairment at least annually. The Company performs its annual impairment test as of October 1st. Furthermore, goodwill and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying values may not be recoverable in accordance with accounting rules related to goodwill and other intangible assets.

Purchase accounting and business combinations

Purchase accounting and business combinations:

Assets acquired and the liabilities assumed as part of a business combination are recognized at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The Company considers inputs to value the assets and liabilities by taking into account competitive trends, market comparisons, independent appraisals, and historical data, among other factors, as supplemented by current and anticipated market conditions. The valuation inputs in these analyses are based on market participant assumptions. The Company may refine these estimates and record adjustments to an asset or liability with the offset to goodwill during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of the assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income.

Product Warranties

Product Warranties:

The Company provides limited warranties on certain of its products. The Company accrues liabilities for warranties generally based upon specific claims and in certain instances based on historical warranty claim experience in accordance with accounting rules relating to contingent liabilities. When the Company becomes aware of a specific potential warranty claim for which liability is probable and reasonably estimable, a specific charge is recorded and accounted for accordingly. Adjustments are made quarterly to the accruals as claim data and historical experience change.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes:

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The Company recognizes valuation allowances against deferred tax assets by tax jurisdiction when it is more likely than not those assets will not be realized. Accruals for uncertain tax positions are provided for in accordance with ASC 740-10. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense. The Company has elected to account for Global Intangible Low Tax Income as a period cost.

Foreign Currency

Foreign Currency:

Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries are translated at the rate of exchange in effect on the balance sheet date; income and expenses are translated at the average rates of exchange prevailing during the reporting period. Translation adjustments for assets and liabilities are reflected as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss (income). Foreign currency gains and losses resulting from transactions are included in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits:

The Company recognizes actuarial gains and losses immediately through net periodic benefit cost upon the annual remeasurement in the fourth quarter, or on an interim basis if specific events trigger a remeasurement. Actuarial gains and losses are excluded from segment results, while all other components of net periodic benefit cost will continue to be included within segment results.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation:

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense over the related vesting period of the awards based on the fair value on the grant date. Stock options are issued with an exercise price equal to the opening market price of Timken common shares on the date of grant. The fair value of stock options is determined using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, which incorporates assumptions regarding the expected volatility, the expected option life, the risk-free interest rate and the expected dividend yield. The fair value of stock-based awards that will settle in Timken common shares, other than stock options, is based on the opening market price of Timken common shares on the grant date. The fair value of stock-based awards that will settle in cash are remeasured at each reporting period until settlement of the awards. The Company recognizes forfeitures on stock-based awards as they occur.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share:

Earnings per share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, adjusted for the dilutive impact of potential common shares for share-based compensation awards.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments:

The Company recognizes all derivatives on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Derivatives that are not designated as hedges are adjusted to fair value through earnings. If the derivative is designated and qualifies as a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are either offset against the change in fair value of the hedged assets, liabilities or firm commitments through earnings or recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) until the hedged item is recognized in earnings. The Company’s holdings of forward foreign currency exchange contracts qualify as derivatives pursuant to the criteria established in derivative accounting guidance, and the Company has designated certain of those derivatives as hedges.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates:

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Because actual results could differ from these estimates, the Company reviews and updates these estimates and assumptions regularly to reflect recent experience.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent Accounting Pronouncements:

New Accounting Guidance Adopted:

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280). ASU 2023-07 requires that a public entity disclose: (1) on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss; (2) on an annual and interim basis, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition; and (3) the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the segment expenses disclosed and each reported measure of segment profit or loss. For public business entities, the new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted the new guidance in the fourth quarter of 2024. Refer to Note 4 - Segment Information in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

New Accounting Guidance Issued and Not Yet Adopted:

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). ASU 2024-03 requires that a public entity disclose the detailed information about types of expense. Specifically, a public entity would disclose the amounts of (a) purchases of inventory, (b) employee compensation, (c) depreciation and (d) intangible asset amortization included in each relevant expense caption. A relevant expense caption is an expense caption presented on the face of the income statement within continuing operations that contains any of the expense categories listed in (a)–(d). In addition, a public entity should include certain amounts that are already required to be disclosed under current GAAP in the same disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements. A public entity would also disclose a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively and disclose the total amount of selling expenses and, in annual reporting periods, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. For public business entities, the new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 40). ASU 2023-09 is intended to enhance the transparency and decision to improve the usefulness of income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The amendments in this update require that public business entities on an annual basis (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The amendments require that all entities disclose on an annual basis the amount of income taxes paid disaggregated for federal, state, and foreign taxes and further disaggregated for specific jurisdictions to the extent the related amounts exceed a quantitative threshold. For public business entities, the new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is preparing to adopt the new guidance in 2025.

Government Assistance

From time to time, the Company receives government assistance in the form of grants and other incentives from various governments to support capital projects and other business development. The amounts received are typically based on the amount of qualifying capital expenditures or business development costs in the countries providing the government assistance. The Company typically has to meet certain requirements, such as adding or maintaining a specified number of qualifying positions, to retain the government assistance or the funds can be clawed back by the government. Once the Company determines that it will meet the requirements of the government assistance, the funds are recognized over the life of the related assets or as the costs are incurred. For amounts that are expected to be paid back, the Company recognizes applicable interest expense.