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Other Expense, Net
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]  
Other Expense, Net [Text Block]
Note 5. Other Expense/Income, Net
In all periods, other expense, net includes currency transaction gains and losses on monetary assets and liabilities and net periodic pension benefit cost/income, excluding the service cost component which is included in operating expenses on the accompanying statement of income. In 2019, other expense, net includes $184 million of losses on the early extinguishment of debt (see Note 10), offset in part by $44 million of net gains on investments. The investment gains include a $28 million gain on the sale of a joint venture for net proceeds of $42 million.
In 2018, other expense, net also includes $15 million of net losses on investments.
In 2017, other expense, net includes $32 million of charges related to amortization of fees paid to obtain bridge financing commitments related to the Patheon acquisition (Note 2) and $4 million of losses on the early extinguishment of debt, offset in part by $17 million of net gains on investments.