Valuation of Debt and Equity Investments and Certain Liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Valuation of debt and equity investments and certain liabilities

4. Valuation of debt and equity investments and certain liabilities

Debt and equity investments measured at fair value

Available-for-sale debt investments and trading securities are stated at fair value, which is generally based on market prices or broker quotes. See Fair-value considerations below. Unrealized gains and losses from available-for-sale debt securities are recorded as an increase or decrease, net of taxes, in AOCI on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Other-than-temporary impairments on available-for-sale debt securities are recorded in OI&E in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

We classify certain mutual funds as trading securities. These mutual funds hold a variety of debt and equity investments intended to generate returns that offset changes in certain deferred compensation liabilities. We record changes in the fair value of these mutual funds and the related deferred compensation liabilities in SG&A.

Other equity investments

Our other investments include equity-method investments and non-marketable equity investments, which are not measured at fair value. These investments consist of interests in venture capital funds and other non-marketable equity securities. Gains and losses from equity-method investments are recognized in OI&E based on our ownership share of the investee’s financial results.

Non-marketable equity securities are measured at cost with adjustments for observable changes in price or impairments. Gains and losses on non-marketable equity investments are recognized in OI&E.

Details of our investments are as follows:

	March 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
	Cash and Cash		Short-Term		Long-Term		Cash and Cash		Short-Term		Long-Term
	Equivalents		Investments		Investments		Equivalents		Investments		Investments
Measured at fair value:
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Money market funds	$	1,073	$	—	$	—	$	747	$	—	$	—
Corporate obligations		865		266		—		473		748		—
U.S. government agency and Treasury securities		1,497		100		—		988		1,047		—
Trading securities:
Mutual funds		—		—		250		—		—		226
Total		3,435		366		250		2,208		1,795		226

Other measurement basis:
Equity-method investments		—		—		27		—		—		21
Non-marketable equity investments		—		—		4		—		—		4
Cash on hand		285		—		—		230		—		—
Total	$	3,720	$	366	$	281	$	2,438	$	1,795	$	251

As of March 31, 2019, and December 31, 2018, unrealized gains and losses associated with our available-for-sale investments were not material. We did not recognize any credit losses related to available-for-sale investments for the first three months of 2019 and 2018.

Proceeds from sales, redemptions and maturities of short-term available-for-sale investments were $1.58 billion and $1.46 billion for the first quarters of 2019 and 2018, respectively. Gross realized gains and losses from these sales were not material.

The following table presents the aggregate maturities of our available-for-sale debt investments as of March 31, 2019:

	Fair Value
One year or less	$	3,644
One to two years		157

There were no other-than-temporary declines and impairments in the values of our debt investments in the first three months of 2019 or 2018.

Fair-value considerations

We measure and report certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

The three-level hierarchy discussed below indicates the extent and level of judgment used to estimate fair-value measurements.

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Level 1 – Uses unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date.

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Level 2 – Uses inputs other than Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date through correlation with market data, including quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and quoted prices in markets that are not active. Level 2 also includes assets and liabilities that are valued using models or other pricing methodologies that do not require significant judgment since the input assumptions used in the models, such as interest rates and volatility factors, are corroborated by readily observable data. We utilize a third-party data service to provide Level 2 valuations. We verify these valuations for reasonableness relative to unadjusted quotes obtained from brokers or dealers based on observable prices for similar assets in active markets.

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Level 3 – Uses inputs that are unobservable, supported by little or no market activity and reflect the use of significant management judgment. These values are generally determined using pricing models that utilize management estimates of market participant assumptions. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we had no Level 3 assets or liabilities.

The following are our assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis. These tables do not include cash on hand, assets held by our postretirement plans, or assets and liabilities that are measured at historical cost or any basis other than fair value.

	March 31, 2019						December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	1,073	$	—	$	1,073	$	747	$	—	$	747
Corporate obligations		—		1,131		1,131		—		1,221		1,221
U.S. government agency and Treasury securities		1,597		—		1,597		2,035		—		2,035
Mutual funds		250		—		250		226		—		226
Total assets	$	2,920	$	1,131	$	4,051	$	3,008	$	1,221	$	4,229

Liabilities:
Deferred compensation	$	266	$	—	$	266	$	246	$	—	$	246
Total liabilities	$	266	$	—	$	266	$	246	$	—	$	246