2. Basis of presentation and significant accounting policies and practices

Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP). The basis of these financial statements is comparable for all periods presented herein, except for the adoption of a new accounting standard in the fourth quarter of 2016 related to stock compensation, which includes certain provisions applied prospectively. See Changes in accounting standards for further information.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of all subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. All dollar amounts in the financial statements and tables in these notes, except per-share amounts, are stated in millions of U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated. We have reclassified certain amounts in the prior periods’ financial statements to conform to the 2016 presentation, retrospectively applying certain provisions of the new accounting standard related to stock compensation.

The preparation of financial statements requires the use of estimates from which final results may vary.

Significant accounting policies and practices

Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue from sales of our products, including sales to our distributors, when title and risk of loss pass, which usually occurs upon shipment or delivery to the customer or distributor, depending upon the terms of the sales order; when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; when sales amounts are fixed or determinable; and when collectability is reasonably assured. For sales to distributors, payment is due on our standard commercial terms and is not contingent upon resale of the products.

Revenue from sales of our products that are subject to inventory consignment agreements, including consignment arrangements with distributors, is recognized in accordance with the principles discussed above. Delivery occurs when the customer or distributor pulls product from consignment inventory that we store at designated locations.

We recognize revenue net of allowances, which are management’s estimates of future credits to be granted to customers or distributors under programs common in the semiconductor industry. These allowances, which are not material, generally include volume-based incentives, product returns due to quality issues, incentives designed to maximize growth opportunities and special pricing arrangements. Allowances are based on analysis of historical data, current economic conditions and contractual terms and are recorded when revenue is recognized. We believe we can reasonably and reliably estimate allowances for credits to distributors in a timely manner.

In addition, we record allowances for accounts receivable that we estimate may not be collected. We monitor collectability of accounts receivable primarily through review of the accounts receivable aging. When collection is at risk, we assess the impact on amounts recorded for bad debts and, if necessary, will record a charge in the period such determination is made.

We recognize in revenue shipping fees, if any, received from customers. We include shipping and handling costs in COR. The majority of our customers pay these fees directly to third parties.

Advertising costs

We expense advertising and other promotional costs as incurred. This expense was $44 million in 2016, $46 million in 2015 and $45 million in 2014.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes using an asset and liability approach. We record the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year and the deferred tax assets and liabilities for future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or tax returns. We record a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Other assessed taxes

Some transactions require us to collect taxes such as sales, value-added and excise taxes from our customers. These transactions are presented in our Consolidated Statements of Income on a net (excluded from revenue) basis.

Earnings per share (EPS)

Unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to receive dividends or dividend equivalents, such as our restricted stock units (RSUs), are considered to be participating securities and the two-class method is used for purposes of calculating EPS. Under the two-class method, a portion of Net income is allocated to these participating securities and, therefore, is excluded from the calculation of EPS allocated to common stock, as shown in the table below.

Computation and reconciliation of earnings per common share are as follows (shares in millions):

	For Years Ended December 31,
	2016							2015							2014
	Net							Net							Net
	Income			Shares		EPS		Income			Shares		EPS		Income			Shares		EPS
Basic EPS:
Net income	$	3,595						$	2,986						$	2,821
Income allocated to RSUs		(45	)						(43	)						(44	)
Income allocated to common stock for basic EPS calculation	$	3,550			1,003	$	3.54	$	2,943			1,030	$	2.86	$	2,777			1,065	$	2.61

Adjustment for dilutive shares:
Stock compensation plans					18							13							15

Diluted EPS:
Net income	$	3,595						$	2,986						$	2,821
Income allocated to RSUs		(44	)						(42	)						(43	)
Income allocated to common stock for diluted EPS calculation	$	3,551			1,021	$	3.48	$	2,944			1,043	$	2.82	$	2,778			1,080	$	2.57

No potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share during 2016. Potentially dilutive securities representing 12 million and 11 million shares of common stock that were outstanding in 2015 and 2014, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per common share for these periods because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

Investments

We present investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as cash equivalents, short-term investments or long-term investments. Specific details are as follows:

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Cash equivalents and short-term investments: We consider investments in debt securities with maturities of 90 days or less from the date of our investment to be cash equivalents. We consider investments in debt securities with maturities beyond 90 days from the date of our investment as being available for use in current operations and include them in short-term investments. The primary objectives of our cash equivalent and short-term investment activities are to preserve capital and maintain liquidity while generating appropriate returns.

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Long-term investments: Long-term investments consist of mutual funds, venture capital funds and non-marketable equity securities.

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Classification of investments: Depending on our reasons for holding the investment and our ownership percentage, we classify our investments as either available for sale, trading, equity method or cost method, which are more fully described in Note 8. We determine cost or amortized cost, as appropriate, on a specific identification basis.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value. Cost is generally computed on a currently adjusted standard cost basis, which approximates cost on a first-in first-out basis. Standard cost is based on the normal utilization of installed factory capacity. Cost associated with underutilization of capacity is expensed as incurred. Inventory held at consignment locations is included in our finished goods inventory. Consigned inventory was $334 million and $275 million as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

We review inventory quarterly for salability and obsolescence. A statistical allowance is provided for inventory considered unlikely to be sold. The statistical allowance is based on an analysis of historical disposal activity, historical customer shipments, as well as estimated future sales. A specific allowance for each material type will be carried if there is a significant event not captured by the statistical allowance. We write off inventory in the period in which disposal occurs.

Property, plant and equipment; acquisition-related intangibles; and other capitalized costs

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. Our cost basis includes certain assets acquired in business combinations that were initially recorded at fair value as of the date of acquisition. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the remaining lease term or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. We amortize acquisition-related intangibles on a straight-line basis over the estimated economic life of the assets. Capitalized software licenses generally are amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the license. Fully depreciated or amortized assets are written off against accumulated depreciation or amortization.

Impairments of long-lived assets

We regularly review whether facts or circumstances exist that indicate the carrying values of property, plant and equipment or other long-lived assets, including intangible assets, are impaired. We assess the recoverability of assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with those assets to their respective carrying amounts. Any impairment charge is based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of those assets. Fair value is determined by available market valuations, if applicable, or by discounted cash flows.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles

Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently if certain impairment indicators arise. We perform our annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1 for our reporting units, which compares the fair value for each reporting unit to its associated carrying value, including goodwill. See Note 9 for additional information.

Foreign currency

The functional currency for our non-U.S. subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Accounts recorded in currencies other than the U.S. dollar are remeasured into the functional currency. Current assets (except inventories), deferred income taxes, other assets, current liabilities and long-term liabilities are remeasured at exchange rates in effect at the end of each reporting period. Property, plant and equipment with associated depreciation and inventories are valued at historical exchange rates. Revenue and expense accounts other than depreciation for each month are remeasured at the appropriate daily rate of exchange. Currency exchange gains and losses from remeasurement are credited or charged to OI&E. See Note 13 for additional information.

Derivatives and hedging

We use derivative financial instruments to manage exposure to foreign exchange risk. These instruments are primarily forward foreign currency exchange contracts, which are used as economic hedges to reduce the earnings impact that exchange rate fluctuations may have on our non-U.S. dollar net balance sheet exposures. Gains and losses from changes in the fair value of these forward foreign currency exchange contracts are credited or charged to OI&E. We do not apply hedge accounting to our foreign currency derivative instruments.

In connection with the issuance of long-term debt, we use financial derivatives such as treasury-rate lock agreements that are recognized in AOCI and amortized over the life of the related debt. The results of these derivative transactions have not been material.

We do not use derivatives for speculative or trading purposes.

Changes in accounting standards

Adopted standards for current period

In May 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2015-07, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or Its Equivalent). This standard removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy certain investments for which fair value is not readily available but measured using the net asset value per share. This standard was effective beginning January 1, 2016, and prior period amounts have been retrospectively adjusted for consistency in presentation. Our adoption of this standard only affects our presentation of fair values of postretirement plan assets in Note 10 and does not impact our financial position and results of operations.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. This standard provides for several changes to the accounting for stock compensation, including a requirement that certain income-tax effects of awards be recognized in Net income in the period in which the awards are settled or vested, rather than recognized as Paid-in capital in the equity section of the balance sheet. The standard also changes the presentation of excess tax benefits and statutory tax withholdings in the statement of cash flows. This standard is effective for interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2017; however, early adoption is permitted. We elected to adopt this standard in the fourth quarter of 2016, which requires us to reflect any adjustments as of January 1, 2016, the beginning of the annual period that includes the adoption. Each of the provisions within this standard has its own specified transition method; some have been applied prospectively and others have been applied on a retrospective basis.

The primary effects of early adoption on our financial statements are as follows:

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Income statement effects: Prospective basis – Net excess tax benefits and deficiencies will now be included in Provision for income taxes, rather than in Paid-in capital. The new standard requires this to be adopted on a prospective basis, with an initial adjustment to interim periods in the year of adoption. We recorded adjustments within Provision for income taxes, rather than in Paid-in capital, for excess tax benefits of $43 million, $40 million and $50 million for the first, second and third quarters of 2016, respectively. Excess tax benefits for the fourth quarter of 2016 were $17 million, for a total of $150 million recognized for all of 2016. See Note 6 for more information on income taxes. This standard also affects the average shares outstanding used in the diluted EPS calculation. The effects of these adjustments are shown in the table below. Results for prior annual periods were not affected.

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Cash flow effects: Retrospective basis – Excess tax benefits are now included in Cash flows from operating activities rather than Cash flows from financing activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. We elected to apply this change in presentation retrospectively, and thus, prior periods have been adjusted. Taxes paid for employee shares withheld upon the vesting of RSUs are now included in Cash flows from financing activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. This change is required to be applied retrospectively, and thus, prior periods have been adjusted.

Under this standard, entities are permitted to make an accounting policy election to either estimate forfeitures on stock compensation awards, as previously required, or to recognize forfeitures as they occur. We elected not to change our policy on accounting for forfeitures and will continue to estimate forfeitures expected to occur in determining the amount of compensation cost to be recognized in each period.

The effects of our adoption of the new standard on our unaudited quarterly results for 2016 are as follows:

	Quarter
	1st						2nd						3rd
	Reported			Recast			Reported			Recast			Reported			Recast
Income statement data:
Provision for income taxes	$	282		$	239		$	323		$	283		$	413		$	363
Net income		668			711			779			819			968			1,018

Average diluted shares outstanding, in millions		1,018			1,022			1,016			1,020			1,017			1,023
Basic EPS	$	0.65		$	0.70		$	0.77		$	0.81		$	0.95		$	1.00
Diluted EPS	$	0.65		$	0.69		$	0.76		$	0.79		$	0.94		$	0.98

Cash flow data:
Cash flows from operating activities	$	547		$	653		$	1,069		$	1,109		$	1,413		$	1,465
Cash flows from financing activities		(839	)		(945	)		(1,180	)		(1,220	)		(676	)		(728	)

Certain annual cash flow information has also been adjusted to reflect select aspects of the new standard that are applied retrospectively. The impact to our previously reported annual results is as follows:

	For Years Ended December 31,
	2015						2014
	Reported			Recast			Reported			Recast
Cash flows from operating activities	$	4,268		$	4,397		$	3,892		$	4,054
Cash flows from financing activities		(4,165	)		(4,294	)		(3,943	)		(4,105	)

Standards not yet adopted

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). This standard provides a single set of guidelines for revenue recognition to be used across all industries and requires additional disclosures. It is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. This standard permits early adoption, but not before December 15, 2016, and permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this standard on our financial position and results of operations, as well as our selected transition method. Based on our preliminary assessment, we believe the new standard will not have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations, as we do not expect to change the manner or timing of recognizing revenue on a majority of our revenue transactions. We recognize revenue on sales to customers and distributors upon satisfaction of our performance obligations when the goods are shipped. For consignment sales, we recognize revenue when the goods are pulled from consignment inventory.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. Under this standard, all equity investments except those accounted for under the equity method are required to be measured at fair value. Equity investments that do not have a readily determinable fair value may, as a practical expedient, be measured at cost, adjusted for changes in observable prices minus impairment. This standard is effective for our interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2018. We do not expect this standard to have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations, as nearly all of our equity investments are already recorded at fair value or under the equity method.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This standard requires all leases that have a term of over 12 months to be recognized on the balance sheet with the liability for lease payments and the corresponding right-of-use asset initially measured at the present value of amounts expected to be paid over the term. Recognition of the costs of these leases on the income statement will be dependent upon their classification as either an operating or a financing lease. Costs of an operating lease will continue to be recognized as a single operating expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Costs for a financing lease will be disaggregated and recognized as both an operating expense (for the amortization of the right-of-use asset) and interest expense (for interest on the lease liability). This standard will be effective for our interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2019, and must be applied on a modified retrospective basis to leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the timing of adoption and the potential impact of this standard on our financial position, but we do not expect it to have a material impact on our results of operations.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This standard requires entities to use a current lifetime expected credit loss methodology to measure impairments of certain financial assets. Using this methodology will result in earlier recognition of losses than under the current incurred loss approach, which requires waiting to recognize a loss until it is probable of having been incurred. There are other provisions within the standard that affect how impairments of other financial assets may be recorded and presented, and that expand disclosures. This standard will be effective for our interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and permits earlier application but not before December 15, 2018. The standard will be applied using a modified retrospective approach. We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this standard, but we do not expect it to have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations.