Postretirement Benefit Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Postretirement benefit plans

Postretirement benefit plans

Plan descriptions

We have various employee retirement plans, including defined contribution, defined benefit and retiree health care benefit plans. For qualifying employees, we offer deferred compensation arrangements.

U.S. retirement plans

Our principal retirement plans in the United States are a defined contribution plan, an enhanced defined contribution plan and qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans. The defined benefit plans were closed to new participants in 1997, and then current participants were allowed to make a one-time election to continue accruing a benefit in the plans or to cease accruing a benefit and instead to participate in the enhanced defined contribution plan.

Both defined contribution plans offer an employer-matching savings option that allows employees to make pretax and post-tax contributions to various investment choices. Employees who elected to continue accruing a benefit in the qualified defined benefit pension plans may also participate in the defined contribution plan, where employer-matching contributions are provided for up to 2% of the employee’s annual eligible earnings. Employees who elected not to continue accruing a benefit in the defined benefit pension plans and employees hired after November 1997 and through December 31, 2003, may participate in the enhanced defined contribution plan. This plan provides for a fixed employer contribution of 2% of the employee’s annual eligible earnings, plus an employer-matching contribution of up to 4% of the employee’s annual eligible earnings. Employees hired after December 31, 2003, do not receive the fixed employer contribution of 2% of the employee’s annual eligible earnings.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, as a result of employees’ elections, TI’s U.S. defined contribution plans held shares of TI common stock totaling 5 million shares and 6 million shares valued at $873 million and $940 million, respectively. Dividends paid on these shares in 2023 and 2022 were $27 million and $28 million, respectively. Effective April 1, 2016, the TI common stock fund was frozen to new contributions or transfers into the fund.

Our aggregate expense for the U.S. defined contribution plans was $75 million in 2023, $70 million in 2022 and $63 million in 2021.

The defined benefit pension plans include employees still accruing benefits, as well as employees and participants who no longer accrue service-related benefits, but instead, may participate in the enhanced defined contribution plan. Benefits under the qualified defined benefit pension plan are determined using a formula based on years of service and the highest five consecutive years of compensation. We intend to contribute amounts to this plan to meet the minimum funding requirements of applicable local laws and regulations, plus such additional amounts as we deem appropriate. The non-qualified defined benefit plans are unfunded and closed to new participants.

U.S. retiree health care benefit plan

U.S. employees who meet eligibility requirements are offered medical coverage during retirement. We make a contribution toward the cost of those retiree medical benefits for certain retirees and their dependents. The contribution rates are based upon various factors, the most important of which are an employee’s date of hire, date of retirement, years of service and eligibility for Medicare benefits. The balance of the cost is borne by the plan’s participants. Employees hired after January 1, 2001, are responsible for the full cost of their medical benefits during retirement.

Non-U.S. retirement plans

We provide retirement coverage for non-U.S. employees, as required by local laws or to the extent we deem appropriate, through a number of defined benefit and defined contribution plans. Retirement benefits are generally based on an employee’s years of service and compensation. Funding requirements are determined on an individual country and plan basis and are subject to local country practices and market circumstances.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, as a result of employees’ elections, TI’s non-U.S. defined contribution plans held TI common stock valued at $34 million and $33 million, respectively. Dividends paid on these shares of TI common stock in 2023 and 2022 were not material.

Effects on our Consolidated Statements of Income and Balance Sheets

Expenses related to defined benefit and retiree health care benefit plans are as follows:

	U.S. Defined Benefit						U.S. Retiree Health Care						Non-U.S. Defined Benefit
	2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2021		2023		2022		2021
Service cost	$	8	$	15	$	21	$	2	$	3	$	3	$	16	$	25	$	36
Interest cost	28		29		30		15		11		10		57		33		37
Expected return on plan assets	(23)		(27)		(31)		(19)		(12)		(9)		(63)		(66)		(81)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—		(2)		(2)		1		1		1
Recognized net actuarial losses (gains)	6		3		15		(5)		—		—		12		1		7
Net periodic benefit costs (credits)	19		20		35		(7)		—		2		23		(6)		—
Settlement losses	7		64		13		—		—		—		—		10		2
Total, including other postretirement losses (gains)	$	26	$	84	$	48	$	(7)	$	—	$	2	$	23	$	4	$	2

All defined benefit and retiree health care benefit plan expense components other than service cost are recognized in OI&E in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Service cost is recognized within operating profit.

For the U.S. qualified pension and retiree health care plans, the expected return on plan assets component of net periodic benefit cost is based upon a market-related value of assets. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, the market-related value of assets is the fair value adjusted by a smoothing technique whereby certain gains and losses are phased in over a period of three years.

Changes in the benefit obligations and plan assets for defined benefit and retiree health care benefit plans are as follows:

	U.S. Defined Benefit				U.S. Retiree Health Care				Non-U.S. Defined Benefit
	2023		2022		2023		2022		2023		2022
Change in plan benefit obligation
Benefit obligation at beginning of year:	$	521	$	895	$	274	$	360	$	1,667	$	2,574
Service cost	8		15		2		3		16		25
Interest cost	28		29		15		11		57		33
Participant contributions	—		—		14		15		1		5
Benefits paid	(13)		(12)		(41)		(41)		(77)		(86)
Settlements	(40)		(309)		—		—		(6)		(91)
Curtailments	—		—		—		—		—		(4)
Actuarial loss (gain)	1		(97)		(6)		(74)		80		(547)
Effects of exchange rate changes	—		—		—		—		(6)		(242)
Benefit obligation at end of year	$	505	$	521	$	258	$	274	$	1,732	$	1,667
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year:	$	421	$	934	$	280	$	385	$	1,822	$	2,813
Actual return on plan assets	47		(205)		29		(80)		137		(557)
Employer contributions (qualified plans)	—		—		1		1		2		9
Employer contributions (non-qualified plans)	3		13		—		—		—		—
Participant contributions	—		—		14		15		1		5
Benefits paid	(13)		(12)		(41)		(41)		(77)		(86)
Settlements	(40)		(309)		—		—		(6)		(91)
Effects of exchange rate changes	—		—		—		—		(13)		(271)
Other	—		—		(19)		—		—		—
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	418	$	421	$	264	$	280	$	1,866	$	1,822
Funded status at end of year	$	(87)	$	(100)	$	6	$	6	$	134	$	155

Changes in actuarial gains and losses in the projected benefit obligations are generally driven by discount rate movement.

Amounts recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, are as follows:

	U.S. Defined Benefit		U.S. Retiree Health Care		Non-U.S. Defined Benefit		Total
2023
Overfunded retirement plans	$	—	$	8	$	165	$	173
Accrued expenses and other liabilities & other long-term liabilities	(5)		—		(7)		(12)
Underfunded retirement plans	(82)		(2)		(24)		(108)
Funded status at end of 2023	$	(87)	$	6	$	134	$	53
2022
Overfunded retirement plans	$	—	$	8	$	180	$	188
Accrued expenses and other liabilities & other long-term liabilities	(3)		—		(6)		(9)
Underfunded retirement plans	(97)		(2)		(19)		(118)
Funded status at end of 2022	$	(100)	$	6	$	155	$	61

Contributions to the plans meet or exceed all minimum funding requirements. We expect to contribute about $10 million to our retirement benefit plans in 2024.

Accumulated benefit obligations, which are generally less than the projected benefit obligations as they exclude the impact of future salary increases, were $480 million and $489 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for the U.S. defined benefit plans, and $1.67 billion and $1.60 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for the non-U.S. defined benefit plans.

The change in AOCI is as follows:

	U.S. Defined Benefit		U.S. Retiree Health Care				Non-U.S. Defined Benefit				Total
	Net Actuarial Loss		Net Actuarial Gain		Prior Service Cost		Net Actuarial Loss		Prior Service Cost		Net Actuarial Loss		Prior Service Cost
AOCI balance, net of taxes, December 31, 2022	$	90	$	(15)	$	—	$	174	$	1	$	249	$	1
Changes in AOCI by category:
Adjustments	(23)		(17)		—		4		—		(36)		—
Recognized within net income	(13)		5		—		(12)		(1)		(20)		(1)
Tax effect	8		3		—		3		—		14		—
Total change to AOCI	(28)		(9)		—		(5)		(1)		(42)		(1)
AOCI balance, net of taxes, December 31, 2023	$	62	$	(24)	$	—	$	169	$	—	$	207	$	—

Information on plan assets

We report and measure the plan assets of our defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans at fair value. The tables below set forth the fair value of our plan assets using the same three-level hierarchy of fair-value inputs described in Note 6.

	December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Other (a)		Total
Assets of U.S. defined benefit plan:
Fixed income securities and cash equivalents	$	—	$	—	$	272	$	272
Equity securities	—		—		146		146
Total	$	—	$	—	$	418	$	418
Assets of U.S. retiree health care plan:
Fixed income securities and cash equivalents	$	4	$	—	$	206	$	210
Equity securities	—		—		54		54
Total	$	4	$	—	$	260	$	264
Assets of non-U.S. defined benefit plans:
Fixed income securities and cash equivalents	$	49	$	52	$	1,343	$	1,444
Equity securities	57		1		364		422
Total	$	106	$	53	$	1,707	$	1,866

(a)Consists of bond index and equity index funds, measured at net asset value per share, as well as cash equivalents.

	December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Other (a)		Total
Assets of U.S. defined benefit plan:
Fixed income securities and cash equivalents	$	—	$	—	$	272	$	272
Equity securities	—		—		149		149
Total	$	—	$	—	$	421	$	421
Assets of U.S. retiree health care plan:
Fixed income securities and cash equivalents	$	7	$	—	$	175	$	182
Equity securities	—		—		98		98
Total	$	7	$	—	$	273	$	280
Assets of non-U.S. defined benefit plans:
Fixed income securities and cash equivalents	$	40	$	60	$	1,282	$	1,382
Equity securities	52		1		387		440
Total	$	92	$	61	$	1,669	$	1,822

(a)Consists of bond index and equity index funds, measured at net asset value per share, as well as cash equivalents.

The investments in our major benefit plans largely consist of low-cost, broad-market index funds to mitigate risks of concentration within market sectors. Our investment policy is designed to better match the interest rate sensitivity of the plan assets and liabilities. The appropriate mix of equity and bond investments is determined primarily through the use of detailed asset-liability modeling studies that look to balance the impact of changes in the discount rate against the need to provide asset growth to cover future service cost. Most of our plans around the world have a greater proportion of fixed income securities with return characteristics that are more closely aligned with changes in the liabilities caused by discount rate volatility.

Assumptions and investment policies

	U.S. Defined Benefit		U.S. Retiree Health Care		Non-U.S. Defined Benefit
	2023	2022	2023	2022	2023	2022
Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations:
Discount rate	5.20%	5.67%	5.17%	5.68%	3.28%	3.45%
Long-term pay progression	3.00%	3.75%	n/a	n/a	3.12%	3.03%
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost:
Discount rate	5.67%	3.82%	5.68%	3.05%	3.45%	1.57%
Long-term rate of return on plan assets	5.70%	3.80%	5.70%	3.40%	3.50%	2.73%
Long-term pay progression	3.75%	3.70%	n/a	n/a	3.03%	3.15%

We utilize a variety of methods to select an appropriate discount rate depending on the depth of the corporate bond market in the country in which the benefit plan operates. In the United States, we use a settlement approach whereby a portfolio of bonds is selected from the universe of actively traded high-quality U.S. corporate bonds. The selected portfolio is designed to simulate a portfolio that would provide cash flows sufficient to pay the plan’s expected benefit payments when due. The resulting discount rate reflects the rate of return of the selected portfolio of bonds. For our non-U.S. locations with a sufficient number of actively traded high-quality bonds, an analysis is performed in which the projected cash flows from the defined benefit plans are discounted against a yield curve constructed with an appropriate universe of high-quality corporate bonds available in each country. In this manner, a present value is developed. The discount rate selected is the single equivalent rate that produces the same present value. For countries that lack a sufficient corporate bond market, a government bond index is used to establish the discount rate.

Assumptions for the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets are based on future expectations for returns for each asset class and the effect of periodic target asset allocation rebalancing. We adjust the results for the payment of reasonable expenses of the plan from plan assets. We believe our assumptions are appropriate based on the investment mix and long-term nature of the plans’ investments. Assumptions used for the non-U.S. defined benefit plans reflect the different economic environments within the various countries.

The target allocation ranges for the plans that hold a substantial majority of the defined benefit assets are as follows:

	U.S. Defined Benefit	U.S. Retiree Health Care	Non-U.S. Defined Benefit
Fixed income securities and cash equivalents	65% – 80%	75% – 85%	60% – 100%
Equity securities	20% – 35%	15% – 25%	0% – 40%

We rebalance the plans’ investments when they are outside the target allocation ranges.

Weighted average asset allocations as of December 31 are as follows:

	U.S. Defined Benefit		U.S. Retiree Health Care		Non-U.S. Defined Benefit
	2023	2022	2023	2022	2023	2022
Fixed income securities and cash equivalents	65%	65%	80%	65%	77%	76%
Equity securities	35%	35%	20%	35%	23%	24%

None of the plan assets related to the defined benefit pension plans and retiree health care benefit plan are directly invested in TI common stock.

The following assumed future benefit payments to plan participants in the next 10 years are used to measure our benefit obligations. Almost all of the payments, which may vary significantly from these assumptions, will be made from plan assets and not from company assets.

	2024		2025		2026		2027		2028		2029 – 2033
U.S. Defined Benefit	$	70	$	72	$	64	$	62	$	56	$	207
U.S. Retiree Health Care	27		25		24		23		22		97
Non-U.S. Defined Benefit	88		89		92		92		95		501

Assumed health care cost trend rates for the U.S. retiree health care benefit plan as of December 31 are as follows:

	2023	2022
Assumed health care cost trend rate for next year	7.00%	7.00%
Ultimate trend rate	5.00%	5.00%
Year in which ultimate trend rate is reached	2032	2031

Deferred compensation plans

We have deferred compensation plans that allow U.S. employees whose base salary and management responsibility exceed a certain level to defer receipt of a portion of their cash compensation. Payments under these plans are made based on the participant’s distribution election and plan balance. Participants can earn a return on their deferred compensation based on notional investments in the same investment funds that are offered in our defined contribution plans.

As of December 31, 2023, our liability to participants of the deferred compensation plans was $393 million and is recorded in other long-term liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. This amount reflects the accumulated participant deferrals and earnings thereon as of that date. We utilize total return swaps and investments in mutual funds that serve as economic hedges of our exposure to changes in the fair value of these liabilities. We record changes in the fair value of the liability and the related total return swaps and mutual funds in SG&A, as discussed in Note 6. As of December 31, 2023, we held $12 million in mutual funds related to these plans that are recorded in long-term investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.