Retirement Plans

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Retirement Plans

Q.RETIREMENT PLANS

ASC 715, “Compensation—Retirement Benefits,” requires an employer with defined benefit plans or other postretirement benefit plans to recognize an asset or a liability on its balance sheet for the overfunded or underfunded status of the plans as defined by ASC 715. The pension asset or liability represents a difference between the fair value of the pension plan’s assets and the projected benefit obligation at December 31. Teradyne uses a December 31 measurement date for all of its plans.

Defined Benefit Pension Plans

Teradyne has defined benefit pension plans covering a portion of domestic employees and employees of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries. Benefits under these plans are based on employees’ years of service and compensation. Teradyne’s funding policy is to make contributions to the plans in accordance with local laws and to the extent that such contributions are tax deductible. The assets of these plans consist primarily of fixed income and equity securities. In addition, Teradyne has an unfunded supplemental executive defined benefit plan in the United States to provide retirement benefits in excess of levels allowed by the Employment Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) and the Internal Revenue Code (the “IRC”), as well as unfunded qualified foreign plans.

In 2024, Teradyne purchased a group annuity contract for its retiree participants in the U.S. qualified pension plan. Under the group annuity, the accrued pension obligation for 132 retiree participants were transferred to an insurance company. The reduction in the pension benefit obligation and pension assets was $23.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Teradyne recorded settlement expense of $0.4 million related to the retiree group annuity transaction.

In 2024, Teradyne’s projected benefit obligations decreased primarily due to the $23.4 million purchase of a group annuity contract for its retiree participants in the U.S. qualified pension plan, actuarial gains of $8.0 million across all pension plans from increases in discount rates, and $2.0 million of gains from foreign exchange effects for foreign plans. In 2023, Teradyne’s projected benefit obligations increased primarily due to actuarial losses of approximately $6.0 million across all pension plans from increases in discount rates, and approximately $1.0 million of losses from foreign exchange effects for foreign plans.

The December 31 balances of these defined benefit pension plans assets and obligations are shown below:

	2024						2023
	United States			Foreign			United States			Foreign
	(in thousands)
Assets and Obligations
Change in benefit obligation:
Projected benefit obligation:
Beginning of year	$	144,187		$	33,984		$	143,814		$	29,935
Service cost		881			446			1,063			446
Interest cost		6,292			953			6,888			1,057
Actuarial (gain) loss		(6,014	)		(1,972	)		3,229			2,738
Benefits paid		(11,658	)		(955	)		(10,807	)		(947	)
Retiree annuity purchase		(23,386	)		—			—			—
Liability (gain) loss due to settlement		394			(195	)		—			(254	)
Non-U.S. currency movement		—			(1,988	)		—			1,009
End of year		110,696			30,273			144,187			33,984
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets:
Beginning of year		112,617			1,929			111,760			2,087
Actual return on plan assets		779			77			8,613			43
Company contributions		3,065			1,024			3,051			1,028
Benefits paid		(11,658	)		(955	)		(10,807	)		(947	)
Retiree annuity purchase		(23,386	)		—			—			—
Settlements gain		—			(195	)		—			(254	)
Non-U.S. currency movement		—			108			—			(28	)
End of year		81,417			1,988			112,617			1,929
Funded status	$	(29,279	)	$	(28,285	)	$	(31,570	)	$	(32,055	)

The following table provides amounts recorded within the account line items of the statements of financial position as of December 31:

	2024						2023
	United States			Foreign			United States			Foreign
	(in thousands)
Retirement plans assets	$	11,994		$	—		$	11,504		$	—
Accrued employees’ compensation and withholdings		(3,263	)		(969	)		(3,110	)		(1,255	)
Retirement plans liabilities		(38,010	)		(27,316	)		(39,964	)		(30,800	)
Funded status	$	(29,279	)	$	(28,285	)	$	(31,570	)	$	(32,055	)

The accumulated benefit obligation for the United States defined benefit pension plans was $109.0 million and $142.2 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The accumulated benefit obligation for foreign defined benefit pension plans was $29.1 million and $32.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Information for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets as of December 31:

	2024				2023
	United States		Foreign		United States		Foreign
	(in millions)
Projected benefit obligation	$	41.3	$	30.3	$	43.1	$	34.0
Accumulated benefit obligation		41.1		29.1		42.6		32.5
Fair value of plan assets		—		2.0		—		1.9

Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, Teradyne’s net periodic pension cost (income) was comprised of the following:

	2024						2023						2022
	United States			Foreign			United States			Foreign			United States			Foreign
	(in thousands)
Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost (Income):
Service cost	$	881		$	446		$	1,063		$	446		$	1,588		$	784
Interest cost		6,292			953			6,888			1,057			4,886			482
Expected return on plan assets		(4,865	)		(77	)		(5,194	)		(45	)		(2,927	)		(75	)
Net actuarial (gain) loss		(1,929	)		(1,948	)		18			2,735			(11,170	)		(13,259	)
Settlement (gain) loss		394			(24	)		(209	)		5			—			—
Total net periodic pension cost (income)	$	773		$	(650	)	$	2,566		$	4,198		$	(7,623	)	$	(12,068	)

Weighted Average Assumptions to Determine Net Periodic Pension Cost at January 1:

	2024						2023						2022
	United States			Foreign			United States			Foreign			United States			Foreign
Discount rate		4.7	%		3.0	%		3.5	%		3.5	%		2.5	%		1.1	%
Expected return on plan assets		4.7			2.5			4.8			1.8			2.0			4.0
Salary progression rate		2.5			2.4			2.4			2.1			2.4			2.2

Weighted Average Assumptions to Determine Pension Obligations at December 31:

	2024						2023
	United States			Foreign			United States			Foreign
Discount rate		5.4	%		3.3	%		4.7	%		3.0	%
Salary progression rate		2.5			2.4			2.5			2.4

In developing the expected return on plan assets assumption, Teradyne evaluates input from its investment manager and pension consultants, including their forecast of asset class return expectations. Teradyne believes that 4.8% was an appropriate rate to use for fiscal year 2024 for the U.S. Qualified Pension Plan (“U.S. Plan”).

Teradyne recognizes net actuarial gains and losses and the change in the fair value of the plan assets in its operating results in the year in which they occur or upon any interim remeasurement of the plans. Teradyne calculates the expected return on plan assets using the fair value of the plan assets. Actuarial gains and losses are generally measured annually as of December 31 and, accordingly, recorded during the fourth quarter of each year or upon any interim remeasurement of the plans.

The discount rate utilized to determine future pension obligations for the U.S. Plan is based on FTSE Pension Index adjusted for the plan’s expected cash flows and was 5.4% at December 31, 2024, up from 4.7% at December 31, 2023.

Plan Assets

As of December 31, 2024, the fair value of Teradyne’s pension plans’ assets totaled $83.4 million, of which $81.4 million was related to the U.S. Plan and $2.0 million was related to the Taiwan defined benefit pension plan. Substantially all of Teradyne’s pension plans’ assets are held in individual trusts, which were established for the investment of assets of Teradyne’s sponsored retirement plans.

The following table provides weighted average pension asset allocation by asset category at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	2024						2023
	United States			Foreign			United States			Foreign
Fixed income securities		94.0	%		—	%		94.0	%		—	%
Equity securities		5.0			—			5.0			—
Other		1.0			100.0			1.0			100.0
		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%

The assets of the U.S. Plan are overseen by the Teradyne Fiduciary Committee which is comprised of members of senior management drawn from appropriate diversified levels of the management team. The Fiduciary Committee is responsible for setting the policy that provides the framework for management of the U.S. Plan assets. In accordance with its responsibilities, the Fiduciary Committee meets on a regular basis to review the performance of the U.S. Plan assets and compliance with the investment policy. The policy sets forth an investment structure for managing U.S. Plan assets, including setting the asset allocation ranges, which are expected to provide an appropriate level of overall diversification required to maximize the long-term return on plan assets for a prudent and reasonable level of risk given prevailing market conditions, total investment return over the long term, and preservation of capital, while maintaining sufficient liquidity to pay the benefits of the U.S. Plan. The investment portfolio will not, at any time, have a direct investment in Teradyne stock. It may have indirect investment in Teradyne stock, if one of the funds selected by the investment manager invests in Teradyne stock. In developing the asset allocation ranges, third party asset allocation studies are periodically performed that consider the current and expected positions of the plan assets and funded status. Based on this study and other appropriate information, the Fiduciary Committee establishes asset allocation ranges taking into account acceptable risk targets and associated returns. The investment return objectives are to avoid excessive volatility and produce a rate of return that at least matches the Policy Index identified below. The manager’s investment performance is reviewed at least annually. Results for the total portfolio and for each major category of assets are evaluated in comparison with appropriate market indices and the Policy Index.

The target asset allocation and the index for each asset category for the U.S. Plan, per the investment policy, are as follows:

Asset Category:	Policy Index:	Target Allocation
U.S. corporate fixed income	Bloomberg U.S. Corporate A or Better Index, 20+ Year Index		66	%
U.S. corporate fixed income	Bloomberg U.S. Intermediate Corporate ex Baa Index		9
U.S. government fixed income	Bloomberg U.S. 3 - 10 year Treasury Bond Index		12
U.S. government fixed income	Bloomberg U.S. Government Bond Index		2
Global equity	MSCI World Index		5
High yield fixed income	ICE BofA BB-B U.S. High Yield Constrained Index		5
Cash	ICE BofA 3-Month Treasury Bill Index		1

Teradyne’s U.S. Plan invests primarily in common trust funds. Units held in the common trust funds are valued at the unit price as reported by the investment manager based on the asset value of the underlying investments; underlying investments in equity securities are valued at the last reported sales price, and underlying investments in fixed-income securities are generally valued using methods based upon market transactions for comparable securities.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there were no transfers of pension assets in or out of Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3.

The fair value of pension plan assets by asset category and by level at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:

	December 31, 2024
	United States								Foreign
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Fixed income securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	—	$	65,160	$	—	$	65,160	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
U.S. government securities		—		11,414		—		11,414		—		—		—		—
Global equity		—		4,025		—		4,025		—		—		—		—
Other		—		—		—		—		—		1,988		—		1,988
Cash and cash equivalents		818		—		—		818		—		—		—		—
Total	$	818	$	80,599	$	—	$	81,417	$	—	$	1,988	$	—	$	1,988

	December 31, 2023
	United States								Foreign
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Fixed income securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	—	$	89,971	$	—	$	89,971	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
U.S. government securities		—		15,817		—		15,817		—		—		—		—
Global equity		—		5,691		—		5,691		—		—		—		—
Other		—		—		—		—		—		1,929		—		1,929
Cash and cash equivalents		1,138		—		—		1,138		—		—		—		—
Total	$	1,138	$	111,479	$	—	$	112,617	$	—	$	1,929	$	—	$	1,929

Contributions

Teradyne’s funding policy is to make contributions to the plans in accordance with local laws and to the extent that such contributions are tax deductible. During 2024, Teradyne contributed $3.1 million to the U.S. supplemental executive defined benefit pension plan and $1.0 million to certain qualified plans for non-U.S. subsidiaries. During 2023, Teradyne contributed $3.1 million to the U.S. supplemental executive defined benefit pension plan and $1.0 million to certain qualified plans for non-U.S. subsidiaries. In 2025, contributions to the U.S. supplemental executive defined benefit pension plan and certain qualified plans from non-U.S. subsidiaries will be approximately $3.3 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

Contributions to the U.S. supplemental executive defined benefit pension plan and certain non-U.S. subsidiaries qualified plans will be approximately $7.4 million and $2.4 million, respectively, in 1 to 3 years, $7.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, in 3 to 5 years and $16.8 million and $7.8 million, respectively, thereafter.

Expected Future Pension Benefit Payments

Future benefit payments are expected to be paid as follows:

	United States		Foreign
	(in thousands)
2025	$	9,202	$	1,077
2026		8,152		1,208
2027		9,043		1,245
2028		9,135		1,253
2029		9,040		1,422
2030-2034		42,009		8,561

Postretirement Benefit Plans

In addition to receiving pension benefits, U.S. Teradyne employees who meet early retirement eligibility requirements as of their termination dates may participate in Teradyne’s Welfare Plan, which includes medical and dental benefits up to age 65. Death benefits provide a fixed sum to retirees’ survivors and are available to all retirees. Substantially all of Teradyne’s current U.S. employees could become eligible for these benefits, and the existing benefit obligation relates primarily to those employees. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, Teradyne recorded special termination benefit charges associated with a voluntary early retirement program.

The December 31 balances of the postretirement assets and obligations are shown below:

	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Assets and Obligations
Change in benefit obligation:
Projected benefit obligation:
Beginning of year	$	6,933		$	5,345
Service cost		37			34
Interest cost		289			299
Actuarial (gain) loss		(445	)		155
Benefits paid		(1,685	)		(1,413	)
Special termination benefits		462			2,513
End of year		5,591			6,933
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets:
Beginning of year		—			—
Company contributions		1,685			1,413
Benefits paid		(1,685	)		(1,413	)
End of year		—			—
Funded status	$	(5,591	)	$	(6,933	)

The following table provides amounts recorded within the account line items of financial position as of December 31:

	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Accrued employees’ compensation and withholdings	$	(938	)	$	(1,508	)
Retirement plans liabilities		(4,653	)		(5,425	)
Funded status	$	(5,591	)	$	(6,933	)

The following table provides amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31:

	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Prior service credit, before tax	$	(14	)	$	(23	)
Deferred taxes		(1,693	)		(1,691	)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	$	(1,707	)	$	(1,714	)

Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, Teradyne’s net periodic postretirement benefit cost (income) was comprised of the following:

	2024			2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Components of Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (income):
Service cost	$	37		$	34		$	64
Interest cost		289			299			177
Amortization of prior service credit		(9	)		(9	)		(9	)
Net actuarial (gain) loss		(445	)		155			(1,155	)
Special termination benefits		462			2,513			—
Total net periodic postretirement benefit cost (income)		334			2,992			(923	)
Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other     Comprehensive Income:
Reversal of amortization items:
Prior service credit		9			9			9
Total recognized in other comprehensive income		9			9			9
Total recognized in net periodic postretirement cost (income) and other     comprehensive income	$	343		$	3,001		$	(914	)

Weighted Average Assumptions to Determine Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Income as of January 1:

	2024			2023			2022
Discount rate		4.7	%		5.0	%		2.6	%
Initial health care cost trend rate		7.7			7.2			7.3
Ultimate health care cost trend rate		4.5			4.5			4.5
Year in which ultimate health care cost trend rate is reached	2033			2032			2029

Weighted Average Assumptions to Determine Postretirement Benefit Obligation as of December 31:

	2024			2023			2022
Discount rate		5.4	%		4.7	%		5.0	%
Initial health care trend		8.6			7.7			7.2
Ultimate health care trend		4.5			4.5			4.5
Medical cost trend rate decrease to ultimate rate in year		2035			2033			2032

Contributions

Contributions to the U.S. postretirement benefit plan will be approximately $0.9 million in 2025, $1.3 million in 1 to 3 years, $0.9 million in 3 to 5 years and $1.7 million, thereafter.

Expected Future Benefit Payments

Future benefit payments are expected to be paid as follows:

	Benefit Payments
	(in thousands)
2025	$	938
2026		671
2027		585
2028		510
2029		414
2030-2034		1,719