We have five plans under which we have awarded share-based compensation grants: The 1997 Non-Employee Directors Option Plan ("1997 Plan"), which provided for stock option grants to our non-employee Directors, the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (“2007 Plan”), the Amended and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as Amended (“2010 Plan”), the 2017 Stock Incentive Plan ("2017 Plan") and the 2020 Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan ("2020 Plan").

As of December 31, 2024, there were 148,502 shares subject to outstanding compensation awards under the 2007 Plan, the 2010 Plan, and the 2017 Plan. As of December 31, 2024, there were 1,846,357 shares available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors determines the number of shares awarded and the grant date, subject to the terms of our equity award policy.

We recognized total share-based compensation expense of $11.9 million, $11.6 million and $7.8 million, respectively, during the years ended 2024, 2023 and 2022. The total excess tax benefit recognized for share-based compensation arrangements during the years ended 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $3.1 million, $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

We determined the fair value of our stock option awards using the Black-Scholes valuation model that uses the assumptions noted in the table below. The expected term selected for stock options granted during the year represents the period of time that the stock options are expected to be outstanding based on historical data of stock option holder exercise and termination behavior of similar grants. The risk-free interest rate for periods within the contractual life of the stock option is based on the U.S. Treasury rate over the expected life at the time of grant. Expected volatility is based upon historical volatility of our stock over a period equal to the expected life of each stock option grant. Dividend yield is estimated over the expected life based on our dividend policy and historical dividends paid. To determine the amount of compensation cost to be recognized in each period, we account for forfeitures as they occur. We did not grant any stock options during 2024.


	2023		2022
Expected volatility	35	%	34 - 34%
Weighted-average expected volatility	35	%	34	%
Expected dividend yield	1.6	%	1.2 - 1.2%
Weighted-average expected dividend yield	1.6	%	1.2	%
Expected term, in years	5		5
Risk-free interest rate	4.2 - 4.2%		1.9 - 1.9%

New stock option awards granted vest one-third each year over a three-year period and have a ten-year contractual term. Compensation expense equal to the grant date fair value is recognized for these awards on a straight-line basis over the awards' vesting period. Stock options granted to employees are subject to accelerated expensing if the option holder meets the retirement definition set forth in the applicable equity and inventive plan.


	Shares	Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year	642,431	$	70.43
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(340,027)	68.88
Forfeited	—	—
Expired	—	—
Outstanding at end of year	302,404	$	72.18
Exercisable at end of year	247,575	$	71.59

There were no options granted during the year ended December 31, 2024. The weighted-average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended 2023 and 2022 was $24.21 and $23.45, respectively.

The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $14.5 million, $5.9 million and $0.4 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2024 was $2.9 million and $2.5 million, respectively. The weighted-average remaining contractual life for options outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2024 was 5.3 years and 4.8 years, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, there was unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options of $0.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.9 years.

Restricted share awards for employees generally have a three-year vesting period from the effective date of the grant. Restricted share awards to non-employee directors vest upon a change of control or upon termination of service as a director occurring at least six months after grant date of the award so long as termination is for one of the following reasons: death; disability; retirement in accordance with Tennant policy (e.g., age, term limits, etc.); resignation at request of Board (other than for gross misconduct); resignation following at least six months’ advance notice; failure to be renominated (unless due to unwillingness to serve) or reelected by shareholders; or removal by shareholders. We use the closing share price the day before the grant date to determine the fair value of our restricted share awards. Expenses for these awards are recognized over the vesting period.

The total fair value of restricted shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $1.6 million, $0.4 million and $1.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, there was $2.9 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted share awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.

We grant performance share awards to key employees as a part of our long-term management compensation program. These awards are earned based upon achievement of certain financial performance targets over a three year period. The number of shares of common stock a participant receives will be increased (up to 200 percent of target levels) or reduced (down to zero) based on the level of achievement of the financial performance targets. We use the closing share price the day before the grant date to determine the fair value of our performance share awards. Expenses on these awards are recognized over a three-year performance period. Performance shares are granted in restricted stock units. They are payable in stock and vest solely upon achievement of certain financial performance targets during this three-year period.


	Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at beginning of year	153,148	$	76.44
Granted	50,846	108.97
Vested	(51,712)	79.30
Forfeited	(2,665)	107.73
Nonvested at end of year	149,617	$	85.94

As of December 31, 2024, there was $6.0 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to performance share awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years.

We grant restricted stock units to employees and non-employee directors, which generally vest within three years from the date of the grant. Vested restricted stock units are paid out in stock. We use the closing share price the day before the grant date to determine the fair value of our restricted stock units. Expenses on these awards are recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award.


	Shares	Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at beginning of year	129,219	$	73.89
Granted	52,357	106.54
Vested	(30,443)	73.30
Forfeited	(18,990)	86.99
Nonvested at end of year	132,143	$	85.08

The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $2.2 million, $3.0 million and $0.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, there was $4.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.5 years.