Tampa Electric’s retail business and PGS are regulated by the FPSC. Tampa Electric is also subject to regulation by the FERC in various respects, including wholesale power sales, certain wholesale power purchases, transmission and ancillary services and accounting practices. The FPSC sets rates based on a cost of service methodology which allows utilities to collect total revenues (revenue requirements) equal to their prudently incurred cost of providing service or products, plus a reasonable return on equity invested or assets. As a result, Tampa Electric and PGS qualify for the application of accounting guidance for certain types of regulation. This guidance recognizes that the actions of a regulator can provide reasonable assurance of the existence of an asset or

liability. Regulatory assets and liabilities arise as a result of a difference between U.S. GAAP and the accounting principles imposed by the regulatory authorities. Regulatory assets generally represent incurred costs that have been deferred, as their future recovery in customer rates is probable. Regulatory liabilities generally represent obligations to make refunds to customers from previous collections for costs that are not likely to be incurred. In addition to regulatory assets and regulatory liabilities, rate regulation impacts other financial statement balances and activity, including, but not limited to, property, plant, and equipment, revenues, and expenses.

Tampa Electric’s 2024, 2023 and 2022 base rates reflect a settlement agreement dated as of August 6, 2021 (the Settlement Agreement) by and among Tampa Electric and the intervenors in Tampa Electric’s 2021 rate case, which was approved by an FPSC order on November 10, 2021. The Settlement Agreement agreed to an increase in base rates annually effective with January 2022 bills, to generate a $191 million increase in revenue consisting of $123 million of traditional base rate charges and $68 million in a new charge to recover the costs of retiring assets. The Settlement Agreement further included two subsequent year adjustments of $90 million and $21 million, effective January 2023 and January 2024, respectively. Under the agreement, the allowed equity in the capital structure continued to be 54% from investor sources of capital. The Settlement Agreement included an allowed regulatory ROE range of 9.0% to 11.0% with a 9.95% midpoint. Under the agreement, base rates will not change from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024, unless Tampa Electric’s earned ROE were to fall below the bottom of the range during that time. The Settlement Agreement contained a provision whereby Tampa Electric agrees to quantify the future impact of a decrease or increase in corporate income tax rates on net operating income through a reduction or increase in base revenues within 180 days of when such tax change becomes law or its effective date. The Settlement Agreement further created a mechanism to recover the costs of retiring coal generation units and meter assets over a period of 15 years which survives the term of that agreement. The Settlement Agreement set new depreciation and dismantlement rates effective January 1, 2022 and contained the provisions that Tampa Electric will not have to file another depreciation study during the term of the agreement but will file a new depreciation study no more than one year, nor less than 90 days, before the filing of its next general base rate proceeding. Additionally, Tampa Electric agreed to a financial hedging moratorium for natural gas ending on December 31, 2024.

The Settlement Agreement allows a 25 basis point increase in the allowed ROE range and mid-point, and $10 million of additional revenue, if the average 30-year United States Treasury Bond yield rate for any period of six consecutive months is at least 50 basis points greater than the yield rate on the date the FPSC votes to approve the agreement. On July 1, 2022, Tampa Electric requested to adjust its base rates to collect an additional $10 million annually (prorated in the first year) effective September 1, 2022 and increase its mid-point ROE and upper and lower allowed ranges. On August 16, 2022, the FPSC approved the change. The new mid-point ROE is 10.20%, and the range is 9.25% to 11.25% effective July 1, 2022.

On April 2, 2024, Tampa Electric requested a base rate increase, reflecting an increased revenue requirement of $297 million, effective January 1, 2025, and additional adjustments of $100 million and $72 million for 2026 and 2027, respectively. Tampa Electric’s proposed rates include recovery of solar generation projects, energy storage capacity, a more resilient and modernized energy control center, and other resiliency and reliability projects. Prior to the rate case hearing, Tampa Electric submitted revisions to its requested base rate increase to reflect items that included production tax credits, energy storage life expectancy, and the company’s grid reliability and resilience project. The company’s August 22, 2024 requested revenue requirement reflects a base rate increase of $288 million, effective January 1, 2025, and adjustments of $92 million and $65 million for 2026 and 2027, respectively. From August 26 through 30, 2024, Tampa Electric’s rate case hearing was heard by the FPSC. On December 3, 2024, the FPSC rendered a decision during a Special Agenda and the final order, reflecting such decision, was issued on February 3, 2025. The FPSC decision includes an increase of $185 million in 2025 and adjustments of $87 million and $9 million in 2026 and 2027, respectively. The decision also allowed for equity in the capital structure to continue to be 54% from investor sources of capital. The allowed regulatory ROE range is 9.50% to 11.50% with a 10.50% midpoint, effective January 1, 2025. On February 18, 2025, a motion for reconsideration on certain aspects of the rate case order was filed with the FPSC. Tampa Electric will respond to this motion in February 2025. Tampa Electric expects the FPSC to reach a final decision on the motion in the second quarter of 2025.

In accordance with Tampa Electric’s 2021 rate case settlement agreement and continued with Tampa Electric's 2024 rate case order, in the event of a named storm that results in damage to its system, Tampa Electric can petition the FPSC to seek recovery of those costs over a 12-month period or longer as determined by the FPSC, as well as replenish its storm reserve regulatory liability of $56 million. Based on an FPSC order, if the charges to the storm reserve exceed the reserve liability account balance, the excess is to be carried as a regulatory asset. At December 31, 2024, the balance in the regulatory asset for storm restoration costs was $377 million.

In September 2022, Tampa Electric was impacted by Hurricane Ian. Total storm restoration costs were $129 million, with $121 million charged to the storm reserve. Restoration costs charged to the storm reserve exceeded the storm reserve balance and this amount was deferred to be collected from customers in subsequent periods. In November 2022, Tampa Electric incurred costs of approximately $2 million related to Hurricane Nicole. In January 2023, Tampa Electric petitioned the FPSC for recovery of costs associated with Hurricanes Ian and Nicole that exceeded the reserve, $10 million of storm restoration costs charged to the reserve

since 2018, and the replenishment of the balance in the reserve to the $56 million level that existed as of October 31, 2013 for a total of approximately $131 million. The storm cost recovery surcharge was approved by the FPSC on March 7, 2023, and Tampa Electric began applying the surcharge on April 2023 bills. Subsequently, on November 9, 2023, the FPSC approved Tampa Electric’s petition filed on August 16, 2023 to update the total storm cost collection from $129 million to approximately $134 million and change the collection of the expected remaining balance of approximately $29 million as of December 31, 2023, from over the first three months of 2024 to over the 12 months of 2024. On June 13, 2024, the FPSC issued an Order approving a total storm cost collection of $135 million.

In September 2023, Tampa Electric was impacted by Hurricane Idalia. The related storm restoration costs were approximately $35 million, which were charged to the storm reserve regulatory asset and not included in the petition above.

Hurricane Helene made landfall on September 26, 2024. Tampa Electric was impacted by Hurricane Helene, resulting in a peak number of customers out of approximately 100,000. As of December 31, 2024, TEC deferred $49 million to the storm reserve for future recovery, with a minimal impact to earnings.

Hurricane Milton, the worst weather event to impact the area in over 100 years, made landfall on October 9, 2024. Tampa Electric was impacted by Hurricane Milton, resulting in a peak number of customers out of approximately 600,000. As of December 31, 2024, TEC deferred $340 million to the storm reserve for future recovery, with a minimal impact to earnings.

Restoration costs for the storms described above are deferred and will be collected from customers in subsequent periods. On February 4, 2025, the FPSC approved Tampa Electric’s petition filed on December 27, 2024 for the recovery of $466 million for costs associated with Hurricane Idalia, Hurricane Debby, Hurricane Helene and Hurricane Milton and the associated interest to replenish the storm reserve over an 18-month recovery period beginning in March 2025. The amount of cost-recovery is subject to a true-up mechanism with the FPSC.

Tampa Electric invested $876 million, including $91 million of AFUDC, during 2018 through 2022 to modernize the Big Bend Power Station. The Big Bend modernization project repowered Big Bend Unit 1 with natural gas combined-cycle technology and eliminated coal as this unit’s fuel. As part of the Big Bend modernization project, Tampa Electric retired the Unit 1 components that will not be used in the modernized plant, Big Bend Unit 2 and Big Bend Unit 3 in 2020, 2021 and 2023, respectively.

Tampa Electric’s Settlement Agreement provided recovery for the Big Bend modernization project in two phases. The first phase was a revenue increase to cover the costs of the assets in service during 2022, among other items. The remainder of the project costs was recovered as part of the 2023 subsequent year adjustment. The Settlement Agreement also included a new charge to recover the remaining costs of the retiring Big Bend coal generation assets, Units 1 through 3, which will be spread over 15 years and will survive the term of the Settlement Agreement. The special capital recovery schedule for all three units was applied beginning January 1, 2022.

In January 2022, Tampa Electric requested a mid-course adjustment to its fuel and capacity charges to recover $169 million beginning April 1, 2022 through December 2022 due to an increase in fuel commodity and capacity costs. On March 1, 2022, the FPSC voted to approve the mid-course adjustment, and the order reflecting such approval was issued on March 18, 2022.

On January 23, 2023, Tampa Electric requested an adjustment to its fuel charges to recover the $518 million final 2022 fuel under-recovery over a period of 21 months. The request also included an adjustment to 2023 projected fuel costs to reflect the reduction in natural gas prices since September 2022 for a projected reduction of $170 million for the balance of 2023. The changes were approved by the FPSC on March 7, 2023, effective April 1, 2023.

On April 2, 2024, Tampa Electric requested a mid-course adjustment to its fuel and capacity charges, reflecting a $138 million reduction over 12 months, from June 2024 through May 2025. The requested reduction is due to a significant decrease in actual and projected 2024 natural gas prices since Tampa Electric submitted its projected 2024 costs in the fall of 2023. On May 7, 2024, the FPSC approved the mid-course adjustment.

On October 3, 2019, the FPSC issued a rule to implement a Storm Protection Plan (SPP) Cost Recovery Clause. This clause provides a process for Florida investor-owned utilities, including Tampa Electric, to recover transmission and distribution storm hardening costs for incremental activities not already included in base rates. A settlement agreement was approved on August 10, 2020 and Tampa Electric’s cost recovery began in January 2021. The current approved plan addresses the years 2023, 2024 and 2025 and was approved by the FPSC on October 4, 2022.

PGS’s results for 2022 reflected a rate case settlement agreement filed by PGS and the Office of Public Counsel and approved by the FPSC on November 19, 2020. The settlement agreement provides for an increase in base rates by $58 million annually effective January 2021, which is a $34 million increase in revenue and $24 million increase of revenues previously recovered through the cast iron and bare steel replacement rider. This settlement agreement includes an allowed regulatory ROE range of 8.90% to 11.00% with a 9.90% midpoint, including the ability to reverse a total of $34 million of accumulated depreciation through 2023. During 2023 and 2022, PGS reversed $20 million and $14 million, respectively, of accumulated depreciation.

Details of the regulatory assets and liabilities are presented in the following table:

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities


	December 31,		December 31,
(millions)	2024		2023
Regulatory assets:
Regulatory tax asset (1)	$	117	$	112
Cost-recovery clauses (2)		20		94
Capital cost recovery for early retired assets (3)		513		507
Capital cost recovery for retired Polk Unit 1 components (4)		142		0
Postretirement benefits (5)		243		236
Storm reserve (6)		377		7
Other		29		32
Total regulatory assets		1,441		988
Less: Current portion		343		161
Long-term regulatory assets	$	1,098	$	827
Regulatory liabilities:
Regulatory tax liability (7)	$	456	$	477
Cost-recovery clauses - deferred balances (2)		80		20
Accumulated reserve—cost of removal (8)		304		271
Deferred production tax credits (9)		57		23
Other		7		4
Total regulatory liabilities		904		795
Less: Current portion		146		94
Long-term regulatory liabilities	$	758	$	701

(1)

The regulatory tax asset is primarily associated with the depreciation and recovery of AFUDC-equity. This asset does not earn a return but rather is included in the capital structure, which is used in the calculation of the weighted cost of capital used to determine revenue requirements. It will be recovered over the expected life of the related assets.

(2)

These assets and liabilities are related to FPSC clauses and riders. They are recovered or refunded through cost-recovery mechanisms approved by the FPSC on a dollar-for-dollar basis in a subsequent period.

(3)

This regulatory asset is related to the remaining net book value of Big Bend Units 1 through 3 and smart meter assets that were retired. The balance earns a rate of return as permitted by the FPSC and will be recovered as a separate line item on customer bills for a period of 15 years, beginning in 2022 through 2036. See “Tampa Electric Big Bend Modernization Project” above for further information.

(4)

This regulatory asset is related to the remaining net book value of certain components of Polk Unit 1 that were early retired on December 31, 2024. The balance earns a rate of return as permitted by the FPSC and will be recovered through base rates over an 11-year recovery period beginning on January 1, 2025.

(5)

This asset is related to the deferred costs of postretirement benefits and it is amortized over the remaining service life of plan participants. Deferred costs of postretirement benefits that are included in expense are recognized as cost of service for rate-making purposes as permitted by the FPSC.

(6)

See "Tampa Electric Storm Restoration Cost Recovery" above for information regarding this reserve. The regulatory asset is included in rate base and earns a rate of return as permitted by the FPSC.

(7)

The regulatory tax liability is primarily related to the revaluation of TEC’s deferred income tax balances recorded on December 31, 2017 at the lower corporate income tax rate due to U.S. tax reform. The liability related to the revaluation of the deferred