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STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION PLANS
As of December 31, 2021, the Company maintains employee stock-based compensation plans for stock options, restricted stock, and incentive stock units as governed by the 2011 Stock Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended and restated (the “2011 Plan”) and the 2000 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2000 Plan”).  The 2011 Plan has a term through May 10, 2027 and as of December 31, 2021 the number of shares available for future grants under the 2011 Plan was 6,399,200 shares, which includes remaining shares to grant under the 2000 Plan. The Company also maintains a 1995 Non-Employee Directors’ Fee and Stock Option Plan as amended and restated (“the Directors Plan”). The Directors Plan, as amended, authorizes a total of 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock to be issued. Under the Directors Plan options issued become exercisable over a three-year vesting period and expire ten years from the date of grant, and restricted stock issued under the plan vests one year from the date of grant. The amount of restricted stock issued to non-employee directors as compensation for directors’ fees was as follows: 18,142 shares for 2021; 23,152 shares for 2020; and 15,729 shares for 2019. The total number of shares issued under the Directors Plan as of December 31, 2021 was 951,175 shares. 
Stock-based compensation expense for all of the plans was $46 million, $20 million and $50 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company recognized associated tax benefits related to the stock-based compensation plans of $1 million, $2 million and $1 million for the respective periods. Included in the stock-based compensation expense for 2021 above is $3 million of expense related to stock options, $13 million related to non-vested restricted stock, $6 million related to restricted stock units, $1 million related to units issued for Directors’ fees and $23 million of expense related to incentive stock units. At December 31, 2021, unamortized compensation expense related to those stock options, non-vested restricted shares and incentive stock units expected to vest totaled $38 million and will be recognized over a weighted period of 1.3 years.
Stock Options Stock options are granted to eligible employees and directors at the fair market value, which is the average of the high and low Wabtec stock price on the date of grant. Under the 2011 Plan and the 2000 Plan, options become exercisable over a three year vesting period and expire 10 years from the date of grant.  
The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the 2011 Plan, the 2000 Plan and Directors Plan for the years ended December 31: 
OptionsWeighted
Average
Exercise
Price		Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual Life		Aggregate
Intrinsic value
(in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2018466,677 $61.04 5.7$4 
Granted134,450 $70.44  $1 
Exercised(4,868)$22.45  — 
Canceled(8,235)$73.00  — 
Outstanding at December 31, 2019588,024 $63.36 5.7$9 
Granted136,506 $77.75  — 
Exercised(86,145)$35.47  — 
Canceled(85,716)$73.73  — 
Outstanding at December 31, 2020552,669 $69.82 6.1$4 
Granted126,794 $81.21  — 
Exercised(113,728)$50.38  — 
Canceled(33,820)$73.53  — 
Outstanding at December 31, 2021531,915 $75.40 6.5$9 
Exercisable at December 31, 2021308,591 $73.39 6.1$6 
Options outstanding at December 31, 2021 were as follows:
 
Range of exercise pricesNumber of
Options
Outstanding		Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price of
Options
Outstanding
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life		Number of
Options
Currently
Exercisable		Weighted Average
Exercise Price of
Options Currently
Exercisable
35.00 - 50.00
35,002 $47.80 1.135,002 $47.80 
50.00 - 65.00
40,317 $59.09 4.637,217 $60.52 
65.00 - 80.00
248,483 $74.43 6.9143,862 $73.37 
Over 80.00
208,113 $84.36 7.392,510 $88.28 
 531,915 $75.40 6.5308,591 $73.39 


 The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
For the year ended
December 31,
 202120202019
Dividend yield0.60 %0.60 %0.66 %
Risk-free interest rate0.8 %1.5 %2.6 %
Stock price volatility36.1 %28.1 %25.8 %
Expected life (years)5.05.05.0
Weighted average fair value of options granted during the year$25.01 $21.05 $19.54 
The dividend yield is based on the Company’s dividend rate and the current market price of the underlying common stock at the date of grant. Expected life in years is determined from historical stock option exercise data. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on the 7 years U.S. Treasury bond rates for the expected life of the option.
Restricted Stock and Incentive Stock  Beginning in 2006 the Company adopted a restricted stock program. As provided for under the 2011 and 2000 Plans, eligible employees are granted restricted stock that generally vests over three years from the date of grant. Under the Directors Plan, restricted stock units vest one year from the date of grant.
In addition, the Company has issued incentive stock units to eligible employees that vest upon attainment of certain cumulative three-year performance goals. Based on the Company’s performance for each three year period then ended, the incentive stock units can vest and be awarded ranging from 0% to 200% of the initial incentive stock units granted. The incentive stock units included in the table below represent the number of shares that are expected to vest based on the Company’s estimate for meeting those established performance targets. As of December 31, 2021, the Company estimates that it will achieve 33%, 121% and 117% for the incentive stock awards expected to vest based on performance for the three year periods ending December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively, and has recorded incentive compensation expense accordingly. If estimates of the number of these stock units expected to vest changes in a future accounting period, cumulative compensation expense could increase or decrease and will be recognized in the current period for the elapsed portion of the vesting period and would change future expense for the remaining vesting period.
Compensation expense for the non-vested restricted stock and incentive stock units is based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and recognized over the applicable vesting period.
The following table summarizes the restricted stock activity and related information for the 2011 Plan, the 2000 Plan, and Directors Plan, and incentive stock units activity and related information for the 2011 Plan and the 2000 Plan with related information for the years ended December 31:
Restricted
Stock
and Units		Incentive
Stock
Awards		Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair
Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2018445,089 415,242 $75.51 
Granted608,813 259,950 $70.61 
Vested(235,406)(119,835)$71.65 
Adjustment for incentive stock awards expected to vest— 80,403 $78.04 
Canceled(27,465)(63,758)$74.04 
Outstanding at December 31, 2019791,031 572,002 $73.64 
Granted283,587 250,197 $75.68 
Vested(345,859)(147,069)$77.45 
Adjustment for incentive stock awards expected to vest— (331,004)$71.32 
Canceled(72,753)(73,481)$72.83 
Outstanding at December 31, 2020656,006 270,645 $73.80 
Granted235,902 241,467 $81.64 
Vested(350,955)(37,672)$71.82 
Adjustment for incentive stock awards expected to vest— 180,767 $76.26 
Canceled(33,255)(48,106)$76.24 
Outstanding at December 31, 2021507,698 607,101 $78.06