18. Stock-Based Compensation Programs

The company has shareholder-approved stock plans under which options and stock-settled appreciation rights (SSARs) have been granted to employees at the market value of the company’s stock on the date of grant. In the case of stock options, payment must be made by the employee at the time of exercise in cash or with shares of stock owned by the employee, which are valued at fair market value on the date exercised. For SSARs, the employee receives the share equivalent of the difference between the fair market value on the date exercised and the exercise price of the SSARs exercised. In general, options and SSARs are exercisable in four equal installments commencing one year from the date of grant and terminating 10 years from the date of grant. A summary of outstanding stock option and SSAR activity for the year ended December 31, 2016, follows:



		Weighted
		Average
	Number of	Exercise
	Shares	Price
Beginning of year	9,716,251	$	37.50
Granted	1,287,432		67.21
Exercised	(2,040,183)		31.81
Canceled/forfeited	(290,309)		57.72
End of period	8,673,191		42.57

Vested and exercisable, end of period	5,937,866	$	33.71
Reserved for future grants	4,809,631

The weighted average remaining contractual term for all options and SSARs outstanding at December 31, 2016, was 5.2 years and the aggregate intrinsic value (difference in exercise price and closing price at that date) was $282 million. The weighted average remaining contractual term for options and SSARs vested and exercisable at December 31, 2016, was 3.9 years and the aggregate intrinsic value was $246 million. The company received $36 million, $22 million and $23 million from options exercised during 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and the intrinsic value associated with these exercises was $45 million, $33 million and $31 million for the same periods, respectively. The tax benefit associated with the company’s stock compensation programs was $22 million for 2016, and was reported as other financing activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows. The total fair value of options and SSARs vested during 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $13 million, $12 million and $13 million, respectively.

These options and SSARs cannot be traded in any equity market. However, based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model, options and SSARs granted in July 2016, January 2016, February 2015 and January 2014 have estimated weighted average fair values at the date of grant of $16.71 per share, $18.58 per share, $14.20 per share and $9.81 per share, respectively. The actual value an employee may realize will depend on the excess of the stock price over the exercise price on the date the option or SSAR is exercised. Consequently, there is no assurance that the value realized by an employee will equal the fair value estimated at the grant date. The fair values were estimated using the following weighted average assumptions:


	2016 Grants		2015 Grants		2014 Grants

Expected dividend yield	0.73	%	0.79	%	1.06	%
Expected stock price volatility	24.14	%	22.11	%	21.41	%
Risk-free interest rate	1.22	%	1.39	%	1.65	%
Expected life of options (in years)	6.10	years	5.85	years	5.50	years

In addition to stock options and SSARs, the company issues to certain employees restricted shares and restricted stock units, which vest over various periods. Other than the performance-contingent grants discussed below, such restricted shares and restricted stock units generally vest in equal installments over five years. Compensation cost is recorded based upon the fair value of the shares at the grant date.

Following is a summary of restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2016:


		Weighted
	Number of	Average
	Shares/Units	Grant Price

Beginning of year	861,945	$	45.27
Granted	382,903		74.13
Vested	(201,662)		46.9
Canceled/forfeited	(25,125)		52.79
End of period	1,018,061		55.62

In 2016, 2015 and 2014, the company’s board of directors granted 132,818, 116,559 and 143,305 performance-contingent restricted stock units (PCEQs), respectively, to key employees. These PCEQs vest three years from the date of grant, and the number of shares available at the vesting date are based on the company’s increase in economic valued added (EVA®) dollars compared to the EVA® dollars generated in the calendar year prior to the grant and ranging from zero to 200 percent of each participant’s assigned award opportunity. If the minimum performance goals are not met, the shares will be forfeited. Grants under the plan are being accounted for as equity awards and compensation expense is recorded based upon the most probable outcome using the closing market price of the shares at the grant date. On a quarterly basis, the company reassesses the probability of the goals being met and adjusts compensation expense as appropriate. The expense associated with the performance-contingent grants totaled $15 million in 2016, and $7 million in 2015 and 2014.

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the company recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses pretax expense of $35 million ($22 million after tax), $25 million ($15 million after tax) and $25 million ($16 million after tax), respectively, for share-based compensation arrangements. At December 31, 2016, there was $57 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share‑based compensation arrangements. This cost is expected to be recognized in earnings over a weighted average period of 2.5 years.

In connection with the company’s employee stock purchase plan, the company contributes 20 percent of each participating employee’s monthly payroll deduction up to a maximum employee contribution of $500 toward the purchase of Ball Corporation common stock. Company contributions for this plan were $4 million in each of 2016, 2015 and 2014.