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Fair Value
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Fair Value
Fair Value Measurements
We carry trading account assets and liabilities, AFS debt securities, certain equity securities and various types of derivative financial instruments, at fair value in our consolidated statement of condition on a recurring basis. Changes in the fair values of these financial assets and liabilities are recorded either as components of our consolidated statement of income or as components of AOCI within shareholders’ equity in our consolidated statement of condition.
We measure fair value for the above-described financial assets and liabilities in conformity with U.S. GAAP that governs the measurement of the fair value of financial instruments. Management believes that its valuation techniques and underlying assumptions used to measure fair value conform to the provisions of U.S. GAAP. We categorize the financial assets and liabilities that we carry at fair value based on a prescribed three-level valuation hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1) and the lowest priority to valuation methods using significant unobservable inputs (level 3). If the inputs used to measure a financial asset or liability cross different levels of the hierarchy, categorization is based on the lowest-level input that is significant to the fair-value measurement. Management’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the overall fair-value measurement of a financial asset or liability requires judgment, and considers factors specific to that asset or liability. The three levels of the valuation hierarchy are described below.
Level 1. Financial assets and liabilities with values based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market. Our level 1 financial assets and liabilities primarily include positions in U.S. government securities and highly liquid U.S. and non-U.S. government fixed-income securities. Our level 1 financial assets also include actively traded exchange-traded equity securities.
Level 2. Financial assets and liabilities with values based on quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include the following:
▪Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
▪Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets;
▪Pricing models whose inputs are observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
▪Pricing models whose inputs are derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market information through correlation or other means for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Our level 2 financial assets and liabilities primarily include non-U.S. debt securities carried in trading account assets and various types of fixed-income AFS investment securities, as well as various types of foreign exchange and interest rate derivative instruments.
Fair value for our AFS investment securities categorized in level 2 is measured primarily using information obtained from independent third parties. This third-party information is subject to review by management as part of a validation process, which includes obtaining an understanding of the underlying assumptions and the level of market participant information used to support those assumptions. In addition, management compares significant assumptions used by third parties to available market information. Such information may include known trades or, to the extent that trading activity is limited, comparisons to market research information pertaining to credit expectations, execution prices and the timing of cash flows and, where information is available, back-testing.
Derivative instruments categorized in level 2 predominantly represent foreign exchange contracts used in our trading activities, for which fair value is measured using discounted cash-flow techniques, with inputs consisting of observable spot and forward points, as well as observable interest rate curves. With respect to derivative instruments, we evaluate the impact on valuation of the credit risk of our counterparties. We consider factors such as the likelihood of default by our counterparties, our current and potential future net exposures and remaining maturities in determining the fair value. Valuation adjustments associated with derivative instruments were not material to those instruments for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
Level 3. Financial assets and liabilities with values based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable in the market and significant to the overall measurement of fair value. These inputs reflect management’s judgment about the assumptions that a market participant would use in pricing the financial asset or liability, and are based on the best available information, some of which may be internally developed. The following provides a more detailed discussion of our financial assets and liabilities that we may categorize in level 3 and the related valuation methodology:
•The fair value of certain foreign exchange contracts, primarily options, is measured using an option-pricing model. Because of a limited number of observable transactions, certain model inputs are not observable, such as implied volatility surface, but are derived from observable market information.
Our level 3 financial assets and liabilities are similar in structure and profile to our level 1 and level 2 financial instruments, but they trade in less liquid markets, and the measurement of their fair value is therefore less observable.
The following tables present information with respect to our financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in our consolidated statement of condition on a recurring basis as of the dates indicated:
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
As of December 31, 2025
(In millions)Quoted Market
Prices in Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Pricing Methods
with Significant
Observable
Market Inputs
(Level 2)		Pricing Methods
with Significant
Unobservable
Market Inputs
(Level 3)
Impact of Netting(1)
Total Net
Carrying Value
in Consolidated
Statement of
Condition
Assets:
Trading account assets:
U.S. government securities$55 $— $— $55 
Non-U.S. government securities— 124 — 124 
Other— 648 — 648 
Total trading account assets55 772 — 827 
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations23,260 — — 23,260 
Mortgage-backed securities— 15,586 — 15,586 
Total U.S. Treasury and federal agencies23,260 15,586 — 38,846 
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities— 2,578 — 2,578 
Asset-backed securities— 2,085 — 2,085 
Non-U.S. sovereign, supranational and non-U.S. agency— 17,731 — 17,731 
Other— 2,826 — 2,826 
Total non-U.S. debt securities— 25,220 — 25,220 
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans— 64 — 64 
Collateralized loan obligations— 2,905 — 2,905 
Non-agency CMBS and RMBS(2)
— 3 — 3 
Other— 91 — 91 
Total asset-backed securities— 3,063 — 3,063 
State and political subdivisions— 25 — 25 
Other U.S. debt securities— — — — 
Total available-for-sale investment securities$23,260 $43,894 $— $67,154 
Other assets:
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts$5 $14,218 $1 $(10,073)$4,151 
Interest rate contracts3 31 — (31)3 
Other derivative contracts1 — — — 1 
Total derivative instruments9 14,249 1 (10,104)4,155 
Other22 832 — — 854 
Total assets carried at fair value$23,346 $59,747 $1 $(10,104)$72,990 
Liabilities:
Accrued expenses and other liabilities:
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts$— $14,097 $— $(9,231)$4,866 
Interest rate contracts— 5 — (5)— 
Other derivative contracts— 159 — — 159 
Total derivative instruments— 14,261 — (9,236)5,025 
Total liabilities carried at fair value$— $14,261 $— $(9,236)$5,025 
(1) Represents counterparty netting against level 2 financial assets and liabilities where a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists between us and the counterparty. Netting also reflects asset and liability reductions of $2.48 billion and $1.61 billion, respectively, for cash collateral received from and provided to derivative counterparties.
(2) Consists entirely of non-agency CMBS.
Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
As of December 31, 2024
(In millions)Quoted Market
Prices in Active
Markets
(Level 1)		Pricing Methods
with Significant
Observable
Market Inputs
(Level 2)		Pricing Methods
with Significant
Unobservable
Market Inputs
(Level 3)
Impact of Netting(1)
Total Net
Carrying Value
in Consolidated
Statement of
Condition
Assets:
Trading account assets:
U.S. government securities$34 $— $— $34 
Non-U.S. government securities— 121 — 121 
Other— 613 — 613 
Total trading account assets34 734 — 768 
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations23,525 — — 23,525 
Mortgage-backed securities— 10,566 — 10,566 
Total U.S. Treasury and federal agencies23,525 10,566 — 34,091 
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities— 2,430 — 2,430 
Asset-backed securities— 1,868 — 1,868 
Non-U.S. sovereign, supranational and non-U.S. agency— 13,939 — 13,939 
Other— 2,821 — 2,821 
Total non-U.S. debt securities— 21,058 — 21,058 
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans— 90 — 90 
Collateralized loan obligations— 3,453 — 3,453 
Non-agency CMBS and RMBS(2)
— 4 — 4 
Other— 91 — 91 
Total asset-backed securities— 3,638 — 3,638 
State and political subdivisions— 56 — 56 
Other U.S. debt securities— 52 — 52 
Total available-for-sale investment securities$23,525 $35,370 $— $58,895 
Other assets:
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts$16 $29,422 $1 $(18,262)$11,177 
Interest rate contracts5 23 — (23)5 
Other derivative contracts1 — — — 1 
Total derivative instruments22 29,445 1 (18,285)11,183 
Other20 747 — — 767 
Total assets carried at fair value$23,601 $66,296 $1 $(18,285)$71,613 
Liabilities:
Accrued expenses and other liabilities:
Trading account liabilities:
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts$— $28,904 $— $(22,527)$6,377 
Interest rate contracts— 1 — (1)— 
Other derivative contracts— 219 — — 219 
Total derivative instruments— 29,124 — (22,528)6,596 
Total liabilities carried at fair value$— $29,124 $— $(22,528)$6,596 
(1) Represents counterparty netting against level 2 financial assets and liabilities where a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists between us and the counterparty. Netting also reflects asset and liability reductions of $1.86 billion and $6.10 billion, respectively, for cash collateral received from and provided to derivative counterparties.
(2) Consists entirely of non-agency CMBS.
Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value
Estimates of fair value for financial instruments not carried at fair value in our consolidated statement of condition are generally subjective in nature, and are determined as of a specific point in time based on the characteristics of the financial instruments and relevant market information. Disclosure of fair value estimates is not required by U.S. GAAP for certain items, such as lease financing, equity-method investments, obligations for pension and other post-retirement plans, premises and equipment, other intangible assets and income-tax assets and liabilities. Accordingly, aggregate fair-value estimates presented do not purport to represent, and should not be considered representative of, our underlying “market” or franchise value. In addition, because of potential differences in methodologies and assumptions used to estimate fair values, our estimates of fair value should not be compared to those of other financial institutions.
We use the following methods to estimate the fair values of our financial instruments:
•For financial instruments that have quoted market prices, those quoted prices are used to estimate fair value;
•For financial instruments that have no defined maturity, have a remaining maturity of 180 days or less, or reprice frequently to a market rate, we assume that the fair value of these instruments approximates their reported value, after taking into consideration any applicable credit risk; and
•For financial instruments for which no quoted market prices are available, fair value is estimated using information obtained from independent third parties, or by discounting the expected cash flows using an estimated current market interest rate for the financial instrument.
The generally short duration of certain of our assets and liabilities results in a significant number of financial instruments for which fair value equals or closely approximates the amount recorded in our consolidated statement of condition. These financial instruments are reported in the following captions in our consolidated statement of condition: cash and due from banks; interest-bearing deposits with banks; securities purchased under resale agreements; accrued interest and fees receivable; deposits; securities sold under repurchase agreements; federal funds purchased; and other short-term borrowings.
In addition, due to the relatively short duration of certain of our loans, we consider fair value for these loans to approximate their reported value. The fair value of other types of loans, such as commercial loans, commercial real estate loans, purchased receivables and municipal loans is estimated using information obtained from independent third parties or by discounting expected future cash flows using current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings for the same remaining maturities. Commitments to lend have no reported value because their terms are at prevailing market rates.
The following tables present the reported amounts and estimated fair values of the financial assets and liabilities not carried at fair value, as they would be categorized within the fair value hierarchy, as of the dates indicated:
 
Fair Value Hierarchy
(In millions)
Carrying Value
Estimated Fair Value
Quoted Market Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)
Pricing Methods with Significant Observable Market Inputs (Level 2) 
Pricing Methods with Significant Unobservable Market Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2025
Financial Assets:    
Cash and due from banks$4,433 $4,433 $4,433 $— $— 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks126,930 126,930 — 126,930 — 
Securities purchased under resale agreements6,812 6,812 — 6,812 — 
Investment securities held-to-maturity38,171 34,166 563 33,603 — 
Net loans(1)
46,589 46,417 — 44,862 1,555 
Other(2)
15,490 15,490 — 15,490 — 
Financial Liabilities:
Deposits:
   Non-interest-bearing$35,267 $35,267 $— $35,267 $— 
   Interest-bearing - U.S.168,079 168,079 — 168,079 — 
   Interest-bearing - non-U.S.71,004 71,004 — 71,004 — 
Securities sold under repurchase agreements841 841 — 841 — 
Other short-term borrowings3,821 3,821 — 3,821 — 
Long-term debt25,143 25,253 — 25,130 123 
Other(2)
15,490 15,490 — 15,490 — 
(1) Includes $92 million of loans classified as held-for-sale that were measured at fair value in level 2 as of December 31, 2025.
(2) Represents a portion of underlying client assets related to our prime services business, which clients have allowed us to transfer and re-pledge.
Fair Value Hierarchy
(In millions)
Carrying Value
Estimated Fair Value
Quoted Market Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)
Pricing Methods with Significant Observable Market Inputs (Level 2) 
Pricing Methods with Significant Unobservable Market Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2024
Financial Assets:
Cash and due from banks$3,145 $3,145 $3,145 $— $— 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks112,957 112,957 — 112,957 — 
Securities purchased under resale agreements6,679 6,679 — 6,679 — 
Investment securities held-to-maturity47,727 41,906 5,354 36,552 — 
Net loans(1)
43,026 42,839 — 41,097 1,742 
Other(2)
6,752 6,752 — 6,752 — 
Financial Liabilities:
Deposits:
   Non-interest-bearing$33,180 $33,180 $— $33,180 $— 
   Interest-bearing - U.S.166,483 166,483 — 166,483 — 
   Interest-bearing - non-U.S.62,257 62,257 — 62,257 — 
Securities sold under repurchase agreements3,681 3,681 — 3,681 — 
Other short-term borrowings9,840 9,840 — 9,840 — 
Long-term debt23,272 23,078 — 22,882 196 
Other(2)
6,752 6,752 — 6,752 — 
(1) Includes $14 million of loans classified as held-for-sale that were measured at fair value in level 2 as of December 31, 2024.
(2) Represents a portion of underlying client assets related to our prime services business, which clients have allowed us to transfer and re-pledge.