Legal and Regulatory Matters:

In the ordinary course of business, we and our subsidiaries are involved in disputes, litigation, and governmental or regulatory inquiries and investigations, both pending and threatened. These matters, if resolved adversely against us or settled, may result in monetary damages, fines and penalties or require changes in our business practices. The resolution or settlement of these matters is inherently difficult to predict. Based on our assessment of these pending matters, we do not believe that the amount of any judgment, settlement or other action arising from any pending matter is likely to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition. However, an adverse outcome in certain of the matters described below could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations for the period in which such matter is resolved, or an accrual is determined to be required, on our consolidated financial condition, or on our reputation.

We evaluate our needs for accruals of loss contingencies related to legal proceedings on a case-by-case basis. When we have a liability that we deem probable and that we deem can be reasonably estimated as of the date of our consolidated financial statements, we accrue for our estimate of the loss. We also consider a loss probable and establish an accrual when we make, or intend to make, an offer of settlement. Once established, an accrual is subject to subsequent adjustment as a result of additional information. The resolution of proceedings and the reasonably estimable loss (or range thereof) are inherently difficult to predict, especially in the early stages of proceedings. Even if a loss is probable, due to many complex factors, such as speed of discovery and the timing of court decisions or rulings, a loss or range of loss might not be reasonably estimated until the later stages of the proceeding.

As of September 30, 2016, our aggregate accruals for legal loss contingencies and regulatory matters totaled approximately $622 million (excluding our accrual in connection with errors in invoicing certain of our Investment Servicing clients, described below). To the extent that we have established accruals in our consolidated statement of condition for probable loss contingencies, such accruals may not be sufficient to cover our ultimate financial exposure associated with any settlements or judgments. We may be subject to proceedings in the future that, if adversely resolved, would have a material adverse effect on our businesses or on our future consolidated financial statements. Except where otherwise noted below, we have not established accruals with respect to the claims discussed and do not believe that potential exposure is probable and can be reasonably estimated.

The following discussion provides information with respect to significant legal and regulatory matters.

Foreign Exchange

We offer our custody clients and their investment managers the option to route foreign exchange transactions to our foreign exchange desk through our asset servicing operation. We record as revenue an amount approximately equal to the difference between the rates we set for those trades and indicative interbank market rates at the time of settlement of the trade.

As discussed more fully below, claims have been asserted on behalf of certain current and former custody clients, and future claims may be asserted, alleging that our indirect foreign exchange rates (including the differences between those rates and indicative interbank market rates at the time we executed the trades) were not adequately disclosed or were otherwise improper, and seeking to recover, among other things, the full amount of the revenue we obtained from our indirect foreign exchange trading with them.

Attorneys general and other government authorities from a number of jurisdictions, as well as U.S. Attorney's offices, the U.S. Department of Labor and the SEC, have requested information or issued subpoenas in connection with inquiries into the pricing of our indirect foreign exchange trading.

In February 2011, a putative class action was filed in federal court in Boston seeking unspecified damages, including treble damages, on behalf of all custodial clients that executed certain foreign exchange transactions with State Street from 1998 to 2009. The putative class action alleges, among other things, that the rates at which State Street executed foreign currency trades constituted an unfair and deceptive practice under Massachusetts law and a breach of the duty of loyalty.

Two other putative class actions are currently pending in federal court in Boston alleging various violations of ERISA on behalf of all ERISA plans custodied with us that executed indirect foreign exchange trades with State Street from 1998 onward. The complaints allege that State Street caused class members to pay unfair and unreasonable rates on indirect foreign exchange trades with State Street. The complaints seek unspecified damages, disgorgement of profits, and other equitable relief. Other claims may be asserted in the future, including in response to developments in the actions discussed above or governmental proceedings.

If these matters were to proceed to trial, we expect that plaintiffs would seek to recover their share of all or a portion of the revenue that we have recorded from indirect foreign exchange trades. We cannot predict whether a court, in the event of an adverse resolution, would consider our revenue to be the appropriate measure of damages.

The following table summarizes our estimated total revenue worldwide from indirect foreign exchange trading for the periods indicated:



(In millions)	Revenue from Indirect Foreign Exchange Trading
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2008	$	462
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2009	369
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2010	336
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2011	331
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2012	248
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2013	285
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2014	246
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015	280
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016	201

We believe that the amount of our revenue from such trading has been of a similar or lesser order of magnitude for many years prior to 2008. Our revenue calculations related to indirect foreign exchange trading reflect a judgment concerning the relationship between the rates we charge for indirect foreign exchange execution and indicative interbank market rates near in time to execution. Our revenue from foreign exchange trading generally depends on the difference between the rates we set for those indirect trades and indicative interbank market rates at the time of settlement of the trade.

As of September 30, 2016, we have accrued a total of $565 million associated with our indirect foreign exchange business. On July 26, 2016, we announced that we have negotiated settlement agreements which we expect, subject to final approval, to resolve these matters. Settlements have been reached with the Department of Justice, the Department of Labor and the Massachusetts Attorney General and, subject to court approval, the class plaintiffs. State Street has also reached an agreement in principle with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Each of these agreements depend upon certification, for settlement purposes, of a class of State Street's U.S. custody customers that executed indirect foreign exchange transactions with State Street between 1998 and 2009, and final approval by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts of the settlement agreement between State Street and the class. On November 2, 2016, the Court entered an order certifying the settlement class and approving the class settlement. The settlement approval order will become final in 30 days if it is not appealed. If the order becomes final, our settlements with the various government agencies will also become final. Although our current legal accrual is sufficient to satisfy our obligations under these settlements if they become final, there can be no assurance that the settlements will become final or that other, potentially material, claims relating to our indirect foreign exchange business will not be asserted against us in the United States or elsewhere. These settlements or an adverse outcome with respect to one or more other currently unasserted claims, relating to our indirect foreign exchange business could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, and any additional claims not currently asserted could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations for the period in which the adverse outcome occurs (or an accrual is determined to be required), or on our consolidated financial condition.

Transition Management

In January 2014, we entered into a settlement with the U.K. FCA, pursuant to which we paid a fine of £22.9 million (approximately $37.8 million), as a result of our having charged six clients of our U.K. transition management business during 2010 and 2011 amounts in excess of the contractual terms. The SEC and the U.S. Attorney are conducting separate investigations into this matter. In April 2016, the U.S. Attorney’s office in Boston charged two former employees in our transition management business with criminal fraud in connection with their alleged role in this matter, and, in May 2016, the SEC commenced a parallel civil enforcement proceeding against one of these individuals. Any action by the SEC or U.S. Attorney with respect to State Street could include civil or criminal proceedings and could involve significant fines or other sanctions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation or on client demand for our products and services. We are in discussions with the SEC and the U.S. Attorney regarding a possible resolution of this matter. As of September 30, 2016, we had accrued $44 million in connection with these discussions and for indemnification costs associated with this matter.

GovEx

We are cooperating in an ongoing inquiry by the SEC relating to the GovEx electronic trading platform, which was offered and operated by State Street Global Markets, LLC from September 2009 to July 2015. The subjects of the inquiry are our communications related to volume, pricing and functionalities of the platform. We are currently engaged in discussions with the SEC concerning a possible resolution of this matter. As of September 30, 2016, we had accrued $1 million for this matter.

Federal Reserve/Massachusetts Division of Banks Written Agreement

On June 1, 2015, we entered into a written agreement with the Federal Reserve and the Massachusetts Division of Banks relating to deficiencies identified in its compliance programs with the requirements of the Bank Secrecy Act, AML regulations and U.S. economic sanctions regulations promulgated by OFAC. As part of this enforcement action, State Street is required to, among other things, implement improvements to our compliance programs and to retain an independent firm to conduct a review of account and transaction activity covering a prior three-month period to evaluate whether any suspicious activity not previously reported should have been identified and reported in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements. If deficiencies in our historical reporting are identified as a result of the transaction review or if we fail to comply with the terms of the written agreement, we may become subject to fines and other regulatory sanctions, which may have a material adverse effect on us.

Invoicing Matter

In December 2015, we announced a review of the manner in which we invoiced certain expenses to certain of our Investment Servicing clients, primarily in the United States, during an 18-year period going back to 1998 and our determination that we had incorrectly invoiced clients for certain expenses. We have informed our clients that we will pay to them the expenses we concluded were incorrectly invoiced to them, plus interest. Through September 30, 2016, we had identified approximately $292 million (excluding interest), of such expenses and we are continuing to reimburse affected clients. In conjunction with that review, we are evaluating other aspects of invoicing relating to billing our Investment Servicing clients, including calculation of asset-based fees. We are in communication with certain governmental authorities about these matters, including the Department of Justice, the SEC, the Department of Labor and the Massachusetts Attorney General. In April 2016, the Massachusetts Secretary of State commenced an administrative enforcement proceeding against State Street Global Markets, LLC, alleging that our allegedly unethical behavior concerning expense invoices caused State Street Global Markets, LLC to violate state law governing the securities industry by virtue of our alleged control of State Street Global Markets, LLC. The complaint seeks to impose a censure, a fine and to provide for reimbursement or other relief. In addition, we have received a purported class action demand letter alleging that our invoicing practices were unfair and deceptive under Massachusetts law. It is possible that we may be required to reimburse clients for additional amounts, potentially including double or treble damages under Massachusetts law, clients or governmental authorities may assert other theories of liability, or we may become subject to other regulatory proceedings and litigation in connection with these matters, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation or business, including on client demand for our products and services.