Investment Securities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2014

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investment Securities

Investment Securities

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value, and associated unrealized gains and losses, of investment securities as of the dates indicated:

	June 30, 2014								December 31, 2013
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value
(In millions)			Gains		Losses						Gains		Losses
Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	3,403	$	33	$	1	$	3,435	$	702	$	9	$	2	$	709
Mortgage-backed securities	22,067		235		163		22,139		23,744		211		392		23,563
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans(1)	13,985		135		158		13,962		14,718		92		268		14,542
Credit cards	6,580		20		34		6,566		8,230		21		41		8,210
Sub-prime	1,172		3		74		1,101		1,291		3		91		1,203
Other	4,523		126		14		4,635		4,949		138		23		5,064
Total asset-backed securities	26,260		284		280		26,264		29,188		254		423		29,019
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	11,231		207		3		11,435		10,808		230		9		11,029
Asset-backed securities	4,181		20		1		4,200		5,369		23		2		5,390
Government securities	3,819		4		—		3,823		3,759		2		—		3,761
Other	5,699		66		8		5,757		4,679		59		11		4,727
Total non-U.S. debt securities	24,930		297		12		25,215		24,615		314		22		24,907
State and political subdivisions	10,400		289		72		10,617		10,301		160		198		10,263
Collateralized mortgage obligations	5,321		83		30		5,374		5,275		70		76		5,269
Other U.S. debt securities	4,706		145		9		4,842		4,876		138		34		4,980
U.S. equity securities	29		8		—		37		28		6		—		34
Non-U.S. equity securities	1		—		—		1		1		—		—		1
U.S. money-market mutual funds	615		—		—		615		422		—		—		422
Non-U.S. money-market mutual funds	7		—		—		7		7		—		—		7
Total	$	97,739	$	1,374	$	567	$	98,546	$	99,159	$	1,162	$	1,147	$	99,174
Held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	5,119	$	—	$	237	$	4,882	$	5,041	$	—	$	448	$	4,593
Mortgage-backed securities	74		5		—		79		91		6		—		97
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans(1)	1,900		6		1		1,905		1,627		—		10		1,617
Credit cards	897		3		—		900		762		1		—		763
Other	692		3		1		694		782		1		2		781
Total asset-backed securities	3,489		12		2		3,499		3,171		2		12		3,161
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	4,274		200		21		4,453		4,211		150		48		4,313
Asset-backed securities	2,898		18		—		2,916		2,202		19		—		2,221
Government securities	2		—		—		2		2		—		—		2
Other	245		—		1		244		192		—		—		192
Total non-U.S. debt securities	7,419		218		22		7,615		6,607		169		48		6,728
State and political subdivisions	15		—		—		15		24		1		—		25
Collateralized mortgage obligations	2,641		151		18		2,774		2,806		176		26		2,956
Total	$	18,757	$	386	$	279	$	18,864	$	17,740	$	354	$	534	$	17,560

⁽¹⁾ Substantially composed of securities guaranteed by the federal government with respect to at least 97% of defaulted principal and

accrued interest on the underlying loans.

Aggregate investment securities with carrying values of $45.99 billion and $46.99 billion as of June 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively, were designated as pledged for public and trust deposits, short-term borrowings and for other purposes as provided by law.

The following tables present the aggregate fair values of investment securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months, and those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer, as of the dates indicated:

	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer				Total
June 30, 2014	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
(In millions)
Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	—	$	—	$	127	$	1	$	127	$	1
Mortgage-backed securities	2,484		11		7,865		152		10,349		163
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	440		4		6,901		154		7,341		158
Credit cards	1,268		2		1,664		32		2,932		34
Sub-prime	—		—		1,046		74		1,046		74
Other	1,533		7		360		7		1,893		14
Total asset-backed securities	3,241		13		9,971		267		13,212		280
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	580		1		215		2		795		3
Asset-backed securities	501		1		—		—		501		1
Other	1,992		3		295		5		2,287		8
Total non-U.S. debt securities	3,073		5		510		7		3,583		12
State and political subdivisions	308		3		2,263		69		2,571		72
Collateralized mortgage obligations	309		2		863		28		1,172		30
Other U.S. debt securities	—		—		405		9		405		9
Total	$	9,415	$	34	$	22,004	$	533	$	31,419	$	567
Held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	—	$	—	$	4,765	$	237	$	4,765	$	237
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	—		—		160		1		160		1
Other	83		1		—		—		83		1
Total asset-backed securities	83		1		160		1		243		2
Non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities
Mortgage-backed securities	460		1		732		20		1,192		21
Other	54		1		—		—		54		1
Total non-U.S. debt securities	514		2		732		20		1,246		22
Collateralized mortgage obligations	343		5		631		13		974		18
Total	$	940	$	8	$	6,288	$	271	$	7,228	$	279

	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer				Total
December 31, 2013	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
(In millions)
Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	182	$	1	$	113	$	1	$	295	$	2
Mortgage-backed securities	10,562		316		2,389		76		12,951		392
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	1,930		16		7,252		252		9,182		268
Credit cards	3,714		30		161		11		3,875		41
Sub-prime	—		—		1,150		91		1,150		91
Other	1,896		12		439		11		2,335		23
Total asset-backed securities	7,540		58		9,002		365		16,542		423
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	868		2		258		7		1,126		9
Asset-backed securities	551		1		16		1		567		2
Other	1,655		9		150		2		1,805		11
Total non-U.S. debt securities	3,074		12		424		10		3,498		22
State and political subdivisions	3,242		113		1,268		85		4,510		198
Collateralized mortgage obligations	1,581		55		510		21		2,091		76
Other U.S. debt securities	1,039		25		58		9		1,097		34
Total	$	27,220	$	580	$	13,764	$	567	$	40,984	$	1,147
Held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	4,571	$	448	$	—	$	—	$	4,571	$	448
Asset-backed securities:
Student Loans	1,352		10		—		—		1,352		10
Other	297		1		29		1		326		2
Total asset-backed securities	1,649		11		29		1		1,678		12
Non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities	834		3		878		45		1,712		48
Collateralized mortgage obligations	759		18		161		8		920		26
Total	$	7,813	$	480	$	1,068	$	54	$	8,881	$	534

The following table presents contractual maturities of debt investment securities as of June 30, 2014:

(In millions)	Under 1 Year		1 to 5 Years		6 to 10 Years		Over 10 Years
Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	2	$	783	$	2,079	$	571
Mortgage-backed securities	197		2,295		5,141		14,506
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	378		6,718		4,219		2,647
Credit cards	1,650		3,261		1,655		—
Sub-prime	7		19		1		1,074
Other	506		1,224		1,187		1,718
Total asset-backed securities	2,541		11,222		7,062		5,439
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	2,055		5,053		403		3,924
Asset-backed securities	333		3,176		564		127
Government securities	2,233		1,590		—		—
Other	2,038		2,655		1,064		—
Total non-U.S. debt securities	6,659		12,474		2,031		4,051
State and political subdivisions	670		3,032		4,321		2,594
Collateralized mortgage obligations	397		1,403		1,113		2,461
Other U.S. debt securities	637		3,485		685		35
Total	$	11,103	$	34,694	$	22,432	$	29,657
Held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	—	$	—	$	5,000	$	119
Mortgage-backed securities	—		18		13		43
Asset-backed securities
Student loans	9		182		385		1,324
Credit cards	—		335		562		—
Other	24		441		222		5
Total asset-backed securities	33		958		1,169		1,329
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	87		1,320		181		2,686
Asset-backed securities	7		2,513		378		—
Government securities	2		—		—		—
Other	165		80		—		—
Total non-U.S. debt securities	261		3,913		559		2,686
State and political subdivisions	12		3		—		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations	487		697		510		947
Total	$	793	$	5,589	$	7,251	$	5,124

The maturities of asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are based on expected principal payments.

The following tables present gross realized gains and gross realized losses from sales of available-for-sale securities and the components of net impairment losses, included in net gains and losses related to investment securities, for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended June 30,
(In millions)	2014			2013
Gross realized gains from sales of available-for-sale securities	$	1		$	30
Gross realized losses from sales of available-for-sale securities	(1		)	(30		)
Net impairment losses:
Gross losses from other-than-temporary impairment	—			(6		)
Losses reclassified (from) to other comprehensive income	(2		)	(1		)
Net impairment losses(1)	(2		)	(7		)
Gains related to investment securities, net	$	(2	)	$	(7	)
(1) Net impairment losses, recognized in our consolidated statement of income, were composed of the following:
Impairment associated with expected credit losses	$	(1	)	$	—
Impairment associated with management's intent to sell impaired securities prior to recovery in value	—			(6		)
Impairment associated with adverse changes in timing of expected future cash flows	(1		)	(1		)
Net impairment losses	$	(2	)	$	(7	)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(In millions)	2014			2013
Gross realized gains from sales of available-for-sale securities	$	16		$	87
Gross realized losses from sales of available-for-sale securities	(1		)	(82		)
Net impairment losses:
Gross losses from other-than-temporary impairment	(1		)	(6		)
Losses reclassified (from) to other comprehensive income	(10		)	(4		)
Net impairment losses(1)	(11		)	(10		)
Gains related to investment securities, net	$	4		$	(5	)
(1) Net impairment losses, recognized in our consolidated statement of income, were composed of the following:
Impairment associated with expected credit losses	$	(10	)	$	—
Impairment associated with management's intent to sell impaired securities prior to recovery in value	—			(6		)
Impairment associated with adverse changes in timing of expected future cash flows	(1		)	(4		)
Net impairment losses	$	(11	)	$	(10	)

The following table presents activity with respect to net impairment losses for the periods indicated:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
(In millions)	2014			2013
Beginning balance	$	122		$	124
Plus losses for which other-than-temporary impairment was not previously recognized	—			6
Plus losses for which other-than-temporary impairment was previously recognized	11			4
Less previously recognized losses related to securities sold or matured	(2		)	(9		)
Less losses related to securities intended or required to be sold	(6		)	—
Ending balance	$	125		$	125

Impairment:

We conduct periodic reviews of individual securities to assess whether other-than-temporary impairment exists. Impairment exists when the current fair value of an individual security is below its amortized cost basis. When the decline in the security's fair value is deemed to be other than temporary, the loss is recorded in our consolidated statement of income. In addition, for debt securities available for sale and held to maturity, impairment is recorded in our consolidated statement of income when management intends to sell (or may be required to sell) the securities before they recover in value, or when management expects the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the securities to be less than the amortized cost of the impaired security (a credit loss).

 Our review of impaired securities generally includes:

• the identification and evaluation of securities that have indications of potential other-than-temporary impairment, such as issuer-specific concerns, including deteriorating financial condition or bankruptcy;

• the analysis of expected future cash flows of securities, based on quantitative and qualitative factors;

• the analysis of the collectability of those future cash flows, including information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts;

• the analysis of the underlying collateral for mortgage- and asset-backed securities;

• the analysis of individual impaired securities, including consideration of the length of time the security has been in an unrealized loss position, the anticipated recovery period, and the magnitude of the overall price decline;

• discussion and evaluation of factors or triggers that could cause individual securities to be deemed other-than- temporarily impaired and those that would not support other-than-temporary impairment; and

• documentation of the results of these analyses.

Factors considered in determining whether impairment is other than temporary include:

• certain macroeconomic drivers;

• certain industry-specific drivers;

• the length of time the security has been impaired;

• the severity of the impairment;

• the cause of the impairment and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer;

• activity in the market with respect to the issuer's securities, which may indicate adverse credit conditions; and

• our intention not to sell, and the likelihood that we will not be required to sell, the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for its recovery in value.

Substantially all of our investment securities portfolio is composed of debt securities. A critical component of our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of these debt securities is the identification of credit-impaired securities for which management does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security.

Debt securities that are not deemed to be credit-impaired are subject to additional management analysis to assess whether management intends to sell, or, more likely than not, would be required to sell, the security before the expected recovery to its amortized cost basis.

The following provides a description of our process for the identification and assessment of other-than-temporary impairment, as well as information about other-than-temporary impairment recorded in the three and six months ended June 30, 2014 and 2013 and changes in period-end unrealized losses, for major security types.

U.S. Agency Securities

Our portfolio of U.S. agency direct obligations and mortgage-backed securities receives the implicit or explicit backing of the U.S. government in conjunction with specified financial support of the U.S. Treasury. We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the three and six months ended June 30, 2014 or 2013. The decline in the unrealized losses on these securities as of June 30, 2014 compared to December 31, 2013 was primarily attributable to narrowing spreads in the six months endedJune 30, 2014.

Asset-Backed Securities - Student Loans

Asset-backed securities collateralized by student loans are primarily composed of securities collateralized by Federal Family Education Loan Program, or FFELP, loans. FFELP loans benefit from a federal government guarantee of at least 97% of defaulted principal and accrued interest, with additional credit support provided in the form of over-collateralization, subordination and excess spread, which collectively total in excess of 100%. Accordingly, the vast majority of FFELP loan-backed securities are protected from traditional consumer credit risk.

We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2014 or 2013. The gross unrealized losses in our FFELP loan-backed securities portfolio as of June 30, 2014 were primarily attributable to the lower spreads on these securities relative to those associated with more current issuances. The decline in the unrealized losses on these securities as of June 30, 2014 compared to December 31, 2013 was primarily attributable to narrowing spreads in the six months endedJune 30, 2014.

Our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of these securities considers, among many other factors, the strength of the U.S. government guarantee, the performance of the underlying collateral, and the remaining average term of the FFELP loan-backed securities portfolio, which was approximately 4.7 years as of June 30, 2014.

Our total exposure to private student loan-backed securities was less than $800 million as of June 30, 2014. Our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of private student loan-backed securities considers, among other factors, the impact of high unemployment rates on the collateral performance of private student loans. We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2014 or 2013.

Non-U.S. Mortgage- and Asset-Backed Securities

Non-U.S. mortgage- and asset-backed securities are primarily composed of U.K., Australian and Dutch securities collateralized by residential mortgages and German securities collateralized by automobile loans and leases. Our assessment of impairment with respect to these securities considers the location of the underlying collateral, collateral enhancement and structural features, expected credit losses under base-case and stressed conditions and the macroeconomic outlook for the country in which the collateral is located, including housing prices and unemployment. Where appropriate, any potential loss after consideration of the above-referenced factors is further evaluated to determine whether any other-than-temporary impairment exists.

In the three and six months endedJune 30, 2014, we recorded other-than-temporary impairment of $1 million on non-U.S. residential mortgage-backed securities in our consolidated statement of income, all associated with adverse changes in the timing of expected future cash flows from the securities. In the three and six months endedJune 30, 2013, we recorded other-than-temporary impairment of $6 million on these securities in our consolidated statement of income, all associated with management's intent to sell the impaired security prior to its recovery in value. In addition, in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2013, we recorded other-than-temporary impairment of $1 million and $4 million, respectively, on these securities in our consolidated statement of income, all associated with adverse changes in the timing of expected future cash flows from the securities.

Our aggregate exposure to Spain, Italy, Ireland and Portugal with respect to mortgage- and asset-backed securities totaled approximately $926 million as of June 30, 2014, composed of $197 million in Spain, $530 million in Italy, $119 million in Ireland and $80 million in Portugal. We had no direct sovereign debt exposure to any of these countries as of that date. As of June 30, 2014, these mortgage- and asset-backed securities had an aggregate pre-tax net unrealized gain of approximately $120 million, composed of gross unrealized gains of $122 million and gross unrealized losses of $2 million. We recorded the above-mentioned other-than-temporary impairment of $6 million on one of these securities in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2013.

Our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of these securities takes into account government intervention in the corresponding mortgage markets and assumes a conservative baseline macroeconomic environment for this region, factoring in slower economic growth and continued government austerity measures. Our baseline view assumes a recessionary period characterized by high unemployment and by additional housing price declines of between 2% and 15% across these four countries. Our evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment in our base case does not assume a disorderly sovereign-debt restructuring or a break-up of the Eurozone. In addition, we perform stress testing and sensitivity analysis in order to understand the impact of more severe assumptions on potential other-than-temporary impairment.

State and Political Subdivisions and Other U.S. Debt Securities

Our municipal securities portfolio primarily includes securities issued by U.S. states and their municipalities. A portion of this portfolio is held in connection with our tax-exempt investment program, more fully described in note 9. Our portfolio of other U.S. debt securities is primarily composed of securities issued by U.S. corporations. 

Our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of these portfolios considers, among other factors, adverse conditions specifically related to the industry, geographic area or financial condition of the issuer; the structure of the security, including collateral, if any, and payment schedule; rating agency changes to the security's credit rating; the volatility of the fair value changes; and our intent and ability to hold the security until its recovery in value.  If the impairment of the security is credit-related, we estimate the future cash flows from the security, tailored to the security and considering the above-described factors, and any resulting impairment deemed to be other than temporary is recorded in our consolidated statement of income.  

We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2014 or 2013. The decline in the unrealized losses on these securities as of June 30, 2014 compared to December 31, 2013 was primarily attributable to the narrowing of spreads and U.S. Treasury rates in the six months endedJune 30, 2014.

U.S. Non-Agency Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities

We assess other-than-temporary impairment of our portfolio of U.S. non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities using cash-flow models, tailored for each security, that estimate the future cash flows from the underlying mortgages, using the security-specific collateral and transaction structure. Estimates of future cash flows are subject to management judgment. The future cash flows and performance of our portfolio of U.S. non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities are a function of a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the condition of the U.S. economy, the condition of the U.S. residential mortgage markets, and the level of loan defaults, prepayments and loss severities. Management's estimates of future losses for each security also consider the underwriting and historical performance of each specific security, the underlying collateral type, vintage, borrower profile, third-party guarantees, current levels of subordination, geography and other factors.

We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2014 or 2013.

U.S. Non-Agency Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities

With respect to our portfolio of U.S. non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities, other-than-temporary impairment is assessed by considering a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the condition of the U.S. economy and the condition of the U.S. commercial real estate market, as well as capitalization rates. Management estimates of future losses for each security also consider the underlying collateral type, property location, vintage, debt-service coverage ratios, expected property income, servicer advances and estimated property values, as well as current levels of subordination. In the three and six months endedJune 30, 2014, we recorded other-than-temporary impairment of $1 million and $10 million, respectively, on these securities in our consolidated statement of income, all associated with expected credit losses. We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2013.

*****

The estimates, assumptions and other risk factors utilized in our assessment of impairment as described above are used by management to identify securities which are subject to further analysis of potential credit losses. Additional analyses are performed using more stressful assumptions to further evaluate the sensitivity of losses relative to the above-described factors. However, since the assumptions are based on the unique characteristics of each security, management uses a range of estimates for prepayment speeds, default, and loss severity forecasts that reflect the collateral profile of the securities within each asset class. In addition, in measuring expected credit losses, the individual characteristics of each security are examined to determine whether any additional factors would increase or mitigate the expected loss. Once losses are determined, the timing of the loss will also affect the ultimate other-than-temporary impairment, since the loss is ultimately subject to a discount commensurate with the purchase yield of the security.

In the aggregate, we recorded other-than-temporary impairment of $2 million and $11 million in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2014, respectively, compared to $7 million and $10 million in the three and six months endedJune 30, 2013, respectively, as summarized below:

Three and six months endedJune 30, 2014:

• $1 million in both periods (non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities) resulted from adverse changes in the timing of expected future cash flows from certain of the securities; and

• $1 million and $10 million (U.S. non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities), respectively, were both associated with expected credit losses.

Three and six months endedJune 30, 2013:

• $6 million in both periods was associated with management's intent to sell the impaired security prior to its recovery in value; and

• $1 million and$4 million (non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities), respectively, resulted from adverse changes in the timing of expected future cash flows from certain of the securities.

After a review of the investment portfolio, taking into consideration current economic conditions, adverse situations that might affect our ability to fully collect principal and interest, the timing of future payments, the credit quality and performance of the collateral underlying mortgage- and asset-backed securities and other relevant factors, and excluding other-than-temporary impairment recorded in the six months endedJune 30, 2014, management considers the aggregate decline in fair value of the investment securities portfolio and the resulting gross pre-tax unrealized losses of $846 million as of June 30, 2014, related to 1,645 securities, to be temporary, and not the result of any material changes in the credit characteristics of the securities.