Investment Securities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2013

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investment Securities

Investment Securities

The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value, and associated unrealized gains and losses, of investment securities as of December 31:

	2013								2012
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized				Fair Value
(In millions)			Gains		Losses						Gains		Losses
Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	702	$	9	$	2	$	709	$	823	$	19	$	1	$	841
Mortgage-backed securities	23,744		211		392		23,563		31,640		598		26		32,212
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans(1)	14,718		92		268		14,542		16,829		100		508		16,421
Credit cards	8,230		21		41		8,210		9,928		61		3		9,986
Sub-prime	1,291		3		91		1,203		1,557		4		162		1,399
Other	4,949		138		23		5,064		4,583		155		61		4,677
Total asset-backed securities	29,188		254		423		29,019		32,897		320		734		32,483
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	10,808		230		9		11,029		11,119		313		27		11,405
Asset-backed securities	5,369		23		2		5,390		6,180		42		4		6,218
Government securities	3,759		2		—		3,761		3,197		2		—		3,199
Other	4,679		59		11		4,727		4,221		86		1		4,306
Total non-U.S. debt securities	24,615		314		22		24,907		24,717		443		32		25,128
State and political subdivisions	10,301		160		198		10,263		7,384		234		67		7,551
Collateralized mortgage obligations	5,275		70		76		5,269		4,818		151		15		4,954
Other U.S. debt securities	4,876		138		34		4,980		5,072		233		7		5,298
U.S. equity securities	28		6		—		34		28		3		—		31
Non-U.S. equity securities	1		—		—		1		1		—		—		1
U.S. money-market mutual funds	422		—		—		422		1,062		—		—		1,062
Non-U.S. money-market mutual funds	7		—		—		7		121		—		—		121
Total	$	99,159	$	1,162	$	1,147	$	99,174	$	108,563	$	2,001	$	882	$	109,682
Held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	5,041	$	—	$	448	$	4,593	$	5,000	$	—	$	8	$	4,992
Mortgage-backed securities	91		6		—		97		153		11		—		164
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans(1)	1,627		—		10		1,617		—		—		—		—
Credit cards	762		1		—		763		—		—		—		—
Other	782		1		2		781		16		—		—		16
Total asset-backed securities	3,171		2		12		3,161		16		—		—		16
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	4,211		150		48		4,313		3,122		85		68		3,139
Asset-backed securities	2,202		19		—		2,221		434		16		1		449
Government securities	2		—		—		2		3		—		—		3
Other	192		—		—		192		167		—		2		165
Total non-U.S. debt securities	6,607		169		48		6,728		3,726		101		71		3,756
State and political subdivisions	24		1		—		25		74		2		—		76
Collateralized mortgage obligations	2,806		176		26		2,956		2,410		259		12		2,657
Total	$	17,740	$	354	$	534	$	17,560	$	11,379	$	373	$	91	$	11,661

⁽¹⁾ Substantially composed of securities guaranteed by the federal government with respect to at least 97% of defaulted principal and

accrued interest on the underlying loans.

Aggregate investment securities carried at $46.99 billion and $46.66 billion as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, were designated as pledged for public and trust deposits, short-term borrowings and for other purposes as provided by law.

The following tables present the aggregate fair values of investment securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months, and those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer, as of the dates indicated:

	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer				Total
December 31, 2013	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
(In millions)
Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	182	$	1	$	113	$	1	$	295	$	2
Mortgage-backed securities	10,562		316		2,389		76		12,951		392
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	1,930		16		7,252		252		9,182		268
Credit cards	3,714		30		161		11		3,875		41
Sub-prime	—		—		1,150		91		1,150		91
Other	1,896		12		439		11		2,335		23
Total asset-backed securities	7,540		58		9,002		365		16,542		423
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	868		2		258		7		1,126		9
Asset-backed securities	551		1		16		1		567		2
Other	1,655		9		150		2		1,805		11
Total non-U.S. debt securities	3,074		12		424		10		3,498		22
State and political subdivisions	3,242		113		1,268		85		4,510		198
Collateralized mortgage obligations	1,581		55		510		21		2,091		76
Other U.S. debt securities	1,039		25		58		9		1,097		34
Total	$	27,220	$	580	$	13,764	$	567	$	40,984	$	1,147
Held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	4,571	$	448	$	—	$	—	$	4,571	$	448
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	1,352		10		—		—		1,352		10
Other	297		1		29		1		326		2
Total asset-backed securities	1,649		11		29		1		1,678		12
Non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities	834		3		878		45		1,712		48
Collateralized mortgage obligations	759		18		161		8		920		26
Total	$	7,813	$	480	$	1,068	$	54	$	8,881	$	534

	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer				Total
December 31, 2012	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
(In millions)
Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	—	$	—	$	132	$	1	$	132	$	1
Mortgage-backed securities	3,486		18		865		8		4,351		26
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	625		6		10,241		502		10,866		508
Credit cards	888		3		—		—		888		3
Sub-prime	—		—		1,346		162		1,346		162
Other	639		13		989		48		1,628		61
Total asset-backed securities	2,152		22		12,576		712		14,728		734
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	670		3		453		24		1,123		27
Asset-backed securities	973		1		53		3		1,026		4
Other	509		1		—		—		509		1
Total non-U.S. debt securities	2,152		5		506		27		2,658		32
State and political subdivisions	685		9		1,152		58		1,837		67
Collateralized mortgage obligations	347		1		621		14		968		15
Other U.S. debt securities	302		1		33		6		335		7
Total	$	9,124	$	56	$	15,885	$	826	$	25,009	$	882
Held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	3,792	$	8	$	—	$	—	$	3,792	$	8
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	56		1		956		67		1,012		68
Asset-backed securities	—		—		73		1		73		1
Other	—		—		156		2		156		2
Total non-U.S. debt securities	56		1		1,185		70		1,241		71
Collateralized mortgage obligations	120		1		153		11		273		12
Total	$	3,968	$	10	$	1,338	$	81	$	5,306	$	91

The following table presents contractual maturities of debt investment securities as of December 31, 2013:

(In millions)	Under 1 Year		1 to 5 Years		6 to 10 Years		Over 10 Years
Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	1	$	36	$	46	$	626
Mortgage-backed securities	272		2,267		5,331		15,693
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	927		6,400		4,546		2,669
Credit cards	2,629		3,366		2,215		—
Sub-prime	33		20		2		1,148
Other	304		1,603		1,438		1,719
Total asset-backed securities	3,893		11,389		8,201		5,536
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	883		5,791		150		4,205
Asset-backed securities	432		4,235		592		131
Government securities	2,727		1,034		—		—
Other	1,201		2,871		655		—
Total non-U.S. debt securities	5,243		13,931		1,397		4,336
State and political subdivisions	690		3,152		3,884		2,537
Collateralized mortgage obligations	421		1,633		1,240		1,975
Other U.S. debt securities	299		3,919		729		33
Total	$	10,819	$	36,327	$	20,828	$	30,736
Held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	$	—	$	—	$	5,000	$	41
Mortgage-backed securities	—		22		18		51
Asset-backed securities
Student loans	18		152		221		1,236
Credit cards	—		278		484		—
Other	—		493		284		5
Total asset-backed securities	18		923		989		1,241
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	—		1,141		179		2,891
Asset-backed securities	140		1,828		234		—
Government securities	2		—		—		—
Other	165		25		—		2
Total non-U.S. debt securities	307		2,994		413		2,893
State and political subdivisions	15		9		—		—
Collateralized mortgage obligations	187		1,065		495		1,059
Total	$	527	$	5,013	$	6,915	$	5,285

The maturities of asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations are based on expected principal payments.

The following table presents gross realized gains and gross realized losses from sales of available-for-sale securities and the components of net impairment losses, included in net gains and losses related to investment securities, for the years ended December 31:

(In millions)	2013			2012			2011
Gross realized gains from sales of available-for-sale securities	$	104		$	101		$	152
Gross realized losses from sales of available-for-sale securities(1)	(90		)	(46		)	(12		)
Gross losses from other-than-temporary impairment	(21		)	(53		)	(123		)
Losses reclassified (from) to other comprehensive income	(2		)	21			50
Net impairment losses recognized in consolidated statement of income	(23		)	(32		)	(73		)
Gains (losses) related to investment securities, net	$	(9	)	$	23		$	67
Impairment associated with expected credit losses	$	(11	)	$	(16	)	$	(42	)
Impairment associated with management's intent to sell impaired securities prior to recovery in value	(6		)	—			(8		)
Impairment associated with adverse changes in timing of expected future cash flows	(6		)	(16		)	(23		)
Net impairment losses recognized in consolidated statement of income	$	(23	)	$	(32	)	$	(73	)

⁽¹⁾ Amount for the year endedDecember 31, 2012 represented a pre-tax loss from the sale of all of our Greek investment securities, which had an aggregate carrying value of approximately $91 million.

The following table presents activity with respect to net impairment losses for the years ended December 31:

(In millions)	2013			2012			2011
Beginning balance	$	124		$	113		$	63
Plus losses for which other-than-temporary impairment was not previously recognized	14			4			10
Plus losses for which other-than-temporary impairment was previously recognized	9			28			63
Less previously recognized losses related to securities sold or matured	(25		)	(21		)	(13		)
Less losses related to securities intended or required to be sold	—			—			(10		)
Ending balance	$	122		$	124		$	113

Impairment:

We conduct periodic reviews of individual securities to assess whether other-than-temporary impairment exists. Impairment exists when the current fair value of an individual security is below its amortized cost basis. When the decline in the security's fair value is deemed to be other than temporary, the loss is recorded in our consolidated statement of income. In addition, for debt securities available for sale and held to maturity, impairment is recorded in our consolidated statement of income when management intends to sell (or may be required to sell) the securities before they recover in value, or when management expects the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the securities to be less than the amortized cost of the impaired security (a credit loss).

 Our review of impaired securities generally includes:

• the identification and evaluation of securities that have indications of potential other-than-temporary impairment, such as issuer-specific concerns, including deteriorating financial condition or bankruptcy;

• the analysis of expected future cash flows of securities, based on quantitative and qualitative factors;

• the analysis of the collectability of those future cash flows, including information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts;

• the analysis of the underlying collateral for mortgage- and asset-backed securities;

• the analysis of individual impaired securities, including consideration of the length of time the security has been in an unrealized loss position, the anticipated recovery period, and the magnitude of the overall price decline;

• discussion and evaluation of factors or triggers that could cause individual securities to be deemed other-than- temporarily impaired and those that would not support other-than-temporary impairment; and

• documentation of the results of these analyses.

Factors considered in determining whether impairment is other than temporary include:

• certain macroeconomic drivers;

• certain industry-specific drivers;

• the length of time the security has been impaired;

• the severity of the impairment;

• the cause of the impairment and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer;

• activity in the market with respect to the issuer's securities, which may indicate adverse credit conditions; and

• our intention not to sell, and the likelihood that we will not be required to sell, the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for its recovery in value.

Substantially all of our investment securities portfolio is composed of debt securities. A critical component of our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of these debt securities is the identification of credit-impaired securities for which management does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security.

Debt securities that are not deemed to be credit-impaired are subject to additional management analysis to assess whether management intends to sell, or, more likely than not, would be required to sell, the security before the expected recovery to its amortized cost basis.

The following describes our process for the identification and assessment of other-than-temporary impairment in security types with the most significant gross unrealized losses as of December 31, 2013.

U.S. Agency Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities

Our portfolio of U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed securities receives the implicit or explicit backing of the U.S. government in conjunction with specified financial support of the U.S. Treasury. We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the years ended December 31, 2013 or 2012. The unrealized losses on these securities as of December 31, 2013 were primarily attributable to fluctuations in interest rates in 2013.

Asset-Backed Securities - Student Loans

Asset-backed securities collateralized by student loans are primarily composed of securities collateralized by Federal Family Education Loan Program, or FFELP, loans. FFELP loans benefit from a federal government guarantee of at least 97% of defaulted principal and accrued interest, with additional credit support provided in the form of over-collateralization, subordination and excess spread, which collectively total in excess of 100%. Accordingly, the vast majority of FFELP loan-backed securities are protected from traditional consumer credit risk.

We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the years ended December 31, 2013 or 2012. The gross unrealized losses in our FFELP loan-backed securities portfolio as of December 31, 2013 were primarily attributable to lower liquidity and the lower spreads on these securities relative to those associated with more current issuances. Our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of these securities considers, among many other factors, the strength of the U.S. government guarantee, the performance of the underlying collateral, and the remaining average term of the FFELP loan-backed securities portfolio, which was approximately 4.9 years as of December 31, 2013.

Our total exposure to private student loan-backed securities was less than $900 million as of December 31, 2013. Our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of private student loan-backed securities considers, among other factors, the impact of high unemployment rates on the collateral performance of private student loans. We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the years ended December 31, 2013 or 2012.

Non-U.S. Mortgage- and Asset-Backed Securities

Non-U.S. mortgage- and asset-backed securities are primarily composed of U.K., Australian and Dutch securities collateralized by residential mortgages and German securities collateralized by automobile loans. Our assessment of impairment with respect to these securities considers the location of the underlying collateral, collateral enhancement and structural features, expected credit losses under base-case and stressed conditions and the macroeconomic outlook for the country in which the collateral is located, including housing prices and unemployment. Where appropriate, any potential loss after consideration of the above-referenced factors is further evaluated to determine whether any other-than-temporary impairment exists.

In the year endedDecember 31, 2013, we recorded other-than-temporary impairment of $12 million on certain of our non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities in our consolidated statement of income, of which $6 million was associated with management's intent to sell an impaired security prior to its recovery in value, and $6 million resulted from adverse changes in the timing of expected future cash flows from certain securities.

In the year endedDecember 31, 2012, we recorded other-than-temporary impairment of $22 million, substantially related to non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities, of which $6 million was associated with expected credit losses, and $16 million resulted from adverse changes in the timing of expected future cash flows from the securities.

Our aggregate exposure to Spain, Italy, Ireland and Portugal with respect to mortgage- and asset-backed securities totaled approximately $574 million as of December 31, 2013, composed of $271 million in Spain, $105 million in Italy, $120 million in Ireland and $78 million in Portugal. We had no direct sovereign debt exposure to any of these countries as of that date. As of December 31, 2013, these mortgage- and asset-backed securities had an aggregate pre-tax net unrealized gain of approximately $69 million, composed of gross unrealized gains of $84 million and gross unrealized losses of $15 million.

Our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of these securities takes into account government intervention in the corresponding mortgage markets and assumes a negative baseline macroeconomic environment for this region, due to a combination of slower economic growth and continued government austerity measures. Our baseline view assumes a recessionary period characterized by high unemployment and by additional housing price declines of between 12% and 19% across these four countries. Our evaluation of other-than-temporary impairment in our base case does not assume a disorderly sovereign-debt restructuring or a break-up of the Eurozone. In addition, stress testing and sensitivity analysis is performed in order to understand the impact of more severe assumptions on potential other-than-temporary impairment.

State and Political Subdivisions and Other U.S. Debt Securities

Our municipal securities portfolio primarily includes securities issued by U.S. states and their municipalities. A portion of this portfolio is held in connection with our tax-exempt investment program, more fully described in note 12. Our portfolio of other U.S. debt securities is primarily composed of securities issued by U.S. corporations.  The gross unrealized losses in each portfolio as of December 31, 2013 were primarily attributable to fluctuations in interest rates in 2013. 

Our assessment of other-than-temporary impairment of these portfolios considers, among other factors, adverse conditions specifically related to the industry, geographic area or financial condition of the issuer; the structure of the security, including collateral, if any, and payment schedule; rating agency changes to the security's credit rating; the volatility of the fair value changes; and our intent and ability to hold the security until its recovery in value.  If the impairment of the security is credit-related, we estimate the future cash flows from the security, tailored to the security and considering the above-described factors, and any resulting impairment deemed to be other than temporary is recorded in our consolidated statement of income.  We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the years ended December 31, 2013 or 2012.

U.S. Non-Agency Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities

For U.S. non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities, we assess other-than-temporary impairment using cash-flow models, tailored for each security, that estimate the future cash flows from the underlying mortgages, using the security-specific collateral and transaction structure. Estimates of future cash flows are subject to management judgment. The future cash flows and performance of our portfolio of U.S. non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities are a function of a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the condition of the U.S. economy, the condition of the U.S. residential mortgage markets, and the level of loan defaults, prepayments and loss severities. Management's estimates of future losses for each security also consider the underwriting and historical performance of each specific security, the underlying collateral type, vintage, borrower profile, third-party guarantees, current levels of subordination, geography and other factors.

We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the year endedDecember 31, 2013. We recorded other-than-temporary impairment of $10 million on these securities in our consolidated statement of income in the year endedDecember 31, 2012, all associated with expected credit losses.

U.S. Non-Agency Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities

With respect to our portfolio of U.S. non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities, other-than-temporary impairment is assessed by considering a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the condition of the U.S. economy and the condition of the U.S. commercial real estate market, as well as capitalization rates. Management estimates of future losses for each security also consider the underlying collateral type, property location, vintage, debt-service coverage ratios, expected property income, servicer advances and estimated property values, as well as current levels of subordination. We recorded $11 million of other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in our consolidated statement of income in the year endedDecember 31, 2013, all associated with expected credit losses. We recorded no other-than-temporary impairment on these securities in the year endedDecember 31, 2012.

*****

The estimates, assumptions and other risk factors utilized in our assessment of impairment as described above are used by management to identify securities which are subject to further analysis of potential credit losses. Additional analyses are performed using more stressful assumptions to further evaluate the sensitivity of losses relative to the above-described factors. However, since the assumptions are based on the unique characteristics of each security, management uses a range of estimates for prepayment speeds, default, and loss severity forecasts that reflect the collateral profile of the securities within each asset class. In addition, in measuring expected credit losses, the individual characteristics of each security are examined to determine whether any additional factors would increase or mitigate the expected loss. Once losses are determined, the timing of the loss will also affect the ultimate other-than-temporary impairment, since the loss is ultimately subject to a discount commensurate with the purchase yield of the security.

In the aggregate, we recorded other-than-temporary impairment of $23 million and $32 million in the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, as summarized below:

Year ended December 31, 2013:

• $11 million (U.S. non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities) was associated with expected credit losses;

• $6 million (non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities) resulted from management's intent to sell an impaired security prior to its recovery in value; and

• $6 million (non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities) resulted from adverse changes in the timing of expected future cash flows from certain of the securities.

Year ended December 31, 2012:

• $16 million ($10 million on U.S. non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities and $6 million on non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities) was associated with expected credit losses; and

• $16 million (non-U.S. mortgage-backed securities) resulted from adverse changes in the timing of expected future cash flows from certain of the securities.

After a review of the investment portfolio, taking into consideration current economic conditions, adverse situations that might affect our ability to fully collect principal and interest, the timing of future payments, the credit quality and performance of the collateral underlying mortgage- and asset-backed securities and other relevant factors, and excluding other-than-temporary impairment recorded in the year endedDecember 31, 2013, management considers the aggregate decline in fair value of the investment securities portfolio and the resulting gross pre-tax unrealized losses of $1.68 billion as of December 31, 2013, related to 2,555 securities, to be temporary, and not the result of any material changes in the credit characteristics of the securities.