Fair Value

Fair Value Measurements

We carry trading account assets, investment securities available for sale and various types of derivative financial instruments at fair value in our consolidated statement of condition on a recurring basis. Changes in the fair values of these financial assets and liabilities are recorded either as components of our consolidated statement of income or as components of OCI within shareholders' equity in our consolidated statement of condition.

We measure fair value for the above-described financial assets and liabilities in accordance with GAAP that governs the measurement of the fair value of financial instruments. Management believes that its valuation techniques and underlying assumptions used to measure fair value conform to the provisions of GAAP. We categorize the financial assets and liabilities that we carry at fair value based on a prescribed three-level valuation hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1) and the lowest priority to valuation methods using significant unobservable inputs (level 3). If the inputs used to measure a financial asset or liability cross different levels of the hierarchy, categorization is based on the lowest-level input that is most significant to the fair value measurement. Management's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the overall fair value measurement of a financial asset or liability requires judgment, and considers factors specific to that asset or liability. The three valuation levels are described below.

Level 1. Financial assets and liabilities with values based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market. Fair value is measured using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical securities. Our level 1 financial assets and liabilities primarily include positions in U.S. government securities and highly liquid U.S. and non-U.S. government fixed-income securities. We carry U.S. government securities in our available-for-sale portfolio in connection with our asset and liability management activities. Our level 1 financial assets also include active exchange-traded equity securities.

Level 2. Financial assets and liabilities with values based on quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include the following:


•	Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;


•	Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets;


•	Pricing models whose inputs are observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and


•	Pricing models whose inputs are derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market information through correlation or other means for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Our level 2 financial assets and liabilities primarily include trading account assets and fixed-income investment securities, as well as various types of foreign exchange and interest-rate derivative instruments.

For investment securities categorized in level 2, fair value is measured primarily using information obtained from independent third parties. This third-party information is subject to review by management as part of a validation process, which includes obtaining an understanding of the underlying assumptions and the level of market participant information used to support those assumptions. In addition, management compares significant assumptions used by third parties to available market information. Such information may include known trades or, to the extent that trading activity is limited, comparisons to market research information pertaining to credit expectations, execution prices and the timing of cash flows, and where information is available, back-testing.

The fair value of the derivative instruments categorized in level 2 predominantly represents foreign exchange contracts used in our trading activities, for which fair value is measured using discounted cash flow techniques, with inputs consisting of observable spot and forward points, as well as observable interest rate curves. With respect to derivative instruments, we evaluate the impact on valuation of the credit risk of our counterparties and our own credit risk. We consider factors such as the likelihood of default by us and our counterparties, our current and potential future net exposures and remaining maturities in determining the appropriate measurements of fair value. Valuation adjustments associated with derivative instruments were not material to those instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2012 or 2011.

Level 3. Financial assets and liabilities with values based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable in the market and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management's judgment about the assumptions that a market participant would use in pricing the financial asset or liability, and are based on the best available information, some of which is internally developed. The following provides a more detailed discussion of our financial assets and liabilities that we may categorize in level 3 and the related valuation methodology.


•	For investment securities, fair value is measured using information obtained from third-party sources, typically non-binding broker or dealer quotes, or through the use of internal pricing models. Management evaluated its methodologies used to determine fair value, but considered the level of observable market information to be insufficient to categorize the securities in level 2.


•	Foreign exchange contracts carried in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities are primarily composed of options. The fair value of foreign exchange options is measured using an option pricing model. Because of a limited number of observable transactions, certain model inputs are not observable, such as implied volatility surface, but are derived from observable market information.


•	The fair value of certain interest-rate caps with long-dated maturities, also carried in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities, is measured using a matrix pricing approach. Observable market prices are not available for these derivatives, so extrapolation is necessary to value these instruments, since they have a strike and/or maturity outside of the matrix.

Our level-3 financial assets and liabilities are similar in structure and profile to our level-1 and level-2 financial instruments, but they trade in less liquid markets, and the measurement of their fair value is inherently more difficult. The fair value measurement process for our level-3 financial assets and liabilities is overseen by a valuation group within Corporate Finance, independent of the business units that carry the assets and liabilities. This function, which develops and manages the valuation process, reports to State Street's Valuation Committee. The Valuation Committee, which is composed of senior management from independent business units, Enterprise Risk Management and Corporate Finance, oversees adherence to State Street's valuation policies.

The valuation group performs independent validation of the pricing information obtained from third-party sources in order to evaluate reasonableness. As of March 31, 2012, pricing of the level-3 securities in the investment portfolio consisted of non-binding broker or dealer quotes and internal model pricing. These non-binding quotes and internal model pricing inputs composed approximately 92% and 8%, respectively, of the total fair value of the investment securities categorized in level 3 as of that date. On a monthly basis, analyses are performed which include a review of price changes relative to overall trends, credit analysis and other relevant procedures (see below). In addition, prices for level-3 securities carried in our investment portfolio are tested on a sample basis based on unusual pricing movements.These sample prices are then corroborated through price recalculations, when applicable, using available market information, which is obtained independent of the third-party pricing source. The recalculated prices are compared to market research information pertaining to credit expectations, execution prices and the timing of cash flows, and where information is available, back-testing. If a difference is identified and it is determined that there is a significant impact requiring an adjustment, a recommendation is presented to the Valuation Committee for review and consideration.

Independent validation is also performed on fair value measurements determined using internal pricing models. The models are subject to independent validation through our Model Assessment Committee, a corporate risk committee that provides technical recommendations to the Valuation Committee. This validation process incorporates a review of a diverse set of model and trade parameters across a broad range of values in order to evaluate the model's suitability for valuation of a particular financial instrument type, as well as the model's accuracy in reflecting the characteristics of the related financial asset or liability and its significant risks. Inputs and assumptions, including any price valuation adjustments, are developed by the business units and independently reviewed by the valuation group. Model valuations are compared to available market information including appropriate proxy instruments and other benchmarks to highlight abnormalities for further investigation.

In measuring fair value, management judgment needs to be exercised. The level of subjectivity and the degree of management judgment required is more significant for financial instruments valued using inputs that are not observable. The areas requiring significant judgment are identified, documented and reported to the Valuation Committee as part of the valuation control framework. We believe that our valuation methods are appropriate; however, the use of different methodologies or assumptions, particularly as they apply to level-3 financial assets and liabilities, could materially affect fair value measurements as of the reporting date.

The following tables present information with respect to our financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in our consolidated statement of condition as of the dates indicated. No significant transfers of financial assets or liabilities between levels 1 and 2 occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2012 or the year ended December 31, 2011.



	Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
	as of March 31, 2012
(In millions)	Quoted Market Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Pricing Methods with Significant Observable Market Inputs (Level 2)		Pricing Methods with Significant Unobservable Market Inputs (Level 3)		Impact of Netting⁽¹⁾			Total Net Carrying Value in Consolidated Statement of Condition
Assets:
Trading account assets:
U.S. government securities	$	20								$	20
Non-U.S. government securities	545									545
Other	57		$	151						208
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	609		1,115							1,724
Mortgage-backed securities	—		31,805		$	912				32,717
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	—		16,256		511					16,767
Credit cards	—		10,091		119					10,210
Sub-prime	—		1,379		—					1,379
Other	—		589		3,090					3,679
Total asset-backed securities	—		28,315		3,720					32,035
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	—		11,102		469					11,571
Asset-backed securities	—		3,925		1,035					4,960
Government securities	—		1,703		—					1,703
Other	—		3,369		314					3,683
Total non-U.S. debt securities	—		20,099		1,818					21,917
State and political subdivisions	—		7,138		50					7,188
Collateralized mortgage obligations	—		4,086		193					4,279
Other U.S. debt securities	—		4,051		—					4,051
U.S. equity securities	—		673		—					673
Non-U.S. equity securities	2		118		—					120
Total investment securities available for sale	611		97,400		6,693					104,704
Other assets:
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	—		6,942		127
Interest-rate contracts	—		201		—
Total derivative instruments	—		7,143		127		$	(3,598	)	3,672
Other	124		—		—		—			124
Total assets carried at fair value	$	1,357	$	104,694	$	6,820	$	(3,598	)	$	109,273
Liabilities:
Accrued expenses and other liabilities:
Trading account liabilities:
Non-U.S. government securities	$	34								$	34
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	—		$	6,515	$	126
Interest-rate contracts	—		389		—
Other	—		—		9
Total derivative instruments	—		6,904		135		$	(2,936	)	4,103
Other	124		—		20		—			144
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	158	$	6,904	$	155	$	(2,936	)	$	4,281

⁽¹⁾

Represents counterparty netting against level 2 financial assets and liabilities, where a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists between State Street and the counterparty. Netting also reflects asset and liability reductions of $1.02 billion and $357 million, respectively, for cash collateral received from and deposited with derivative counterparties. This netting cannot be disaggregated by type of derivative instrument.



	Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
	as of December 31, 2011
(In millions)	Quoted Market Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Pricing Methods with Significant Observable Market Inputs (Level 2)		Pricing Methods with Significant Unobservable Market Inputs (Level 3)		Impact of Netting⁽¹⁾			Total Net Carrying Value in Consolidated Statement of Condition
Assets:
Trading account assets:
U.S. government securities	$	20								$	20
Non-U.S. government securities	498									498
Other	51		$	138						189
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Direct obligations	1,727		1,109							2,836
Mortgage-backed securities	—		28,832		$	1,189				30,021
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	—		15,685		860					16,545
Credit cards	—		10,396		91					10,487
Sub-prime	—		1,404		—					1,404
Other	—		667		2,798					3,465
Total asset-backed securities	—		28,152		3,749					31,901
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	—		9,418		1,457					10,875
Asset-backed securities	—		2,535		1,768					4,303
Government securities	—		1,671		—					1,671
Other	—		2,754		71					2,825
Total non-U.S. debt securities	—		16,378		3,296					19,674
State and political subdivisions	—		6,997		50					7,047
Collateralized mortgage obligations	—		3,753		227					3,980
Other U.S. debt securities	—		3,613		2					3,615
U.S. equity securities	—		640		—					640
Non-U.S. equity securities	1		117		—					118
Total investment securities available for sale	1,728		89,591		8,513					99,832
Other assets:
Derivatives instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	—		12,045		168
Interest-rate contracts	—		1,795		10
Other	—		1		—
Total derivative instruments	—		13,841		178		$	(7,653	)	6,366
Other	110		—		—		—			110
Total assets carried at fair value	$	2,407	$	103,570	$	8,691	$	(7,653	)	$	107,015
Liabilities:
Accrued expenses and other liabilities:
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts			$	12,191	$	161
Interest-rate contracts			1,970		11
Other			1		9
Total derivative instruments			14,162		181		$	(7,653	)	$	6,690
Other	$	110	—		20		—			130
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	110	$	14,162	$	201	$	(7,653	)	$	6,820


⁽¹⁾	Represents counterparty netting against level 2 financial assets and liabilities, where a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists between State Street and the counterparty. This netting cannot be disaggregated by type of derivative instrument.

The following tables present activity related to our level-3 financial assets and liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2011. Transfers into and out of level 3 are reported as of the beginning of the period. During the three months ended March 31, 2012 and 2011, transfers out of level 3 were substantially related to certain mortgage- and asset-backed securities and non-U.S. debt securities, for which fair value was measured using prices for which observable market information became available.



	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
	Fair Value at December 31, 2011		Transfers into Level 3		Transfers out of Level 3			Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)						Purchases		Issuances	Sales			Settlements			Fair Value at March 31, 2012		Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Related to Financial Instruments Held at March 31, 2012
(In millions)								Recorded in Revenue			Recorded in Other Comprehensive Income
Assets:
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	1,189			$	(251	)													$	(26	)	$	912
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	860				(341		)	$	1		$	(2	)							(7		)	511
Credit cards	91		$	21	—			1			—			$	67		$	(61	)	—			119
Other	2,798		—		—			10			16			355			(12		)	(77		)	3,090
Total asset-backed securities	3,749		21		(341		)	12			14			422			(73		)	(84		)	3,720
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	1,457		—		(1,157		)	—			1			159			—			9			469
Asset-backed securities	1,768		—		(1,084		)	—			(1		)	366			—			(14		)	1,035
Other	71		—		(65		)	—			—			308			—			—			314
Total non-U.S. debt securities	3,296		—		(2,306		)	—			—			833			—			(5		)	1,818
State and political subdivisions	50		—		—			—			1			—			—			(1		)	50
Collateralized mortgage obligations	227		—		(132		)	134			—			106			—			(142		)	193
Other U.S. debt securities	2		—		—			—			—			—			—			(2		)	—
Total investment securities available for sale	8,513		21		(3,030		)	146			15			1,361			(73		)	(260		)	6,693
Other assets:
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	168		—		—			(65		)	—			110			—			(86		)	127		$	(47	)
Interest-rate contracts	10		—		—			(10		)	—			—			1			(1		)	—		—
Total derivative instruments	178		—		—			(75		)	—			110			1			(87		)	127		(47		)
Total assets carried at fair value	$	8,691	$	21	$	(3,030	)	$	71		$	15		$	1,471	—	$	(72	)	$	(347	)	$	6,820	$	(47	)



	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2012
	Fair Value at December 31, 2011		Transfers into Level 3	Transfers out of Level 3	Total Realized and Unrealized (Gains) Losses				Purchases	Issuances		Sales	Settlements			Fair Value at March 31, 2012		Change in Unrealized (Gains) Losses Related to Financial Instruments Held at March 31, 2012
(In millions)	Fair Value at December 31, 2011		Transfers into Level 3	Transfers out of Level 3	Recorded in Revenue			Recorded in Other Comprehensive Income	Purchases	Issuances		Sales	Settlements			Fair Value at March 31, 2012
Liabilities:
Accrued expenses and other liabilities:
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	$	161			$	(75	)			$	111		$	(71	)	$	126	$	(51	)
Interest-rate contracts	11				(9		)			—			(2		)	—		—
Other	9				—					—			—			9		—
Total derivative instruments	181				(84		)			111			(73		)	135		(51		)
Other	20				—					—			—			20		—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	201	—	—	$	(84	)	—	—	$	111		$	(73	)	$	155	$	(51	)



	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2011
	Fair Value at December 31, 2010		Transfers into Level 3		Transfers out of Level 3			Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses)						Purchases		Issuances	Sales	Settlements			Fair Value at March 31, 2011		Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Related to Financial Instruments Held at March 31, 2011
(In millions)								Recorded in Revenue			Recorded in Other Comprehensive Income
Assets:
Investment securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury and federal agencies:
Mortgage-backed securities	$	673			$	(403	)				$	1		$	636			$	(9	)	$	898
Asset-backed securities:
Student loans	1,234				(33		)	$	2		1			121				(17		)	1,308
Credit cards	43				—			1			(1		)	31				1			75
Other	2,000				—			8			45			275				(80		)	2,248
Total asset-backed securities	3,277				(33		)	11			45			427				(96		)	3,631
Non-U.S. debt securities:
Mortgage-backed securities	396				(198		)	—			—			473				11			682
Asset-backed securities	740				(60		)	—			11			491				(57		)	1,125
Government securities	1				—			—			1			—				(2		)	—
Other	8				—			—			(1		)	—				(1		)	6
Total non-U.S. debt securities	1,145				(258		)	—			11			964				(49		)	1,813
State and political subdivisions	50				—			—			1			—				—			51
Collateralized mortgage obligations	359				(132		)	133			(2		)	23				(153		)	228
Other U.S. debt securities	3				—			—			—			—				—			3
Total investment securities available for sale	5,507				(826		)	144			56			2,050				(307		)	6,624
Other assets:
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	254		$	1	—			(87		)	—			117				(58		)	227		$	(46	)
Interest-rate contracts	—		—		—			—			—			8				—			8		—
Total derivative instruments	254		1		—			(87		)	—			125				(58		)	235		(46		)
Total assets carried at fair value	$	5,761	$	1	$	(826	)	$	57		$	56		$	2,175	—	—	$	(365	)	$	6,859	$	(46	)



	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2011
	Fair Value at December 31, 2010		Transfers into Level 3		Transfers out of Level 3	Total Realized and Unrealized (Gains) Losses				Purchases	Issuances	Sales		Settlements			Fair Value at March 31, 2011		Change in Unrealized (Gains) Losses Related to Financial Instruments Held at March 31, 2011
(In millions)	Fair Value at December 31, 2010		Transfers into Level 3		Transfers out of Level 3	Recorded in Revenue			Recorded in Other Comprehensive Income	Purchases	Issuances	Sales		Settlements			Fair Value at March 31, 2011
Liabilities:
Accrued expenses and other liabilities:
Derivative instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts	$	260	$	1		$	(78	)				$	117	$	(68	)	$	232	$	(47	)
Other	9		—			—						—		—			9		—
Total derivative instruments	269		1			(78		)				117		(68		)	241		(47		)
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	269	$	1	—	$	(78	)	—	—	—	$	117	$	(68	)	$	241	$	(47	)

The following table presents total realized and unrealized gains and losses for the periods indicated that were recorded in revenue for our level-3 financial assets and liabilities:



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2012				Three Months Ended March 31, 2011
(In millions)	Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) Recorded in Revenue		Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Related to Financial Instruments Held at March 31, 2012		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) Recorded in Revenue			Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) Related to Financial Instruments Held at March 31, 2011
Fee revenue:
Trading services	$	9	$	4	$	(9	)	$	1
Total fee revenue	9		4		(9		)	1
Net interest revenue	146		—		144			—
Total revenue	$	155	$	4	$	135		$	1

The following table presents information with respect to the significant unobservable inputs associated with the measurement of the fair value of our level-3 financial assets and liabilities that were readily available to us as of March 31, 2012:



	Quantitative Information about Level-3 Fair Value Measurements
(Dollars in millions)	Fair Value at March 31, 2012		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Input	Weighted-Average
Significant unobservable inputs readily available to State Street:
Assets:
Asset-backed securities, student loans	$	315	Discounted cash flows	Credit spread	1.2%
Asset-backed securities, credit cards	31		Discounted cash flows	Credit spread	6.0%
Asset-backed securities, other	104		Discounted cash flows	Credit spread	1.2%
Non-U.S. debt securities, other	5		Discounted cash flows	Discount rates	15.0%
				Expected recovery	10.0%
				Expected maturity	10.8 yrs
State and political subdivisions	50		Discounted cash flows	Credit spread	1.8%
Derivative instruments, foreign exchange contracts	127		Option model	Volatility	11.8%
Total	$	632

Liabilities:
Derivative instruments, foreign exchange contracts	$	126	Option model	Volatility	11.8%
Derivative instruments, other	9		Discounted cash flows	Participant redemptions	5.0%
Total	$	135

The following table presents information with respect to the composition of our level-3 financial assets and liabilities by availability of significant unobservable inputs as of March 31, 2012:



	Fair Value at March 31, 2012
(In millions)	Significant Unobservable Inputs Readily Available to State Street ⁽¹⁾		Significant Unobservable Inputs Not Developed by State Street and Not Readily Available ⁽²⁾		Total Assets and Liabilities with Significant Unobservable Inputs
Assets:
Mortgage-backed securities			$	912	$	912
Asset-backed securities, student loans	$	315	196		511
Asset-backed securities, credit cards	31		88		119
Asset-backed securities, other	104		2,986		3,090
Non-U.S. debt securities, mortgage-backed securities	—		469		469
Non-U.S. debt securities, asset-backed securities	—		1,035		1,035
Non-U.S. debt securities, other	5		309		314
State and political subdivisions	50		—		50
Collateralized mortgage obligations	—		193		193
Derivative instruments,foreign exchange contracts	127		—		127
Total	$	632	$	6,188	$	6,820

Liabilities:
Derivative instruments, foreign exchange contracts	$	126			$	126
Derivative instruments, other	9				9
Other	—		$	20	20
Total	$	135	$	20	$	155

⁽¹⁾ Information with respect to these model-priced financial assets and liabilities is provided in the preceding table.

⁽²⁾ These financial assets and liabilities are priced using non-binding broker or dealer quotes.

For recurring level-3 fair value measurements for which significant unobservable inputs are readily available to State Street as of March 31, 2012, the sensitivity of the fair value measurement to changes in significant unobservable inputs, and a description of any interrelationships between those unobservable inputs, is described below; however, we rarely experience a situation in which those unobservable inputs change in isolation:


•	The significant unobservable input used in the measurement of the fair value of our asset-backed securities and investment securities issued by state and political subdivisions is the credit spread. Significant increases (decreases) in the credit spread would result in measurements of significantly lower (higher) fair value.

•

The significant unobservable inputs used in the measurement of the fair value of our other non-U.S. debt securities, specifically securities backed by sovereign trade credit obligations, are discount rates, expected recovery and expected maturity. Significant increases (decreases) in the discount rate and the expected maturity in isolation would result in measurements of significantly lower (higher) fair value. A significant increase (decrease) in the expected recovery would result in measurements of significantly higher (lower) fair value. However, a change in the discount rate plays a much more significant role in the measurement of fair value.


•	The significant unobservable input used in the measurement of the fair value of our foreign exchange option contracts is the implied volatility surface. A significant increase (decrease) in the implied volatility surface would result in measurements of significantly higher (lower) fair value.

•

The significant unobservable input used in the measurement of the fair value of our other derivative instruments, specifically stable value wrap contracts, is participant redemptions. Increased volatility of redemptions may result in changes to the measurement of fair value. Generally, significant increases (decreases) in participant redemptions may result in measurements of significantly higher (lower) fair value.

Fair Values of Financial Instruments

Estimates of fair value for financial instruments not carried at fair value on a recurring basis in our consolidated statement of condition, as defined by GAAP, are generally subjective in nature, and are made as of a specific point in time based on the characteristics of the financial instruments and relevant market information. Disclosure of fair value estimates is not required by GAAP for certain items, such as lease financing, equity-method investments, obligations for pension and other post-retirement plans, premises and equipment, other intangible assets and income-tax assets and liabilities. Accordingly, aggregate fair value estimates presented do not purport to represent, and should not be considered representative of, our underlying “market” or franchise value. In addition, because of potential differences in methodologies and assumptions used to estimate fair values, our estimates of fair value should not be compared to those of other financial institutions.

We use the following methods to estimate the fair values of our financial instruments:


•	For financial instruments that have quoted market prices, those quoted prices are used to estimate fair value.


•	For financial instruments that have no defined maturity, have a remaining maturity of 180 days or less, or reprice frequently to a market rate, we assume that the fair value of these instruments approximates their reported value, after taking into consideration any applicable credit risk.


•	For financial instruments for which no quoted market prices are available, fair value is estimated using information obtained from independent third parties, or by discounting the expected cash flows using an estimated current market interest rate for the financial instrument.

The generally short duration of certain of our assets and liabilities results in a significant number of financial instruments for which fair value equals or closely approximates the amount reported in our consolidated statement of condition. These financial instruments are reported in the following captions in our consolidated statement of condition: cash and due from banks; interest-bearing deposits with banks; securities purchased under resale agreements; accrued income receivable; deposits; securities sold under repurchase agreements; federal funds purchased; and other short-term borrowings. In addition, due to the relatively short duration of certain of our net loans (excluding leases), we consider fair value for these loans to approximate their reported value. The fair value of other types of loans, such as purchased receivables and CRE loans, is estimated by discounting expected future cash flows using current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings for the same remaining maturities. Loan commitments have no reported value because their terms are at prevailing market rates.

The following table presents the reported amounts and estimated fair values of the financial instruments defined by GAAP, excluding financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis, as they would be categorized within the fair-value hierarchy as of March 31, 2012.



					Fair Value Hierarchy
(In millions)	Reported Amount		Fair Value		Quoted Market Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Pricing Methods with Significant Observable Market Inputs (Level 2)		Pricing Methods with Significant Unobservable Market Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	1,383	$	1,383	$	1,383
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	26,709		26,709				$	26,709
Securities purchased under resale agreements	7,895		7,895		—		7,895
Investment securities held to maturity	8,668		8,842		—		8,806		$	36
Loans (excluding leases)	11,011		11,000		—		9,723		1,277
Financial Liabilities:
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing	37,201		37,201		—		37,201		—
Interest-bearing-U.S.	2,731		2,731		—		2,731		—
Interest-bearing-non-U.S.	90,248		90,248		—		90,248		—
Securities sold under repurchase agreements	7,836		7,836		—		7,836		—
Federal funds purchased	222		222		—		222		—
Other short-term borrowings	4,759		4,759		—		4,759		—
Long-term debt	8,117		8,301		—		—		8,301

The following table presents the reported amounts and estimated fair values of the financial instruments defined by GAAP, excluding the aforementioned short-duration financial instruments and financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis, as of December 31, 2011:



(In millions)	Reported Amount		Fair Value
Financial Assets:
Investment securities held to maturity	$	9,321	$	9,362
Net loans (excluding leases)	8,777		8,752

Financial Liabilities:
Long-term debt	8,131		8,206