Loans and Leases

The following table presents our recorded investment in loans and leases, by segment and class, as of the dates indicated:



(In millions)	March 31, 2012			December 31, 2011
Institutional:
Investment funds:
U.S.	$	7,502		$	5,592
Non-U.S.	1,000			796
Commercial and financial:
U.S.	923			563
Non-U.S.	404			453
Purchased receivables:
U.S.	408			563
Non-U.S.	336			372
Lease financing:
U.S.	393			397
Non-U.S.	849			857
Total institutional	11,815			9,593
Commercial real estate:
U.S.	460			460
Total loans and leases	12,275			10,053
Allowance for loan losses	(22		)	(22		)
Loans and leases, net of allowance for loan losses	$	12,253		$	10,031

Aggregate short-duration advances to our clients included in the investment funds and commercial-and-financial classes of the institutional segment were $4.50 billion and $2.17 billion at March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.

The following tables present our recorded investment in each class of loans and leases by credit quality indicator as of the dates indicated:



	Institutional								Commercial Real Estate
March 31, 2012	Investment Funds		Commercial and Financial		Purchased Receivables		Lease Financing		Property Development		Other Acquired Credit- Impaired		Other		Total Loans and Leases
(In millions)	Investment Funds		Commercial and Financial		Purchased Receivables		Lease Financing		Property Development		Other Acquired Credit- Impaired		Other		Total Loans and Leases
Investment grade	$	8,435	$	691	$	744	$	1,215	$	1	$	3	$	36	$	11,125
Speculative	67		636		—		27		379		—		5		1,114
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		31		—		31
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		5		—		5
Total	$	8,502	$	1,327	$	744	$	1,242	$	380	$	39	$	41	$	12,275



	Institutional								Commercial Real Estate
December 31, 2011	Investment Funds		Commercial and Financial		Purchased Receivables		Lease Financing		Property Development		Other Acquired Credit- Impaired		Other		Total Loans and Leases
(In millions)	Investment Funds		Commercial and Financial		Purchased Receivables		Lease Financing		Property Development		Other Acquired Credit- Impaired		Other		Total Loans and Leases
Investment grade	$	6,341	$	592	$	935	$	1,194	$	1	$	3	$	36	$	9,102
Speculative	47		424		—		60		379		31		5		946
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		5		—		5
Total	$	6,388	$	1,016	$	935	$	1,254	$	380	$	39	$	41	$	10,053

Loans and leases are grouped in the tables presented above into the rating categories that align with our internal risk-rating framework. Management considers the ratings to be current as of March 31, 2012. We use an internal risk-rating system to assess the risk of credit loss for each loan or lease. This risk-rating process incorporates the use of risk-rating tools in conjunction with management judgment. Qualitative and quantitative inputs are captured in a systematic manner, and following a formal review and approval process, an internal credit rating based on our credit scale is assigned.

In assessing the risk rating assigned to each individual loan or lease, among the factors considered are the borrower's debt capacity, collateral coverage, payment history and delinquency experience, financial flexibility and earnings strength, the expected amounts and sources of repayment, the level and nature of contingencies, if any, and the industry and geography in which the borrower operates. These factors are based on an evaluation of historical and current information, and involve subjective assessment and interpretation. Credit counterparties are evaluated and risk-rated on an individual basis at least annually.

The following table presents our recorded investment in loans and leases, disaggregated based on our impairment methodology, as of the dates indicated:



	Institutional				Commercial Real Estate				Total Loans and Leases
(In millions)	March 31, 2012		December 31, 2011		March 31, 2012		December 31, 2011		March 31, 2012		December 31, 2011
Loans and leases:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	53	$	56	$	421	$	421	$	474	$	477
Collectively evaluated for impairment	11,762		9,537		—		—		11,762		9,537
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	—		—		39		39		39		39
Total	$	11,815	$	9,593	$	460	$	460	$	12,275	$	10,053

As of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the entire $22 million allowance for loan losses was related to institutional loans collectively evaluated for impairment.

The following table presents our recorded investment in impaired loans and leases as of the dates, or for the periods, indicated:



	March 31, 2012					Three Months Ended March 31, 2012				Three Months Ended March 31, 2011				December 31, 2011
(In millions)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance⁽¹⁾	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Revenue Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Revenue Recognized		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance⁽¹⁾
With no related allowance recorded:
CRE—property development	$	199	$	227		$	199	$	4	$	205	$	4	$	199	$	227
CRE—property development—acquired credit-impaired	—		34			—		—		—		—		—		34
CRE—other—acquired credit-impaired	8		69			8		—		16		—		8		69
CRE—other	—		—			—		—		14		1		—		—
With an allowance recorded:
CRE—property development	—		—			—		—		79		—		—		—
CRE—property development—acquired credit-impaired	—		—			—		—		19		—		—		—
CRE—other—acquired credit-impaired	31		37		—	31		—		76		—		31		37		—
CRE—other	—		—		—	—		—		7		—		—		—		—
Total CRE	$	238	$	367	—	$	238	$	4	$	416	$	5	$	238	$	367	—


⁽¹⁾	As of both March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, we maintained an allowance for loan losses of $22 million associated with loans and leases that were not impaired.

As of both March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2012 we held an aggregate of approximately $199 million of commercial real estate, or CRE, loans which were modified in troubled debt restructurings. No impairment loss was recognized upon restructuring of the loans, as the discounted cash flows of the modified loans exceeded the carrying amount of the original loans as of the modification date. During the three months ended March 31, 2012, no loans were modified in troubled debt restructurings.

No institutional loans or leases were 90 days or more contractually past due as of March 31, 2012 or December 31, 2011. Although a portion of the CRE loans was 90 days or more contractually past due as of March 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, we do not report them as past-due loans, pursuant to GAAP that governs the accounting for acquired credit-impaired loans.

The following table presents activity in the allowance for loan losses for the periods indicated:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2012					2011
(In millions)	Institutional		Commercial Real Estate	Total Loans and Leases		Institutional		Commercial Real Estate			Total Loans and Leases
Allowance for loan losses:
Beginning balance	$	22		$	22	$	31	$	69		$	100
Charge-offs	—			—		—		(19		)	(19		)
Provisions	—			—		—		(1		)	(1		)
Ending balance	$	22	—	$	22	$	31	$	49		$	80