Other Financial Information

Earnings in 2018 included after-tax gains of approximately $630 relating to the sale of certain properties. Of this amount, approximately $365 and $265 related to downstream and upstream, respectively. Earnings in 2017 included after-tax gains of approximately $1,800 relating to the sale of certain properties, of which approximately $850 and $950 related to downstream and upstream assets, respectively. Earnings in 2018 included after-tax charges of approximately $2,000 for impairments and other asset write-offs related to upstream. Earnings in 2017 included after-tax charges of approximately $900 for impairments and other asset write-offs related to upstream.



Other financial information is as follows:
	Year ended December 31
	2018		2017			2016
Total financing interest and debt costs	$	921	$	902		$	753
Less: Capitalized interest	173		595			552
Interest and debt expense	$	748	$	307		$	201
Research and development expenses	$	453	$	433		$	476
Excess of replacement cost over the carrying value of inventories (LIFO method)	$	5,134	$	3,937		$	2,942
LIFO profits (losses) on inventory drawdowns included in earnings	$	26	$	(5	)	$	(88	)
Foreign currency effects^*	$	611	$	(446	)	$	58

^*Includes $416, $(45) and $1 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, for the company’s share of equity affiliates’ foreign currency effects.

The company has $4,518 in goodwill on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, all of which is in the upstream segment and primarily related to the 2005 acquisition of Unocal. The company tested this goodwill for impairment during 2018, and no impairment was required.