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Other Financial Information
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Other Financial Information
Other Financial Information
Earnings in 2017 included after-tax gains of approximately $1,800 relating to the sale of certain properties. Of this amount, approximately $850 and $950 related to downstream and upstream, respectively. Earnings in 2016 included after-tax gains of approximately $800 relating to the sale of certain properties, of which approximately $600 and $200 related to downstream and upstream assets, respectively. Earnings in 2017 included after-tax charges of approximately $900 for impairments and other asset write-offs related to upstream. Earnings in 2016 included after-tax charges of approximately $2,900 for impairments and other asset write-offs related to upstream, and $110 related to downstream.
Other financial information is as follows:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Year ended December 31
 
 
2017

 
 
2016

 
2015

Total financing interest and debt costs
$
902

 
 
$
753

 
$
495

Less: Capitalized interest
595

 
 
552

 
495

Interest and debt expense
$
307

 
 
$
201

 
$
—

Research and development expenses
$
433

 
 
$
476

 
$
601

Excess of replacement cost over the carrying value of inventories (LIFO method)
$
3,937

 
 
$
2,942

 
$
3,745

LIFO losses on inventory drawdowns included in earnings
$
(5
)
 
 
$
(88
)
 
$
(65
)
Foreign currency effects*
$
(446
)
 
 
$
58

 
$
769

* Includes $(45), $1 and $344 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, for the company’s share of equity affiliates’ foreign currency effects.
The company has $4,531 in goodwill on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, all of which is in the upstream segment and related primarily to the 2005 acquisition of Unocal. The company tested this goodwill for impairment during 2017, and no impairment was required.