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Taxes (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Taxes on income
Income Taxes
Year ended December 31
 
 
2016

 
 
2015

 
2014

Income tax expense (benefit)
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. federal
 
 
 
 
 
 
Current
$
(623
)
 
 
$
(817
)
 
$
748

Deferred
(1,558
)
 
 
(580
)
 
1,330

State and local
 
 
 
 
 
 
Current
(15
)
 
 
(187
)
 
336

Deferred
(121
)
 
 
(109
)
 
36

Total United States
(2,317
)
 
 
(1,693
)
 
2,450

International
 
 
 
 
 
 
Current
2,744

 
 
2,997

 
9,235

Deferred
(2,156
)
 
 
(1,172
)
 
207

Total International
588

 
 
1,825

 
9,442

Total income tax expense (benefit)
$
(1,729
)
 
 
$
132

 
$
11,892
Reconciliation between the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate and the company's effective income tax rate
The reconciliation between the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate and the company’s effective income tax rate is detailed in the following table:
 
2016

 
 
20151

 
20141

Income (loss) before income taxes
 
 
 
 
 
 
   United States
$
(4,317
)
 
 
$
(2,877
)
 
$
6,296

   International
2,157

 
 
7,719

 
24,906

Total income (loss) before income taxes
(2,160
)
 
 
4,842

 
31,202

Theoretical tax (at U.S. statutory rate of 35%)
(756
)
 
 
1,695

 
10,921

Equity affiliate accounting effect
(704
)
 
 
(1,286
)
 
(2,039
)
Effect of income taxes from international operations
608

 
 
72

 
2,708

State and local taxes on income, net of U.S. federal income tax benefit
(44
)
 
 
(74
)
 
234

Prior year tax adjustments, claims and settlements
(349
)
 
 
84

 
(76
)
Tax credits
(188
)
 
 
(35
)
 
(68
)
Other2
(296
)
 
 
(324
)
 
212

Total income tax expense (benefit)
$
(1,729
)
 
 
$
132

 
$
11,892

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Effective income tax rate
80.0
%
 
 
2.7
%
 
38.1
%
1 2014 and 2015 conformed to 2016 presentation.
2 Includes one-time tax benefits associated with changes in uncertain tax positions and valuation allowances.
Composition of deferred tax balances
The reported deferred tax balances are composed of the following:
 
 
 
 
At December 31

 
2016

 
 
2015

Deferred tax liabilities
 
 
 
 
Properties, plant and equipment
$
25,180

 
 
$
27,044

Investments and other
5,222

 
 
3,743

Total deferred tax liabilities
30,402

 
 
30,787

Deferred tax assets
 
 
 
 
Foreign tax credits
(10,976
)
 
 
(10,534
)
Abandonment/environmental reserves
(6,251
)
 
 
(6,880
)
Employee benefits
(4,392
)
 
 
(4,801
)
Deferred credits
(1,950
)
 
 
(1,810
)
Tax loss carryforwards
(6,030
)
 
 
(2,748
)
Other accrued liabilities
(510
)
 
 
(525
)
Inventory
(374
)
 
 
(120
)
Miscellaneous
(3,121
)
 
 
(2,525
)
Total deferred tax assets
(33,604
)
 
 
(29,943
)
Deferred tax assets valuation allowance
16,069

 
 
15,412

Total deferred taxes, net
$
12,867

 
 
$
16,256
Classification of deferred taxes
At December 31, 2016 and 2015, deferred taxes were classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as follows:
 
At December 31
 
 
2016

 
 
2015

Deferred charges and other assets
$
(4,649
)
 
 
$
(3,909
)
Noncurrent deferred income taxes
17,516

 
 
20,165

Total deferred income taxes, net
$
12,867

 
 
$
16,256
Changes to the Company's unrecognized tax benefits
The following table indicates the changes to the company’s unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014. The term “unrecognized tax benefits” in the accounting standards for income taxes refers to the differences between a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefit measured and recognized in the financial statements. Interest and penalties are not included.
 
2016

 
 
2015

 
2014

Balance at January 1
$
3,042

 
 
$
3,552

 
$
3,848

Foreign currency effects
1

 
 
(27
)
 
(25
)
Additions based on tax positions taken in current year
245

 
 
154

 
354

Additions/reductions resulting from current-year asset acquisitions/sales
—

 
 
—

 
(22
)
Additions for tax positions taken in prior years
181

 
 
218

 
37

Reductions for tax positions taken in prior years
(390
)
 
 
(678
)
 
(561
)
Settlements with taxing authorities in current year
(36
)
 
 
(5
)
 
(50
)
Reductions as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations
(12
)
 
 
(172
)
 
(29
)
Balance at December 31
$
3,031

 
 
$
3,042

 
$
3,552
Taxes other than on income
Taxes Other Than on Income
Year ended December 31
 
 
2016

 
 
2015

 
2014

United States
 
 
 
 
 
 
Excise and similar taxes on products and merchandise
$
4,335

 
 
$
4,426

 
$
4,633

Import duties and other levies
9

 
 
4

 
6

Property and other miscellaneous taxes
1,680

 
 
1,367

 
1,002

Payroll taxes
252

 
 
270

 
273

Taxes on production
159

 
 
157

 
349

Total United States
6,435

 
 
6,224

 
6,263

International
 
 
 
 
 
 
Excise and similar taxes on products and merchandise
2,570

 
 
2,933

 
3,553

Import duties and other levies
33

 
 
40

 
45

Property and other miscellaneous taxes
2,379

 
 
2,548

 
2,277

Payroll taxes
145

 
 
161

 
172

Taxes on production
106

 
 
124

 
230

Total International
5,233

 
 
5,806

 
6,277

Total taxes other than on income
$
11,668

 
 
$
12,030

 
$
12,540