Other Financial Information

Earnings in 2015 included after-tax gains of approximately $2,300 relating to the sale of nonstrategic properties. Of this amount, approximately $1,800 and $500 related to downstream and upstream, respectively. Earnings in 2014 included after-tax gains of approximately $3,000 relating to the sale of nonstrategic properties, of which approximately $1,800 and $1,000 related to upstream and downstream assets, respectively. Earnings in 2015 included after-tax charges of approximately $3,000 for impairments and other asset write-offs related to upstream. Earnings in 2014 included after-tax charges of approximately $1,000 for impairments and other asset write-offs, of which $800 was related to upstream and $200 to a mining asset.

Other financial information is as follows:



	Year ended December 31
	2015			2014		2013
Total financing interest and debt costs	$	495		$	358	$	284
Less: Capitalized interest	495			358		284
Interest and debt expense	$	—		$	—	$	—
Research and development expenses	$	601		$	707	$	750
Excess of replacement cost over the carrying value of inventories (LIFO method)	3,745			8,135		9,150
LIFO (losses) / profits on inventory drawdowns included in earnings	(65		)	13		14
Foreign currency effects*	$	769		$	487	$	474

^*Includes $344, $118 and $244 in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for the company’s share of equity affiliates’ foreign currency effects.

The company has $4,588 in goodwill on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the 2005 acquisition of Unocal and to the 2011 acquisition of Atlas Energy, Inc. The company tested this goodwill for impairment during 2015 and concluded no impairment was necessary.