12. Payables and Accrued Liabilities

Payables and accrued liabilities consist of the following:



	Successor		Predecessor
	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Payables to servicing and subservicing investors	$	494	$	516
Loans subject to repurchase from Ginnie Mae	266		218
MSR purchases payable including advances	182		10
Payable to GSEs and securitized trusts	105		92
Other liabilities	496		403
Total payables and accrued liabilities	$	1,543	$	1,239

Payables to Servicing and Subservicing Investors and Payables to GSEs and Securitized Trusts

Payables to servicing and subservicing investors, GSEs and securitized trusts represent amounts due to investors, GSEs and securitized trusts in connection with loans serviced that are paid from collections of the underlying loans, insurance proceeds or proceeds from property disposal.

Loans Subject to Repurchase from Ginnie Mae

See Note 9, Other Assets, for a description of assets and liabilities related to loans subject to repurchase from Ginnie Mae.

MSR purchases payable including advances

MSR purchases payable including advances represents the amounts owed to the seller in connection with the purchase of MSRs.

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities primarily include accrued bonus and payroll, accrued interest, accrued legal expenses, payable to insurance carriers and insurance cancellation reserves, derivative financial instruments, repurchase reserves, accounts payable and other accrued liabilities. Payables to insurance carriers and insurance cancellation reserves consist of insurance premiums received from borrower payments awaiting disbursement to the insurance carrier and/or amounts due to third-party investors on liquidated loans. See Note 10, Derivative Financial Instruments, for further details on derivative financial instruments.

The activity of the repurchase reserves is set forth below.



	Successor			Predecessor
Repurchase Reserves	For the Period August 1 - December 31, 2018			For the Period January 1 - July 31, 2018			Year ended December 31, 2017
Balance - beginning of period	$	9		$	9		$	18
Provisions	3			3			7
Releases	(4		)	(3		)	(14		)
Charge-offs	—			—			(2		)
Balance - end of period	$	8		$	9		$	9

The provision for repurchases represents an estimate of losses to be incurred on the repurchase of loans or indemnification of purchaser’s losses related to forward loans. Certain sale contracts and GSE standards require the Predecessor and subsequently the Company to repurchase a loan or indemnify the purchaser or insurer for losses if a borrower fails to make initial loan payments or if the accompanying mortgage loan fails to meet certain customary representations and warranties, such as the manner of origination, the nature and extent of underwriting standards.

In the event of a breach of the representations and warranties, the Predecessor and subsequently the Company may be required to either repurchase the loan or indemnify the purchaser for losses it sustains on the loan. In addition, an investor may request that the Predecessor and subsequently the Company refund a portion of the premium paid on the sale of mortgage loans if a loan is prepaid within a certain amount of time from the date of sale. The Predecessor and the Company record a reserve for estimated losses associated with loan repurchases, purchaser indemnification and premium refunds. The provision for repurchase losses is charged against net gain on mortgage loans held for sale. A release of repurchase reserves is recorded when the Predecessor and Company’s assessment reveals that previously recorded reserves are no longer needed.

A selling representation and warranty framework was introduced by the GSEs in 2013 and enhanced in 2014 that helps address concerns of loan sellers with respect to loan repurchase risk. Under the framework, a GSE will not exercise its remedies, including the issuance of repurchase requests, for breaches of certain selling representations and warranties if a mortgage meets certain eligibility requirements. For loans sold to GSEs on or after January 1, 2013, repurchase risk for Home Affordable Refinance Program (“HARP”) loans is lowered if the borrower stays current on the loan for 12 months and representation and warranty risks are limited for non-HARP loans that stay current for 36 months.

The Company regularly evaluates the adequacy of repurchase reserves based on trends in repurchase and indemnification requests, actual loss experience, settlement negotiation, estimated future loss exposure and other relevant factors including economic conditions. Current loss rates have significantly declined attributable to stronger underwriting standards and due to the falloff of loans underwritten prior to mortgage loan crisis period prior to 2008. The Company believes its reserve balance as of December 31, 2018 is sufficient to cover loss exposure associated with repurchase contingencies.