20-F

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission file number 1-13522

China Yuchai International Limited

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Not Applicable	Bermuda
(Translation of Registrant’s Name Into English)	(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

16 Raffles Quay #39-01A

Hong Leong Building

Singapore 048581

+65-6220-8411

(Address and Telephone Number of Principal Executive Offices)

Phung Khong Fock Thomas

Chief Financial Officer

16 Raffles Quay

#39-01A Hong Leong Building

Singapore 048581

Tel: +65 6220 8411

Fax: +65 6221 1172

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, par value US$0.10 per Share	The New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

As of December 31, 2018, 40,858,290 shares of common stock, par value US$0.10 per share, and one special share, par value US$0.10, were issued and outstanding.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☐  No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.  Yes ☐  No ☒

Note — Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.  Item 17  ☐ Item 18   ☐

If this report is an annual report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐  No ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.  Yes ☐  No ☐

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHINA YUCHAI INTERNATIONAL LIMITED

	Page
Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information		2
Cautionary Statements with Respect to Forward-Looking Statements		2
Part I
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers		3
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable		4
Item 3. Key Information		4
Item 4. Information on the Company		24
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments		45
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects		45
Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees		63
Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions		71
Item 8. Financial Information		74
Item 9. The Offer and Listing		75
Item 10. Additional Information		76
Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		90
Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities		92
Part II
Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies		92
Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds		92
Item 15. Controls and Procedures		92
Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert		94
Item 16B. Code of Ethics		94
Item 16C. Principal Accountants Fees and Services		94
Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees		94
Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers		94
Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant		95
Item 16G. Corporate Governance		95
Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure		95
Part III
Item 17. Financial Statements		95
Item 18. Financial Statements		95
Item 19. Exhibits		96
Signatures		98
Consolidated Financial Statements		F-1

1

Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information

All references to “China,” “PRC” and the “State” in this Annual Report are references to the People’s Republic of China. Unless otherwise specified, all references in this Annual Report to “US dollar,” “dollar,” “US$” or “$” are to the United States dollar; all references to “Renminbi” or “RMB” are to Renminbi, the legal tender currency of China; all references to “S$” are to the Singapore dollar, the legal tender currency of Singapore; all references to “RM” are to Ringgit, the legal tender currency of Malaysia. Unless otherwise specified, translation of amounts for the convenience of the reader has been made in this Annual Report (i) from Renminbi to US dollar at the rate of RMB 6.6901 = US$1.00, the rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China, or PBOC, on February 28, 2019, (ii) from Singapore dollar to US dollar at the rate of S$1.3520 = US$1.00, the noon buying rate in New York for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on February 28, 2019, and (iii) from Ringgit to US dollar at the rate of RM 4.0650 = US$1.00, the noon buying rate in New York for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on February 28, 2019. No representation is made that the Renminbi amounts, Singapore dollar amounts or Ringgit amounts could have been, or could be, converted into US dollar at rates specified herein or any other rate.

As used in this Annual Report, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “the Company”, “the Group”, “CYI”, “we”, “us”, “our” and “our company” refer to China Yuchai International Limited and its subsidiaries. All references herein to “Yuchai” are to Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited and its subsidiaries and, prior to its incorporation in July 1992, to the machinery business of its predecessor, Guangxi Yulin Diesel Engine Factory, or Yulin Diesel, which was founded in 1951 and became a state-owned enterprise in 1959. In the restructuring of Yulin Diesel in July 1992, its other businesses were transferred to Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Holdings Company, also sometimes referred to as Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group Company Limited, or the State Holding Company, which became a shareholder of Yuchai. All references to “HLGE” are to HL Global Enterprises Limited (formerly known as HLG Enterprise Limited); and all references to the “HLGE group” are to HLGE and its subsidiaries. All references to “TCL” are to Thakral Corporation Ltd; and all references to the “TCL group” are to TCL and its subsidiaries.

As of December 31, 2018, 40,858,290 shares of our common stock, par value US$0.10 per share, or Common Stock, and one special share, par value US$0.10, of our Common Stock were issued and outstanding. The weighted average shares of common stock outstanding during the year was 40,858,290. Unless otherwise indicated herein, all percentage share amounts with respect to the Company are based on the weighted average number of shares of 40,858,290 for 2018. As of February 28, 2019, 40,858,290 shares of our Common Stock, and one special share, par value US$0.10 were issued and outstanding.

In China, Euro emission standards are equivalent to National emission standards and references to National emission standards are equivalent to references to Euro emission standards. All references to Tier-2, Tier-3 and Tier-4 emission standards are to emission standards adopted by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China (superseded by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China in 2018) applicable to diesel engines used in off-road machinery.

All references to “CAAM” are to the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers. Unless stated otherwise, all data related to the commercial vehicle market in China in this Annual Report is attributed to CAAM.

Our consolidated financial statements are reported in Renminbi and prepared in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IFRS”). Totals presented in this Annual Report may not correctly total due to rounding of numbers. References to a particular fiscal year are to the period ended December 31 of such year.

The audited consolidated financial statements as at and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 included in this Annual Report reflect the first year of adoption of standards IFRS 15 — Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“IFRS 15”). The transition was applied by using a full retrospective method from January 1, 2016. Changes in accounting policy applied as a result of the adoption including the restatements of the consolidated statements of financial position as at December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2017, and the related consolidated statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the period ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The effects of adopting IFRS 15 are described in Note 2.4 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. The audited consolidated financial statements as at and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 were not restated for the retrospective application of IFRS 15. In addition, the financial and operational data as at and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 included in this Annual Report reflect Yuchai’s revision of its classification system for light-, medium- and heavy-duty engines implemented in 2018. Under the revised classification system, light-duty engines have engine capacity of 3.8 liters or less; medium-duty engines have engine capacity of between 3.8 liters and 7.0 liters; and heavy-duty engines have engine capacity of more than 7.0 liters. In addition to engine capacity, the new classification system takes into account the commercial application of the engines by original equipment manufacturers. For example, certain 4-cylinder engines that were previously classified as light-duty engines have been reclassified as medium-duty engines to the extent that they have application in the light- and medium-duty segments.

Cautionary Statements with Respect to Forward-Looking Statements

We wish to caution readers that the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report, which include all statements which, at the time made, address future results of operations, are based upon our interpretation of factors affecting our business and operations. We believe that the following important factors, among others, in some cases have affected, and in the future could affect our consolidated results and could cause our consolidated results for 2019 and beyond to differ materially from those described in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf:

• political, economic and social conditions in China, including the Chinese government’s specific policies with respect to foreign investment, economic growth and the availability of credit, particularly to the extent such current or future conditions and policies affect the diesel and natural gas engine industries and markets in China, our diesel and natural gas engine customers, the demand, sales volume and sales prices for our diesel and natural gas engines and our levels of accounts receivables;

2

• the threat arising from global and the Chinese government’s initiatives to develop energy saving and new energy vehicles, including hybrid, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles and other alternative energy-powered vehicles, which may lead to a decrease in demand for our engines, affecting our market share and profitability;

• the effects of a weaker than expected recovery in the global economy subject to substantial downside risks including heightened policy uncertainty especially regarding trade policies, tariffs and government regulations, financial market disruptions amid global financial conditions and heightened geopolitical tensions globally, protracted recovery in the Euro Area and the economic effects from a withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union on the overall global economy and our business, operating results and growth rates;

• the effects of competition and excess capacity in the diesel engine market on the demand, sales volume and sales prices for our diesel engines;

• the effects of previously reported material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and our ability to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting;

• our ability to collect and control our levels of accounts receivables;

• our dependence on Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd. and other major diesel truck manufacturers controlled by or affiliated with Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd.;

• our ability to successfully manage and implement our joint ventures and manufacture and sell our diesel and natural gas engines and any new products;

• our ability to finance our working capital and capital expenditure requirements, including obtaining any required external debt or other financing;

• the effects of fluctuating interest rates in China on our borrowing costs or the availability of funding;

• the effects of inflation and deflation on our financial condition and results of operations;

• our ability to successfully implement the Reorganization Agreement, as amended by the Cooperation Agreement (both as defined in “Item 4. Information on the Company — History and Development);

• our ability to control Yuchai and consolidate Yuchai’s financial results;

• the effects of uncertainties in the Chinese legal system, which could limit the legal protection available to foreign investors, including with respect to the enforcement of foreign judgments in China;

• the effects of changes to the international, regional and economic climate and market conditions in countries where the HLGE group’s hospitality operations are located, as well as related global economic trends that adversely impact the travel and tourism industries;

• the outbreak of communicable diseases, if not contained, and its potential effects on the operations of the HLGE group and its business in the hospitality industry; and

• the impact of terrorism, terrorist events, airline strikes, hostilities between countries or increased risk of natural disasters or viral epidemics that may affect travel patterns and reduce the number of travelers and tourists to the HLGE group’s hospitality operations.

Our actual results, performance, or achievement may differ from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report. Accordingly, we can give no assurances that any of the events anticipated by these forward-looking statements will transpire or occur or, if any of the foregoing factors or other risks and uncertainties described elsewhere in this Annual Report were to occur, what impact they will have on these forward-looking statements, including our results of operations or financial condition. In view of these uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We expressly disclaim any obligation to publicly revise any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report to reflect the occurrence of events after the date of this Annual Report.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not Applicable.

3

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Selected Financial Data

The selected consolidated statement of financial position data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018, and the selected consolidated statement of profit or loss data and the selected consolidated statement of cash flows data set forth below for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. The selected consolidated statement of financial position data as of December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, and the selected consolidated statement of profit or loss data and the selected consolidated statement of cash flows data set forth below for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report. Our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 have been prepared in conformity with IFRS.

The audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 included in this Annual Report reflect the first year of adoption of standards IFRS 15. In addition, the financial and operational data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 included in this Annual Report reflect Yuchai’s revision of its classification system for light-, medium- and heavy-duty engines implemented in 2018. For more information, see “Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information.”

The selected financial information as of and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 set forth below should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.

We currently own, through six of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, 76.4% of the outstanding shares of Yuchai. Our ownership interest in Yuchai is our main business asset. As a result, our financial condition and results of operations depend primarily upon Yuchai’s financial condition and results of operations, and the implementation of the Reorganization Agreement, as amended by the Cooperation Agreement.

Following an announcement in February 2005 by the Board of Directors of the Company of its approval of the implementation of our business expansion and diversification plan, we looked for new business opportunities to seek to reduce our financial dependence on Yuchai. As of December 31, 2018, we had a 48.9% interest in the outstanding ordinary shares of HLGE and a 7.7% interest in the outstanding ordinary shares of TCL. As of February 28, 2019, our interest in the outstanding ordinary shares of HLGE and TCL remained unchanged.

Relating to our interest in HLGE:

On January 13, 2012, our wholly-owned subsidiary, Grace Star Services Limited (“Grace Star”) transferred 24,189,170 Series B redeemable convertible preference shares in the capital of HLGE (the “Trust Preference Shares”) to Amicorp Trustees (Singapore) Limited (the “Trustee”) pursuant to a trust deed entered into between HLGE and the Trustee (the “Trust”). On January 16, 2012, the Trust Preference Shares were mandatorily converted into 24,189,170 new ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE (the “Trust Shares”) resulting in our shareholding interest in HLGE decreasing from 49.4% to 48.1%. On April 4, 2012, as a result of the conversion of all the outstanding Series A redeemable convertible preference shares held by our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Venture Delta Limited (“Venture Delta”) and Grace Star, into new ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE, our shareholding interest in HLGE increased from 48.1% to 48.9%.

The Trust Shares are accounted for as treasury shares by HLGE as they are issued by HLGE and held by the Trust, which is considered as part of HLGE. As a result, based on the total outstanding ordinary shares of HLGE net of the Trust Shares, our shareholding interest in HLGE is stated as 50.2% for accounting purposes in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018. However, these Trust Shares are not regarded as treasury shares under the Singapore Companies Act, Chapter 50, and the Trustee has the power, inter alia, to vote or abstain from voting in respect of the Trust Shares at any general meeting of HLGE in its absolute discretion and to waive its right to receive dividends in respect of the Trust Shares as it deems fit. Accordingly, based on the total outstanding ordinary shares of HLGE including the Trust Shares, our shareholding interest in HLGE is 48.9% as of December 31, 2018 and February 28, 2019. We consolidate the results of HLGE as a subsidiary. See Note 1.3 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

Relating to our interest in TCL:

Since fiscal year 2010, we have gradually reduced our total shareholding in TCL. Our total shareholding interest in TCL was 7.7% as of December 31, 2018 and February 28, 2019. We classify our shareholding in TCL as quoted equity securities. On March 27, 2019, W Capital Markets Pte. Ltd., for and on behalf of Prime Trade Enterprises Limited, an investment holding company ultimately owned and controlled by certain members of the Thakral family, announced a voluntary conditional cash partial offer to acquire approximately 20% of the total issued shares of TCL. We are currently considering our options in relation to our investment in the TCL group including disposing of our entire shareholding in TCL.

4

For further information on the Company’s investments in HLGE and TCL, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Business Expansion and Diversification Plan.”

	Year ended December 31,
	2014			2015			2016			2017			2018			2018
	RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			US$(1)
							(Restated)			(Restated)
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Selected Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss Data:
Revenue		16,436,142			13,733,437			13,643,195			16,197,819			16,263,248			2,430,942
Gross profit		3,290,990			2,790,572			2,972,452			3,356,051			3,092,021			462,178
Research and development costs		(494,594	)		(506,955	)		(588,007	)		(608,181	)		(447,668	)		(66,915	)
Other operating income, net		94,892			19,337			95,355			509,398			192,680			28,800
Operating profit		1,292,618			805,180			979,527			1,604,413			1,282,521			191,703
Share of results of associates and joint ventures		(29,755	)		(2,691	)		(3,612	)		10,054			11,634			1,739
Profit before tax		1,201,385			686,138			896,232			1,514,028			1,181,067			176,538
Income tax expense		(179,639	)		(176,818	)		(160,270	)		(194,172	)		(206,667	)		(30,891	)
Profit for the year		1,021,746			509,320			735,962			1,319,856			974,400			145,647
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent		730,280			341,108			525,177			888,809			695,266			103,925
Non-controlling interests		291,466			168,212			210,785			431,047			279,134			41,722
Basic and diluted earnings per common share attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent (RMB/US$ per share)		19.36			8.81			13.12			21.80			17.02			2.54
Profit for the year per share (RMB/US$ per share)		27.09			13.16			18.39			32.38			23.85			3.56
Weighted average number of shares		37,720			38,712			40,017			40,765			40,858			40,858

	As at December 31,
	2014			2015			2016			2017			2018			2018
	RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			US$(1)
							(Restated)			(Restated)
	(in thousands)
Selected Consolidated Statement of Financial Position Data:
Working capital (2)		4,925,945			4,366,413			5,498,043			6,621,162			6,861,641			1,025,640
Property, plant and equipment		4,460,842			4,329,544			4,127,185			3,824,018			3,756,542			561,508
Trade and other receivables		8,403,066			7,563,715			7,495,209			7,416,554			7,785,287			1,163,702
Total assets		18,773,336			18,815,602			18,515,746			21,015,059			21,657,964			3,237,315
Trade and other payables		6,547,296			6,192,190			6,689,771			7,507,031			7,191,134			1,074,893
Short-term loans and borrowings		1,209,001			2,399,195			894,136			1,600,000			2,001,014			299,101
Long-term loans and borrowings		1,077,716			56,509			16,270			26,341			15,078			2,254
Non-controlling interests		2,163,382			2,190,452			2,317,982			2,627,617			2,751,705			411,310
Issued capital		1,840,227			1,955,720			2,059,076			2,081,138			2,081,138			311,077
Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent		6,988,432			7,239,617			7,735,672			8,334,287			8,395,849			1,254,966
	Year ended December 31,
	2014			2015			2016			2017			2018			2018
	RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			US$(1)
							(Restated)			(Restated)
	(in thousands)
Selected Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows Data:
Net cash provided by operating activities		535,686			1,686,718			2,276,087			1,420,167			670,601			100,235
Net cash (used in)/from investing activities		(523,019	)		(25,496	)		(572,031	)		76,570			(79,992	)		(11,956	)
Net cash (used in)/from financing activities		(314,749	)		(485,535	)		(1,553,986	)		280,862			(449,525	)		(67,193	)
Effect of foreign currency exchange on cash and cash equivalents		(3,109	)		7,332			29,480			(41,189	)		28,482			4,259
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents		(305,191	)		1,183,019			179,550			1,736,410			169,566			25,345

5

⁽¹⁾  The Company’s functional currency is US dollar and its reporting currency is Renminbi. The functional currency of Yuchai is Renminbi. Translation of amounts from Renminbi to US dollar is solely for the convenience of the reader. Translation of amounts from Renminbi to US dollar has been made at the rate of RMB 6.6901 = US$1.00, the rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”) at the close of business on February 28, 2019. No representation is made that the Renminbi amounts could have been, or could be, converted into US dollar at that rate or at any other rate prevailing on February 28, 2019 or any other date. The rate quoted by the PBOC at the close of business on December 28, 2018 was RMB 6.8632 = US$1.00.

⁽²⁾  Current assets less current liabilities.

Dividends

Our principal source of cash flow has historically been our share of the dividends, if any, paid to us by Yuchai, as described under “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

In May 1993, in order to finance further expansion, Yuchai sold shares to the Company, or Foreign Shares, and became a Sino-foreign joint stock company.

Chinese laws and regulations applicable to a Sino-foreign joint stock company require that before Yuchai distributes profits, it must (i) recover losses in previous years; (ii) satisfy all tax liabilities; and (iii) make contributions to the statutory reserve fund in an amount equal to 10% of net income for the year determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the PRC, or PRC GAAP. However, the allocation of statutory reserve fund will not be further required once the accumulated amount of such fund reaches 50% of the registered capital of Yuchai.

Any determination by Yuchai to declare a dividend will be at the discretion of Yuchai’s shareholders and will be dependent upon Yuchai’s financial condition, results of operations, regulatory factors and other relevant factors. Yuchai’s Articles of Association provide that dividends shall be paid at least once a year out of after-tax profits (if any). To the extent Yuchai has foreign currency available, dividends declared by shareholders at a shareholders’ meeting to be paid to holders of Foreign Shares (currently only us) will be payable in foreign currency, and such shareholders will have priority thereto. If the foreign currency available is insufficient to pay such dividends, such dividends may be payable partly in Renminbi and partly in foreign currency. Dividends allocated to holders of Foreign Shares may be remitted in accordance with the relevant Chinese laws and regulations. In the event that the dividends are distributed in Renminbi, such dividends may be converted into foreign currency and remitted in accordance with the relevant Chinese laws, regulations and policies.

Any determination by the Company to declare a dividend will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent upon our financial condition, results of operations and other relevant factors. The following table sets forth a five-year summary of dividends we have paid to our shareholders as well as dividends paid to us by Yuchai:

Fiscal Year	Dividend paid by the Company to its shareholders for the fiscal year/ in the fiscal year (per share)	Dividend paid by Yuchai to the Company (1) for the fiscal year /in the fiscal year (in thousands)
2014	US$1.20 (2)	RMB 325,278 (3)
2015	US$1.10 (4)	RMB 271,058 (5)
2016	US$0.85 (6)	RMB 318,050(7)
2017	US$0.90 (8)	RMB 234,923(9)
2018	US$2.21(10)	RMB 307,207(11)

⁽¹⁾  Dividends paid by Yuchai, are declared in Renminbi and paid to us in a mix of US dollar and Renminbi based on the exchange rates at local designated foreign exchange banks on the respective payment dates.

⁽²⁾  On May 12, 2014, we declared a dividend of US$1.20 per ordinary share amounting to a total of US$44.7 million for fiscal year 2013 payable either wholly in cash or new shares at the election of shareholders. Based on the elections by shareholders, the aggregate dividend was paid in the form of approximately US$26 million in cash and 928,033 ordinary shares.

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⁽³⁾  The dividend declared by Yuchai for fiscal year 2014 was paid to us on May 29, 2015. For dividend paid for fiscal year 2014, RMB 32.6 million was paid in Renminbi and the remaining RMB 292.7 million was paid in US dollar at an exchange rate of RMB 6.2135 = US$1.00.

⁽⁴⁾  On May 22, 2015, we declared a dividend of US$1.10 per ordinary share amounting to a total of US$42.0 million for fiscal year 2014 payable either wholly in cash or new shares at the election of shareholders. Based on the elections by shareholders, the aggregate dividend was paid in the form of approximately US$23.4 million in cash and 1,102,634 ordinary shares.

⁽⁵⁾  The dividend declared by Yuchai for fiscal year 2015 was paid to us on May 26, 2016. For the dividend paid for fiscal year 2015, RMB 27.0 million was paid in Renminbi and the remaining RMB 244.1 million was paid in US dollar at an exchange rate of RMB 6.5636 = US$1.00.

⁽⁶⁾  On May 12, 2016, we declared a dividend of US$0.85 per ordinary share amounting to a total of US$33.4 million for fiscal year 2015 payable either wholly in cash or new shares at the election of shareholders. Based on the elections by shareholders, the aggregate dividend was paid in the form of approximately US$17.8 million in cash and 1,413,760 ordinary shares.

⁽⁷⁾  The dividend declared by Yuchai for fiscal year 2016 was paid to us on May 19, 2017. For the dividend paid for the fiscal year 2016, RMB 318.0 million was paid in Renminbi.

⁽⁸⁾  On May 24, 2017, we declared a dividend of US$0.90 per ordinary share amounting to a total of US$36.6 million for fiscal year 2016 payable either wholly in cash or new shares at the election of shareholders. Based on the elections by shareholders, the aggregate dividend was paid in the form of approximately US$34.7 million in cash and 99,790 ordinary shares.

⁽⁹⁾  The dividend declared by Yuchai for fiscal year 2017 was paid to us between May 25, 2018 and May 29, 2018. For the dividend paid for the fiscal year 2017, RMB 234.9 million was paid in Renminbi.

⁽¹⁰⁾ On June 19, 2018, we declared a dividend of US$0.73 per ordinary share and a special dividend of US$1.48 per ordinary share amounting to a total of US$90.3 million for fiscal year 2017. This dividend was paid to our shareholders on July 10, 2018.

⁽¹¹⁾  The dividend declared by Yuchai for fiscal year 2018 has been approved for payment by Yuchai’s Board of Directors. It will be paid to us upon the issuance of Yuchai’s audited financial statements for fiscal year 2018 and upon the receipt of approval by Yuchai’s shareholders.

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Risk Factors

Risks relating to our shares and share ownership

Our controlling shareholder’s interests may differ from those of our other shareholders.

As of February 28, 2019, our controlling shareholder, Hong Leong Asia Ltd., or Hong Leong Asia, indirectly owns 17,059,154 or approximately 41.75%, of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock, as well as a special share that entitles it to elect a majority of our directors. Hong Leong Asia controls us through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Hong Leong (China) Limited, or Hong Leong China, and through HL Technology Systems Pte Ltd, or HL Technology, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Hong Leong China. HL Technology owns approximately 23.30% of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock and has, since August 2002 been the registered holder of the special share. Hong Leong Asia also owns, through another wholly-owned subsidiary, Well Summit Investments Limited, approximately 18.45% of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock as of February 28, 2019. Hong Leong Asia is a member of the Hong Leong Investment Holdings Pte. Ltd., or Hong Leong Investment group of companies. Prior to August 2002, we were controlled by Diesel Machinery (BVI) Limited, or Diesel Machinery, which, until its dissolution, was a holding company controlled by Hong Leong China and was the prior owner of the special share. Through HL Technology’s stock ownership and the rights accorded to the Special Share under our Bye-Laws and various agreements among shareholders, Hong Leong Asia is able to effectively approve and effect most corporate transactions. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Related Party Transactions — Shareholders Agreement.” In addition, our shareholders do not have cumulative voting rights. There can be no assurance that Hong Leong Asia’s actions will be in the best interests of our other shareholders. See also “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Major Shareholders.”

We may experience a change of control as a result of sale or disposal of shares of our Common Stock by our controlling shareholders.

As described above, HL Technology, a subsidiary of Hong Leong Asia, owns 9,520,251 shares of our Common Stock, as well as the special share. If HL Technology reduces its shareholding to less than 7,290,000 shares of our Common Stock, our Bye-Laws provide that the special share held by HL Technology will cease to carry any rights, and Hong Leong Asia may as a result cease to have control over us. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — The Special Share.” If HL Technology sells or disposes of all of the shares of our Common Stock, we cannot determine what control arrangements will arise as a result of such sale or disposal (including changes in our management arising therefrom), or assess what effect those control arrangements may have, if any, on our financial condition, results of operations, business, prospects or share price.

In addition, certain of our financing arrangements have covenants requiring Hong Leong Asia to retain ownership of the special share and that we remain a principal subsidiary (as defined in such arrangements) of Hong Leong Asia. A breach of that covenant may require us to pay all outstanding amounts under those financing arrangements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to pay such amounts or obtain alternate financing.

The market price for our Common Stock may be volatile.

There continues to be volatility in the market price for our Common Stock. See “Item 9. The Offer and Listing.” The market price could fluctuate substantially in the future in response to a number of factors, including:

• our operating results whether audited or unaudited;

• the public’s reaction to our press releases and announcements and our filings with the SEC;

• changes in financial estimates or recommendations by stock market analysts regarding us, our competitors or other companies that investors may deem comparable;

• operating and stock price performance of our competitors or other companies that investors may deem comparable;

• political, economic, and social conditions in China;

• any negative perceptions about corporate governance or accounting practices at listed companies with significant operations in China;

• changes in general economic conditions, arising from a slowdown in the global economy in 2019 and beyond, escalation or continuation of trade tensions between the United States and China, heightened policy uncertainty especially regarding trade, financial market disruptions amid global financing conditions, and heightened geopolitical tensions globally, protracted recovery in the Euro Area and the economic effects from a withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union and weaker than expected growth in China. See “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our company and our business — The diesel engine business in China is dependent in large part on the performance of the Chinese and the global economy. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects could be adversely affected by slowdowns in the Chinese and the global economy;”

• the threat arising from the Chinese government’s initiatives to develop energy saving and new energy vehicles, including hybrid, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles and other alternative energy-powered vehicles, which may lead to a decrease in demand for our engines, affecting our market share and profitability;

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• future sales of our Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur; or

• the announcement by us or our competitors of a significant acquisition.

Any of the above factors either individually or together may result in market fluctuations which may materially adversely affect our stock price.

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse United States federal income tax consequences to US Holders.

A non-United States corporation is considered a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (2) at least 50% of the total value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, the total value of our assets generally will be determined by reference to the market price of our shares. We believe that our shares should not be treated as stock of a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended on December 31, 2018. However, there is no guarantee that the United States Internal Revenue Service will not take a contrary position or that our shares will not be treated as stock of a PFIC for any future taxable year. Our PFIC status will be affected by, among other things, the market value of our shares and the assets and operations of our company and subsidiaries. If we were to be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a US Holder (defined below) holds our shares, certain adverse United States federal income tax consequences could apply to the US Holder. See “Item 10. Additional Information — Taxation — United States Federal Income Taxation — PFIC Rules.”

If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of our shares, such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our Common Stock, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation” in our group (if any). If our group includes one or more U.S. subsidiaries, under recently-enacted rules, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could be treated as controlled foreign corporations regardless of whether we are or are not treated as a controlled foreign corporation (although there is currently a pending legislative proposal to significantly limit the application of these rules). A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to annually report and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income”, “global intangible low-taxed income” and investments in U.S. property by controlled foreign corporations, whether or not we make any distributions. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. A failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject you to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to your U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are treated as a controlled foreign corporation or whether such investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any of such controlled foreign corporations or furnish to any United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations. A United States investor should consult their own advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to its investment in the Common Stock.

Risks relating to our company and our business

The diesel engine business in China is dependent in large part on the performance of the Chinese and the global economy. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects could be adversely affected by slowdowns in the Chinese and the global economy.

Our operations and performance depend significantly on worldwide economic conditions. During periods of economic expansion, the demand for trucks, construction machinery and other applications of diesel engines generally increases. Conversely, uncertainty about current global economic conditions or adverse changes in the economy could lead to a significant decline in the diesel engine industry which is generally adversely affected by a decline in demand. According to the World Bank’s Global Economic Prospects issued in January 2019, global economic growth is projected to remain soft, expanding at a rate of 2.9% in 2019 amid increasing downside risk to the outlook. Growth among advanced economies is forecast to drop to 2% in 2019. While slowing external demand and persistent policy uncertainties are expected to weigh on the outlook for emerging markets and developing economies, growth for this group is anticipated to reach 4.2% in 2019.

In the Eurozone, large uncertainty still surrounds the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU (known as BREXIT) and risk of economic weakness in some EU member states remains. According to its Winter European Economic Forecast issued on February 7, 2019, the European Commission anticipates economic growth in the Eurozone to continue but at a slower pace, with expected economic growth in 2019 being revised lower to 1.6%.

The current political climate has introduced greater uncertainty with respect to trade policies, tariffs and government regulations affecting trade between the U.S. and China. In March 2018, the Trump administration announced import tariffs on steel and aluminum, including imports from China where our operations are primarily located. The effect of this policy, and the possibility and extent of any international trade conflicts, particularly trade conflicts between the U.S. and China, and such conflict’s impact, if any, on our business or results of operations is uncertain. In addition, the performance of the Chinese economy affects, to a significant degree, our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects. For example, the various measures taken by the Chinese government from time to time to regulate economic growth and control inflation have in prior periods, significantly weakened demand for trucks in China, and may have a similar effect in the future. Uncertainty and adverse changes in the Chinese economy could also increase costs associated with developing our products, increase the cost and decrease the availability of potential sources of financing, and increase our exposure to material losses from our investments, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and operating results.

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According to the National Bureau of Statistics, China’s GDP grew by 6.6% in 2018, compared with 6.8% in 2017. Although the growth slowdown in China continues to be gradual in response to the Chinese government’s planned reform of the economy, there are downside risks to growth. The main short-term risk is the unwinding of high leverage in sectors with excess capacity, namely the manufacturing, industrial and real estate sectors. This may result in a sharper-than-expected slowdown in investment and hence in aggregate demand. There have been increasing concerns over China’s current debt levels which continue to trend upwards despite decelerating credit growth which has resulted in fears over possible defaults by local banks, corporate entities including state-owned enterprises and local provincial governments. In March 2019 in the Chinese government’s Work Report announced at the National People’s Congress in Beijing, Premier Li Keqiang lowered China’s 2019 GDP growth target to a range of 6.0% to 6.5%, citing more complex risks and challenges in the coming year, including ongoing trade disputes with the U.S.. To help domestic businesses, the Chinese government also announced a reduction in the value-added tax rate (“VAT”) for manufacturers from 16% to 13%, and VAT for construction and transport companies from 10% to 9%. The business and prospects for the diesel engine industry, and thus the business and prospects of our company, may be adversely affected by changes in Chinese government policies.

Further, as a result of recurring liquidity tightening in the banking system, alternative lending and borrowing outside of traditional banking practices, generally known as “shadow banking”, has grown to become an integral and significant aspect of the Chinese economy. Such alternative lending is loosely regulated and has led to an increase in China’s debt levels leading to concern over rising bad debts and financial problems. As an increasing portion of the funds obtained from shadow banking are being used for investments in speculative and risky products or assets, should a widespread default on such investments occur, this could harm the growth prospects of the Chinese economy. While there has been increased scrutiny and oversight by regulators, this has not entirely eradicated the shadow banking industry in China. Even if the Chinese government increases regulation over such alternative lending and borrowing, there is no assurance that such regulations will be successful, or that they would not have an adverse impact on the overall loan markets and liquidity in China, which will negatively impact the Chinese economy.

The diesel engine business in China is dependent in large part on Chinese government policy. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects could be adversely affected by Chinese government policies.

Our business is dependent on the state of the commercial vehicle market in China. According to CAAM, the sales of commercial vehicles have experienced fluctuations over the years primarily as a result of government incentives and subsidies introduced from time to time as well as the replacement cycle of commercial vehicles. In 2016, commercial vehicle sales (excluding gasoline powered and electric powered vehicles) were 2.7 million units, an increase of 8.3% compared with 2015, primarily due to an increase of 11.6% in the truck market as stricter enforcement of anti-overloading regulations had resulted in higher sales, which was partially offset by a 9.9% decline in sales in the bus segment compared with 2015. In 2017, commercial vehicle sales (excluding gasoline powered and electric powered vehicles) were 3.1 million units, an increase of 16.9% compared with 2016, primarily due to an increase of 19.5% in the truck market as stricter enforcement of anti-overloading regulations and increasing demand in logistics services resulted in higher sales. The bus market remained weak experiencing a 0.7% decline in overall sales with heavy-duty bus sales up 0.1% compared with 2016. In 2018, the diesel engine market was affected by factors such as the weakening influence of the Chinese government’s anti-loading policy, a “Blue Sky Protection” campaign launched by Chinese government, diminishing use of the trans-cities highway transportation system in favor of rail transport and the forthcoming implementation of National VI emission standards. In 2018, commercial vehicle sales (excluding gasoline-powered and electric-powered vehicles) were 3.1 million units, being flat compared with 2017. The truck market decreased by 1.3%, mainly attributed to a 22.3% decline in the medium-duty segment, which was partially offset by the growth of 2.7% in the heavy-duty segment. The bus market continued to weaken in 2018, resulting in a 5.3% decline in bus sales compared to 2017. The Chinese government introduced generous incentives to encourage purchases of electric-powered vehicles to curb air pollution in major cities, resulting in increased sales of electric-powered commercial vehicles, particularly in the light-duty engine vehicles segment. As a result of these initiatives, combustion bus engine sales volume in China and our share of the bus market have gradually decreased. For more details, see “— Increasing demand for electric vehicles may lead to decreases in demand for our engines affecting our market share and profitability” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Overview.”

In recent years, the policies of the Chinese government have encouraged energy conservation and emissions reduction. On November 19, 2014, the State Council unveiled a new Energy Development Strategy Action Plan (2014 -2020) focusing on the development of renewables and limiting its primary energy consumption growth rate to 3.5% per year until 2020. Premier Li Keqiang in his 2017 annual policy report acknowledged the continued concerns over environmental pollution and stated that the Chinese government would increase the pace of progress to improve the environment, especially air quality. The measures to be adopted include tackling the sources of pollution in key industries, strengthening control over exhaust emitted by motor vehicles through the prohibition of use of higher emission vehicles, improving the quality of fuel and promoting the use of clean energy vehicles and the strict enforcement of environment laws and regulations. China’s 13th Five Year Plan covering the years 2016 to 2020, which was formerly adopted at the National People’s Congress in Beijing in March 2016 seeks to reduce energy consumption by 15% and carbon emissions by 18% by 2020. On March 11, 2016, China’s Environment Minister announced a set of major reforms of China’s environmental management and governance system to strengthen enforcement of related environmental protection laws. The reforms are being phased in on a pilot basis in 17 provinces and autonomous regions. As part of the reforms, in 2016, the State Council dispatched central environmental inspection teams made up of ministerial level officials to 15 provincial areas, including Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, to monitor local conditions and encourage provincial governments to fulfill their environmental protection responsibilities, resulting in disciplinary actions against a number of government officials and the imposition of fines for environmental violations. In addition, in February 2017, China’s Environment Minister announced a month-long special inspection on air quality across Beijing and Tianjin municipalities and Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and Henan provinces to check on the implementation of pollution control measures by both local governments and companies. On April 10, 2017, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued its 13th Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection Standards. The Plan calls for the amendment of existing environmental protection standards and the implementation of new environmental protection standards, including in relation to air quality and pollution emission control, environment detection and basic environment standards and environmental management standards. On November 15, 2018, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (formerly known as the Ministry of Environmental Protection) announced that the Chinese government would implement a system that localizes environmental monitoring, supervision, and law enforcement activities below the provincial level under the supervision of environmental protection authorities at higher levels of government. The system is expected to be implemented in 2019.

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Although a series of policy and reform measures have been formulated to create a sustainable environment for the rapid growth of the energy saving and environmental protection industry, there is no assurance that these measures will be successful. We cannot assure you that the Chinese government will not change its policies in the future. Such policy changes may de-emphasize the use of diesel engines and encourage increased use of cleaner energy alternatives, and any such changes will adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects. The government incentive schemes have, from time to time contributed to an increase in our engine sales in the past. However, since government incentive schemes may be changed from time to time, there can be no assurance that sales of our engines will continue to grow at the same rate as in the past or at all.

Our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects may be adversely affected if we are unable to implement the Reorganization Agreement and the Cooperation Agreement.

We own 76.4% of the outstanding shares of Yuchai, and one of our primary sources of cash flow continues to be our share of the dividends, if any, paid by Yuchai and investment earnings thereon. As a result of the agreement reached with Yuchai and its related parties pursuant to the July 2003 Agreement, we discontinued legal and arbitration proceedings initiated by us in May 2003 relating to difficulties with respect to our investment in Yuchai. In furtherance of the terms of the July 2003 Agreement, we, Yuchai and Coomber Investments Limited, or Coomber, entered into the Reorganization Agreement in April 2005, as amended in December 2005 and November 2006, and agreed on a restructuring plan intended to be beneficial to our shareholders. In June 2007, we, along with Yuchai, Coomber and the State Holding Company, entered into the Cooperation Agreement. The Cooperation Agreement amends certain terms of the Reorganization Agreement and as so amended, incorporates the terms of the Reorganization Agreement. Pursuant to the amendments to the Reorganization Agreement, the Company has agreed that the restructuring and spin-off of Yuchai will not be effected, and, recognizing the understandings that have been reached between the Company and the State Holding Company to jointly undertake efforts to expand the business of Yuchai, the Company will not seek to recover the anti-dilution fee of US$20 million that was due from Yuchai. For more information on these agreements see “Item 4. Information on the Company — History and Development.” No assurance can be given as to when the business expansion requirements relating to Yuchai as contemplated by the Reorganization Agreement and the Cooperation Agreement will be fully implemented, or that implementation of the Reorganization Agreement and the Cooperation Agreement will effectively resolve all of the difficulties faced by us with respect to our investment in Yuchai.

In addition, the Reorganization Agreement contemplates the continued implementation of our business expansion and diversification plan adopted in February 2005. One of the goals of this business expansion and diversification plan is to reduce our financial dependence on Yuchai. Subsequently, we acquired strategic stakes in TCL and HLGE. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Business Expansion and Diversification Plan.” Nonetheless, no assurance can be given that we will be able to successfully expand and diversify our business. We may also not be able to continue to identify suitable acquisition opportunities, or secure funding to consummate such acquisitions or successfully integrate such acquired businesses within our operations. Any failure to implement the terms of the Reorganization Agreement and Cooperation Agreement, including our continued expansion and diversification, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects. Additionally, although the Cooperation Agreement amends certain provisions of the Reorganization Agreement and also acknowledges the understandings that have been reached between us and the State Holding Company to jointly undertake efforts to expand and diversify the business of Yuchai, no assurance can be given that we will be able to successfully implement those efforts or as to when the transactions contemplated therein will be consummated.

Tariffs on certain imports into the United States and China, and other potential changes to tariff and import/export regulations may have a negative effect on global economic conditions and our business, financial results and financial condition.

Our operations expose us to the risk that increased trade protectionism will adversely affect our business. In the United States, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and other exporting countries, including with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Trade tensions between the U.S. and China have resulted in both governments imposing tariffs, and both countries have indicated that they are willing to continue employing aggressive tactics, such as the imposition of additional punitive tariffs. As an example of such restrictions, since July 2018, the U.S. has imposed a 25% tariff on steel and a 10% tariff on aluminum imported into the United States, with temporary or permanent exemptions granted for certain countries. In response to these tariffs, China, the E.U., and other countries have implemented or are evaluating the use of retaliatory measures, which could further increase barriers to trade. Any increased trade barriers or restrictions on trade, especially trade with China, could depress economic activity and restrict our access to suppliers or customers and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We have in the past and may in the future experience disagreements and difficulties with the Chinese shareholders in Yuchai.

Although we own 76.4% of the outstanding shares of Yuchai, and believe we have proper legal ownership of our investment and a controlling financial interest in Yuchai, in the event there is a dispute with Yuchai’s Chinese shareholders regarding our investment in Yuchai, we may have to rely on the Chinese legal system for remedies. The Chinese legal system may not be as effective as compared to other more developed countries, such as the United States. See “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to China — The Chinese legal system embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protection available to foreign investors.” We have, in the past experienced problems from time to time in obtaining assistance and cooperation of Yuchai’s Chinese shareholders in the daily management and operation of Yuchai. We have, in the past also experienced problems from time to time in obtaining the assistance and cooperation of the State Holding Company in dealing with other various matters, including the implementation of corporate governance procedures, the payment of dividends, the holding of Yuchai board meetings and the resolution of employee-related matters. Examples of these problems are described elsewhere in this Annual Report. The July 2003 Agreement, the Reorganization Agreement and the Cooperation Agreement are intended to resolve certain issues relating to our share ownership in Yuchai and the continued corporate governance and other difficulties which we have had with respect to Yuchai. As part of the terms of the Reorganization Agreement, Yuchai agreed that it would seek the requisite shareholder approval prior to entering into any material transactions (including any agreements or arrangements with parties related to Yuchai or any of its shareholders) and that it would comply with its governance requirements. Yuchai also acknowledged and affirmed the Company’s continued rights as majority shareholder to direct the management and policies of Yuchai through Yuchai’s Board of Directors. Yuchai’s Articles of Association have been amended and such amended Articles of Association as approved by the Guangxi Department of Commerce on December 2, 2009, entitle the Company to elect nine of Yuchai’s thirteen directors, thereby reaffirming the Company’s right to effect all major decisions relating to Yuchai. While Yuchai has affirmed the Company’s continued rights as Yuchai’s majority shareholder and authority to direct the management and policies of Yuchai, no assurance can be given that disagreements and difficulties with Yuchai’s management and/or Yuchai’s Chinese shareholders will not recur, including implementation of the Reorganization Agreement and the Cooperation Agreement, corporate governance matters or related party transactions. Such disagreements and difficulties could ultimately have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We have previously identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and cannot assure you that material weaknesses will not be identified in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in material misstatements in our financial statements which could require us to restate financial statements in the future, or cause us not to be able to provide timely financial information, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and have a negative effect on our stock price.

We reported material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005 to 2011, and our management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting were not effective for that period. However, since the year ending December 31, 2012, we have not identified any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Our management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2012 to 2018. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures.” Our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012 to 2018.

We cannot assure you that material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Any failure to maintain or improve existing controls or implement new controls could result in material weaknesses or significant deficiencies and cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations which in turn could cause our shares to be delisted or suspended from trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). In addition, any such failure could result in material misstatements in our financial statements and require us to restate our financial statements and adversely affect the results of annual management evaluations regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Any of the foregoing could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, leading to a decline in our share price.

We depend on and expect to continue to depend on the Dongfeng Group for a significant percentage of our sales.

Our sales are concentrated among the Dongfeng Group, which includes Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd., one of the largest state-owned automobile companies in China, and other major diesel truck manufacturers controlled by or affiliated with Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd. In 2018, sales to the Dongfeng Group accounted for 27.4% of our total revenue, of which sales to our two largest customers, Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co., Ltd. and Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd., accounted for 9.9% and 3.6%, respectively. In 2018, our sales to our top five customers, including the Dongfeng Group, accounted for 37.5% of our total revenue. Although we consider our relationship with the Dongfeng Group and the other top four customers to be good, the loss of one or more of the companies within the Dongfeng Group as a customer or any one of our other top four customers whether singly or combined together would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects.

As we are dependent on the purchases made by the Dongfeng Group from us, we have exposure to their liquidity arising from the high level of accounts receivables from them. We cannot assure you that the Dongfeng Group will be able to repay all the money they owe to us. In addition, the Dongfeng Group may not be able to continue purchasing the same volume of products from us which would reduce our overall sales volume.

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The Dongfeng Group also competes with us in the diesel engine market in China. Although we believe that the companies within the Dongfeng Group generally make independent purchasing decisions based on end-user preferences, we cannot assure you that truck manufacturers affiliated with Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd. will not preferentially purchase diesel engines manufactured by companies within the Dongfeng Group over those manufactured by us.

Competition in China from other diesel engine manufacturers may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects.

The diesel engine industry in China is highly competitive. We compete with many other China domestic companies, most of which are state-owned enterprises. Some of our competitors have formed joint ventures with or have technology assistance relationships with foreign diesel engine manufacturers or foreign engine design consulting firms and use foreign technology that is more advanced than ours. We expect competition to intensify as a result of:

• improvement in competitors’ products;

• increased production capacity of competitors;

• increased utilization of idle capacity by competitors;

• price competition;

• increased emphasis on new-energy vehicles; and

• consolidations in the diesel engine industry.

In addition, we believe that there has been excess capacity in the diesel engine industry in the past, from time to time resulting from fluctuations in market demand. For example, market demand fluctuated between 2010 and 2017 as a result of, among other things, stimulus measures announced by the Chinese government to counter the effects of the 2008 global financial crisis, investment in capacity expansion by our competitors, the phasing out of Chinese government incentives for car purchases, the introduction of policies to restrict automotive growth in Beijing and other major cities, pre-buying of commercial vehicles prior to the implementation of new emission standards in China and incentives to encourage purchases of electric-powered vehicles. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Overview.”

Any excess capacity or decrease in demand in the diesel engine industry in the future could lead to a decrease in prices in the diesel engine market and as we and our competitors compete through lower prices, this could adversely impact our revenues, margins and overall profitability. Furthermore, if restrictions and tariffs on the import of motor vehicles and motor vehicle parts into China are reduced, foreign competition could increase significantly. An increase in competition as a result of these various factors operating singly or together may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects as a result of lower gross margins, higher fixed costs or decreasing market share.

Our long-term business prospects will depend largely upon our ability to develop and introduce new or improved products in response to market demands at competitive prices. Our competitors in the diesel engine markets may be able to introduce new or improved engine models that are more favorably received by customers. Competition in the end-user markets, mainly the truck market, may also lead to technological improvements and advances that render our current products obsolete at an earlier than expected date, in which case we may have to depreciate or impair our production equipment more rapidly than planned. Failure to introduce or delays in the introduction of new or improved products at competitive prices could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects.

In addition, any consolidations or alliances in our industry may result in more competition for us from the resulting larger companies. Concentration within our industry, or other potential moves by our competitors, could improve their competitive position and market share and may exert further pricing pressure on us. Any consolidation or alliances in our industry involving our key suppliers or customers may adversely affect our existing relationships and arrangements with them. The loss of one or more of our key suppliers or customers due to consolidation in our industry or otherwise could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

China vehicle industry is experiencing changes under the Chinese government’s latest initiatives to develop energy saving and new energy vehicles. It may lead to decrease in demand for our engines affecting our market share and profitability.

In 2015, China government issued the first ten-year action plan for China to become a leading manufacturing nation, namely Made In China 2025, putting forward “energy saving and new energy vehicles” as one of the key development area in vehicle industry. New energy vehicles are defined as vehicles powered by alternative sources of energy instead of fossil fuel-powered engines, such as the diesel and natural gas engines that we produce. New energy vehicles include hybrid, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles and other alternative energy-powered vehicles.

The Chinese government has introduced incentives to encourage purchases of electric-powered vehicles to curb air pollution in major Chinese cities. As a result of these initiatives, combustion bus engine sales volume in China and our share of the bus market have gradually decreased. According to CAAM, the sales of electric-powered commercial vehicle increased by approximately 27.3% in 2017 to 176,980 units compared to 139,060 units in 2016. The growth rate was slower in 2018 and it witnessed a moderate growth of 5.3% to 186,377 units in 2018.

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At the legislative session of the National People’s Congress in March 2017, the Chinese government reiterated its push for greater use of new-energy vehicles and encouraged more innovation to accelerate the sector’s development. The Chinese government announced in its March 2018 Work Report to the National People’s Congress that it would grant a three-year extension of the preferential policy for new energy vehicles and continue to explore the field of new energy vehicles. The Chinese government’s March 2019 Work Report reaffirmed that it would continue implementing preferential policies for new energy vehicles purchases. Since December 2016, China has gradually reduced subsidies for new-energy vehicles and expects to phase out all financial assistance by 2020. The Chinese government policy changes reflect the government’s determination to continue to accelerate the development of new energy automobile industry while allowing China’s commercial vehicle market to gradually shift from being “policy-driven” to “market-driven”. The entry of electric-powered vehicles into the commercial vehicle market in China is a relatively new development and is marked by new and changing technologies and evolving government regulation, industry standards and customer preferences, taking into account a variety of factors, for such vehicles compared with fossil fuel-powered vehicles. As such, it is difficult at this early stage of the market’s development in China, to predict the growth and demand prospects for such vehicles.

If the market for electric-powered vehicles continues to develop or develops more quickly than we expect, the additional competition resulted from the growing new energy vehicles development could reduce demand for our engines, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are not able to continually improve our existing engine products and develop new engine products or successfully enter into other markets, we may become less competitive, and our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects will be adversely affected.

As the diesel engine industry in China is highly competitive and continues to develop, we will have to continually improve our existing engine products, develop new engine products and enter into new markets in order to remain competitive. As a result, our long-term business prospects will largely depend upon our ability to develop and introduce new or improved products at competitive prices and enter into new markets. Future products may utilize different technologies and may require knowledge of markets that we do not currently possess. Moreover, our competitors may be able to introduce new or improved engine models that are more favorably received by customers than our products or enter into new markets with an early-entrant advantage. Any failure by us to introduce, or any delays in the introduction of, new or improved products at competitive prices or entering into new markets could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects.

We have entered into several joint ventures in order to expand our product portfolio. There can be no assurance that our joint ventures will be successful or profitable. We have recognized impairment losses in the past related to our investments in the joint ventures and may do so again in the future. We review our investments in these joint ventures on an ongoing basis and may take such action as is deemed strategically appropriate including but not limited to divestment and shareholding changes. We have entered into the following joint ventures:

• On August 28, 2018, we announced that a Yuchai subsidiary had entered into an agreement with Eberspaecher Exhaust Technology International GmbH (“Eberspaecher”) to set up a joint venture to develop, produce and market new exhaust emission control systems for trucks, buses, farming equipment and industrial machinery to meet the National VI emission standards. The joint venture entity, Eberspaecher Yuchai Exhaust Technology Co., Ltd. was incorporated on December 5, 2018, with Eberspaecher and the Yuchai subsidiary holding 51% and 49% interests, respectively. A new production facility dedicated to producing the joint venture’s exhaust systems is currently planned for construction at Yuchai’s current engine production facilities in Yulin City, China.

• On February 19, 2016, we announced that Yuchai had entered into an agreement with MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH (“MTU”). a subsidiary of Rolls-Royce Power Systems, to set up a 50-50 joint venture, for the production, under license from MTU, of MTU diesel engines in China. The joint venture entity, MTU Yuchai Power Company Limited, was incorporated on January 18, 2017 and is based at Yuchai’s primary manufacturing facilities in Yulin. The joint venture will produce MTU Series 4000 diesel engines compliant with Tier-3 emission standards and power outputs ranging from 1,400 to 3,490 kW, primarily for the Chinese off-highway market, in particular for power generation and oil and gas applications. On April 9, 2018, the joint venture announced the launch of its first MTU Series 4000 engine produced in China. In 2018, the joint venture produced 117 units of MTU Series 4000 engines and sold 110 units.

• In August 2009, Yuchai reached an agreement with Jirui United Heavy Industry Co., Ltd. (“Jirui United”), a joint venture of China International Marine Containers Group Ltd, Chery Automobile Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen City Jiusi Investment Management Co., Ltd. to establish Y & C Engine Co., Ltd. (“Y&C”) to produce heavy-duty vehicle engines with the displacement range from 10.5L to 14L. The key focus of Y&C is the production of YC6K diesel engines. Production commenced in December 2010. Engine production volume had reached 20,000 units for the first time in 2017, due to strong demand of heavy-duty trucks in China. In 2018, despite slower growth of heavy-duty vehicle engines sales, Y&C continued to maintain production and sales volumes above 20,000 units.

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In April 2007, Yuchai entered into an Equity Joint Venture Agreement with Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd (“Geely”) and Zhejiang Yinlun Machinery Company Limited to form two joint venture companies for the development, production and sale of the 4Y20 diesel engine and parts for passenger vehicles. In May 2012, Yuchai exited from the joint venture in Zhejiang Province and increased its stake in the other joint venture in Jining, Shandong Province (“Jining Yuchai”) through a share swap agreement that gave Yuchai a 70% shareholding in Jining Yuchai, with Geely maintaining its 30% shareholding. In September 2014, Yuchai divested its entire 70% shareholding in Jining Yuchai but continued to consolidate the financial results of Jining Yuchai as a result of various contractual arrangements that allowed Yuchai to exercise effective control over Jining Yuchai. In November 2017, Yuchai acquired the entire equity interest in Jining Yuchai from an independent third party pursuant to the irrevocable option to acquire the shares in Jining Yuchai granted to Yuchai. Accordingly, Yuchai continues to consolidate the financial results of Jining Yuchai. The technology for the 4Y20 diesel engine is owned by Jining Yuchai. In 2014, we recorded an impairment loss of RMB 60 million on the technology development costs relating to the 4Y20 engine platform. In 2015, we recorded a further impairment loss of RMB 26.7 million. No impairment was recorded in 2016 but in 2017, we recorded an impairment loss of RMB 40 million. In 2018, Jining Yuchai commenced production of 4Y20 engines in view of the market demand. As such, management currently believes that there are no indicators for further impairment. As of December 31, 2018, the accumulated impairment loss recorded on technology know-how relating to the 4Y20 engine platform was RMB 126.7 million. See “Item 5. Impairment of long-lived assets, including goodwill and intangible assets.”

We have developed natural gas engines to expand our product portfolio. There can be no assurance, however, that these activities will be profitable. Since 2013, Yuchai has produced a full portfolio of natural gas engines to complement its existing suite of diesel engines at its main manufacturing facility at Yulin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The existing portfolio comprises natural gas engines for both on-road and off-road applications, all of which are compliant with China’s National V and National VI emission standards. For example, in 2018, Yuchai introduced four models of gas engines, YCS04N, YCK13N, YCK15N and YCA07N, compliant with National VI and Tier-4 emission standards for both on-road and off-road applications. The main applications of Yuchai’s natural gas engines are in the bus, truck and power generator sectors. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — Business Overview — Products and Product Development — Yuchai — Other products and services” for more information on Yuchai’s natural gas engines.

The development of a sustainable market for natural gas engines in China may be affected by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

• the emergence of newer, more competitive technologies and products;

• the prices and availability of oil and natural gas in the future;

• the successful development of natural gas refueling infrastructure;

• the structure and implementation of government policies, including the availability of government incentives;

• consumer perceptions of the safety of natural gas engines; and

• consumer reluctance to adopt new products.

There can be no assurance, however, that a sustainable market for natural gas vehicles will develop in China or in other countries around the world or that our initiative to increase our market share in the natural gas engine market will be successful or profitable. For example, in 2016, our sales of natural gas engines continued to decline primarily due to increased demand for electric-powered vehicles and a reduction in oil prices. In 2017, the demand for gas engine trucks has seen a recovery due to certain provinces in northern China implementing new policies restricting the running of diesel trucks. Although demand for natural gas engines in 2018 slowed down due to a reduction of government incentives, demand for gas engine trucks in the fourth quarter of 2018 increased due to restrictions imposed on the operation of diesel engine trucks in certain harbors and terminals in the northern region of China.

The technological requirements to comply with National VI standards will require engine manufacturers to deploy significant resources on improving major engine components, systems and after treatment systems, in a relatively short period of time, which could lead to increased costs. Engine suppliers in the industry may face difficulty in implementing the emission upgrades in compliance with National VI emission standards for on-road vehicles.

Yuchai has committed substantial resources to continually improve the technology of its products and maintain the competitiveness of its products. For more information on Yuchai’s research and development efforts, see “Item 4. Information on the Company — Business Overview — Research and Development.”

Our research and development efforts may not be successful and our new products may not address the needs of our current and prospective customers or achieve market acceptance. Moreover, competitors may be in the process of developing technology that could be developed more quickly or eventually become more profitable than our products. If our investments in research and development do not yield new technologies and products that we can successfully market and sell, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

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Our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects may be adversely affected to the extent we are unable to continue our sales growth.

In 2016, Yuchai recorded engine sales of 320,424 units. In 2017, engine sales increased to 367,097 units, a 14.6% increase compared with 2016. In 2018, engine sales increased to 375,731 units, a 2.4% increase compared with 2017. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain or increase engine sales in the future. For example, we may not be able to maintain or increase our engine sales or revenue commensurate with our increased levels of production capacity. Moreover, our future growth is dependent in large part on factors beyond our control, such as the continued growth and stability of the global and Chinese economies. See “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our company and our business — The diesel engine business in China is dependent in large part on the performance of the Chinese and the global economy. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects could be adversely affected by slowdowns in the Chinese and the global economy.” In addition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to properly manage any future growth, including:

• obtaining the necessary supplies, including the availability of raw materials;

• hiring and training skilled production workers and management personnel;

• manufacturing and delivering products for increased orders in a timely manner;

• maintaining quality standards and prices;

• controlling production costs; and

• obtaining adequate funding on commercially reasonable terms for future growth.

Furthermore, we have acquired in the past, and may acquire in the future, equity interests in engine parts suppliers and logistics and marketing companies. If we are unable to effectively manage or assimilate these acquisitions, our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects could be adversely affected.

We may be unable to obtain sufficient financing to fund our capital requirements which could limit our growth potential.

We believe that our cash from operations, together with any necessary borrowings, will provide sufficient financial resources to meet our projected capital and other expenditure requirements. If we have underestimated our capital requirements or overestimated our future cash flows, additional financing may be required. Financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Our ability to obtain external financing is subject to various uncertainties, including our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow, economic, political and other conditions in China, the Chinese government’s policies relating to foreign currency borrowings and the condition of the Chinese and international capital markets. The Chinese government’s March 2019 Work Report recommended that to alleviate difficulties in obtaining financing and reduce borrowing cost of businesses, China’s central bank should make use of quantitative and pricing measures such as expanding credit delivery and lowering loan costs. While the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”) lowered bank reserve requirement ratios in the recent five years, China has maintained its one-year lending rate of 4.35% since October 2015. A shortage of liquidity in the banking system or any other factor that results in our inability to access capital may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We could be exposed to the impact of interest rates and foreign currency movements with respect to our future borrowings and business.

We may use borrowings from time to time to supplement our working capital requirements and to finance our business expansion and diversification plan. A portion of our borrowings may be structured on a floating rate basis and denominated in US dollar, Singapore dollar or Renminbi. In 2013, Yuchai issued the first tranche of RMB-denominated three year unsecured medium-term notes (“MTNs”) in China amounting to RMB 1.0 billion upon the receipt of approval from NAFMII, at an annual interest rate of 4.69%. The MTNs matured on May 30, 2016. In April and September 2015, Yuchai issued two tranches of ultra short-term bonds (“USTB”) amounting to a total of RMB 800 million at interest rates of 4.9% and 3.9% which matured on May 9, 2015 and June 13, 2016, respectively. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

In 2015, there were significant reductions in interest rates for bank loans in China. For example, the interest rate varied between 5.6% and 4.35% in 2015 which affected our cost of funding and bill discounting, and our results of operations. In addition, following a period of unusually low interest rates, the U.S. Federal Reserve raised its benchmark interest rate in 2016 and 2017 and may further increase interest rates in the future. Any fluctuations in interest rates, or fluctuations in exchange rates between the Renminbi or Singapore dollar and US dollar, may increase our funding costs or the availability of funding. This could affect our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects.

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Our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects could also be adversely affected by a devaluation of the Renminbi. The value of the Renminbi is subject to changes in Chinese government policies and to international economic and political developments. Since 1994, the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including US dollar, has been based on rates set by the PBOC. On July 21, 2005, China reformed its foreign exchange regime by moving into a managed floating exchange rate system based on market supply and demand with reference to a basket of currencies, such that the Renminbi was no longer pegged to the US dollar. On August 10, 2015, the PBOC introduced a change in the calculation of the Renminbi reference rate cutting its daily reference rate by 1.9 percent, in order to foster greater exchange rate flexibility. On December 1, 2015, the International Monetary Fund (the “IMF”) announced the inclusion of the Renminbi in the basket of currencies which make up the IMF’s Special Drawing Right (“SDR”). This was the first time in over 15 years that the list of currencies comprising the SDR has been altered recognizing China’s gradual integration into the world economy. On October 1, 2016, the Renminbi was officially included into the IMF’s SDR alongside the US dollar, the Japanese yen, Euro and the British pound. From December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2018, the Renminbi depreciated about 10.8% against the US dollar. From December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2018, the Singapore dollar depreciated about 2.9% against the US dollar. Since we may not be able to hedge effectively against Renminbi or Singapore dollar fluctuations, future movements in the exchange rate of the Renminbi, the Singapore dollar and other currencies could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If China’s inflation increases or the prices of energy or raw materials increase, we may not be able to pass the resulting increased costs on to our customers and this may adversely affect our profitability or cause us to suffer operating losses.

Economic growth in China has, in the past, been accompanied by periods of high inflation. The Chinese government has implemented various policies from time to time to control inflation. For example, the Chinese government has periodically introduced measures in certain sectors to avoid overheating of the economy, including tighter bank lending policies, increases in bank interest rates, and measures to curb inflation, which has resulted in a decrease in the rate of inflation. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the annual inflation rate for 2016, 2017 and 2018 was 2.0%, 1.6% and 2.1%, respectively, below the 3.0% target set by the Chinese government. On March 5, 2019, at the National People’s Congress in Beijing, Premier Li Keqiang in his annual policy report announced that the annual inflation rate target would be maintained at around 3.0% in 2019, the same inflation target as in 2016, 2017 and 2018. An increase in inflation could cause our costs for parts and components, labor costs, raw materials and other operating costs to increase, which would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Recently, concerns have arisen over deflationary pressures in China as a result of weak domestic demand. A prolonged period of deflation may result in falling profits, closure of businesses, shrinking employment and incomes and increasing defaults on loans by companies and individuals, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may be adversely affected by environmental regulations

We are subject to Chinese national and local environmental protection regulations which currently impose fees for the discharge of waste substances, require the payment of fines for pollution, and provide for the closure by the Chinese government of any facility that fails to comply with orders requiring us to cease or improve upon certain activities causing environmental damage. Due to the nature of our business, we produce certain amounts of waste water, gas, and solid waste materials during the course of our production.

We believe our environmental protection facilities and systems are adequate for us to comply with the existing national, provincial and local environmental protection regulations. However, Chinese national, provincial or local authorities may impose additional or more stringent regulations which would require additional expenditure on environmental matters or changes in our processes or systems. The National IV emission standards for diesel engines were implemented throughout China on July 1, 2013 and strict enforcement of the standards was implemented nationwide on January 1, 2015. In an effort to combat increasing air pollution, the National V emission standards for natural gas engines were implemented throughout China on January 1, 2013. In 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Environmental Protection (superseded by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in 2018) announced that all light petrol vehicles, light diesel buses and heavy diesel vehicles used for the purposes of public transportation, environmental sanitation and postal services must comply with National V emission standards from January 1, 2017. All other heavy diesel vehicles and all light diesel vehicles nationwide are required to comply with the National V emission standards from July 1, 2017 and January 1, 2018, respectively. In December 2016, the Ministry of Environmental Protection announced the Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles (National VI) that all light-duty gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles must comply with National VI(a) emission standards from July 1, 2020 and National VI(b) emission standards from July 1, 2023, subject to changes in the official implementation schedule.

On June 28, 2018, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment released the final rule for the National VI emission standards for heavy-duty vehicles. The National VI standards will be implemented in two phases. National VI(a) will take effect on July 1, 2019 for new gas-powered heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), on July 1, 2020 for new urban HDVs, and July 1, 2021 for the remaining new HDVs. National VI(b) will take effect on January 1, 2021 for new gas-powered HDVs, then on July 1, 2023 for all new HDVs. When fully implemented, National VI will require all new HDVs sold in China to meet the standards.

Yuchai produces diesel engines compliant with National IV and National V emission standards and natural gas engines compliant with National V emission standards, and also has the ability to produce certain diesel and natural gas engines compliant with National VI emission standards and develop alternative fuels and environmentally friendly hybrid engines with improved fuel efficiency.

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In October 2010 and October 2014, China officially implemented the Tier-2 and Tier-3 emission standards nationwide, respectively. Strict enforcement of the Tier-3 emission standards was implemented nationwide on December 1, 2016. Yuchai is able to produce diesel engines compliant with both Tier-2 and Tier-3 emission standards for use in off-road machinery. As distribution of Tier-2 compliant diesel engines is prohibited in China with effect from October 1, 2015, Yuchai has reduced production volumes of such engines but continues to produce such engines solely for export from China. In February 2019, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment announced that any off-road machinery that does not comply with Tier-4 emission standards is prohibited for production, import and selling in China from December 1, 2020, subject to changes in the official implementation schedule. It requires the engine manufacturers to expedite the research and development of engines compliant with Tier-4 emission standards.

While Yuchai produces diesel engines compliant with the current emission standards in both the off-road and on-road markets, Yuchai may be required to increase its research and development expenses in order to meet increasingly stringent emission standards, and there can be no assurance that Yuchai will be able to comply with applicable emission standards or that the introduction of these and other environmental regulations will not result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

New National VI(a), VI(b) and Tier-4 emission standards for diesel engines manufactured in China

The manufacture of our engines is heavily regulated by governmental authorities, including the Ministry of Ecology and Environment. National VI(a), VI(b) and Tier-4 emission standards have adopted the latest internal combustion engine manufacturing technologies in China that Yuchai had to develop and build up anew. These new emission standards impose a whole series of stringent emission tests, not only in the manufacturing processes but also ongoing emission tests on the road after engine installation by a remote emission monitoring system or other monitoring systems.

In addition to regulatory requirements, many of our engines involve technically complex manufacturing processes and require a supply of highly specialized engine component parts. For some products and component parts, we may also rely on a single source of supply. The combination of these factors means that supply is never guaranteed. Like some of our competitors, we may face manufacturing issues from time to time. If we or our third party suppliers fail to comply fully with regulations, then there could be a product recall or other shutdown or disruption of our production activities. There can be no assurance that we will not experience supply interruptions for our products in the future.

U.S. and China Trade Dispute

In July 2018, the U.S. President, Donald Trump followed through on his threats by imposing tariffs on China’s exports to the U.S. for its alleged unfair trade practices. The U.S. has put tariffs on US$250 billion in Chinese goods so far and threatened tariffs on a further US$267 billion of goods, and China has retaliated with tariffs on US$110 billion on U.S. products and threatened qualitative measures that could affect U.S. businesses operating in China. Both the U.S. and China have been actively engaged in negotiations to resolve their trade disputes in the last few months and discussions are continuing. The outcome will not be known until both countries make an announcement. The impacts of the trade war and the progress of the negotiations are being closely followed by the global community as they could have far reaching effects on world trade and investments.

Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover risks related to our production and other operations.

The amount of our insurance coverage for our buildings and equipment is at cost which could be less than replacement value. The amount of our insurance coverage for our inventory is at book value which could be less than replacement value. In accordance with what we believe is customary practice among industrial equipment manufacturers in China, we insure high risk assets, such as property and equipment and inventory. The amount of our insurance coverage of our facilities and inventory is in line with Chinese market practice but may expose us to risks in the event of a major accident where our insurance recovery may be inadequate. We may not carry third party liability insurance to cover claims in respect of bodily injury, property or environmental damage arising from accidents on our property or relating to our operations, although we do carry such insurance for the period from June 2018 to June 2019. We do not carry business interruption insurance as such coverage is not customary in China. From time to time, we will review the adequacy of our insurance coverage. Nevertheless, losses incurred or payments required to be made by us which are not fully insured could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

We are dependent on information technology and our systems and infrastructure face certain risks, including cybersecurity risks and data leakage risks.

We are dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure. We cannot be certain that advances in criminal capabilities (including cyber-attacks or cyber intrusions over the internet, malware, computer viruses and the like), discovery of new vulnerabilities or attempts to exploit existing vulnerabilities in our or third-party systems, other data thefts, physical system or network break-ins or inappropriate access, or other developments will not compromise or breach the technology protecting our systems or the systems and networks of third parties that access and store sensitive information about us or our customers or suppliers. Cyber threats, such as phishing and trojans, could intrude into our or a third party’s network to steal data or to seek sensitive information about us or our customers or suppliers. Any intrusion into our or such third party’s network (to the extent attributed to us or perceived to be attributed to us) that results in any breach of security could cause damage to our reputation and adversely impact our business and financial results. A significant failure in security measures could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition. Although we seek to implement measures to protect sensitive and confidential client data, there can be no assurance that we would be able to prevent breaches of security.

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Risks relating to China

Substantially all of our assets are located in China, and substantially all of our revenue is derived from our operations in China. Accordingly, our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects are subject, to a significant degree, to economic, political and legal developments in China. The economic system of China differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including government investment, the level of development, control of capital investment, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources.

Adverse changes in the economic policies of the Chinese government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could reduce the demand for our products and adversely affect our competitive position.

Economic reform in China has been ongoing since its shift from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy in the 1970s. The Chinese government has implemented economic reform measures emphasizing decentralization, management autonomy and development driven by market forces. Although these reforms have resulted in economic growth and social progress, their effects on various geographic regions and economic sectors across China have been uneven.

On November 15, 2013, after the closure of the Third Plenum of the 18^th Chinese Communist Party Congress, the Chinese government issued a comprehensive reform document detailing extensive new social and economic policies with the primary aim to restructure and rebalance the economy to a more sustainable model by focusing more on domestic consumption away from investment and export fueled growth. On March 5, 2016, at the National People’s Congress in Beijing, the growth target for China for the next five years from 2016 to 2020 was lowered to a range of between 6.5% to 7.0%. China’s GDP expanded at 6.6% in 2018. On March 5, 2019, at the National People’s Congress in Beijing, Premier Li Keqiang in his annual policy report set the target for GDP growth at a range between 6% to 6.5% for 2019.

The Chinese government remains committed to pursuing a range of reforms as laid out in its November 2013 reform document and the current leadership is expected to continue implementing new economic and social policies already announced and making further changes to existing policies as it continues to rebalance its economy. The Chinese government has implemented policies to control the rate of economic growth, manage inflation and otherwise regulate economic expansion. As periods of high inflation have accompanied economic growth, the Chinese government has, from time to time introduced industry-specific measures to avoid overheating of certain sectors, such as tightening bank lending policies, increasing bank interest rates, and seeking to curb real estate and stock market speculation and inflation. In recent times, in order to counteract slowing growth and a shortage of liquidity in its banking system, the Chinese government on a number of occasions reduced its one-year lending rate and lowered the reserve requirements to be held by banks in an effort to inject liquidity into the economy in response to deflationary and increasing slowdown pressures. See “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Company and Our Business — The diesel engine business in China is dependent in large part on the performance of the Chinese and the global economy. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects could be adversely affected by slowdowns in the Chinese and the global economy.”

The Chinese government is undertaking a number of strategic initiatives that may directly or indirectly affect demand for our products. These include the “One Belt, One Road” initiative to develop a network of railways, highways and other forms of infrastructure in the Eurasian area, the proposed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, which is a proposed free trade agreement, and the establishment of a new development bank to support infrastructure development in the Asia-Pacific region. Further, in view of the increased focus on domestic consumption and services, further initiatives and changes to existing economic and social policies are expected to be announced and implemented by the Chinese government. Although we believe that the economic initiatives, policies, measures and reforms adopted by the Chinese government will continue to have a positive long-term effect on economic development in China and that we will continue to benefit from these policies, measures and reforms, such government actions may, from time to time, be modified or reversed or have an adverse effect on the price of diesel and diesel-using products and the diesel engine market in general. Adverse changes in the Chinese laws, regulations or policies could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China and infrastructure investment in China. These developments could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse economic developments in China or elsewhere in the Asian region could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects.

The World Bank’s Global Economic Prospects issued in January 2019 projects global growth of 3% in 2018, 2.9% in 2019 and 2.8% from 2020 to 2021 as economic slack dissipates, monetary policy accommodation in advanced economies is removed, and global trade gradually slows. The World Bank estimates that growth in China will slow to a still robust 6.2% in 2019 amid domestic and external rebalancing, with resilient domestic demand helping to offset a deceleration of exports. For more information on the Chinese economy, see “Item 3. Key Information — Risks relating to our company and our business — The diesel engine business in China is dependent in large part on the performance of the Chinese and the global economy. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects could be adversely affected by slowdowns in the Chinese and the global economy.”

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The Chinese legal system embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protection available to foreign investors.

The Chinese legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which decided legal cases have little precedent value. In 1979, the Chinese government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general including, for example, with respect to corporate organization and governance, foreign investments, commerce, taxation and trade. Since China’s economic reform and opening-up in late 1970s, legislation has significantly enhanced the protection afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China. The laws, regulations and legal requirements relating to foreign investment are relatively recent and are still evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve uncertainties and may not be consistent or predictable as in other more developed jurisdictions which may limit the legal protection available to foreign investors.

Our operations in China are subject to PRC regulations governing PRC companies. These regulations contain provisions that are required to be included in the articles of association of PRC companies and are intended to regulate the internal affairs of these companies. The PRC Company Law and these regulations, in general, and the provisions for the protection of shareholders’ rights and access to information, in particular, are less developed than those applicable to companies incorporated in the United States, Hong Kong or other developed countries or regions. In addition, the interpretation of PRC laws may be subject to policy changes which reflect domestic political changes. On March 15, 2019, the PRC Foreign Investment Law (“FIL”) was adopted in the second session of the 13^th National People’s Congress. Upon its effectiveness on January 1, 2020, the existing Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Law, the Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise Law and the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Law will be repealed and FIL will become the sole law regulating foreign investment enterprises (“FIEs”). FIL establishes uniform principals for foreign investment, which in effect will mean that foreign investors in China (except for those on an FIL “negative list”) will enjoy the same treatment as domestic investors. FIL grants FIEs a five-year transition period during which an FIE may retain its current organizational form while rules are being promulgated by the State Council. The promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws and the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws may have an adverse effect on our prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not freely convert Renminbi into foreign currency, which could limit our ability to obtain sufficient foreign currency to satisfy our foreign currency requirements or to pay dividends to shareholders.

Substantially all of our revenues and operating expenses are generated by our Chinese operating subsidiary, Yuchai, and are denominated in Renminbi, while a portion of our indebtedness is, or in the future may be, denominated in US dollar and other foreign currencies. The Renminbi is currently freely convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes, among other things, foreign direct investment, overseas borrowings by Chinese entities and proceeds of overseas public offering by Chinese entities. Some of the conversions between Renminbi and foreign currency under the capital account are subject to the prior approval of the State Administration for Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. On December 11, 2015, China announced the convertibility of Renminbi on its capital account within a prescribed limit of US$10 million for the free-trade zones of Tianjin, Guangdong and Fujian, an initial step towards the opening of its capital account.

Yuchai, as a foreign invested enterprise, may purchase foreign currency without the approval of SAFE for settlement of “current account transactions”, including payment of dividends, by providing commercial documents evidencing these transactions. Our Chinese operating subsidiary may also retain foreign exchange in its current account to satisfy foreign currency liabilities or to pay dividends. However, the relevant Chinese government authorities may limit or eliminate our Chinese operating subsidiary’s ability to purchase and retain foreign currencies in the future. Our Chinese operating subsidiary, therefore, may not be able to obtain sufficient foreign currency to satisfy its foreign currency requirements to pay dividends to us for our use in making any future dividend payments or to satisfy other foreign currency payment requirements. Foreign currency transactions under the capital account and foreign debt account continue to be subject to limitations and require registrations with and reviews from the designated foreign exchange banks and SAFE. This could affect our Chinese operating subsidiary’s ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing, including by means of loans or capital contributions from us. The General Affairs Department of SAFE promulgated circulars in August 2008 and July 2011, pursuant to which, Renminbi converted from capital contribution in foreign currency to a domestic enterprise in China can only be used for the activities that are within the approved business scope of such enterprise and cannot be used for China domestic equity investment, acquisition, giving entrusted loans or repayment of intercompany loans, with limited exceptions. On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued a notice to take effect from June 1, 2015 loosening the explicit prohibition against the use of Renminbi converted from capital contribution in foreign currency for domestic equity investment as set out in its circulars of August 2008 and July 2011. On June 9, 2016, SAFE issued a notice which became effective on the same day, further allowing the use of Renminbi converted from capital contribution in foreign currency to be used for providing loans to affiliated enterprises of foreign invested enterprises. We can give no assurance as to the effect of changes in Renminbi and foreign currency regulations on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Outbreaks of communicable diseases in various parts of China and other countries may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face risks related to health epidemics or outbreaks of communicable diseases. For example, in 2003, several countries, including China, experienced an outbreak of a highly contagious form of atypical pneumonia known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (“SARS”), which severely restricted the level of economic activity in affected areas and had an adverse impact on the sale of engines, particularly during the second and third quarters in 2003. In 2009, an outbreak of H1N1 flu first occurred in Mexico and quickly spread to other countries, including China. In addition, an infectious strain of influenza known as the H5N1 Avian flu has been reported from time to time in China, Hong Kong, Vietnam, and other parts of Asia. More recently, a new strain of Avian flu (H7N9) was reported in China and a new virus known as the novel coronavirus, NCoV, was reported in the Middle East and other parts of the world. Beginning in 2014, the largest Ebola virus outbreak in history affected numerous countries in West Africa and led to various reported cases of Ebola around the world. In April 2015 through early 2017, outbreaks of Zika fever caused by the Zika virus were recorded in countries around the world.

The outbreak of such communicable diseases could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect general commercial activity and the economies and financial markets of many countries. Since most of our operations and customers and suppliers are based in Asia, an outbreak of these or any other communicable diseases in Asia or elsewhere, or the perception that such an outbreak could occur, and the measures taken by the governments of countries affected could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our auditor engages its China-based affiliate to audit our China entities. Because registered public accounting firms in China, including our auditor’s China-based affiliate, are not permitted under Chinese law to be inspected by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC, as an auditor of companies whose shares are publicly traded in the United States, is registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”). As a PCAOB registered firm, our auditor is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with relevant U.S. laws and professional standards. Our auditor engages its China-based affiliate to audit our China entities and China is a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities. In May 2013, the PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) and the China Ministry of Finance (the “China MoF”) to establish a cooperative framework for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by the PCAOB, the CSRC or the China MoF in the United States and China. However, the parties have not reached a definitive agreement to permit joint inspections in China of audit firms that are registered with the PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. stock exchanges. On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of the China-based affiliate of our independent registered public accounting firm makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of such affiliate’s audit procedures or quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections, and investors and potential investors in our stock may lose confidence in our audit procedures, reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements, which may adversely affect the market price of our shares.

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If additional remedial measures are imposed on the Chinese affiliates of certain global accounting firms, including the “big four” accounting firms pursuant to administrative proceedings brought by the SEC against them, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

Starting in 2011 the Chinese affiliates of certain global accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and Chinese laws. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under China law they could not respond directly to the US regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the CSRC.

In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act against the Chinese accounting firms, (including our independent registered public accounting firm). A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC’s internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC, although that proposed penalty was subject to the pending review of the SEC Commissioner. On February 6, 2015, prior to the SEC Commissioner’s scheduled review, the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SEC agreed that its future requests for the production of documents would normally be made to the CSRC. The firms would receive matching requests under Section 106 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and are required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance required them to facilitate production via the CSRC. If they fail to meet the specified criteria, the SEC retains the authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. Remedies for any future noncompliance could include, as appropriate, an automatic six-month bar on a single firm’s performance of certain audit work, commencement of a new proceeding against the firm, or in extreme cases, the resumption of the current proceeding against all four “big four” accounting firms.

Risks relating to our investment in HLGE

The HLGE group operates Copthorne Hotel Cameron Highlands (“CHCH”), a hotel in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. As of February 28, 2019, we had a 48.9% shareholding interest in HLGE, a company listed on the Main Board of the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (the “Singapore Exchange”). See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Business Expansion and Diversification Plan” for further information on our investment in HLGE. Set forth below are risks related to our equity interest in HLGE.

The HLGE group’s hotel ownership and management business may be adversely affected by risks inherent in the hotel industry.

The HLGE group’s financial performance is dependent on the performance of the hotel it operates. The HLGE group’s hotel ownership and management business are exposed to risks which are inherent in and/or common to the hotel industry and which may adversely affect the HLGE group’s financial performance, including the following:

• changes to the international, regional and local economic climate and market conditions (including but not limited to changes to regional and local populations, changes in travel patterns and preferences, and oversupply of or reduced demand for hotel rooms that may result in reduced occupancy levels and performance for the hotels it operates);

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• changes to the political, economic, legal or social environments of the countries in which the HLGE group operates (including developments with respect to inflation or deflation, interest rates, currency fluctuations, governmental policies, real estate laws and regulations, taxation, fuel costs, expropriation, including the impact of the current global financial crisis);

• increased threat of terrorism, terrorist events, airline strikes, hostilities between countries or increased risk of natural disasters or viral epidemics that may affect travel patterns and reduce the number of travelers and tourists;

• changes in laws and governmental regulations (including those relating to the operation of hotels, preparation and sale of food and beverages, occupational health and safety working conditions and laws and regulations governing its relationship with employees);

• competition from other international, regional and independent hotel companies, some of which may have greater name recognition and financial resources than the HLGE group (including competition in relation to hotel room rates, convenience, services or amenities offered);

• losses arising out of damage to CHCH, where such losses may not be covered by the insurance policies maintained by the HLGE group;

• increases in operating costs due to inflation, labor costs (including the impact of unionization), workers’ compensation and health-care related costs, utility costs, insurance and unanticipated costs such as acts of nature and their consequences;

• fluctuations in foreign currencies arising from the HLGE group’s various currency exposures;

• dependence on leisure travel and tourism;

• the outbreak of communicable diseases (see “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Relating to China — Outbreaks of communicable diseases in various parts of China and other countries may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.”); and

• adverse effects of a downturn in the hospitality industry.

The above factors may materially affect the performance of CHCH and the profitability and financial condition of the HLGE group. There can be no assurance that we will not suffer any losses arising from our investment in HLGE.

The hospitality business is a regulated business.

The operation of hotels in Malaysia is subject to various laws and regulations. The withdrawal, suspension or non-renewal of any of the hotels’ licenses, or the imposition of any penalties, as a result of any infringement or non-compliance with any requirement, will have an adverse impact on the business and results of operations of CHCH. Further, any changes in such laws and regulations may also have an impact on the businesses at the hotels and result in higher costs of compliance. In addition, any failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in the imposition of fines or other penalties by the relevant authorities. This could have an adverse impact on the revenues and profits of HLGE group or otherwise adversely affect the operations of CHCH.

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ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

History and Development

The Company

China Yuchai International Limited is a Bermuda holding company established on April 29, 1993 to own a controlling interest in Yuchai. We currently own, through six of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, 76.4% of the outstanding shares of Yuchai. We operate as an exempted company limited by shares under The Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda. Our registered office is located at 2 Clarendon House, Church Street, Hamilton HM11, Bermuda. On March 7, 2008, we registered a branch office of the Company in Singapore, located at 16 Raffles Quay #26-00, Hong Leong Building, Singapore 048581. Our principal operating office is located at 16 Raffles Quay #39-01A, Hong Leong Building, Singapore 048581. Our telephone number is (+65) 6220-8411. Our transfer agent and registrar in the United States is Computershare Inc., located at 480 Washington Blvd., 26^th Floor Jersey City, NJ 07310.

Until August 2002, we were controlled by Diesel Machinery, a company that was 53.0% owned by Hong Leong Asia, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Hong Leong China. Hong Leong China owns HL Technology which held shares in us through Diesel Machinery. Diesel Machinery was also 47.0% owned by China Everbright Holdings Company Limited, or China Everbright Holdings, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Coomber. Hong Leong Asia, a company listed on the Singapore Exchange, is part of the Hong Leong Investment group, which was founded in 1941 by the Kwek family of Singapore and remains one of the largest privately-controlled business groups in Southeast Asia. China Everbright Holdings is a state-owned enterprise of China. In 2002, China Everbright Holdings and Coomber gave notice to Diesel Machinery and the other shareholders of Diesel Machinery to effect a liquidation of Diesel Machinery. As a result of the liquidation, Hong Leong Asia acquired the special share through HL Technology which entitles Hong Leong Asia to elect a majority of our directors and also to veto any resolution of our shareholders. China Everbright Holdings sold its shareholding in Coomber, which held shares of our Common Stock, in October 2002 to Goldman Industrial Limited, or Goldman, and China Everbright Holdings is no longer a shareholder of our company. Goldman was a subsidiary of Zhong Lin Development Company Limited, or Zhong Lin, an investment vehicle of the city government of Yulin in Guangxi, China until September 29, 2006 when Zhong Lin sold its shareholding in Goldman to the State Holding Company.

We provide certain management, financial planning, internal audit services, internal control testing, IFRS training, business enhancement consulting and other services to Yuchai and we continue to have a team working full-time at Yuchai’s principal manufacturing facilities in Yulin city. In addition, the President, Chief Financial Officer and a manager proficient in Section 404 of Sarbanes—Oxley Act of 2002, or SOX, travel frequently, usually monthly for as much as up to two weeks at a time, to Yuchai to actively participate in Yuchai’s operations and decision-making process.

Our main operating asset has historically been, and continues to be, our ownership interest in Yuchai, and our primary source of cash flow has historically been our share of the dividends, if any, paid by Yuchai and investment income thereon. However, on February 7, 2005, the Board of Directors of the Company announced its approval of the implementation of a business expansion and diversification plan by the Company. Following such announcement, we have looked for new business opportunities to seek to reduce our financial dependence on Yuchai:

• In March 2005, we acquired a 15.0% interest in the capital of TCL through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Venture Delta. Our shareholding in TCL has since changed through various transactions, and as of December 31, 2012, we had a 12.2% interest in the outstanding ordinary shares of TCL, which has further reduced to 7.7% as of December 31, 2013 and has since remained unchanged as of February 28, 2019.

• In February 2006, we acquired debt and equity securities in HLGE through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Grace Star, and Venture Lewis Limited (“Venture Lewis”). Our shareholding in HLGE has changed through various transactions and as of December 31, 2012, we had a 48.9% interest in the outstanding ordinary shares of HLGE, which has remained unchanged as of February 28, 2019.

HLGE and TCL are each listed on the Main Board of the Singapore Exchange.

We have eight wholly-owned subsidiaries which directly hold investments in Yuchai, HLGE and TCL, as described below:

• Through our 76.4% interest in Yuchai held by six wholly-owned subsidiaries, we primarily conduct our manufacturing and sale of diesel engines which are mainly distributed in the PRC market.

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• As of February 28, 2019, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Grace Star, we had a 48.9% shareholding interest in HLGE. The HLGE group is engaged in hospitality and property development activities conducted mainly in Malaysia.

• As of February 28, 2019, through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Venture Delta, we had a 7.7% equity interest in TCL. The TCL group invests directly or with co-investors in real estate and other investment opportunities which include property-backed financial instruments.

On March 27, 2019, W Capital Markets Pte. Ltd., for and on behalf of Prime Trade Enterprises Limited, an investment holding company ultimately owned and controlled by certain members of the Thakral family, announced a voluntary conditional cash partial offer to acquire approximately 20% of the total issued shares of TCL. We are currently considering our options in relation to our investment in the TCL group including disposing of our entire shareholding in TCL.

For more details on our investments in HLGE and TCL, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Business Expansion and Diversification Plan.”

Yuchai

Yuchai engages in the manufacture, assembly and sale of a wide variety of light-, medium- and heavy-duty engines for trucks, buses, passenger vehicles, construction equipment, and marine and agriculture applications in China. Yuchai also produces engines for diesel power generators. The engines produced by Yuchai range from diesel to natural gas and hybrid engines. Through its regional sales offices and authorized customer service centers, Yuchai distributes its engines directly to auto original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and retailers and provides maintenance and retrofitting services throughout China.

Yuchai was founded in 1951 and became a state-owned enterprise in 1959. Prior to 1984, Yuchai was a small producer of low-power diesel engines for agricultural machinery. In 1984, Yuchai introduced the earliest model of its YC6J diesel engine for medium-duty trucks. In July 1992, in order to raise funds for further expansion, Yuchai became the first state-owned enterprise in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to be restructured into a joint stock company. As a result of this restructuring, Yuchai was incorporated as a joint stock company in July 1992 and succeeded the machinery business of Yulin Diesel. All of Yulin Diesel’s businesses, other than its machinery business, as well as certain social service related operations, assets, liabilities and employees (for example, cafeterias, cleaning and security services, a hotel and a department store), were transferred to the State Holding Company. The State Holding Company also became the majority shareholder of Yuchai through its ownership stake of approximately 104 million shares of Yuchai, or State Shares. The State Holding Company is owned by the Yulin City government. In connection with its incorporation, Yuchai also issued seven million shares to various Chinese institutional investors, or Legal Person Shares.

In May 1993, in order to finance further expansion, Yuchai sold shares to the Company, or Foreign Shares, and became a Sino-foreign joint stock company.

Our initial shareholders, consisting of HL Technology, Sun Yuan Overseas (BVI) Ltd., or Sun Yuan BVI, the Cathay Investment Fund, Limited, or Cathay, GS Capital Partners L.P., or GSCP, and Coomber, then a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Everbright Holdings and, thus, controlled by China Everbright International Limited, or China Everbright International, made their initial investments in Yuchai in May 1993, when their respective wholly-owned subsidiaries purchased for cash in the aggregate 200 million newly-issued shares of Yuchai (51.3% of the then-outstanding Yuchai Shares). These shareholders exchanged with the Company their shareholdings in their wholly-owned subsidiaries, six companies which held Foreign Shares of Yuchai, for 20 million shares of our Common Stock (after giving effect to a 10-for-1 stock split in July 1994, or the Stock Split). In connection therewith, Yuchai became a Sino-foreign joint stock company and became subject to the laws and regulations relating to joint stock limited liability companies and Sino-foreign joint venture companies in China. Foreign Shares may be held by and transferred to non-Chinese legal and natural persons, subject to the approval of the Ministry of Commerce, the successor entity to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of China, or MOFTEC. Foreign Shares are entitled to the same economic rights as State Shares and Legal Person Shares. State Shares are shares purchased with state assets by government departments or organizations authorized to represent state investment. Legal Person Shares are shares purchased by Chinese legal persons or institutions or social groups with legal person status and with assets authorized by the state for use in business.

In November 1994, we purchased from an affiliate of China Everbright Holdings 78,015,500 Foreign Shares of Yuchai in exchange for the issuance of 7,801,550 shares of our Common Stock (after giving effect to the Stock Split), or the China Everbright Holdings Purchase. The 78,015,500 Foreign Shares of Yuchai held by Earnest Assets Limited, a subsidiary of China Everbright Holdings and China Everbright International before its sale to us had been originally issued as Legal Person Shares and State Shares and were converted to Foreign Shares, pursuant to approvals granted by MOFTEC. As a result, the Company became the owner of each of these six companies: Hong Leong Technology Systems (BVI) Ltd., Tsang & Ong Nominees (BVI) Ltd., Cathay Diesel Holdings Ltd., Goldman Sachs Guangxi Holdings (BVI) Ltd., Youngstar Holdings Limited and Earnest Assets Limited.

In December 1994, we sold 7,538,450 shares of Common Stock in our initial public offering and used substantially all of the proceeds to finance our six wholly-owned subsidiaries’ purchase of 83,404,650 additional Foreign Shares in Yuchai.

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In connection with our purchase, through our six wholly-owned subsidiaries, of additional Foreign Shares in Yuchai with proceeds of our initial public offering, Yuchai offered additional shares pro rata to its other existing shareholders (30 shares for each 100 shares owned) in accordance with such shareholders’ pre-emptive rights, and each of our subsidiaries was able to acquire these additional Foreign Shares in Yuchai. Such pro rata offering (including the offering to the Company) is referred to herein as the “Yuchai Offering.” Certain Legal Person shareholders subscribed for additional shares in the Yuchai Offering. The State Holding Company informed Yuchai at the time that it would not subscribe for any of its portion of Yuchai Shares (31,345,094 shares) in the Yuchai Offering. In order to obtain MOFTEC’s approval of the Yuchai Offering, the State Holding Company was given the right by Yuchai’s Board of Directors to subscribe for approximately 31 million shares of Yuchai at a price of RMB 6.29 per share at any time prior to December 1998. This was because provisional regulations of the State Administration Bureau of State Property, or SABSP, and the State Committee of Economic System Reform, or SCESR, published in November 1994, imposed on any holder of state-owned shares certain obligations to protect its interest in any share offering. Under such regulations, the State Holding Company could have been required to subscribe for Yuchai Shares in the Yuchai Offering. Yuchai’s shareholders subsequently agreed to extend the duration of such subscription right to March 31, 2002 (the exercise of which would have reduced our ownership of Yuchai from 76.4% to 71.7%). The State Holding Company informed the shareholders of Yuchai that it had determined not to subscribe for additional Yuchai Shares and this determination was noted by the Yuchai Board of Directors on November 1, 2002. However, given the November 1994 provisional regulations of the SABSP and the SCESR, the SABSP, the SCESR and/or the Ministry of Commerce may take action against the State Holding Company, and there can be no assurance that any such action would not, directly or indirectly, have a material adverse effect on Yuchai or the Company.

Reorganization Agreement

On April 7, 2005, we entered into the Reorganization Agreement with Yuchai and Coomber, which is intended to be in furtherance of the implementation of the restructuring contemplated in the agreement dated July 19, 2003 between the Company and Yuchai with respect to the Company’s investment in Yuchai (the “July 2003 Agreement”), as amended and incorporated into the Cooperation Agreement on June 30, 2007. The terms of the Reorganization Agreement have also been acknowledged and agreed to by the State Holding Company. The Reorganization Agreement provides for the implementation of corporate governance guidelines approved by the directors and shareholders of Yuchai in November 2002 and outlines steps for the adoption of corporate governance practices at Yuchai conforming to international custom and practice. Pursuant to the Reorganization Agreement, Yuchai also acknowledged and affirmed our continued rights as majority shareholder to direct the management and policies of Yuchai through Yuchai’s Board of Directors.

Subsequent to the execution of the Reorganization Agreement, a number of steps have been taken by the parties thereto towards its implementation. For example, Yuchai’s directors and shareholders have confirmed that the amendments to Yuchai’s Articles of Association and corporate governance guidelines required to be adopted by Yuchai pursuant to the Reorganization Agreement have been ratified and implemented, and that steps are being taken to have such amendments and guidelines approved by the relevant Chinese authorities. The amended Articles of Association was approved by the Guangxi Department of Commerce on December 2, 2009.

Cooperation Agreement

The Reorganization Agreement was scheduled to terminate on June 30, 2007. On June 30, 2007, we entered into the Cooperation Agreement with Yuchai, Coomber and the State Holding Company. The Cooperation Agreement amends certain terms of the Reorganization Agreement, as amended, among CYI, Yuchai and Coomber, and as so amended, incorporates the terms of the Reorganization Agreement.

Pursuant to the amendments to the Reorganization Agreement, the Company agreed that the restructuring and spin-off of Yuchai would not be effected, and, recognizing the understandings that have been reached between the Company and the State Holding Company to jointly undertake efforts to expand the business of Yuchai, the Company would not seek to recover the anti-dilution fee of US$20 million from Yuchai.

The Cooperation Agreement provides that the parties will explore new business opportunities and ventures for the growth and expansion of Yuchai’s existing businesses. Although the parties to the Cooperation Agreement expect to work towards its implementation as expeditiously as possible, no assurance can be given as to when the transactions contemplated therein will be consummated.

Various amendments to Yuchai’s Articles of Association had been ratified and adopted by Yuchai in 2007 and were approved by the Guangxi Department of Commerce on December 2, 2009.

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Business Overview

Emission Standards

The National IV emission standards for diesel engines were implemented throughout China on July 1, 2013 and strict enforcement of the standards nationwide commenced on January 1, 2015. In an effort to combat increasing air pollution, the National V emission standards for natural gas engines were implemented throughout China on January 1, 2013. In addition, the Chinese government mandated that all new registrations in Beijing of diesel engine vehicles for use in public transit and light-duty gasoline powered engine vehicles must comply with the National V emission standards with effect from February 1, 2013 and March 1, 2013, respectively. In 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Environmental Protection (superseded by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in 2018) announced that all light petrol vehicles, light diesel buses, and heavy diesel vehicles used for the purposes of public transportation, environmental sanitation and postal services must comply with National V emission standards from January 1, 2017. All other heavy diesel vehicles and all light diesel vehicles nationwide are required to comply with the National V emission standards from July 1, 2017 and January 1, 2018, respectively. In December 2016, the Ministry of Environmental Protection announced the Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles (National VI) that all light-duty gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles must comply with National VI(a) emission standards with effect from July 1, 2020 and all diesel-powered vehicles must comply with National VI(b) emission standards from July 1, 2023. In February 2019, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment announced that any off-road machinery that does not comply with Tier-4 emission standards is prohibited for production, import and selling in China from December 1, 2020, subject to changes in the official implementation schedule.

Yuchai produces diesel engines compliant with National V and National VI emission standards and natural gas engines compliant with National V and National VI emission standards as well as develop alternative fuels and environmentally friendly hybrid engines with improved fuel efficiency. In October 2010 and October 2014, China officially implemented the Tier-2 and Tier-3 emission standards nationwide, respectively. Strict enforcement of the Tier-3 emission standards was implemented nationwide on December 1, 2016. The Tier-4 emission standards were implemented in Beijing and Shenzhen on January 1, 2015 and October 1, 2015, respectively. Yuchai is able to produce diesel engines compliant with both Tier-2 and Tier-3 emission standards for use in off-road machinery. As distribution of Tier-2 compliant diesel engines is prohibited in China with effect from October 1, 2015, Yuchai has reduced production of such engines but continues to produce such engines solely for export from China. In February 2019, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment announced that any off-road machinery that does not comply with Tier-4 emission standards is prohibited for production, import and selling in China from December 1, 2020, subject to changes in the official implementation schedule. It requires the engine manufacturers to expedite the research and development of engines compliant with Tier-4 emission standards.

Products and Product Development — Yuchai

Yuchai manufactures diesel and natural gas engines for light-, medium- and heavy-duty trucks, buses and passenger vehicles, marine and industrial applications and generator sets. Yuchai also manufactures diesel engines for construction and agriculture applications and is a supplier of after-market parts and services.

In 2018, Yuchai revised its classification system for light-, medium- and heavy-duty engines. Light-duty engines have engine capacity of 3.8 liters and less; medium-duty engines have engine capacity of between 3.8 liters and 7.0 liters; and heavy-duty engines have engine capacity of more than 7.0 liters. In addition to engine capacity, the new classification system takes into account the commercial application of the engines by original equipment manufacturers. For example, certain 4-cylinder engines that were previously classified as light-duty engines have been reclassified as medium-duty engines to the extent that they have application in the light- and medium-duty segments. For more information, see “Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information.”

Yuchai intends to improve its competitiveness across all current engine platforms, including light-, medium- and heavy-duty engines. Yuchai is focusing on higher emission standard engines, which are relatively higher margin products compared to traditional mechanical diesel engines. We have developed and commenced production of these high emission standard engines prior to the implementation dates for such standards in China. In 2018, Yuchai established a new subsidiary, Guangxi Yuchai Exhaust Technology Co., Ltd. to design, produce and sell exhaust emission control systems to meet National VI standards.

Yuchai is also expanding its production and research and development capabilities in natural gas engines in order to meet the growing demand in the natural gas engine market in China and provide a full range of natural gas engines to complement all of its current diesel engine models. Yuchai is also extending its high horse power marine diesel and power generator engines to cover engines from 16 liters up to 107 liters.

New Products

In October 2018, we introduced 10 new engine models compliant with Tier-4 emission standards for industrial and agricultural off-road applications, which are YCA05, YCA07, YCA08, YCF36 (2 models), YCK09, YCK11, YCK13, YCK15 and YCTD20. All these products are in the development stage and are subject to performance testing and trial run at OEM vehicles and machineries. They are expected to be available for commercial delivery early 2020.

(a) The YCA05-T40 engine has a displacement volume of 4.8 liter and a maximum power output of 220 Ps with a maximum torque of 720 N-m.

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(b) The YCA07-T40 engine has a displacement volume of 6.9 liter and a maximum power output of 260 Ps with a maximum torque of 1050 N-m.

(c) The YCA08-T40 engine has a displacement volume of 7.5 liter and a maximum power output of 320 Ps with a maximum torque of 1200 N-m.

(d) The YCF36-T48 engine has a displacement volume of 3.6 liter and a maximum power output of 125 Ps with a maximum torque of 480 N-m.

(e) The YCF36-T40 engine has a displacement volume of 3.6 liter and a maximum power output of 150 Ps with a maximum torque of 500 N-m.

(f) The YCK09-T40 engine has a displacement volume of 9.4 liter and a maximum power output of 400 Ps with a maximum torque of 1900 N-m.

(g) The YCK11-T40 engine has a displacement volume of 10.8 liter and a maximum power output of 480 Ps with a maximum torque of 2200 N-m.

(h) The YCK13-T40 engine has a displacement volume of 12.9 liter and a maximum power output of 580 Ps with a maximum torque of 2600 N-m.

(i) The YCK15-T40 engine has a displacement volume of 15.3 liter and a maximum power output of 650 Ps with a maximum torque of 3000 N-m.

(j) The YCTD20-T40 engine has a displacement volume of 19.6 liter and a maximum power output of 952 Ps with a maximum torque of 3800 N-m.

In January 2018, we introduced 14 new engine models compliant with National VI emission standards for on-road application, which are YCY20, YCY24, YCY30, YCS04, YCS04N, YCS06, YCK05, YCK08, YCK09, YCK11, YCK13, YCK13N, YCK15N and YCA07N. All these products are in the developing stage and are subject to performance testing and trial run at OEM vehicles and machineries. They are expected to be available for commercial delivery in 2019.

(a) The YCY20 engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in passenger vehicle, light-duty buses and pick-up trucks. It has a displacement volume of 2.17 liter and a maximum power output of 150 Ps with a maximum torque of 350 N-m.

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(b) The YCY24 engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in passenger vehicle light-duty buses and pick-up trucks. It has a displacement volume of 2.36 liter and a maximum power output of 150 Ps with a maximum torque of 380 N-m.

(c) The YCY30 engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in light-duty buses and trucks. It has a displacement volume of 2.97 liter and a power range of 150-180 Ps with a maximum torque of 460 N-m.

(d) The YCS04 engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in light to medium-duty buses and trucks. It has a displacement volume of 4.16 liter and a maximum power output of 180 Ps with a maximum torque of 650 N-m.

(e) The YCS04N natural gas engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in light to medium-duty buses and trucks. It has a displacement volume of 4.16 liter and a maximum power output of 118 Ps with a maximum torque of 600 N-m.

(f) The YCS06 engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in medium-duty trucks, coaches and buses. It has a displacement volume of 6.23 liter and a maximum power output of 260 Ps with a maximum torque of 1000 N-m.

(g) The YCK05 engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in medium-duty trucks, coaches and buses. It has a displacement volume of 5.1 liter and a maximum power output of 230 Ps with a maximum torque of 870 N-m.

(h) The YCK08 engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in medium-duty and special purpose trucks, highway coaches and buses. It has a displacement volume of 7.7 liter and a maximum power output of 350 Ps with a maximum torque of 1400 N-m.

(i) The YCK09 engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in medium to heavy-duty trucks, highway coaches and buses. It has a displacement volume of 9.41 liter and a maximum power output of 380 Ps with a maximum torque of 1800 N-m.

(j) The YCK11 engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in heavy-duty trucks and trailers, highway coach and buses over 10m. It has a displacement volume of 10.84 liter and a maximum power output of 460 Ps with a maximum torque of 2200 N-m.

(k) The YCK13 engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in heavy-duty trucks and trailer, and highway coaches. It has a displacement volume of 12.94 liter and a maximum power output of 560 Ps with a maximum torque of 2500 N-m.

(l) The YCK13N natural gas engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in heavy-duty trucks and highway coaches. It has a displacement volume of 12.94 liter and a maximum power output of 324 Ps with a maximum torque of 2100 N-m.

(m) The YCK15N natural gas engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in heavy-duty trucks and highway coaches. It has a displacement volume of 15.26 liter and a maximum power output of 390 Ps with a maximum torque of 2500 N-m.

(n) The YCA07N natural gas engine compliant with National VI emission standards is for use in medium-duty trucks and coaches. It has a displacement volume of 6.87 liter and a maximum power output of 191 Ps with a maximum torque of 1000 N-m.

In 2017, Yuchai introduced an 8-cylinder YC8CL engine mainly for use by river and coastal general cargo vessels (see “Item 4. Information of the Company — Business Overview — Products and Product Development —Yuchai — Existing Engine Products — High Horsepower Marine Diesel Engines and Power Generator Engines.”).

In 2016, we introduced four new engine models which are the YC4Y22-50, YC6K13-50, YC6JN-60 and the YCHPS hybrid engine.

(a) The YC4Y22-50 engine compliant with National V emission standards is for use in light-duty buses and pick-up trucks. It has a displacement volume of 2.17 liter and a power range of 120 to 150 hp with a maximum torque of 360 N-m.

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(b) The YC6K13-50 engine compliant with National V emission standards is an upgraded version of the YC6K12 engine series with reinforced engine components. This engine has an increased displacement volume and power range of 490 to 580 hp with maximum torque of 2,550 N-m.

(c) The YC6JN-60 is a natural gas engine compliant with National VI emission standards. The engine is ideal for use in regular and hybrid public transportation buses, highway and tour buses, and various municipal vehicles.

(d) The YCHPS hybrid engine compliant with National V emission standards is the latest design incorporating the YC4EG gas engine with an ISG generator. The system can be operated in buses with hybrid or full electric operating systems with an external plug-in system. The engine is designed for use in seven to ten meter coaches and buses.

Existing Engine Products

Yuchai manufactures diesel and natural gas engines for trucks, buses and passenger vehicles, marine and industrial applications and generator sets. The following table sets forth Yuchai’s list of engines by application:

	Series
Trucks	YC4D, YC4E, YC4FA, YC4FQ, YC4DN, YC4S, YC6A, YC6J, YC6JN, YC6K, YC6K13, YC6KN, YC6L, YC6MK, YC6MKN, YC6LN
Bus	YC6MK, YC6MKN, YC6L, YC6J, YC6JN, YC6G, YC6GN, YC6LN, YC6K, YC6KN, YC6A, YC4G, YC4GN, YC4E, YC4EG, YC4D, YC4DN, YC4FA, YC4FQ, YC4S
Construction	YC4A, YC4D, YC4DN, YC4F, YC4G, YC4GN, YC6B, YC6J, YC6JN, YC6G, YC6L, YC6LN, YC6A
Agriculture	YC4A, YC4FA, YC6A, YC6B, YC4D, YC6J, YC6L
Marine	YC4D, YC4F, YC4FA, YC6A/6B, YC6T, YC6TD, YC6C, YC6CL, YC6CD, YC8CL, YC12VC, YC6MK
Generator-Drive	YC4R, YC4FA, YC4F, YC4D, YC6A, YC6G, YC6L, YC6LN, YC6MK, YC6MJ, YC6T, YC6C, YC6CL, YC12VC, YC12VTD, YC16VC, YC6MKN, YC6K, YC6KN
Other	YC4W, YC4Y, YC4FB

Yuchai’s existing engine products include light-, medium- and heavy-duty engines as the following table:

	Series
Light Duty	YC4W, YC4Y, YC4FA, YC4FAN, YC4FB, YC4FQ, YC4S
Medium Duty	YC4A, YC4B, YC4BN, YC4D, YC4DN, YC4E, YC4EG, YC4G, YC4GN, YC6A, YC6B, YC6BN, YC6J, YC6JN, YC4F, YC4R
Heavy Duty	YC6G, YC6GN, YC6L, YC6LN, YC6MK, YC6MKN, YC6MJ, YC6K, YC6KN, YC6K13, YC6K13N, YC6T, YC6C, YC6CN, YC6CL, YC8CL, YC12VTD, YC12VC, YC16VC, YC6CD, YC6TD

(a) 4-Cylinder Diesel Engines

Trial production of the 4-Series diesel engines commenced in late 1999 and today, they represent a stable of reliable and high performance engines. Significant improvements to the technical specifications of the 4-Series engines to meet National IV emission standards have resulted in higher customer acceptance resulting in consistent sales demand since 2005.

Our line of 4-Series diesel engines consists of the following:

• The upgraded YC4A-T-30 engine is designed for agriculture application. This engine improves the heat transfer efficiency of the cooling system by more than 30%, and uses a high pressure injection mechanical in-line pump and exhaust gas recirculation (“EGR”) technology. It is also compliant with Tier-3 emission standards for off-road applications.

• The YC4D engine was launched in the market in 2001 based on YC6A and YC6B engines. The YC4D engine is designed for light trucks and passenger vehicles.

• The YC4G engine was primarily based on the YC6G engine and is designed for use in light to medium-duty cargo trucks and buses. The YC4G engine also features low emission characteristics.

• The YC4F/YC4FA/YC4G engine is a 4-cylinder, four-stroke engine with a rated power ranging from 90 to 115 PS. The 4F/4FA/4G diesel engines were developed based on technologies from Germany and Japan for mini buses, trucks and passenger cars.

• The YC4FA45-T30 engine features a mechanical rotary pump with a faster response and low fuel consumption. This model has been awarded an e-mark certificate that permits marketing into the European Union.

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• The YC4FQ-48 engine compliant with National V emission standards is for use in light-duty trucks. With a 2.5 liter displacement, it is lighter in weight with an improved cooling system compared with the model YC4FA engine. This new model utilizes high-pressure common rail, EGR, diesel oxidation catalyst (“DOC”) and diesel particle filter (“DPF”) technologies.

• The YC4D/YC4E engine is a 4-cylinder, four-stroke engine with a rated power ranging from 120 to 180 PS. The YC4D diesel engine was co-developed by Yuchai and Germany FEV, and features lower emission, lower fuel and oil consumption, lower noise, higher reliability, lower price and better upgrading potential. The YC4E series diesel engine was developed on the basis of the YC6G series diesel engine with a displacement of 7.8 liters through stroke-shortening and bore-reducing which maintains advantages over the YC6G series diesel engines and features higher dynamic characteristics, easier operation and maintenance, and is used in high-speed and light-duty vehicles. In addition, the YC4D-T30 engine for the loader, excavator and forklift markets is compliant with Tier-3 emission standards for off-road applications.

• The YC4G was also further developed to be used in hybrid buses. This relatively small diesel engine coupled with a motor will enable the hybrid bus to power medium to large buses and at the same time reduce fuel consumption and emissions. The YC4G is rated at 170 to 220 PS.

• The YC4EG-50 diesel engine contains a 4.73 liter engine for medium-duty buses and light- and medium-duty highway trucks. It is compliant with National V emission standards.

• The YC4S engine at 3.8 liter is rated at 55 to 170 PS and its main applications are in highway vehicles and industrial engines. The YC4S engine is certified compliant with National V emission standards for on-highway use and Tier-3 emission standards for the industrial market.

The YC4S engine’s upgraded model YC4S-48 was introduced for the high-end, light-truck market. This model targets the mid- and high-end, on-road vehicles with a load capacity between five to eight metric tons. It generates 88 to 110 kW power using a common rail system paired with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and Particulate Oxidation Catalyst (POC) technologies.

In addition, the YC4S-50 upgraded diesel engine has a 3.76 liter engine for use in medium- to heavy-duty trucks and buses. It is compliant with National V emission standards.

• The YC4Y22-50 diesel engine has a 2.2 liter engine for use in light-duty trucks and buses. It is compliant with National V emission standards.

• The YC4FAN-50 natural gas engine is designed to be used in light-duty vehicles. It is compliant with National V emission standards.

• The YC4W engine comes in 1.2 liter and 1.4 liter variants and features 4-cylinder, 4-valves, 60 to 90 PS, 4000 to 4200 rpm and is compliant with National V emission standards. The YC4W diesel engine uses DELPHI electronic controlled high pressure common-rail fuel injection technology. The main application of this engine model is in multi-purpose vans, power generators and light-duty special purpose machinery.

• YC4Y20 engine is a 4-cylinder 1.8 to 2.2 liter engine rated at 90 to 150 PS. It is compliant with National V emission standards.

• YC4FB engine is a 4-cylinder 2.488 liter engine rated at 90 to 130 PS for light duty vehicle such as light duty bus and pick-up truck applications. The engine is designed to comply with National V emissions standards with electronic controlled fuel combustion system.

(b) 6-Cylinder Diesel Engines

YC6J Diesel Engines

The YC6J medium-duty engine is a 6-cylinder, four-stroke engine that offers up to 230 PS. The YC6J engine was historically Yuchai’s primary product and was principally installed in medium-duty trucks. Yuchai believes that its YC6J engine has a reputation for fuel efficiency, low noise levels, firm uphill traction and reliability.

The hybrid YC6J engine was launched in October 2010 for use in public buses. The YC6J National V compliant 6.5 liter, 6-cylinder, 132 to 180 kW, 2500 rpm diesel engine uses BOSCH electronic controlled high-pressured common-rail fuel injection technology. These engines are suitable for use in coaches of 8 to 11 meters in length.

Yuchai has also developed YC6J natural gas variants, including both compressed natural gas (“CNG”) and liquefied natural gas (“LNG”) systems, using similar major components as diesel engines. Yuchai is a market leader in developing diesel engines which are mainly used in public buses. The natural gas versions will complement the current diesel engine lines used in public buses enabling a reduction in emissions. The YC6J is also developed to work with battery-powered motors in hybrid buses which will help to reduce fuel consumption and emissions.

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The YC6J engines previously compliant only with National V emission standards have been upgraded to meet the National V emission standards with improved fuel efficiency and performance. In addition, the YC6J-T30 for the loader, excavator and forklift markets is compliant with Tier-3 emission standards for off-road applications.

The YC6J-T30 and YC4D-T30 models are both upgraded versions of the Tier-2 model with the latest fuel combustion system. The YC6J-T30 engine is a 6.5 liter engine with design output of 92 to 132 kW and has primarily construction and agricultural applications. The YC4D-T30 is a 4.2 liter engine with design output of 58 to 75 kW, and has mainly construction applications for us in loaders, excavator and heavy-duty forklifts.

YC6A and YC6B Diesel Engines

In response to the introduction of high-power medium-duty engines by its competitors in 1995, Yuchai began the development of its YC6A and YC6B medium-duty engine which offers improved overall performance compared to the YC6J engine, principally because of greater horsepower, increased reliability and improved acceleration.

The YC6A National V compliant 6-cylinder, 4-valves, 162 to 225 kW, 2300 rpm diesel engine uses BOSCH electronic controlled high-pressured common-rail fuel injection technology. Its main applications are in medium-sized trucks, construction machines, boats, generators, and agricultural machinery.

The YC6A engines have been upgraded to meet the National V emission standards with improved fuel efficiency and performance.

YC6G Diesel Engines

YC6G National V compliant 7.8 liter, 6-cylinder, 147 to 199 kW, 2000 to 2200 rpm diesel engine uses DELPHI electronic controlled high-pressured common-rail fuel injection technology. Yuchai has also developed variants that use CNG or LNG as fuel, using similar major components. Its main applications are for buses and coaches of 11 to 12 meters in length.

The YC6G220L-T31 series with a 7.8 liter engine features a turbocharged inter-cooling system and an electronically controlled fuel injection system to enable quick adjustments to the engine’s power and torque.

6L Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

The 6L heavy-duty engine is a National V compliant 6-cylinder, four-stroke, turbocharged intercooling engine, with a rated power ranging from 280 to 350 PS. The 6L heavy-duty engine was co-developed with FEV, an independent German-owned engine development institute for big passenger buses.

The YC6L-60 diesel engine is Yuchai’s newest engine compliant with National VI emission standards. This engine is a high-end model of the YC6L heavy-duty platform. It has a power range between 177 to 243 kW and is designed for use in buses between ten to 12 meters and trucks that carry loads of between 25 to 40 metric tons. Improvements to the engine include medium cooling exhaust gas recirculation technology, innovative diesel particle filter and efficient SCR technologies.

6MK Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

The 6MK heavy-duty engine family for heavy-duty trucks and passenger buses was developed based on technologies from USA, Japan and Germany in accordance with FEV procedures. The 6MK engine has adopted the common rail injection system technology to meet with the latest emission requirements and the European forced cooling piston technology. It has a 10.34 liter displacement and power ranging from 300 to 400 PS. The upgraded YC6MK-50 is a 10.3 liter engine for on-road trucks and buses that is compliant with National V emission standards.

YC6MJ Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

YC6MJ is an upgraded version of the YC6MK engine with larger piston for power extension and adopting a traditional high pressure injection system. It is an 11.7 liter engine rated at 450 PS and is for use in mining, marine and power generation applications.

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YC6K Diesel Engines

The YC6K 6-cylinder diesel engine is National V compliant, has a capacity of between 10/12/13 liter and is rated at 380 to 550 PS. The components and combustion systems of the engine are developed with the latest technology and are suitable for use in heavy-duty trucks and for coaches exceeding 12 meters in length. The YC6K is the product of a joint venture company which was established in 2009 pursuant to an agreement Yuchai entered into with Jirui United to produce heavy-duty vehicle engines with the displacement range from 10.5 to 14 liter. For more details on the joint venture company, see “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our company and our business — If we are not able to continually improve our existing engine products and develop new engine products or successfully enter into other markets, we may become less competitive, and our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects may be adversely affected.”

YC6K13 Diesel Engine

The YC6K13-50 engine compliant with National V emission standards is an upgraded version of the YC6K12 engine series with reinforced engine components. This engine has an increased displacement volume and power range of 490 to 580 hp with maximum torque of 2,550 N-m.

(c) High Horsepower Marine Diesel Engines and Power Generator Engines

In May 2011, Yuchai commenced construction of a plant at Yuchai’s primary manufacturing facilities in Yulin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, to increase the annual production capacity of marine diesel engines and power generators to meet increasing demand. The following are our marine diesel and power generation engine models.

• YC6T is a 6-cylinder engine rated at 360 to 600 PS and is suitable for construction applications. It was launched in early 2011 and is used in marine propulsion, power generators, construction and mine trucks. The YC6T engine rated 404 to 440 kW at 1500 rpm is for power generation, while those rated 290 to 396 kW at 1500 to 1800 rpm are for marine applications and those rated 350 to 540 PS at 1350 rpm are for marine propulsion.

• YC6C is a 40 liter, 6-cylinder engine rated at 700 to 1000 PS. It was launched in early 2011 and is used in marine propulsion, power generators, construction and mine trucks. The YC6C engine rated 680 to 850 kW at 1500 rpm is for power generation and those rated 560 to 680 kW at 1500 rpm are for marine propulsion.

• YC6CL is an upgraded version of the YC6C engine with longer piston stroke for better power output and performance. The YC6CL engine is a 54 liter engine rated at 800 to 1200 PS.

• YC12VTD is derived from the YC6TD engines where the V-engine enables the engine to have a compact configuration. The engine is 12-cylinder, 39 liter rated at 1040 to 1336 kW at 1500 rpm. The main application is in the power generator, marine and industrial markets. The YC12VTD was launched in 2018.

• YC12VC is derived from the YC6C engines where the V-engine enables the engine to extend its power output at similar engine platform. The engine is 12-cylinder, 80 liter rated at 1120 to 1800 kW at 1500 rpm. The main application is in the power generator, marine and industrial markets. The YC12VC was commercially launched in the last quarter of 2015.

• YC16VC is derived from the YC6C engines where the V-engine enables the engine to extend its power output at similar engine platform. The engine is 16-cylinder, 108 liter rated at 1960 to 2400 kW at 1500 rpm. The main application is in the power generator, marine and industrial markets. The YC16VC was commercially launched in late 2016.

• YC8CL is an extended version of YC6CL engine, with 8-cylinder in line configuration. YC8CL is an 8-cylinder, 72.8 liter engine rated at 692-1176 kW at 750-1000 rpm. The main application is marine propulsion for river trade and costal general cargo vessels. The YC8CL was officially launched in mid-2017.

(d) Other Products and Services

Our other products are natural gas engines, diesel power generators, diesel engine parts and remanufacturing services.

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Natural Gas Engines

Yuchai has a facility at its primary manufacturing facility in Yulin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, to develop and produce a portfolio of natural gas powered engines to complement its existing suite of diesel engines. The main uses of Yuchai’s natural gas engines are in large buses, medium- to heavy-duty trucks, industrial and power generators and the marine sector.

Yuchai natural gas engines are designed to work with both CNG and LNG fuel systems, and they are generally constructed using similar major components as Yuchai’s diesel engines. Yuchai currently offers natural gas engines in the following models: YC4DN, YC4GN, YC6BN, YC6JN, YC6GN, YC6LN, YC6MKN, and YC6KN ranging from 120 to 440 hp.

Diesel Power Generators

Yuchai has a history of more than 40 years for producing the diesel generator set, with wide application in the civil and marine sectors. Yuchai produces diesel power generators which are primarily used in the construction and mining industries. The diesel power generators offer a rated power of 24 to 160 kilowatts. Yuchai’s diesel power generators use diesel engines from YC4FA up to YC6T as their power source. The generator set includes an intelligent digital controlling system, remote control, generators group control, remote monitoring, automatic parallel operation, and automated protection against breakdowns.

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Diesel Engine Parts

Yuchai supplies diesel engine parts to its nationwide chain of customer service stations in China. Although sales of diesel engine parts do not constitute a major percentage of Yuchai’s revenue, the availability of such parts to its customers and to end-users through its nationwide chain of customer service stations is an important part of Yuchai’s customer service program. Yuchai is continually improving its spare parts distribution channel services to maintain its competitive position.

Remanufacturing Services

Yuchai provides remanufacturing services for and relating to Yuchai’s diesel engines and components through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Yuchai Remanufacturing Services (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. (“YRC”). YRC’s factory is located in the Suzhou Industrial Park in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province.

New Energy Products

Yuchai has commenced the development program for new energy products, which included the new generation hybrid engine and electric vehicle components. Since 2010, Yuchai has offered in-house developed hybrid engines, and the latest model was a gas engine plug-in hybrid for truck application.

(a) Plug in hybrid engine

Yuchai also introduced its second-generation hybrid engine; model YCHPT II, to address the growing customer demand for advanced hybrid engines. The engine adopts plug-in systems to charge the vehicles’ batteries, and it features an upgraded gearbox with an interchangeable 5-speed automatic and manual system.

The YCHPS hybrid engine compliant with National V emission standards is the latest design incorporating the YC4EG gas engine with an ISG generator. The system can be operated in buses with hybrid or full electric operating systems with an external plug-in system. The engine is designed for use in seven to ten meter coaches and buses.

In 2016, Yuchai launched its first plug-in gas hybrid system in China for medium-duty trucks.

In 2018, Yuchai introduced a range extension hybrid engine which combines diesel and battery power. The engine is suitable for light- and medium-duty commercial vehicles and also has application in domestic public transit fleets.

(b) EV Power Train

Yuchai has commenced the development of full electric power system integration for public transit bus application. Yuchai will be responsible for system design and integration using components from external suppliers.

Sales

In 2018, according to CAAM, engine sales for commercial vehicles (excluding gasoline-powered and electric-powered vehicles) in China was approximately 3.1 million units, being flat compared to 2017. Yuchai’s commercial vehicles engine sales in 2018 were 264,706 units, being flat compared to 2017. Yuchai’s total engine sales in 2018 were 375,731 units, an increase of 2.4% compared with 367,097 units in 2017.

Light-duty engine sales in 2018 was 106,644 units, or 28.4% of total unit sales, which was an increase of 5.4 percentage points compared to 23.0% in 2017, where light-duty engine sales were 84,594 units. Medium-duty engine sales were 192,512 units, or 51.2% of total unit sales, compared to 2017 where sales were 197,622 units or 53.8% of total unit sales. Heavy-duty engine sales were 75,600 units, or 20.1% of total sales units, compared to 2017 where sales were 84,150 units, or 22.9% of total unit sales.

In 2018, Yuchai sold approximately 15,865 natural gas engine units compared with approximately 26,298 units sold in 2017. The following table sets forth a breakdown of Yuchai’s sales by major product category for fiscal years 2016, 2017 and 2018:

	2016*							2017*							2018
	Revenue		% of Revenue			Unit Sold		Revenue		% of Revenue			Unit Sold		Revenue		% of Revenue			Unit Sold
	RMB’000 (Restated)		(Restated)					RMB’000 (Restated)		(Restated)					RMB’000
Light-duty engines (1)		1,759,056		13.0	%		71,406		2,147,728		13.3	%		84,594		2,481,554		15.3	%		106,644
Medium-duty engines (2)		5,302,596		39.0	%		184,994		5,620,202		34.8	%		197,622		5,537,164		34.2	%		192,512
Heavy-duty engines (2)		3,844,291		28.3	%		63,841		5,182,930		32.1	%		84,150		4,934,435		30.4	%		75,600
Other products and services(3)		2,670,899		19.7	%		183		3,189,762		19.8	%		731		3,257,314		20.1	%		975
		13,576,842		100.0	%		320,424		16,140,622		100.0	%		367,097		16,210,467		100.0	%		375,731

Note:

* Yuchai’s revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 have been restated due to the impact of the retrospective application of IFRS 15 and also reflects Yuchai’s revision of its classification system for light-, medium- and heavy-duty engines in 2018, which was applied to Yuchai’s financial and operating data for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018. For more information, see “Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information.”

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⁽¹⁾  Includes passenger car engines.

⁽²⁾  Includes natural gas engines.

⁽³⁾  Includes power generator sets and others.

Production

Yuchai’s primary manufacturing facilities are located in Yulin City in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The principal production land area currently occupies approximately 1.8 million square meters, including an existing production factory for all light-, medium- and heavy-duty engine models, a natural gas production facility, a high horse power marine diesel engine and power generator plant, a foundry and various testing and supporting facilities.

As of December 31, 2018, Yuchai’s total technical production capacity was approximately 487,500 units, compared to 596,250 in 2017, based on a 2.5 shift five-day week at 80% utilization rate.

In 2018, we sold 375,731 units, of which 339,800 units were produced at Yuchai’s Yulin facility, and the remaining units sold were produced by our joint venture company, third party manufacturers and taken from existing inventory.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of Yuchai’s production at the Yulin facility by major product category for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018:

	2016*					2017*					2018
	Units		% of Units			Units		% of Units			Units		% of Units
Light-duty engines (1)		72,035		23.8	%		91,060		24.9	%		103,640		30.5	%
Medium-duty engines (2)		168,020		55.4	%		194,505		53.3	%		169,637		49.9	%
Heavy-duty engines (2)		62,608		20.7	%		79,433		21.7	%		66,110		19.5	%
Power generator sets		380		0.1	%		268		0.1	%		413		0.1	%
		303,043		100.0	%		365,266		100.0	%		339,800		100.0	%

Note:

* In 2018, Yuchai revised its classification system for light-, medium- and heavy-duty engines. See “Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information.”

⁽¹⁾  Includes passenger car engines.

⁽²⁾  Includes natural gas engines.

Procurement

Yuchai manufactures engine blocks, cylinder heads, crankshaft, camshaft and certain other key parts. Third party suppliers provide the remaining engine parts. The production process involves the complete assembly and testing of the finished product.

Engine Block

Yuchai cast and molded more than 359,000 units of engine blocks in 2018 representing a large portion of its engine blocks used in production.

Raw Materials

Yuchai purchases raw materials, principally scrap steel and cast iron, from domestic suppliers. An increase in the prices of these raw materials would generally increase our costs of production. We have experienced volatility in the prices of raw materials in the past. See also “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our company and our business — If China’s inflation increases or the prices of energy or raw materials increase, we may not be able to pass the resulting increased costs on to our customers and this may adversely affect our profitability or cause us to suffer operating losses.”

Imports

Certain engine components are imported from international suppliers, such as the electronic combustion system and its software, and the exhaust after-treatment components. A majority of the remaining parts are purchased from domestic suppliers. Yuchai has progressively reduced its reliance on imported parts and components since 2006. Yuchai has a policy of practicing sound procurement policy by requiring the same product procurement from at least two distinct sources. The same practice applies to all other externally procured engine parts. Yuchai is continually seeking to improve its procurement strategy by seeking new suppliers with competitive prices and quality.

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Quality Assurance, Control and Safety

All raw materials, external supplied parts and components are checked for conformity with the required quality and specifications. Each stage of the production process is monitored by a quality control procedure and the final product undergoes standard conformity and specification testing using an automated testing laboratory. To promote the safety of its workers, Yuchai has established a safety department to supervise the proper use of equipment to prevent fire and explosions and promote safe practices and procedures in the workplace.

Manufacturing Capacity Expansion

Yuchai believes that the current production capacity of all engine lines will meet the expected demand. Yuchai is continuously assessing the market demand and devising production strategies to secure and meet these market opportunities.

Research and Development

Yuchai has committed substantial resources to continually improve the technology of its products and maintain the competitiveness of its products. Yuchai’s internal development effort focuses primarily on designing new products, improving manufacturing processes and adapting foreign technology to the Chinese market. Yuchai has committed to continually improve the technology of its products by acquiring advanced technology from Chinese research institutes, foreign engine design consulting firms and foreign diesel engine and engine parts manufacturers.

In 2016, Yuchai’s research and development efforts were mainly related to the development of new and existing engine products compliant with National V and National VI emission standards for on-road applications, engine products compliant with Tier-4 emission standards for off-road applications and its first plug-in gas hybrid engine compliant with National V emission standards in China for the truck segment. In 2017, Yuchai’s research and development efforts were mainly related to the upgrading of existing on-road and off-road products compliant with National V and Tier-3 emission standards and the development of new engine products compliant with forthcoming National VI and Tier-4 emission standards. In 2017, Yuchai also commenced the development of new energy vehicle power systems, including a third-generation hybrid engine and electric vehicle power systems. In 2018, research and development efforts were mainly for research and development of new engines compliant with the more stringent National VI and Tier-4 emission standards that are to be implemented over the next few years.

As a result of its research and development efforts, Yuchai has a large patent portfolio with over two thousand patents registered in China as of December 31, 2018. The types of patents that Yuchai has registered are invention patents, utility model patents and design patents. The term of patent protection is ten or 20 years from the filing date depending on the type of patent registered.

Future Products

Yuchai believes that its long-term business prospects will largely depend upon its ability to develop and introduce new or improved products with higher quality and competitive pricing. Future products may utilize different technologies and may require knowledge of markets that Yuchai does not currently possess.

Yuchai intends to continue to work with foreign engine design consulting firms and foreign engine manufacturers for technological assistance in improving its products and developing new products, and expects such cooperation to continue. The introduction of new engine products will also require significant capital expenditures, such as purchases of foreign manufacturing equipment and technologies. See “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our company and our business — Competition in China from other diesel engine manufacturers may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects.”

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Sales, Marketing and Services

Sales and Marketing

Yuchai distributes most of its engines directly to auto plants and agents from its primary manufacturing facilities in Yulin City. In addition, Yuchai operates a number of regional offices in major geographic regions in China. With a sales force of approximately 777 persons nationwide in China, Yuchai provides a comprehensive range of services to its customers, including dispatching engineers to provide on-site assistance to major customers in the resolution of technical problems.

Yuchai promotes its products primarily through television commercials, outdoor sign boards, advertisements in newspapers and industry journals. Since 1993, Yuchai has been sponsoring an annual program for its customer service stations with information brochures and customer suggestion cards for the improvement of Yuchai’s service. These customer service stations form Yuchai’s service and maintenance network. In relation to those engines which are under warranty cover, these customer service stations perform the routine maintenance checks and repairs on end-users’ diesel engines free of charge to the customers, and the corresponding costs are borne by Yuchai. In relation to those engines when the warranty expires, these customer service stations can continue to serve Yuchai clients at their own choice and costs.

Yuchai believes that its promotional efforts are unique for an automotive component company in China and lead to greater brand name recognition among end-users. Yuchai further believes that it leads its competitors in providing high quality after-sales services by its 2,620 authorized customer service stations in China. The customer service stations are independently owned and are able to provide emergency services to its end-users within a 40-km radius in the central, eastern and southern parts of China.

Yuchai has continued to focus its sales efforts on retailers and end-users of diesel engines. Yuchai seeks to encourage end-users of gasoline engine trucks to replace their gasoline engines with Yuchai diesel engines by advertising the advantages of diesel engines. With the advent of a natural gas refueling network across the nation, customers have the additional option of using Yuchai’s natural gas engines. Such sales of replacement engines are generally made through customer service centers at a retail price which is higher than the sales price to truck manufacturers.

Yuchai believes that proximity to its factories in Yulin City is an important factor in the geographical make-up of its customers. Due in part to transportation and shipping costs, a substantial majority of Yuchai’s engines are sold to customers in southern and central eastern China. Customers’ geographical make-up is segmented by Guangxi, Henan, Sichuan, Hubei, Fujian, East and North East China.

Yuchai’s sales are concentrated among the Dongfeng Group, one of the largest state-owned automobile companies in China, and other major diesel truck manufacturers controlled by or affiliated with the Dongfeng Group. In 2017, sales to the Dongfeng Group accounted for approximately 29.9% of Yuchai’s total revenue, of which our two largest customers, Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co., Ltd. and Dong Feng Special Vehicle Chassis National Agent (a Dong Feng Commercial Vehicle Co, Ltd. company), accounted for 15.1%. In 2018, sales to the Dongfeng Group accounted for approximately 27.5% of Yuchai’s total revenue, of which our two largest customers, Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co., Ltd. and Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd, accounted for 13.5%. The Dongfeng Group is also a major competitor of Yuchai. Our sales to our top five customers including sales to the Dongfeng Group accounted for 37.5% of our total revenue in 2018. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — Business Overview — Competition.”

Customers’ orders with Yuchai can be cancelled either by Yuchai or its customers prior to delivery in accordance with the sales contracts. As part of Yuchai’s credit procedures to control and manage its trade receivables, Yuchai may hold shipments for delivery if customers’ credit positions are not satisfactory or if customers have not made payments for earlier deliveries. There can be no assurance that such cost-controlling measures will successfully control Yuchai’s trade receivable balance, or that they will not adversely affect the future purchasing decisions of Yuchai’s customers. As of December 31, 2017, Yuchai had net trade and bills receivables of RMB 7,030.2 million, representing 43.9% of our consolidated current assets. As of December 31, 2018, Yuchai had net trade and bills receivables of RMB 7,387.8 million (US$1,104.3 million), representing 45.0% of our consolidated current assets.

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Export Sales

Yuchai exports a very small percentage of its products directly outside China, as the following table indicates:

	2016*							2017*							2018
	Revenue		% of Revenue			Unit Sales		Revenue		% of Revenue			Unit Sales		Revenue		% of Revenue			Unit Sales
	RMB ’000							RMB ’000							RMB ’000
	(Restated)		(Restated)					(Restated)		(Restated)
Total Domestic Sales		13,436,629		99.0	%		317,726		16,073,461		99.6	%		366,162		16,119,896		99.4	%		374,907
Total Direct Export Sales		140,212		1.0	%		2,698		67,160		0.4	%		935		90,571		0.6	%		824
		13,576,841		100.0	%		320,424		16,140,621		100.0	%		367,097		16,210,467		100.0	%		375,731

Note:

* Yuchai’s revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 have been restated due to the impact of the retrospective application of IFRS 15. For more information, see “Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information.”

Most of Yuchai’s products that are exported outside of China are sold indirectly through third party distributors who purchase them from Yuchai and resell them on to end-users in subsequent and separate transactions. All of these distributors are separate legal entities in which Yuchai has no equity interest in or control over and Yuchai relies on self-reporting by these distributors in relation to their sales. In 2018, the top five export markets of Yuchai (in descending order) comprising both direct sales as well as sales through third-party distributors were Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos and Cuba. In 2017, the top five export markets of Yuchai (in descending order) comprising both direct sales as well as sales through third-party distributors were Vietnam, Cuba, Laos, Russia and India. In 2016, the top five export markets of Yuchai (in descending order) comprising both direct sales as well as sales through third-party distributors were Vietnam, Myanmar, Philippines, Ghana and Thailand.

In February 2014, Yuchai appointed China Auto Caiec Ltd. (formerly known as China Automotive Industry Import and Export Co., Ltd.), a company based in China, on an exclusive basis for two years to export Yuchai’s products into Cuba. The agreement requires China Auto Caiec Ltd. to use best efforts to export more than 1,500 units (whole engines or parts) per year. The agreement was automatically renewed under its terms on February 16, 2018. In 2018, 1,124 engines had been sold to Cuba pursuant to this agreement, representing 0.3% of our total unit sales in 2018.

Customer Service

Yuchai believes that customer service is an important part of maintaining its market competitiveness. In addition to various services provided initially at its sales offices, Yuchai has a nationwide network of authorized service stations in China that provide repair and maintenance services, spare parts, retrofitting services and training to Yuchai’s customers. To ensure a consistently high level of service, Yuchai trains the technicians at regional training centers or selected service stations. In addition, Yuchai also owns and operates repair training centers. The costs of any warranty-related services or repairs are borne by Yuchai, and all non-warranty activities are charged to customers. Yuchai’s customer service program emphasizes a fast turnaround time on repair requests. As part of this policy, Yuchai supplies authorized service stations with spare parts for repairs and require these service stations to provide on-site assistance at the customer’s place of business generally within three to 12 hours, depending on the customer’s location.

Yuchai’s warranty obligations vary depending upon the warranty type and such provisions are determined at fiscal year-end based upon historical warranty cost per unit of engines sold adjusted for specific conditions that may arise and the number of engines under warranty at each fiscal year end. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Critical Accounting Policies — Product warranty obligations.”

Trademarks

The State Holding Company owns and maintains Chinese trademark registrations of its principal trademarks. Yuchai has entered into trademark license agreements with the State Holding Company according it the right to use these trademarks. Yuchai believes that the Yuchai logo is well recognized as a quality brand in China.

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Competition

The diesel engine industry in China is highly competitive. Yuchai believes it faces intense competition in the engine manufacturing industry across all of its engine platforms. The diesel engine market is fragmented and very price sensitive. Yuchai believes, based on internal studies, that competition is based primarily on performance, quality compliance with emission standards, price and after-sales service, and secondarily on noise, size and weight. Yuchai believes that its engines have a strong reputation among truck manufacturers and consumers for leading performance and reliability. In addition, Yuchai believes that its after-sales service to end-users of Yuchai engines, conducted through a nationwide network of authorized service stations and repair training centers in China, gives Yuchai a competitive advantage over other diesel engine producers.

Most of Yuchai’s major China domestic competitors are either state-owned enterprises or entities controlled by state-owned enterprises. The Dongfeng Group, which is a major competitor of Yuchai and which controls one of Yuchai’s largest competitors, is also one of Yuchai’s major customers and controls some of Yuchai’s other major customers. In 2018, sales to the Dongfeng Group accounted for 27.4% of our total revenue, of which our two largest customers, Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor Co., Ltd. and Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd, accounted for 13.5% in total. Our sales to our top five customers including sales to the Dongfeng Group accounted for 37.5% of our total revenue in 2018. Some of Yuchai’s competitors have formed joint ventures with, or have technology assistance arrangements with, foreign diesel engine manufacturers or engine design consulting firms, and use foreign technology that is more advanced than Yuchai’s technology. Yuchai expects competition to intensify as a result of, among other things, improvements in competitors’ products, increased production capacity of competitors, increased utilization of unused capacity by competitors and price competition. Yuchai believes production capacity in the diesel engine industry has increased over the years which have further intensified competition. See “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our company and our business — Competition in China from other diesel engine manufacturers may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, business or prospects.”

The ongoing development of full electric vehicles for both the bus and truck markets in China will continue to present a source of competition for Yuchai’s engines because of the recent replacement of public transit buses, which have been a major bus engine market for Yuchai in the past, with electric vehicle buses in most cities of China.

The HLGE group

As of February 28, 2019, we had a 48.9% interest in the outstanding ordinary shares of HLGE. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Business Expansion and Diversification Plan.” HLGE is listed on the Main Board of the Singapore Exchange. HLGE’s share price on the Singapore Exchange closed at S$0.43 on February 28, 2019. The core businesses of the HLGE group are that of hospitality operations and property development.

In October 2017, HLGE completed the disposal of its 60% equity interest in Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co., Ltd. to Qingdao Haiyi Jun Zhuo Culture Travel Property Investment Co., Ltd. In November 2017, HLGE completed the disposal of its remaining hotel properties in China through the sale of all its shares in LKN Investment International Pte. Ltd. to an affiliate of Jingrui Holdings Limited. A portion of the proceeds from these disposals were used by the HLGE group to repay its debt obligations to us in the amount of S$68 million under a loan agreement. The original loan amount of S$93 million was granted to HLGE by our wholly-owned subsidiary, Venture Lewis in February 2009 to refinance the outstanding zero coupon unsecured non-convertible bonds previously issued by HLGE and which matured on July 3, 2009. The loan amount was reduced to S$68 million through past repayments by HLGE.

The HLGE group wholly owns a Copthorne hotel in Cameron Highlands (Malaysia). Copthorne Hotel Cameron Highlands comprises 269 guest rooms and suites. It is the only hotel situated at the highest accessible point of Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Located next to the hotel, is a Tudor-styled resort, where 69 units have been leased by the hotel from the owners of the resort for use by its guests. The resort comprises self-contained low-rise and high-rise apartment suites and each suite is equipped with a living room, a kitchenette and a balcony. To maintain the competitiveness of its hotels, HLGE carries out renovation programs at its hotels from time to time as required.

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The HLGE group recorded pre-tax losses for five consecutive fiscal years from 2009 to 2013 and in fiscal year 2015. For fiscal year 2014, the HLGE group recorded a profit mainly due to the acquisition by its wholly-owned subsidiary of the remaining 55% equity interest in Augustland Hotel Sdn Bhd, which owned CHCH. For fiscal year 2016, the HLGE group recorded pre-tax profit. For fiscal year 2017, the HLGE group recorded a profit mainly due to its disposals of (i) the HLGE group’s 60% equity interest in Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co., Ltd. to Qingdao Haiyi Jun Zhuo Culture Travel Property Investment Co Ltd; and (ii) the HLGE group’s entire interests in LKN Investment International Pte. Ltd. to an affiliate of Jingrui Holdings Limited. Previously, HLGE’s average daily market capitalization has fallen below the minimum threshold of S$40 million resulting in it being placed on the Watch-list of the Singapore Stock Exchange (“Watch-list”) on June 4, 2014, for failing to comply with the minimum criteria for continued listing. These factors in the past made it difficult for the HLGE group to obtaining financing from financial institutions. In March 2018, HLGE converted of all of its existing issued and outstanding non-redeemable convertible cumulative preference shares into new ordinary shares of HLGE. On April 4, 2018, the Singapore Stock Exchange determined that HLGE met the Singapore Exchange’s Listing Manual criteria for exit from the Watch-list and removed HLGE from the Watch-list.

The HLGE group may require additional funds for its core businesses and to invest in future growth opportunities. There is no assurance that the HLGE group would be able to generate sufficient internal funds to finance its growth plans or identify and complete any potential merger and acquisition opportunities to grow its earnings base. Accordingly, the HLGE group may, depending on the cash flow requirements and financial condition, need to raise additional funds by issuing equity or a combination of equity and debt or by entering into strategic relationships or through other arrangements. Any additional equity financing by HLGE may dilute our equity interests in HLGE. Any debt financing may contain restrictive covenants with respect to dividends, future capital raising and other financial and operational matters. Failure to obtain sufficient funds to finance its growth plans may adversely affect the HLGE group’s business, financial performance and financial position.

For more information on risks relating to our investment in HLGE, see “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our investment in HLGE.”

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Organizational Structure

The following chart illustrates the organizational structure of the Company and Yuchai as of February 28, 2019 and is based on information generally known to the Company or otherwise disclosed in filings made with the SEC and the Singapore Exchange (see also “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Major Shareholders”). This chart depicts the Company’s significant subsidiaries only.

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Regulatory and Related Matters

Governance, Operation and Dissolution of Yuchai

Governance, operation and dissolution of Yuchai are governed by laws and regulations of China relating to Sino-foreign joint stock companies, as well as by Yuchai’s Articles of Association. Yuchai is subject to the relevant PRC labor laws and regulations with respect to labor management, which is overseen by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. In accordance with these laws and regulations, management may hire and discharge employees and make other determinations with respect to wages, welfare, insurances and employee discipline. Chinese laws and regulations applicable to a Sino-foreign joint stock company require that, before Yuchai distributes profits, it must: (i) satisfy all tax liabilities; (ii) recover losses in previous years; and (iii) make contributions to statutory reserve fund in an amount equal to at least 10% of net income for the year determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in China, or PRC GAAP. However, the allocation of statutory reserve fund will not be further required once the accumulated amount of such fund reaches 50% of the registered capital of Yuchai.

On March 15, 2019, a new foreign investment law was adopted in the second session of the 13^th National People’s Congress (“FIL”). Upon its effectiveness on January 1, 2020, the existing Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Law, the Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise Law and the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Law will be repealed and FIL will become the sole law regulating FIEs. FIL establishes uniform principals for foreign investment, which in effect will mean that foreign investors in China (except for those on an FIL “negative list”) will enjoy the same treatment as domestic investors. FIL grants FIEs a five-year transition period during which an FIE may retain its current organizational form while rules are being promulgated by the State Council. Yuchai will be governed by the FIL and related implementing rules. At the present, we are not able to identify the impact of FIL on Yuchai and the Company. See also “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to China — The Chinese legal system embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protection available to foreign investors.”

Pursuant to Chinese law and Yuchai’s Articles of Association, Yuchai may be dissolved upon the occurrence of certain events, including force majeure, severe losses, lack of supply of necessary materials or other events that render Yuchai unable to continue its operations. Upon dissolution, Yuchai will form a liquidation committee. Final dissolution is subject to government review and approval.

During 2003, we believe affiliates of the State Holding Company caused various Chinese government agencies to raise allegations of irregularities regarding the status of our ownership of land rights of control over Yuchai, which we believe was intended to try to limit our rights to exercise control over Yuchai. We further believe that such allegations were based on an inaccurate understanding of the structure of our ownership of Yuchai. We also believe that Yuchai’s ownership structure has been validly approved by the relevant Chinese authorities, and that the shares of Yuchai held by our six wholly-owned subsidiaries are legally and validly held under Chinese law. We have obtained legal opinions from two Chinese law firms confirming these matters (see the reports on Form 6-K filed by the Company with the SEC on April 1, 2005). We have also taken steps to communicate to the relevant Chinese government agencies the reasons for our position with respect to these matters. We believe the July 2003 Agreement, the Reorganization Agreement, as amended, and the Cooperation Agreement, when fully implemented will resolve the issues raised by the various Chinese governmental agencies relating to our share ownership in Yuchai and the continued corporate governance and other difficulties which we have had from time to time with respect to Yuchai. Based upon the above-mentioned legal opinions, we believe that in the event of a future dispute with the Chinese stakeholders at Yuchai, we expect to pursue as appropriate legal remedies in appropriate jurisdictions to seek to enforce our legal rights as the majority shareholder with a controlling financial interest in Yuchai to protect our investment for our benefit and the benefit of our shareholders. See also “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors.”

Property, Plant and Equipment

Yuchai’s headquarters and primary manufacturing facilities are located in Yulin City in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Yuchai has the right to use approximately two million square meters of land, which is currently used primarily for the production of diesel engines, natural gas engines and employee housing. The principal production land area for the manufacture of diesel and natural gas engines currently occupies approximately 1.8 million square meters, including the existing production factories for all light-duty, medium-duty and heavy-duty engine models, a natural gas testing facility, a high horse power marine diesel engine and power generation engine plant, phases one, two and three of a foundry and various testing and supporting facilities. In addition, Yuchai leases a number of regional sales offices in China. As of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, Yuchai’s total production capacity was approximately 596,250 units, 596,250 units and 487,500 units, based on a 2.5 shift five-day week at 80% utilization rate. Yuchai performs periodic maintenance and upgrading of production facilities. Yuchai also commits a significant portion of its annual capital expenditure for maintenance and upgrading to meet safety and production requirements. Yuchai is potentially exposed to varying environmental or natural disaster risks and could experience business interruptions, damage to its facilities and loss of life, all of which could have a material adverse effect on Yuchai’s business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — Business Overview — Products and Product Development — Yuchai — Production.”

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Environmental Matters

China adopted its Environmental Protection Law in 1989, and the State Council and the Ministry of Environmental Protection (superseded by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in 2018) promulgate regulations as required from time to time. The Environmental Protection Law addresses issues relating to environmental quality, waste disposal and emissions, including air, water and noise emissions. On April 24, 2014, proposed amendments to the 1989 Environmental Protection Law were passed by China’s Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. The new amendments, which came into effect on January 1, 2015, provide for increased fines against polluting companies, detention of negligent executives, protection for whistleblowers and penalties, including criminal liability, for officials who fail to enforce laws. On November 19, 2014, the State Council unveiled a new Energy Development Strategy Action Plan (2014-2020) focusing on the development of renewables and limiting its primary energy consumption growth rate to 3.5% per year until 2020.

China’s 13th Five Year Plan covering the years 2016 to 2020, which was formerly adopted at the National People’s Congress in Beijing in March 2016 seeks to reduce energy consumption by 15% and carbon emissions by 18% by 2020. In addition, green and low carbon industry systems will be set up, the use of new energy vehicles will be promoted and the industrialization level of electric cars improved. On March 11, 2016, China’s Environment Minister announced a set of major reforms of China’s environmental management and governance system to strengthen enforcement of related environmental protection laws, which were implemented on a pilot basis in certain provinces and autonomous regions in 2018. As part of the reforms, in 2016, the State Council dispatched central environmental inspection teams made up of ministerial level officials to 15 provincial areas, including Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, to monitor local conditions and encourage provincial governments to fulfill their environmental protection responsibilities, resulting in disciplinary actions against a number of government officials and the imposition of fines for environmental violations. Such central environmental inspections are intended to cover all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities by the end of 2017. On April 10, 2017, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued its 13th Five-Year Plan for National Environmental Protection Standards. The Plan calls for the amendment of existing environmental protection standards and the implementation of new environmental protection standards, including in relation to air quality and pollution emission control, environment detection and basic environment standards and environmental management standards. On November 15, 2018, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (formerly known as the Ministry of Environmental Protection) announced that the Chinese government would implement a system that localizes environmental monitoring, supervision, and law enforcement activities below the provincial level under the supervision of environmental protection authorities at higher levels of government. The system is expected to be implemented in 2019.

Yuchai has set up a sewage disposal system that meets national environmental discharge standards to process polluted water generated during production. In accordance with applicable regulations, sewage processing data and results of sewage treatment will be uploaded in real time to an online platform operated by the Ecology and Environment Department of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Polluted water will only be discharged upon confirmation that it meets the national standards. Yuchai delivers solid waste products to qualified third-party waste disposal sites to dispose and makes payments in respect thereof. For those recyclable waste such as foundry sand, third-party disposal sites with qualification would be engaged for recycling treatment to reduce waste of resources. In addition to sewage and solid waste products, Yuchai has also built treatment and filter systems for dust, fumes, panting and noise, respectively, to reduce the pollution resulting from Yuchai’s production of diesel engines.

Yuchai expects that environmental standards and their enforcement in China will, as in many other countries, become more stringent over time, especially as technical advances make achievement of higher standards feasible. In an effort to combat increasing air pollution, the National V emission standards for natural gas engines were implemented throughout China on January 1, 2013. On January 18, 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Environmental Protection required that all light petrol vehicles, light diesel buses, and heavy diesel vehicles (for the purposes of public transportation, environmental sanitation and postal services) must comply with National V emission standards from January 1, 2017. All heavy diesel vehicles and all light diesel vehicles nationwide are required to comply with National V emission standards from July 1, 2017 and January 1, 2018, respectively. In December 2016, the Ministry of Environmental Protection announced that all light-duty gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles must comply with National VI(a) emission standards from July 1, 2020 and National VI(b) emission standards from July 1, 2023. In February 2019, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment announced that any off-road machinery that does not comply with Tier-4 emission standards is prohibited for production, import and selling in China from December 1, 2020, subject to changes in the official implementation schedule.

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We are subject to Chinese national and local environmental protection regulations which currently impose fees for the discharge of waste substances, require the payment of fines for pollution, and provide for the closure by the Chinese government of any facility that fails to comply with orders requiring us to cease or improve upon certain activities causing environmental damage. Due to the nature of our business, we produce certain amounts of waste water, gas, and solid waste materials during the course of our production. We believe our environmental protection facilities and systems are adequate for us to comply with the existing national, provincial and local environmental protection regulations. However, Chinese national, provincial or local authorities may impose additional or more stringent regulations which would require additional expenditure on environmental matters or changes in our processes or systems. See “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our company and our business — We may be adversely affected by environmental regulations.”

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

As of the date of filing of this Annual Report, we have no unresolved comments from the SEC.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 included in this Annual Report reflect the first year of adoption of standards IFRS 15. In addition, the financial and operational data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 included in this Annual Report reflect Yuchai’s revision of its classification system for light-, medium- and heavy-duty engines implemented in 2018. For more information, see “Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information.”

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ significantly from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause future results to differ significantly from those projected in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report. Our consolidated financial statements and the financial information discussed below have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, our main business has been our 76.4% ownership interest in Yuchai. As a result, our financial condition and results of operations have depended primarily upon Yuchai’s financial condition and results of operations.

Overview

During 2017, as the Chinese government heavily promoted the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative, our international business achieved growth in 2017 with over 12,000 engines shipped and installed in the Chinese buses that entering into the global market, and natural gas engine export sales grew 300% year-on-year. The global bus market covering countries like the Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Kuwait. We received the prestigious “China’s Export Quality and Safety Demonstration Enterprise” award by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. This award is the credit rating and honor for Chinese companies that sell their products internationally. In 2018, we continued to increase our international bus engines sales, and during the year 800 buses manufactured by Anhui Ankai Automobile Co., Ltd. and powered by Yuchai engines were exported to Saudi Arabia.

Many of our OEM customers have increased production to meet the rising demand. As a trusted producer with the largest aftermarket service network, our truck engine sales in 2018 grew higher than the overall truck vehicle market with a double digit growth in medium-duty truck engines sales. We also continued to regain market share in the agricultural and farming equipment sector as our engine shipments to the vast agricultural market in China expanded for the third consecutive year.

On January 9, 2019, the World Bank updated its forecast that China’s GDP for 2019 was expected to grow at 6.2% under its “Global Economic Prospect” report. The pace of economic growth in China fluctuated from 7.4% in 2014 to 6.9% in 2015 to 6.7% in 2016 to 6.9% in 2017 and 6.6% in 2018, according to China’s National Bureau of Statistics. On March 5, 2016, at the National People’s Congress in Beijing, Premier Li Keqiang in his annual policy report lowered the growth target for China for the next five years from 2016 to 2020 to a range of between 6.5% to 7.0%, conceding that there were many challenges ahead including growing downward pressures on China’s economy. China’s GDP expanded at 6.6% in 2018. On March 5, 2019, at the National People’s Congress in Beijing, Premier Li Keqiang in his annual policy set the target for GDP growth at a range between 6% to 6.5% in 2019.

The Chinese commercial vehicle market is a highly competitive market. According to CAAM, in 2016, commercial vehicle sales (excluding gasoline powered and electric powered vehicles) were 2.7 million units, an increase of 8.3% compared with 2015, primarily due to an 11.6% in the truck market as stricter enforcement of anti-overloading regulations had resulted in higher sales, which was partially offset by a 9.9% decline in sales in the bus segment compared with 2015. In 2017, commercial vehicle sales (excluding gasoline powered and electric powered vehicles) were 3.1 million units, an increase of 16.9% compared with 2016, primarily due to an increase of 19.5% in the truck market as stricter enforcement of anti-overloading regulations and increasing demand in logistics services resulted in higher sales. The bus market remained weak experiencing a 0.7% decline in overall sales with heavy-duty bus sales up 0.1% compared with 2016. In 2018, commercial vehicle sales (excluding gasoline-powered and electric-powered vehicles) were 3.1 million units, being flat compared with 2017. The truck market decreased by 1.3%, mainly attributed to a 22.3% decline in the medium-duty segment, which was partially offset by the growth of 2.7% in the heavy-duty segment. The bus market continued to weaken in 2018, resulting in a 5.3% decline in bus sales compared to 2017.

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In recent years, the Chinese government has focused on developing the new-energy vehicles industry to curb air pollution. Various incentives and infrastructure investments have been introduced to encourage purchases of electric-powered vehicles. As a result, the sales of electric-powered vehicles had further increased by approximately 5.3% in 2018 to 186,377 units from 176,980 units in 2017 following a 27.3% increase in 2017 from 2016. Excluding gasoline-powered and electric-powered vehicles, sales of other fuel-powered commercial vehicles were in alignment with the diesel engine market trend, with sales of other fuel-powered trucks decreasing by approximately 1.3%, while sales of other fuel-powered buses decreased by approximately 5.3% with a significant drop in sales of both heavy- and medium-duty bus segments.

At the National People’s Congress in March 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology was pushing for more electric-powered vehicles on one hand, other parts of the government decided to lower the financial incentive program for new energy vehicles. China has, beginning in December 2016, gradually reduced subsidies for new energy vehicles and is expected to phase out all financial assistance by 2020, replacing such assistance with fiscal rewards for qualified companies, while continuing to invest in the charging station network to support the growing number of new energy vehicles on the road. On February 12, 2018, the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, National Development and Reform Commission jointly issued a notice in relation to adjustment and improvement of the policy application of financial subsidies for the promotion of new energy vehicles, giving a transition period of four months from February 12 to June 11, 2018, during when new energy vehicles will continue to enjoy subsidies while the subsidy rate will be reduced. The subsidy after June 11, 2018 will be even lower in accordance with the original subsidy reduction timeline.

The shift to more stringent emission standards in China presents a growth opportunity for us. The National IV emission standards for diesel engines were implemented throughout China on July 1, 2013 and have been strictly enforced nationwide since January 1, 2015. In an effort to combat increasing air pollution, the National V emission standards for natural gas engines were implemented throughout China on January 1, 2013. In addition, the Chinese government has mandated that all new registrations in Beijing of diesel engine vehicles for use in public transit and light-duty gasoline powered engine vehicles must comply with the National V emission standards with effect from February 1, 2013 and March 1, 2013, respectively. In 2014, we recorded significant growth in the sale of our National IV engines. In 2015, sales of National IV engines continued to grow. In 2016, sales of National IV engines declined compared with 2015, while sales of National V engines increased compared with 2015. In 2017, sales of National IV engines further declined as compared with 2016, while sales of National V engines had increased significantly compared with 2016. In 2018, the sales of National V engines further increased and represented a majority of engines sales units. In terms of National VI and Tier-4 emission standard development, we had introduced 14 new on-road engines compliant with National VI emission standard in January 2018 and another 10 new off-road engines compliant with Tier-4 emission standard in October 2018. In addition, in October 2018, Yuchai’s K08 model engine passed the China emission National VI(b) certification test.

In 2016, our engine sales declined by 12.1% to 320,424 units, mainly due to lower unit sales to the agricultural market. Our on-road engine sales reflected the sales trend in the commercial vehicle market. Our 2016 net revenue was RMB 13.6 billion compared with RMB 13.7 billion in 2015, representing a decrease of 0.7%. In 2017, our engine sales increased by 14.6% to 367,097 units compared with 2016, which was primarily due to increase in sales of on-road light- and heavy- duty engines, and industrial and agricultural engines. Our net revenue increased by 18.7% to RMB 16.2 billion. In 2018, our engine sales increased by 2.4% to 375,731 units compared with 2017, which was primarily due to an increase in off-road engines sales. Our net revenue increased by 0.4% to RMB 16.3 billion.

Our gross profit margin was 21.8% in 2016, 20.7% in 2017 and 19.0% in 2018, respectively, primarily due to the change in sales mix and market condition. Our light-duty engine sales, as a percentage of total unit sales, increased from 22.3% in 2016 to 23.0% in 2017 and to 28.4% in 2018. The smaller capacity engines have a relatively low gross profit margin, and the increase in sales volume of smaller capacity engines affected our gross profit margin.

As a result, our profit attributable to equity holders was RMB 525.2 million, RMB 888.8 million and RMB 695.3 million (US$103.9 million) for the year 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively.

Uncertainty and adverse changes in the global and Chinese economies could increase costs associated with development of our products, increase the cost and decrease the availability of potential sources of financing, and increase our exposure to material losses from our investments. In addition, any changes in tax legislation in China or adverse findings from the tax authorities could have a material impact on the consolidated financial conditions or results of operations. Our main operating subsidiary, Yuchai, enjoys a preferential corporate tax rate of 15%. See “Item 10. Additional Information- Taxation” for further details. In the event Yuchai fails to enjoy this preferential tax rate, it will be subject to corporate tax of 25%.

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Business Expansion and Diversification Plan

Following the implementation of our business expansion and diversification plan as approved by our Board of Directors in 2005, we looked for new business opportunities to reduce our financial dependence on Yuchai and invested in the following companies:

Thakral Corporation Ltd

• The first step in implementing this plan occurred in March 2005 when through our wholly-owned subsidiary, Venture Delta, we acquired a 15.0% equity interest in TCL. As of December 2009, our equity interest in TCL was 34.4%.

• Since fiscal year 2010, we have gradually reduced our equity interest in TCL. As of December 31, 2018 and February 28, 2019, our equity interest in TCL remained at 7.7%, and the market value of our investment in TCL amounted to approximately S$4.4 million (US$3.2 million) and S$4.6 million (US$3.4 million), respectively. We are currently considering our options in relation to our investment in the TCL group including disposing of our entire shareholding in TCL.

• The TCL group invests directly or with co-investors in real estate and other investment opportunities which include property-backed financial instruments.

HL Global Enterprises Limited

• The second step in the implementation of our business expansion and diversification plan occurred in February 2006 when through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, Grace Star and Venture Lewis, we acquired a 29.1% equity interest in HLGE and certain convertible preference and debt securities for an aggregate consideration of approximately S$132.0 million. As of December 31, 2018, our equity interest in HLGE was 48.9%. As of February 28, 2019, our equity interest in HLGE remained unchanged.

Critical Accounting Policies

The accounting policies adopted by us are described in Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere herein. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires our management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions regarding uncertainties that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses.

Certain of our accounting policies are particularly important to the portrayal of our financial position and results of operations and require the application of significant judgment, assumptions and estimates by our management. We refer to these accounting policies as our “critical accounting policies”. Our management uses our historical experience and analyses, the terms of existing contracts, historical cost convention, industry trends, information provided by our agents and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate, when forming our judgment, assumptions and estimates. However, this task is inexact because our management is making judgment, assumptions and providing estimates on matters that are inherently uncertain. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates. Actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

While we believe that all aspects of our consolidated financial statements should be studied and understood in assessing our current expected financial condition and results, we believe that the following critical accounting policies involve a higher degree of judgment, estimation and therefore warrant additional attention:

• identifying contract price and performance obligations in sales of engines

• development costs;

• realization of the carrying value of inventories;

• product warranty obligations;

• recoverability of the carrying values of equity method investments and other investments;

• realization of deferred tax;

• impairment of non-financial assets; and

• derecognition of bills receivable.

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Identifying contract price and performance obligations in sales of engines

We provide certain warranties for both general repairs and maintenance service as part of the sales of engines. For general repairs, such warranties are assurance-type warranties that are accounted for under IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Maintenance services are accounted for as service-type warranties that are distinguishable from other services and that allow customers to benefit from the service on its own. Consequently, we allocate a portion of the transaction price to the engines and the maintenance services based on relative stand-alone selling prices that are determined through a combination of expected cost plus a margin and residual approaches.

Development costs

Development expenditures on an individual project are recognized as an intangible asset when we can demonstrate:

• the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale;

• our intention to complete and its ability to use or sell the asset;

• how the asset will generate future economic benefits;

• the availability of resources to complete the asset; and

• the ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development.

Initial capitalization of costs is based on management’s judgment that technological and economic feasibility is confirmed, usually when a product development project has reached a defined milestone according to an established project management model.

Realization of the carrying value of inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is calculated using the weighted average cost formula and comprises all costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. In the case of manufactured inventories and work in progress, cost includes an appropriate share of production overheads based on normal operating capacity. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses.

Management reviews the inventory listing on a periodic basis. This review involves comparison of the carrying value of the inventory items with the respective net realizable value. The purpose is to ascertain whether an allowance is required to be made in the financial statements for any obsolete and slow-moving items. The carrying amounts of allowance for inventory obsolescence as at December 31, 2017 and 2018 were RMB 106.9 million and RMB 93.6 million (US$14.0 million) respectively. If market conditions or future product enhancements and developments change, the net realizable values of the inventories may change and result in further inventory write-downs.

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Product warranty obligations

The Group recognizes a liability at the time the product is sold, for the estimated future costs to be incurred under the lower of a warranty period or warranty mileage on various engine models, on which the Group provides free repair and replacement. For on-road engine applications, the warranties extend for duration of generally 12 to 60 months or mileage of generally 50,000 to 360,000 kilometers, whichever is the lower. For off-road engine applications, the warranties extend for duration of generally 12 to 28 months or running hours of 1,000 to 3,500 hours, whichever is lower. Provisions for warranty are primarily determined based on historical warranty cost per unit of engines sold adjusted for specific conditions that may arise and the number of engines under warranty at each financial year. If the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims change, the accrued liability for product warranty will be adjusted accordingly.

Changes in the accrued product warranty liability for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2018 are summarized as follows:

	December 31,
	2017*			2018			2018
	RMB			RMB			US$
	(Restated)
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of year		169,006			191,814			28,671
Provision made		249,517			224,582			33,569
Less: Provision utilized		(226,709	)		(249,483	)		(37,291	)
Balance at end of year		191,814			166,913			24,949

Note:

* Our statement of financial position as of December 31, 2017 has been restated due to the impact of the retrospective application of IFRS 15. For more information, see “Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information.”

We recognize a liability for warranty at the time the product is sold and our estimate of our warranty obligations is evaluated on an annual basis. If the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims change, we would adjust our allowances for product warranty by recording additional expense or benefit so as to seek to ensure that accruals will be adequate to meet expected future obligations. A decrease or increase of 5.0% in historical utilization experience over the last two fiscal years’ average would impact the provision for product warranty by approximately RMB 11.9 million (US$1.8 million).

Recoverability of the carrying values of equity method investments and other investments

We assess impairment of our investments in affiliates when adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If the recoverable value of our investment is below its carrying amount and that loss in value is considered other than temporary, an impairment charge is recognized. We typically perform evaluation of the value of our investment using a discounted cash flows projection. The projection will be performed by using historical trends as a reference and certain assumptions to project the future streams of cash flows.

In 2015, we reversed an impairment of RMB 21.9 million for Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co., Ltd. (an investment of HLGE) made in 2013. The reversal was made due to the latest valuation supports the reversal. The management also had obtained the consent of its joint venture partner to sell the joint venture. On February 22, 2016, HLGE announced its intention to dispose of its entire 60% shareholding interest in Copthorne Hotel Qingdao together with the other 40% equity holder by way of public tender on the Shanghai United Assets and Equity Exchange. In 2016, we performed impairment evaluation of our investments and determined that no impairment was required. In October 2017, we completed the disposal of its 60% equity interest in Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co., Ltd and recorded a gain of RMB 108.0 million. In 2017 and 2018, we performed impairment evaluation of our current investments and determined that no impairment was required.

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Realization of deferred tax

Deferred tax is recognized using the liability method, providing for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognized for the following temporary differences: the initial recognition of goodwill, the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable profit, and differences relating to investments in subsidiaries and joint ventures to the extent that it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to the temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realized simultaneously.

A deferred tax asset is recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which temporary differences can be utilized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized. Significant management judgment is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognized, based upon the likely timing and the level of future taxable profits together with future tax planning strategies.

Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in other comprehensive income or directly in equity.

The China tax bureau periodically conducts tax examinations. In 2015, the local tax bureau conducted its tax examinations of Yuchai’s PRC income tax returns for 2013 and 2014, being the years sampled for the current tax examinations. In May 2016, the final report was issued by local tax bureau for these examinations. No material issues were raised.

Any changes in tax legislations in China or adverse findings from the tax examination could have a material impact on our consolidated financial conditions or results of operations.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The fair value less costs of disposal calculation is based on available data from binding sales transactions, conducted at arm’s length, for similar assets or observable market prices less incremental costs for disposing of the asset. The value in use calculation is based on a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The cash flows are derived from the forecasts for the next eight to ten years and do not include restructuring activities that the Group is not yet committed to or significant future investments that will enhance the asset’s performance of the cash-generating unit (“CGU”) being tested. The Group, based on its history of operations, believes that the adoption of forecast for more than five years is reasonable. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model as well as the expected future cash-inflows and the growth rate used for extrapolation purposes. The key assumptions used to determine the recoverable amount for the different CGUs and assets, including a sensitivity analysis, are disclosed and further explained in Note 6, Note 14 and Note 15 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

The carrying amounts of intangible assets as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 are RMB 81.8 million, RMB 10.1 million and RMB 206.0 million (US$30.8 million), respectively. We periodically conduct an impairment evaluation on the conditions of our intangible assets. In 2014, we performed an impairment evaluation of our intangible assets and an impairment charge of RMB 60.0 million was recorded to our consolidated statement of profit or loss under selling, general and administrative expenses. The impairment was related to 4Y20 engine platform technology development costs held by Jining Yuchai Engine Company Limited (“Jining Technology Development Costs”). In 2015, we performed an impairment evaluation of our intangible assets and a further impairment charge of RMB 26.7 million was recorded relating to the Jining Technology Development Costs. In 2016, we performed an impairment evaluation of our intangible assets and no impairment charge was recognized. In 2017, we performed an impairment evaluation of our intangible assets and a further impairment charge of RMB 40.0 million was recorded relating to the Jining Technology Development Costs. In 2018, the development for 4Y20 engine platform was completed and the technical development costs with a carrying amount of RMB 10.1 million as at December 31, 2017 was recognized as Group’s technology know-how. In 2018, Jining Yuchai has commenced the production of 4Y20 engines to meet market demand. As such, management believes that there are no indicators for further impairment. During 2018, we capitalized development costs of RMB 195.9 million (US$29.3 million) for new engines that comply with National VI and Tier-4 emission standard. The National VI for on-road vehicles is expected to be implemented by mid-2020, and the Tier-4 emission standard for off-road vehicles is expected to be implemented within the next two years. In 2018, we performed an impairment evaluation of those development costs and no impairment charge was recognized. See Note 15 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

The carrying amounts of goodwill as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 are RMB 212.6 million, RMB 212.6 million and RMB 212.6 million (US$31.8 million), respectively. We periodically conduct an impairment evaluation on the goodwill. No impairment was made for 2016, 2017 and 2018.

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Our market capitalization as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 based on our closing share price was lower than our consolidated net assets. We performed our annual goodwill impairment tests as of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively, and did not incur any impairment charge. We will continue to monitor the relationship of fair value to the recorded value of our consolidated net assets as economic events and changes to our stock price occur, and we may perform interim impairment tests in the future. If future results are not consistent with our assumptions and estimates and there continues to be decline in our market capitalization, we may be required to record impairment charges at a later date, which could materially and adversely affect our financial results.

Derecognition of bills receivable

We sell bills receivable to banks on an ongoing basis depending on funding needs and money market conditions. While the buyer is responsible for servicing the receivables upon maturity of the bills receivable, Chinese law governing bills allows recourse to be traced to all the parties in the discounting process. In relation to the de-recognition of bills receivable when discounted, the management believes that the contractual right to receive the cash flows from the asset have transferred to the banks. Accordingly, bills receivable is derecognized, and a discount equal to the difference between the carrying value of the bills receivable and cash received is recorded in the statement of profit or loss. Please refer to Note 20 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements in Item 18.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations as a percentage of our revenue for the last three fiscal years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018:

	Percentage of Revenue Year Ended December 31,
	2016*			2017*			2018*
	(Restated)			(Restated)
Revenue		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%
Cost of sales		-78.2	%		-79.3	%		-81.0	%
Gross profit		21.8	%		20.7	%		19.0	%
Other income, net		0.7	%		3.1	%		1.3	%
Research and development costs		-4.3	%		-3.7	%		-2.8	%
Selling, distribution and administrative costs		-11.0	%		-10.2	%		-9.6	%
Operating profit		7.2	%		9.9	%		7.9	%
Finance costs		-0.6	%		-0.6	%		-0.7	%
Share of results of associates and joint ventures, net of tax		0.0	%		0.1	%		0.1	%
Profit before tax		6.6	%		9.4	%		7.3	%
Income tax expense		-1.2	%		-1.2	%		-1.3	%
Profit for the year		5.4	%		8.2	%		6.0	%
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the Parent		3.8	%		5.5	%		4.3	%
Non-controlling interests		1.6	%		2.7	%		1.7	%

Note:

* Yuchai’s revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 have been restated due to the impact of the retrospective application of IFRS 15. For more information, see “Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information.”

2018 compared to 2017

Revenue for 2018 was RMB 16,263.2 million (US$2,430.9 million) compared with RMB 16,197.8 million in 2017, an increase of 0.4%. The total number of diesel engines sold by Yuchai in 2018 was 375,731 units compared with 367,097 units in 2017, representing an increase of 8,634 units, or 2.4% primarily attributed to the growth in off-road engine segment. Revenue increased primarily due to an increase in the number of diesel engine units sold. According to CAAM, sales of commercial vehicles (excluding gasoline-powered and electric-powered vehicles) were approximately 3.1 million units, being flat compared with 2017. The truck market decreased by 1.3% with a 2.7% increase in heavy-duty truck sales. The bus market remained weak experiencing a 5.3% further decline compared with 2017.

Cost of sales was RMB 13,171.2 million (US$1,968.8 million) in 2018, an increase of 2.6% from RMB 12,841.8 million in 2017. Cost of sales represented 81.0% and 79.3% of revenue in 2018 and 2017. The increase in cost of sales corresponds to the increase in the total number of engines sold in 2018 compared to 2017. Cost of materials consumed was RMB 11,472.0 million (US$1,714.8 million) in 2018, an increase of 3.9% from RMB 11,041.9 million in 2017. This was 70.5% of revenue in 2018 compared to 68.2% in 2017. Factory overheads (excluding depreciation) were RMB 790.1 million (US$118.1 million) in 2018, representing a decrease of 8.3% from RMB 861.2 million in 2017. This was 4.9% and 5.3% of revenue for 2018 and 2017, respectively. Depreciation was RMB 312.8 million (US$46.8 million) in 2018, an increase of 1.8% from RMB 307.1 million in 2017. Depreciation for both 2018 and 2017 were 1.9% of revenue.

Gross profit was RMB 3,092.0 million (US$462.2 million) compared with RMB 3,356.1 million in 2017, a decrease of 7.9%. Gross margin was 19.0% in 2018 and 20.7% in 2017. The lower gross margin was primarily due to competitive pressure which resulted in lower average selling prices and a shift in sales mix toward smaller capacity engines.

Other income, net was RMB 192.7 million (US$28.8 million) compared with RMB 509.4 million in 2017. In 2017, we recorded a one-time gain of RMB 324.1 million from the sale of HLGE’s hotel assets located in China. Excluding this one-time gain in 2017, other operating income in 2017 would have been RMB 185.3 million, and other operating income in 2018 would have been higher than in 2017 mainly due to higher interest income and partly offset by lower foreign exchange revaluation gain.

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Research and development (“R&D”) expenses were RMB 447.7 million (US$66.9 million) in 2018 compared with RMB 608.2 million in 2017. The decrease in R&D expenses in 2018 was mainly due to the capitalization of RMB 195.9 million (US$29.3 million) of our development costs for National VI and Tier-4 engines in 2018. As a percentage of net revenue, R&D expenses were 2.8% compared with 3.8% in 2017. In 2018, total R&D expenditure, including capitalized R&D costs, was RMB 643.5 million (US$96.2 million) and represented 4.0% of net revenue. R&D expenses in 2018 were mainly for research and development of new engines compliant with the more stringent National VI and Tier-4 emission standards that are to be implemented over the next few years.

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were RMB 1,554.5 million (US$232.4 million) compared with RMB 1,652.9 million in 2017, a decrease of RMB 98.4 million or 6.0%. SG&A expenses represented 9.6% of net revenue, compared with 10.2% in 2017. In 2017, SG&A expenses included an impairment charge of RMB 40.0 million related to the Jining Technology Development Costs for the 4Y20 engine platform, as well as a staff severance cost of RMB 107.7 million. Excluding these extraordinary events, SG&A expenses in 2017 were RMB 1,505.2 million, or 9.3% of net revenue.

As a result, operating profit decreased by 20.1% to RMB 1,282.5 million (US$191.7 million) from RMB 1,604.4 million in 2017. Operating margin was 7.9% in 2018 compared with 9.9% in 2017. The decreases in operating profit and operating profit margin in 2018 as compared to 2017 were partially due to a gain of RMB 176.4 million in 2017 from the one-time and extraordinary events described above. Excluding these one-time and extraordinary events, operating profit in 2017 would have been RMB 1,428.0 million and operating profit margin in 2017 would have been 8.8%, and remaining differences as compared to 2018 were primarily attributable to higher cost of sales and lower gross profit for the reasons described above.

Finance costs increased by 12.6% to RMB 113.1 million (US$16.9 million) in 2018 from RMB 100.4 million in 2017. Higher finance costs mainly resulted from increased bank borrowing.

The share of associates and joint ventures was a profit of RMB 11.6 million (US$1.7 million) in 2018 as compared with a profit of RMB 10.1 million in 2017, representing an increase of 15.7%.

Profit before tax was RMB 1,181.1 million (US$176.5 million) in 2018 compared with RMB 1,514.0 million in 2017.

Income tax expense in 2018 was RMB 206.7 million (US$30.9 million) compared with RMB 194.2 million in 2017. Our effective tax rates were 17.5% and 12.8% for 2018 and 2017, respectively. In 2017, the effective tax rate was lower mainly due to gain on disposal of HLGE’s hotel assets, which is capital gain in nature and not subject to income tax.

As a result of the foregoing factors, profit for the year was RMB 974.4 million (US$145.6 million) in 2018 compared with RMB 1,319.9 million in 2017, representing a decrease of 26.2%.

Net profit attributable to our shareholders decreased by 21.8% to RMB 695.3 million (US$103.9 million) compared with RMB 888.8 million in 2017. Net profit attributable to our shareholders in 2017 included a net gain of RMB 62.1 million from the one-time and extraordinary events. Adjusted total net profit attributable to our shareholders in 2017, excluding the one-time and extraordinary events, was RMB 826.7 million.

2017 compared to 2016

Revenue for 2017 was RMB 16,197.8 million compared with RMB 13,643.2 million in 2016, an increase of 18.7%. The total number of diesel engines sold by Yuchai in 2017 was 367,097 units compared with 320,424 units in 2016, representing an increase of 46,673 units, or 14.6%. Revenue increased primarily due to an increase in the number of diesel engine units sold. According to CAAM, sales of commercial vehicles (excluding gasoline-powered and electric-powered vehicles) increased by 16.9% in 2017. The truck market grew by 19.5% led by a 52.4% increase in heavy-duty truck sales. The bus market remained weak experiencing a 0.7% decline in overall sales with heavy-duty bus sales up 0.1%.

Cost of sales was RMB 12,841.8 million in 2017, an increase of 20.3% from RMB 10,670.7 million in 2016. Cost of sales represented 79.3% and 78.2% of revenue for 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in cost of sales corresponds to the increase in the total number of engines sold in 2017 compared to 2016. Cost of materials consumed was RMB 11,041.9 million in 2017, an increase of 18.6% from RMB 9,313.4 million in 2016. This was 68.2% of revenue in 2017 compared to 68.3% in 2016. Factory overheads (excluding depreciation) were RMB 861.2 million in 2017, representing an increase of 26.9% from RMB 678.9 million in 2016. This was 5.3% and 5.0% of revenue for 2017 and 2016, respectively. Depreciation was RMB 307.1 million in 2017, a decrease of 4.7% from RMB 322.3 million in 2016. This was 1.9% and 2.4% of revenue for 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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Gross profit was RMB 3,356.1 million compared with RMB 2,972.5 million in 2016, an increase of 12.9%. Gross profit margin was 20.7% in 2017 and 21.8% in 2016.

Other income, net was RMB 509.4 million compared with RMB 95.4 million in 2016. In 2017, we recorded a one-time gain of RMB 324.1 million from the sale of HLGE’s hotel assets located in China. Excluding this one-time item, other operating income was RMB 185.3 million compared with RMB 95.4 million in 2016, and the increase was mainly due to higher foreign exchange gains and higher bank interest income.

R&D expenses were RMB 608.2 million in 2017 compared to RMB 588.0 million in 2016, an increase of RMB 20.2 million or 3.4%. R&D expenses were 3.8% and 4.3% of revenue in 2017 and 2016, respectively. R&D expenses increased mainly due to the ongoing research and development of new and existing engine products as well as continued initiatives to improve engine quality. The Company remains committed to its R&D programs and continues to introduce new engine models for both the on-road and off-road markets compliant with increasingly stringent emission standards. Subsequent to the introduction of 14 new engine models that are compliant with National VI emission standards in January 2018, Yuchai announced the introduction of 10 new off-road engines that are compliant with the Tier-4 emission standards in October 2018.

SG&A expenses were RMB 1,652.9 million compared to RMB 1,500.3 million in 2016, an increase of RMB 152.6 million or 10.2%. SG&A expenses represented 10.2% of net revenue, compared with 11.0% in 2016. In 2017, SG&A expenses included an impairment charge of RMB 40.0 million related to the Jining Technology Development Costs for the 4Y20 engine platform, as well as a staff severance cost of RMB 107.7 million. In 2016, staff severance cost of RMB 12.9 million was recorded. Excluding these extraordinary events, SG&A expenses were RMB 1,505.2 million. These expenses represented 9.3% of net revenue, compared with 11.0% in 2016.

As a result, operating profit increased by 63.8% to RMB 1,604.4 million from RMB 979.5 million in 2016. The increase was mainly due to the net gain of RMB 176.4 million from one-time and extraordinary events. The operating margin was 9.9% compared with 7.2% in 2016. Excluding the one-time and extraordinary events, operating profit increased by 45.8% to RMB 1,428.0 million from RMB 979.5 million in 2016 primarily attributed to higher sales volume effects.

Finance costs increased by 26.0% to RMB 100.4 million from RMB 79.7 million in 2016. Higher finance costs mainly resulted from increased bank borrowings and higher trade bills discounted in 2017.

The share of associates and joint ventures were a profit of RMB 10.1 million as compared with a loss of RMB 3.6 million in 2016 mainly due to strong diesel engines sales from our joint venture, Y&C.

Profit before tax was RMB 1,514.0 million in 2017 compared with RMB 896.2 million in 2016.

Income tax expense in 2017 was RMB 194.2 million compared with RMB 160.3 million in 2016. Our effective tax rates were 12.8% and 17.9% for 2017 and 2016, respectively. In 2017, the effective tax rate was lower mainly due to gain on disposal of subsidiaries and joint venture, which is capital gain in nature and not subject to income tax.

As a result of the foregoing factors, profit for the year was RMB 1,319.9 million in 2017 compared with RMB 736.0 million in 2016, representing an increase of 79.3%.

Net profit attributable to our shareholders increased by 69.2% to RMB 888.8 million compared with RMB 525.2 million in 2016. Net profit attributable to our shareholders in 2017 included a net gain of RMB 62.1 million from the one-time and extraordinary events. Adjusted total net profit attributable to our shareholders in 2017, excluding the one-time and extraordinary events, was RMB 826.7 million, compared with RMB 525.2 million in 2016, representing an increase of 57.4%.

Inflation

The general annual inflation rate in China increased to 2.1% in 2018 from 1.6% in 2017, according to the National Bureau of Statistics. Our results of operations may be affected by inflation, particularly rising prices for parts and components, labor costs, raw materials and other operating costs. See “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our company and our business — If China’s inflation increases or the prices of energy or raw materials increase, we may not be able to pass the resulting increased costs to our customers and this may adversely affect our profitability or cause us to suffer operating losses.”

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Seasonality

Yuchai’s results of operations in the first and second quarters of calendar years are generally marginally higher than in the third and fourth quarters of the corresponding year, due to slightly better production and sales performance in the first half compared to the second half of such calendar years. However, any change in economic or market conditions may affect this pattern as it has occurred in the past. As a result, cash generated from operations may also be subject to some seasonal variation. See also “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of cash are funds from operations generated by Yuchai, as well as debt financing obtained by us. Our revenues are substantially generated by Yuchai and its subsidiaries, our Chinese operating companies, and are denominated in Renminbi. The Renminbi is currently freely convertible under the “current account” which includes dividends, trade and service related foreign exchange transactions; however, it is not currently freely convertible under the “capital account” which includes, among other things, foreign direct investment and overseas borrowings by Chinese entities. Some of the conversions between Renminbi and foreign currency under the capital account are subject to the prior approval of SAFE. As a result, there is no material restriction on the ability of the Chinese subsidiaries to transfer funds to Yuchai. However, certain funds transfers from Yuchai to us may be subject to the approval of SAFE. The General Affairs Department of SAFE promulgated circulars in August 2008 and July 2011, pursuant to which, Renminbi converted from capital contribution in foreign currency to a domestic enterprise in China can only be used for the activities that are within the approved business scope of such enterprise and cannot be used for China domestic equity investment, acquisition, giving entrusted loans or repayment of intercompany loans, with limited exceptions. On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued a notice to take effect from June 1, 2015 loosening the explicit prohibition against the use of Renminbi converted from capital contribution in foreign currency for domestic equity investment as set out in its circulars of August 2008 and July 2011. On June 9, 2016, SAFE issued a notice which became effective on the same day further allowing the use of Renminbi converted from capital contribution in foreign currency to be used for providing loans to affiliated enterprises of foreign invested enterprises. As the new policies have recently been implemented, its full applicability to a foreign-invested enterprise is currently uncertain. See “Risk Factors — Risks relating to China — We may not freely convert Renminbi into foreign currency, which could limit our ability to obtain sufficient foreign currency to satisfy our foreign currency requirements or to pay dividends to shareholders.”

Our primary cash requirements are for working capital, capital expenditures to complete the expansion of production capacity, dividend payments and other operational requirements. We believe that our sources of liquidity are sufficient for our operational and working capital requirements over the next twelve months from the date of this Annual Report. However, under the current market conditions there can be no assurance that our business activity will be maintained at the expected level to generate the anticipated cash flows from operating activities. If the current market conditions deteriorate, we may experience a decrease in demand for our products, resulting in our cash flows from operating activities being lower than anticipated. If our cash flows from operations are lower than anticipated, we may need to obtain additional financing which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all. Other factors which may affect our ability to generate funds from operations include increased competition, fluctuations in customer demand for our products, our ability to collect and control our level of accounts receivable, the status of our investment in Yuchai under Chinese law and the implementation of the Reorganization Agreement and the Cooperation Agreement. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — History and Development — Reorganization Agreement.”

Our cash and cash equivalents are held in Renminbi, Singapore dollar, US dollar and Euro in accounts managed by third party financial institutions. While we monitor the cash balances in our operating accounts and adjust the cash balances as appropriate, these cash balances could be impacted if the underlying financial institutions fail or could be subjected to other adverse conditions in the financial markets. As of the date of this filing, we have experienced no loss or lack of access to cash in our operating accounts.

As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately RMB 6,128.5 million (US$916.1 million) in cash and bank balances on a consolidated basis. We believe that if we are considered on a stand-alone basis without our investment in Yuchai, we would find it difficult to raise new capital (either debt or equity) on our own.

As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding borrowings of RMB 2,016.1 million (US$301.4 million), including Yuchai’s borrowings of RMB 2,001.0 million (US$299.1 million).

We expect that cash generated from operations should provide us with sufficient financial flexibility to satisfy future bank obligations, capital expenditures and projected working capital requirements. However, at certain times, cash generated from operations is subject to seasonal fluctuations. As our business continues to grow, we will also require additional funds for increased working capital requirements and to finance increased trade accounts receivable. We expect to fund our working capital and trade accounts receivable requirements primarily from funds from operations generated by Yuchai and, to the extent that is insufficient, from bank borrowings, issuance of short-term financing bonds (“STFBs”), medium-term notes (“MTNs”), ultra short-term bonds (“USTB”), discounting of bills receivable, accounts receivable factoring or other financing activities by Yuchai.

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Yuchai has established banking relationships with a number of domestic Chinese banks, each of which will review Yuchai’s loan applications on a case-by-case basis. In addition, CYI also has obtained credit facilities from certain banks in Singapore.

The securities issued by Yuchai since 2013 are as follow:

• On May 28, 2013, upon the receipt of approval from its board of directors, shareholders and NAFMII to issue MTNs amounting to RMB 1.6 billion with a term of three years, Yuchai issued the first tranche of the MTNs amounting to RMB 1 billion. The MTNs bore a fixed annual interest rate of 4.69% and upon maturity on May 30, 2016, were fully repaid. All the proceeds from the issuance of the MTNs were used by Yuchai as working capital.

• On April 8, 2015, upon the receipt of approval from its board of directors, shareholders and NAFMII to issue ultra short-term bonds (“USTB”) amounting to RMB 2 billion with a term not exceeding 270 days, Yuchai issued the first tranche of the USTB amounting to RMB 400 million. The first tranche of the USTBs bore a fixed annual interest rate of 4.9% and upon maturity on May 9, 2015, were fully repaid. All the proceeds from the issuance of the USTBs were used by Yuchai as working capital and repayment of loans. On September 16, 2015, Yuchai issued the second tranche of the USTB amounting to RMB 400 million. The second tranche of the USTBs bore a fixed annual interest rate of 3.9% and upon maturity on June 13, 2016 were fully repaid. All the proceeds from the issuance of the USTBs were used by Yuchai for the repayment of loans. NAFMII’s approval to issue USTB of RMB 2 billion was valid for two years commencing from February 28, 2015.

In addition, CYI has other credit facilities granted by banks in Singapore as follows:

• On March 30, 2007, we entered into an unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility agreement with Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Singapore Branch for an aggregate of US$40.0 million to refinance the S$60.0 million facility from another bank that matured on July 26, 2007. The facility was for a period of three years from the date of the facility agreement and was utilized by us to finance our long-term general working capital requirements. The terms of the facility required, among other things, that Hong Leong Asia retained ownership of the special share and that we remained a principal subsidiary (as defined in the facility agreement) of Hong Leong Asia. The terms of the facility also included certain financial covenants with respect to our tangible net worth (as defined in the agreement) as of June 30 and December 31 of each year not being less than US$120 million and the ratio of our total net debt (as defined in the agreement) to tangible net worth as of June 30 and December 31 of each year not exceeding 2.0 times, as well as negative pledge provisions and customary drawdown requirements. As of June 12, 2007, we had fully drawn down on the US$40.0 million facility. On March 25, 2010, we entered into a supplemental agreement with the bank to refinance the existing US$40.0 million credit facility that matured on March 30, 2010. The new unsecured, multi-currency revolving credit facility had a committed aggregate value of US$30.0 million and was for a one-year duration. The financial covenant with respect to our consolidated tangible net worth as of June 30 and December 31 of each year was revised from not less than US$120 million to not less than US$200 million, but the other terms remained similar. On March 18, 2011, we entered into an agreement on similar terms with the bank to refinance the existing US$30.0 million credit facility that matured on March 25, 2011. This unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility had a committed aggregate value of US$30.0 million and was for a three-year duration. On March 12, 2014, we entered into a supplemental agreement with the bank to renew the US$30.0 million facility that matured on March 18, 2014. The unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility had a committed aggregate value of US$30.0 million and matured on March 18, 2017. On March 31, 2017, we entered into a supplemental agreement with the bank to renew the US$30.0 million facility. The new unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility has an uncommitted aggregate value of US$30.0 million and is for a three-year duration. The terms and conditions of this facility remained similar to the facility agreement dated March 12, 2014.

• On March 20, 2008, we entered into a facility agreement with the MUFG Bank Ltd, Singapore Brach (formally known as Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., Singapore Branch), to refinance the existing US$25.0 million credit facility which matured on March 20, 2008. The unsecured, multi-currency revolving credit facility had a committed aggregate value of S$21.5 million with one-year duration. The facility was used to finance our long-term general working capital requirements. Among other things, the terms of the facility required that Hong Leong Asia retains ownership of the special share and that we remained a consolidated subsidiary of Hong Leong Asia. The terms of the facility also included certain financial covenants with respect to our tangible net worth (as defined in the agreement) as of June 30 and December 31 of each year, not being less than US$120 million, and the ratio of our total net debt (as defined in the agreement) to tangible net worth as of June 30 and December 31 of each year not exceeding 2.0 times, as well as negative pledge provisions and customary drawdown requirements. On March 19, 2009, we refinanced the existing revolving credit facility that matured on March 20, 2009 by entering into a new credit facility agreement with the bank for a committed aggregate value of S$16.5 million with one-year duration. On March 17, 2010, we entered into a one-year facility agreement with the bank on similar terms to refinance the existing S$16.5 million credit facility that matured on March 19, 2010. On March 11, 2011 we entered into a new agreement with the bank on similar terms to refinance the existing revolving credit facility that matured on March 18, 2011. The unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility had a committed aggregate value of S$30.0 million and was for a three-year duration. On March 13, 2014, we entered into a new agreement with the bank on similar terms to refinance the existing revolving credit facility that matured on March 18, 2014. The unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility had a committed aggregate value of S$30.0 million and matured on March 18, 2017. On March 30, 2017, we entered into a new agreement with the bank on similar terms to refinance the existing revolving credit facility. The unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility has a committed aggregate value of S$30.0 million and is for a three-year duration. The terms and conditions of this facility remained similar to the facility agreement dated March 13, 2014.

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• On November 10, 2011, we entered into a three-year revolving credit facility agreement with DBS Bank Ltd. of Singapore with a committed aggregate value of S$30.0 million. Among other things, the terms of the facility required that (i) Hong Leong Asia owns the ownership of the special share, at all times owns directly or indirectly at least 21.2% ownership of CYI and that CYI remains a consolidated subsidiary of Hong Leong Asia, (ii) CYI at all times owns directly or indirectly at least 76.4% ownership in Yuchai and (iii) HLGE remains listed on the Main Board of Singapore Exchange. The terms of the facility also included certain financial covenants with respect to our tangible net worth (as defined in the agreement) not being less than US$350 million, and the ratio of our total net debt (as defined in the agreement) to tangible net worth not exceeding 1.0 times. This arrangement was used to finance our general working capital requirements and was repaid in full upon expiration of the facility on November 10, 2014. On May 22, 2015, we entered into a three-year revolving uncommitted credit facility agreement with the bank with an aggregate value of S$30.0 million. The terms and conditions of this facility are similar to the facility agreement dated November 10, 2011. On June 1, 2018, we entered into a three-year revolving uncommitted credit facility agreement with the bank with an aggregate value of S$30.0 million, the terms and conditions of this facility are similar to the facility agreement dated May 22, 2015, except that Hong Leong Asia shall own directly or indirectly at least 35% ownership of CYI.

As of December 31, 2018, CYI’s (including Yuchai) unutilized facilities amounted to RMB 492.8 million (US$73.7 million).

We believe that should there be a need for further loans from banks, we can borrow additional amounts through our established banking relationships with a number of domestic Chinese or Singapore banks. We can also obtain financing by issuing bonds, issuing bills payable, discounting bills receivable, factoring accounts receivable or through other financing activities. However, such activities are subject to market conditions and there is no assurance that such additional activities would be successful.

The following table summarizes the key elements of our cash flows for the last three years:

	For Year ended December 31,
	2016			2017*			2018			2018
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(Restated)			(Restated)
	(in thousands)
Net cash from operating activities		2,276,087			1,420,167			670,601			100,235
Net cash (used in)/from investing activities		(572,031	)		76,570			(79,992	)		(11,956	)
Net cash (used in)/from financing activities		(1,553,986	)		280,862			(449,525	)		(67,193	)
Effect of foreign currency exchange on cash and cash equivalents		29,480			(41,189	)		28,482			4,259
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		179,550			1,736,410			169,566			25,345

Note:

* Our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 have been restated due to the impact of the retrospective application of IFRS 15. For more information, see “Certain Definitions and Supplemental Information.”

In 2018, net cash from operating activities was an inflow of RMB 670.6 million (US$100.2 million). The inflow was mainly derived from profit before tax of RMB 1,181.1 million (US$176.5 million), which was partially offset by payment for income tax of RMB 190.7 million (US$28.5 million). Working capital increased due to an increase in trade and other receivables and decrease in trade and other payables compared to 2017. In 2017, net cash from operating activities was an inflow of RMB 1,420.2 million. The inflow was mainly derived from profit before tax of RMB 1,514.0 million, which was partially offset by the payment for income tax of RMB 203.0 million. The impact of higher inventories on working capital was offset by the increase in trade and other payables and contract liabilities. In 2016, net cash from operating activities was an inflow of RMB 2,276.1 million. The inflow was mainly derived from profit before tax of RMB 896.2 million and changes in working capital such as lower trade and other receivables, lower inventories as well as higher trade payables.

In 2018, net cash used in investing activities was an outflow of RMB 80.0 million (US$12.0 million). The outflow was mainly due to purchase of property, plant and equipment of RMB 407.7 million (US$60.9 million) and spending on technology development costs of RMB 180.6 million (US$27.0 million), partially offset by proceeds from government grants of RMB 286.2 million (US$42.8 million) and interest received of RMB 143.8 million (US$21.5 million). In 2017, net cash from investing activities was an inflow of RMB 76.6 million. The inflow was mainly due to proceeds from disposal of HLGE hotel assets located in China of RMB 524.3 million, interest received of RMB 108.5 million, partially offset by purchase of property, plant and equipment of RMB 289.5 million and net placement of fixed deposits with banks of RMB 254.3 million. In 2016, net cash used in investing activities was an outflow of RMB 572.0 million. The outflow was mainly due to purchase of property, plant and equipment of RMB 351.5 million, net placement of fixed deposits with banks of RMB 282.8 million, offset by interest received of RMB 56.7 million.

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In 2018, net cash used in financing activities was an outflow of RMB 449.5 million (US$67.2 million). The outflow was mainly due to payment of dividend of RMB 730.0 million (US$109.1 million) and payment of finance costs of RMB 108.0 million (US$16.1 million), partially offset by net increase from bank borrowings of RMB 388.6 million (US$58.1 million). In 2017, net cash from financing activities was an inflow of RMB 280.9 million. The inflow was mainly due to net increase from bank borrowings of RMB 714.5 million, partially offset by payment of dividend of RMB 333.0 million and payment of finance costs of RMB 107.2 million. In 2016, net cash used in financing activities was an outflow of RMB 1,554.0 million, which was mainly due to repayment of medium-term notes and ultra short-term bonds of RMB 1.0 billion and RMB 400.0 million, respectively.

In relation to cash management, it is our practice to consider various financing options so as to minimize financing costs. The cash generated from operations is used for working capital, capital expenditures, dividend payments and other operational requirements.

Our working capital as of December 31, 2018 was RMB 6,861.6 million (US$1,025.6 million) compared with RMB 6,621.2 million as of December 31, 2017.

As of December 31, 2018, we had long-term loans and borrowings totaling RMB 15.1 million (US$2.3 million) and current loans and borrowings totaling RMB 2,001.0 million (US$299.1 million).

As part of our business strategy, we seek opportunities from time to time to invest in China domestic manufacturers of diesel engine parts and components, as well as in other related automotive businesses, including truck manufacturers, and insurance, warranty servicing and credit support for diesel engine customers. We may make such investments and acquisitions with funds provided by operations, future debt or equity financing or a combination thereof. The following table sets forth information on payments related to our material contractual obligations for the periods indicated as of December 31, 2018:

	Payments Due by Period
Contractual Obligations	Total		Less than 1 Year		2-5 Years		More than 5 Years
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB
	(in millions)
Short-term debt (1)		2,033.5		2,033.5		—		—
Long-term debt (1)		15.2		—		15.2		—
Capital expenditures(2)		1,047.1		800.2		246.9		—
Operating lease commitments		122.5		54.1		68.4		—
Total		3,218.3		2,887.8		330.5		—

⁽¹⁾   Includes contractual interest payments

⁽²⁾  The timing of the payment will depend on the actual progress of work.

Capital Expenditures

Our capital expenditures were RMB 285.0 million, RMB 261.4 million and RMB 586.5 million (US$87.7 million) in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. In 2016, and 2017, these expenditures are primarily used for upgrading existing facilities and building new facilities mainly in Yulin City in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. In 2018, these expenditures were used primarily for expanding and upgrading Yuchai’s production capacities and for technology development for new engines. We funded these capital expenditures primarily from funds from operations generated by Yuchai and, to the extent that was insufficient, from bank loans and other financing activities by Yuchai.

Capital expenditures for expanding and upgrading of existing production facilities are used to comply with the forthcoming new engine emission standards, improve production flow, improve safety measures, improve testing capability, improve environment control, increase warehousing capacity and other routine upgrading and replacement. Capital expenditures for building new facilities are part of Yuchai’s ongoing efforts to develop new products and improve the quality of existing products.

As our business continues to grow, we will also require additional funds for capital expenditures. As of December 31, 2018, we had committed capital expenditures for upgrading existing facilities and building new facilities in the amount of RMB 1,047.1 million (US$156.5 million). We expect to continue funding our capital expenditures primarily from funds from operations generated by Yuchai and, to the extent that is insufficient, from bank loans and other financing activities by Yuchai. Yuchai’s ability to obtain financing is limited by government regulation in China. Also, certain additional capital we contribute to Yuchai would require, among other things, the approval of the Ministry of Commerce which has broad discretion with respect to such approval.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, in order to facilitate customer and supplier arrangements, Yuchai had issued irrevocable letter of credits of RMB 1.9 million and RMB 93.5 million (US$14.0 million), respectively. These were issued for purchase of production materials, machinery and equipment.

As of December 31, 2017, outstanding bills receivable discounted with banks for which Yuchai had retained a recourse obligation amounted to RMB 1,505.8 million. As of December 31, 2018, outstanding bills receivable discounted with banks for which Yuchai had retained a recourse obligation amounted to RMB 1,272.4 million (US$190.2 million). These bills receivables were received from customers in settlement for their purchases. Yuchai discounted these bills receivables to fund the operation, as and when required.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, outstanding bills receivable endorsed to suppliers for which Yuchai had retained a recourse obligation amounted to RMB 1,316.1 million and RMB 1,627.5 million (US$243.3 million), respectively. The bills receivables received from customers can be endorsed to suppliers as a form of settlement of Yuchai’s purchase for production materials.

Management has assessed the fair value of the recourse obligation arising from these discounted bank bills and endorsed bank bills to be immaterial based on the Company’s default experience and the credit status of the issuing banks.

Research and Development

See “Item 4. Information on the Company — Business Overview — Research and Development.”

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The standards and interpretations that are issued, but not yet effective, up to the date of issuance of our financial statements are disclosed below. We intend to adopt these standards, if applicable, when they are effective.

IFRS 16 Leases

IFRS 16 was issued in January 2016 and it replaces IAS 17 Leases, IFRIC 4 Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease, SIC-15 Operating Leases-Incentives and SIC-27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease. IFRS 16 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases and requires lessees to account for all leases under a single on-balance sheet model similar to the accounting for finance leases under IAS 17. The standard includes two recognition exemptions for lessees – leases of ‘low-value’ assets (e.g., personal computers) and short-term leases (i.e., leases with a lease term of 12 months or less). At the commencement date of a lease, a lessee will recognize a liability to make lease payments (i.e., the lease liability) and an asset representing the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term (i.e., the right-of-use asset). Lessees will be required to separately recognize the interest expense on the lease liability and the depreciation expense on the right-of-use asset.

Lessees will be also required to remeasure the lease liability upon the occurrence of certain events (e.g., a change in the lease term, a change in future lease payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine those payments). The lessee will generally recognize the amount of the remeasurement of the lease liability as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset.

Lessor accounting under IFRS 16 is substantially unchanged from today’s accounting under IAS 17. Lessors will continue to classify all leases using the same classification principle as in IAS 17 and distinguish between two types of leases: operating and finance leases.

IFRS 16, which is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, requires lessees and lessors to make more extensive disclosures than under IAS 17.

Transition to IFRS 16

We plan to adopt IFRS 16 initially on January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach. Therefore, the cumulative effect of adopting IFRS 16 will be recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at January 1, 2019, with no restatement of comparative information.

On the adoption of IFRS16, we expect to choose on a lease by leave basis, to measure the right of use assets, at either:

(i) its carrying amount as if IFRS16 had been applied since the commencement date, but discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate as of January 1, 2019; or

(ii) an amount equal to the lease liability, adjusted by the amount of any prepaid or accrued lease payment relating to that lease recognized in the balance sheet immediately before January 1, 2019.

In addition, we plan to elect the following practical expedients:

(i) not to reassess whether a contract is or contains a lease at the date of initial application and to apply IFRS16 to all contracts that were previously identified as leases

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(ii) to apply the exemption not to recognize right- of- use asset and lease liabilities to leases for which the lease term ends within 12 months as of January 1, 2019

(iii) to apply a single discount rate to a portfolio of leases with reasonably similar characteristics.

We have performed a preliminary impact assessment of IFRS 16 based on currently available information. This assessment may be subject to changes arising from ongoing analysis until we adopt IFRS 16 in 2019.

i. Leases in which we are a lessee

On the adoption of IFRS16, we expect to recognize right-of-use assets of RMB 89.4 million (US$13.4 million) and lease liability of RMB 108.3 million (US$16.2 million), decrease prepayment by RMB 1.9 million (US$0.3 million) and accrued expense by RMB 20.8 million (US$3.1 million) for its leases previously classified as the operating leases as of January 1, 2019.

ii. Leases in which we are a lessor

We expect no significant impact for other leases in which we are a lessor.

IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts

In May 2017, the IASB issued IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts (“IFRS 17”), a comprehensive new accounting standard for insurance contracts covering recognition and measurement, presentation and disclosure. Once effective, IFRS 17 will replace IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts (“IFRS 4”) that was issued in 2005. IFRS 17 applies to all types of insurance contracts (i.e., life, non-life, direct insurance and re-insurance), regardless of the type of entities that issue them, as well as to certain guarantees and financial instruments with discretionary participation features. A few scope exceptions will apply. The overall objective of IFRS 17 is to provide an accounting model for insurance contracts that is more useful and consistent for insurers. In contrast to the requirements in IFRS 4, which are largely based on grandfathering previous local accounting policies, IFRS 17 provides a comprehensive model for insurance contracts, covering all relevant accounting aspects. The core of IFRS 17 is the general model, supplemented by:

• A specific adaptation for contracts with direct participation features (the variable fee approach)

• A simplified approach (the premium allocation approach) mainly for short-duration contracts

IFRS 17 is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021, with comparative figures required. Early application is permitted, provided the entity also applies IFRS 9 and IFRS 15 on or before the date it first applies IFRS 17. This standard is not applicable to us.

IFRIC Interpretation 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments

The Interpretation addresses the accounting for income taxes when tax treatments involve uncertainty that affects the application of IAS 12. The Interpretation does not apply to taxes or levies outside the scope of IAS 12, nor does it specifically include requirements relating to interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax treatments.

The Interpretation specifically addresses the following:

• Whether an entity considers uncertain tax treatments separately

• The assumptions an entity makes about the examination of tax treatments by taxation authorities

• How an entity determines taxable profit (tax loss), tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits and tax rates

• How an entity considers changes in facts and circumstances

An entity has to determine whether to consider each uncertain tax treatment separately or together with one or more other uncertain tax treatments. The approach that better predicts the resolution of the uncertainty should be followed.

The Interpretation is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, but certain transition reliefs are available.

We are currently assessing the impact of the interpretation and plans to adopt the interpretation on the required effective date.

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Amendments to IFRS 9: Prepayment Features with Negative Compensation

Under IFRS 9, a debt instrument can be measured at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income, provided that the contractual cash flows are ‘solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding’ (the SPPI criterion) and the instrument is held within the appropriate business model for that classification. The amendments to IFRS 9 clarify that a financial asset passes the SPPI criterion regardless of the event or circumstance that causes the early termination of the contract and irrespective of which party pays or receives reasonable compensation for the early termination of the contract.

The amendments should be applied retrospectively and are effective from January 1, 2019, with earlier application permitted. We do not plan to early adopt the amendments and does not expect the amendments to have material impact to us.

Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture

The amendments address the conflict between IFRS 10 and IAS 28 in dealing with the loss of control of a subsidiary that is sold or contributed to an associate or joint venture. The amendments clarify that the gain or loss resulting from the sale or contribution of assets that constitute a business, as defined in IFRS 3, between an investor and its associate or joint venture, is recognized in full. Any gain or loss resulting from the sale or contribution of assets that do not constitute a business, however, is recognized only to the extent of unrelated investors’ interests in the associate or joint venture. The IASB has deferred the effective date of these amendments indefinitely, but an entity that early adopts the amendments must apply them prospectively.

We do not intend to early adopt the amendments. We will perform assessment on the impact once the IASB has decided the effective date of these amendments.

Amendments to IAS 19: Plan Amendment, Curtailment or Settlement

The amendments to IAS 19 address the accounting when a plan amendment, curtailment or settlement occurs during a reporting period. The amendments specify that when a plan amendment, curtailment or settlement occurs during the annual reporting period, an entity is required to:

• Determine current service cost for the remainder of the period after the plan amendment, curtailment or settlement, using the actuarial assumptions used to remeasure the net defined benefit liability (asset) reflecting the benefits offered under the plan and the plan assets after that event.

• Determine net interest for the remainder of the period after the plan amendment, curtailment or settlement using: the net defined benefit liability (asset) reflecting the benefits offered under the plan and the plan assets after that event; and the discount rate used to remeasure that net defined benefit liability (asset).

The amendments also clarify that an entity first determines any past service cost, or a gain or loss on settlement, without considering the effect of the asset ceiling. This amount is recognized in profit or loss. An entity then determines the effect of the asset ceiling after the plan amendment, curtailment or settlement. Any change in that effect, excluding amounts included in the net interest, is recognized in other comprehensive income.

The amendments apply to plan amendments, curtailments, or settlements occurring on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period that begins on or after January 1, 2019, with early application permitted. These amendments will apply only to our future plan amendments, curtailments, or settlements, if any.

Annual improvements 2014-2016 cycle (issued in December 2016)

Amendments to IAS 28: Long-term interests in associates and joint ventures

The amendments clarify that an entity applies IFRS 9 Financial Instruments to long-term interests in an associate or joint venture to which the equity method is not applied but that, in substance, form part of the net investment in the associate or joint venture (long-term interests). This clarification is relevant because it implies that the expected credit loss model in IFRS 9 applies to such long-term interests.

The amendments also clarified that, in applying IFRS 9, an entity does not take account of any losses of the associate or joint venture, or any impairment losses on the net investment, recognized as adjustments to the net investment in the associate or joint venture that arise from applying IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures.

The amendments should be applied retrospectively and are effective from January 1, 2019, with early application permitted. Since we do not have such long-term interests in its associate and joint venture, the amendments will not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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Annual improvements 2015-2017 cycle (issued in December 2017)

IFRS 3 Business Combinations – Previously held Interests in a joint operation

The amendments clarify that, when an entity obtains control of a business that is a joint operation, it applies the requirements for a business combination achieved in stages, including remeasuring previously held interests in the assets and liabilities of the joint operation at fair value. In doing so, the acquirer remeasures its entire previously held interest in the joint operation.

An entity applies those amendments to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early application permitted. These amendments will apply to our future business combinations.

IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements – Previously held Interests in a joint operation

A party that participates in, but does not have joint control of, a joint operation might obtain joint control of the joint operation in which the activity of the joint operation constitutes a business as defined in IFRS 3. The amendments clarify that the previously held interests in that joint operation are not remeasured.

An entity applies those amendments to transactions in which it obtains joint control on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after January 1, 2019 with early application permitted. These amendments are currently not applicable to us but may apply to future transactions.

IAS 12 Income Taxes – Income tax consequences of payments on financial instruments classified as equity

The amendments clarify that the income tax consequences of dividends are linked more directly to past transactions or events that generated distributable profits than to distributions to owners. Therefore, an entity recognizes the income tax consequences of dividends in profit or loss, other comprehensive income or equity according to where the entity originally recognized those past transactions or events.

An entity applies those amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. Earlier application is permitted. When an entity first applies those amendments, it applies them to the income tax consequences of dividends recognized on or after the beginning of the earliest comparative period.

We do not plan to early adopt the amendments. We do not expect the amendments to have material impact to us.

IAS 23 Borrowing Costs – Borrowing costs eligible for capitalization

The amendments clarify that an entity treats as part of general borrowings any borrowing originally made to develop a qualifying asset when substantially all of the activities necessary to prepare that asset for its intended use or sale are complete.

An entity applies those amendments to borrowing costs incurred on or after the beginning of the annual reporting period in which the entity first applies those amendments. An entity applies those amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early application permitted.

We do not plan to early adopt the amendments. We do not expect the amendments to have material impact to us.

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ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

Directors and Executive Officers of the Company

Our Bye-Laws require that our Board of Directors shall consist of eleven members so long as the special share is outstanding. As of April 10, 2019, there were ten members elected to and serving on our Board of Directors. Pursuant to the rights afforded to the holder of the special share, Hong Leong Asia had designated Messrs. Gan Khai Choon, Kwek Leng Peck, Tan Eng Kwee and Hoh Weng Ming as its nominees. Mr. Yan Ping and Mr. Han Yiyong are nominees of Coomber Investments Limited. Our directors are appointed or elected, except in the case of casual vacancy, at the annual general meeting or at any special general meeting of shareholders and hold office until the next annual general meeting of shareholders or until their successors are appointed or their office is otherwise vacated.

Our directors and executive officers are identified below.

Name	Position	Year First Elected or Appointed Director or Officer
HOH Weng Ming (1)(4)	President and Director	2011
GAN Khai Choon (1)(4)	Director	1995
KWEK Leng Peck (1)(2)	Director	1994
TAN Eng Kwee (3) (4)	Director	2019
YAN Ping(1)	Director	2012
WU Qiwei(1)	Alternate Director to YAN Ping	2012
NEO Poh Kiat (1)(2)(3)	Director	2005
TAN Aik-Leang (1)(3)	Director	2005
HAN Yiyong (1)	Director	2010
HO Raymond Chi-Keung (2)(3)	Director	2004
XIE Tao	Director	2019
PHUNG Khong Fock Thomas (1)	Chief Financial Officer	2016
WONG Teck Kow	General Counsel	2018
Conyers Corporate Services (Bermuda) Limited(5)	Secretary	2015

⁽¹⁾  Also a Director of Yuchai.

⁽²⁾  Member of the Compensation Committee.

⁽³⁾  Member of the Audit Committee.

⁽⁴⁾  Also a Director of HLGE.

⁽⁵⁾  Codan Services Limited was renamed to Conyers Corporate Services (Bermuda) Limited with effect from April 1, 2017.

Mr. Hoh Weng Ming was appointed President and a Director of the Company on July 17, 2013 and November 11, 2011, respectively. He was the Chief Financial Officer of the Company from May 2008 to November 2011. He has also served as Director of Yuchai and HLGE since December 2008 and February 2011, respectively. Mr. Hoh has more than 35 years of working experience with extensive regional experience in Singapore, Malaysia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and China. He has worked in various roles with companies including Johnson Electric Industrial Manufactory Limited as well as Henan Xinfei Electric Co., Ltd. Previously, he held the position of Financial Controller of the Company from 2002 to 2003 and the Chief Financial Officer of Hong Leong Asia from 2011 to 2013. Mr. Hoh has a Bachelor of Commerce Degree majoring in Accountancy from the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand and an M.B.A. degree from Massey University, New Zealand. He is a Chartered Accountant in New Zealand and Malaysia and a Fellow Member of the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

Dato’ Gan Khai Choon is a Director of the Company, Yuchai, Grace Star, Venture Lewis, Venture Delta, Safety Godown Company Limited and Millennium & Copthorne Hotels Management (Shanghai) Limited. He is also the Non-Executive Chairman of HLGE and Beijing Fortune Hotel Co., Ltd. as well as the Managing Director of Hong Leong International (Hong Kong) Limited. He has extensive experience in the banking, real estate investment and development sectors and has been involved in a number of international projects for the Hong Leong group of companies, which include the management and development of the Grand Hyatt Taipei and the Beijing Riviera. He holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree (Honors) in Economics from the University of Malaya. Dato’ Gan is related to Mr. Kwek Leng Peck.

Mr. Kwek Leng Peck is a Director of the Company. He is a member of the Kwek family which controls the Hong Leong Investment Holdings group of companies. He is the Executive Chairman of Hong Leong Asia, the Non-Executive Chairman of Tasek Corporation Berhad and an Executive Director of Hong Leong Investment Holdings Pte. Ltd. and Hong Leong Corporation Holdings Pte. Ltd. He also sits on the boards of HL Technology, Hong Leong China, Well Summit Investments Limited, Yuchai, City Developments Limited, Hong Leong Finance Limited and Millennium & Copthorne Hotels Plc, as well as other affiliated companies. He has extensive experience in trading, manufacturing, property investment and development, hotel operations, corporate finance and management.

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Mr. Tan Eng Kwee is a Director of the Company. He is also the CEO and a Director of Hong Leong Asia. Mr. Tan has more than 30 years of operations, corporate, accounting and financial experience. Prior to joining Hong Leong Asia, Mr. Tan served in Gold Coin Group for more than 10 years, holding senior management positions of CFO, Group Business Development Director, Group Logistics Director and Group Chief Operating Officer. He has held senior management positions in Perennial China Retail Trust Management Pte. Ltd., Dynapack Asia Pte. Ltd. and Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd. Mr. Tan holds a Bachelor of Accountancy Degree from The University of Singapore and an MBA from the Cranfield School of Management, U.K. He was a fellow member of the Chartered Association of Certified Accountants (U.K.) and an associate member of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries & Administrators (now known as Chartered Secretaries Institute of Singapore) and the Chartered Association of Management Accountants.

Mr. Yan Ping is a Director of the Company and the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Yuchai. He is also the President of the 6th Council of the China Internal Combustion Engine Industry Association and the Chairman of the State Holding Company (a 22.1% shareholder in Yuchai). Prior to his above appointments, Mr. Yan held various China-government related positions, including as Deputy Secretary-General of the Yulin Municipal Government, as Director of the Yulin Municipal Development and Reform Commission and as Deputy General Manager of Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway Co., Ltd. Mr. Yan holds a Bachelor of Engineering Degree from Dalian Railway College and a Master’s degree in Statistics from the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics.

Mr. Wu Qiwei is an Alternate Director of the Company to Mr. Yan Ping and the President and a director of Yuchai. He previously served as one of the Deputy General Managers of Yuchai and was in charge of sales and marketing. He holds a Bachelor of Engineering Degree from Hunan University, an MBA degree from the Huazhong University of Science and Technology and a Doctorate in Marine Engineering from Wuhan University of Technology.

Mr. Neo Poh Kiat is a Director of the Company and Yuchai. He is a Managing Director of Octagon Advisors Pte. Ltd, a financial advisory firm in Singapore. Between August 1976 and January 2005, he held various senior managerial positions with companies in the DBS Bank group and United Overseas Bank Ltd. Mr. Neo is currently also a director of Cambodia Post Bank Plc, Fullerton Credit (Sichuan) Ltd., Fullerton Credit (Chongqing) Ltd., Fullerton Credit (Hubei) Ltd., Fullerton Credit (Yunnan) Ltd. and CapitaLand Retail China Trust Management Limited. He holds a Bachelor of Commerce Degree (Honors) from Nanyang University, Singapore. Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Neo is independent within the meaning of the NYSE’s corporate governance standards, on the basis that the Company has no material relationship with him.

Mr. Tan Aik-Leang is a Director of the Company and Yuchai. He held various senior executive and managerial positions over an aggregate period of more than 25 years at the Dao Heng Bank Group in Hong Kong, the National Australia Bank Group in Australia and Asia, and The Bank of Nova Scotia in Canada. Mr. Tan was also a Director of the Risk Management Association, Hong Kong Chapter from May 2000 to January 2016. Mr. Tan graduated in Accounting from Western Australian Institute of Technology (now known as Curtin University), Australia. He is a Fellow member of each of the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants, CPA Australia, the Financial Services Institute of Australasia (formerly known as Australasian Institute of Banking and Finance) and the Institute of Canadian Bankers. Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Tan is independent within the meaning of the NYSE’s corporate governance standards, on the basis that the Company has no material relationship with him.

Mr. Han Yiyong is a Director of the Company and Yuchai. He is also a Director of Coomber as well as the Company Secretary to Yuchai’s Board of Directors. He holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Vehicle Engineering from the Shandong University of Technology and a Master’s Degree in Power Machinery and Engineering from Guangxi University.

Mr. Ho Raymond Chi-Keung was previously a Director of the Company from June 2004 to September 2006 and was re-appointed as an independent Director on April 30, 2013. Mr. Ho is a practicing arbitrator. He was the Secretary General of the Law Society of Hong Kong from 2008 to 2011 and prior to joining the Law Society secretariat in 2006, he had practiced law as a solicitor for 23 years with a wide range of experience in transactional and contentious matters. Mr. Ho holds the degrees of Bachelor of Laws and Master of Social Sciences from the University of Hong Kong, as well as a Master of Laws from the University of London. He is a Fellow of the U.K. Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and is currently listed on the panel of arbitrators of the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre. He is now a non-practicing member of The Law Society of Hong Kong, The Law Society of England & Wales, The Law Society of British Columbia and The Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory. He is also a director of Cheer Moon Development Limited and Power Rich Investment Limited. Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Ho is independent within the meaning of the NYSE’s corporate governance standards, on the basis that the Company has no material relationship with him.

Mr. Xie Tao was appointed as an independent Director of the Company on April 10, 2019. He has spent the major part of his career with PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) for nearly 23 years. He was a lead partner of the Advisory practice in PwC China. He was also the Senior Partner of Corporate Finance and served on the Executive Board of the China, Singapore and Hong Kong member firms of PwC. Mr. Xie has more than 30 years of experience in corporate management and financial advisory including mergers and acquisitions, corporate finance and transaction services. Between 2012 and 2014, he was a partner at Ernst & Young, then Deloitte, as a leader of transaction services and corporate finance business. He was also a financial advisor for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Between 2010 and 2017, Mr. Xie held several executive and non-executive management roles of private and public companies in China and abroad. Mr. Xie holds a bachelor’s degree in Physics from Beijing University in China and was a member of the UK Chartered Association of Certified Accountants.

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Dr. Phung Khong Fock Thomas was appointed Chief Financial Officer of the Company on June 1, 2016. He was appointed a Director of Yuchai with effect from January 23, 2017. Dr. Phung has over 20 years’ experience in both the manufacturing and service sectors. Prior to this appointment, Dr. Phung was the East Asia Pacific Finance Director for Alstom Transport (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. He has also worked at Bombardier Transportation group, Thales GeoSolutions (Asia Pacific), Glaxo SmithKline Singapore Pte. Ltd. and Baker Oil Tools, a Baker Hughes company. At Shandong Asia Pacific SSYMB Pulp & Paper Co., Ltd, he was based in Shandong, China for three years. Dr. Phung started his career as a credit authorizer at Bank of America in Singapore. Dr. Phung received his PhD in Finance from Cass Business School, City University in London in 1998 and an MBA in Financial Management from Hull University Business School in Hull, U.K. in 1994.

Mr. Wong Teck Kow was appointed General Counsel of the Company on May 2, 2018. He has more than 15 years’ experience with global companies in legal and compliance work with extensive regional exposure in Asia Pacific countries including Greater China, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Southeast Asia. Mr. Wong was senior regional counsel with RCI (a Wyndham Destinations company), Cushman & Wakefield and Jones Lang LaSalle, and practiced criminal and civil law in a Singapore local law firm. He graduated from the Law Faculty of National University of Singapore with second class honors, and was admitted as an Advocate and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Singapore in 2000. His other credentials include being a Certified Information Privacy Professional Asia (CIPP/A), a member of the Singapore Academy of Law and an Editorial Board Member of the China Business Law Journal.

Conyers Corporate Services (Bermuda) Limited was appointed Secretary of the Company on January 28, 2015.

Audit Committee

During 2018, the Audit Committee comprised of three independent non-executive directors, namely Messrs. Tan Aik-Leang (Chairman), Neo Poh Kiat and Ho Raymond Chi-Keung. The Audit Committee oversees the performance of our internal audit function and our independent registered public accountants. It also reviews our quarterly financial statements and effectiveness of our financial reporting process and material internal controls including financial, operational and compliance controls. The Board has designated Mr. Tan Aik-Leang as our Audit Committee Financial Expert.

Mr. Tan Eng Kwee was appointed as a non-voting member of the Audit Committee with observer status only on March 25, 2019, relying on the exemption provided in Rule 10A-3(b)(1)(iv)(D) of the Exchange Act. See also “Item 16D Exemptions From The Listing Standards For Audit Committees.” As an observer, Mr. Tan Eng Kwee does not vote on the Audit Committee decisions, does not attend the private meetings between the independent directors of the Audit Committee with the Company’s independent auditors and will abstain from discussions that may involve potential conflict of interest.

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Compensation Committee

The members of the Compensation Committee are Messrs. Kwek Leng Peck (Chairman), Neo Poh Kiat and Ho Raymond Chi-Keung. The Compensation Committee reviews our general compensation structure as well as reviews, recommends or approves executive appointments and remuneration, subject to ratification by our Board of Directors and supervises the administration of our employee benefit plans, including our Equity Incentive Plan (as defined herein).

Directors and Executive Officers of Yuchai

According to Yuchai’s Articles of Association, the Board of Directors of Yuchai shall consist of 13 members. Currently, there are 12 members elected to and serving on Yuchai’s Board of Directors. Yuchai’s Articles of Association entitle us (as the indirect holder of the Foreign Shares), through our six wholly-owned subsidiaries, to designate nine Directors and entitle the Chinese shareholders to designate four Directors. These nomination rights were acknowledged and confirmed by Yuchai as part of the terms of the Reorganization Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Reorganization Agreement, Yuchai’s Board of Directors has been reconstituted with the Company entitled to elect nine of Yuchai’s 13 directors, again reaffirming the Company’s right to effect all major decisions relating to Yuchai. Pursuant to and subject to the conditions in the Shareholders Agreement described under “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Related Party Transactions,” and by virtue of the special share, Hong Leong Asia is entitled to designate five of the nine Yuchai Directors designated by us.

Pursuant to the Shareholders Agreement and our Bye-Laws, the Yuchai Directors designated by us will vote as a block in accordance with the vote of the majority of such Directors. As part of the terms of the Reorganization Agreement, Yuchai affirmed our continued rights, as Yuchai’s majority shareholder, to direct the management and policies of Yuchai through Yuchai’s Board of Directors. The directors and executive officers of Yuchai as of February 28, 2019 are identified below.

Name	Position	Year First Elected or Appointed Director or Officer
YAN Ping (1)	Chairman of the Board of Directors	2005
HOH Weng Ming (1)	Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors	2008
WU Qiwei (2)	Director and President	2011
GAN Khai Choon (1)	Director	2007
KWEK Leng Peck (1)	Director	2005
NEO Poh Kiat (1)	Independent Director	2008
TAN Aik-Leang (1)	Independent Director	2005
LU Yuming	Director and Chief Accountant	2014
PHUNG Khong Fock Thomas	Director	2017
HAN Yiyong (1)	Director and Company Secretary	2010
GU Tangsheng	Director	2005
LAI Tak Chuen Kelvin (3)	Director and Chief Business Controller	2011
TAY Hui Boon Kelly (3)	Financial Controller seconded to Yuchai	2008
QIN Xiaohong	Vice President	2015
WANG Limin	Vice President	2015
TAN Guirong	Vice President	2015
NING Xingyong	Vice President	2015
CAI Xiaohong	Vice President	2017
YAO Huaxiong	Vice President	2018

⁽¹⁾  Also a Director of the Company.

⁽²⁾  Also an Alternate Director of the Company to Mr. Yan Ping.

⁽³⁾  Secondees of the Company, whose salaries and expenses are paid by the Company.

For information about Messrs. Yan Ping, Hoh Weng Ming, Wu Qiwei, Gan Khai Choon, Kwek Leng Peck, Neo Poh Kiat, Tan Aik-Leang, Phung Khong Fock Thomas and Han Yiyong, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Directors and Executive Officers of the Company.”

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Mr. Lu Yuming was appointed the Chief Accountant of Yuchai with effect from February 3, 2015 after serving as Deputy Chief Accountant from November 25, 2013. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Financial Management (Capital Evaluation) from Zhejiang University and has worked in Yuchai’s finance department since 2001.

Mr. Gu Tangsheng is a Director of Yuchai and a Director and President of the State Holding Company. He holds a PhD in physics from Zhongshan University.

Mr. Lai Tak Chuen Kelvin was appointed Vice President of Operations of the Company on June 7, 2010. He was appointed Chief Business Officer and a Director of Yuchai on March 11, 2011 and June 28, 2013, respectively. Mr. Lai holds a Bachelor of Business Administration in Management from the Open University of Hong Kong and a Postgraduate Certificate in Engineering Business Management from the University of Warwick, U.K. He worked for ten years as a marine engineer in a shipping company before moving on to Rolls-Royce International Ltd where he held various positions, over a period of 14 years, in their power generation and industrial power business covering the Greater China Region including Taiwan. He has also worked for Cummins Hong Kong Ltd as General Manager in their diesel engine distribution and aftermarket business covering Southern China and Hong Kong.

Ms. Tay Hui Boon Kelly is the Financial Controller of the Company seconded to Yuchai. She has been assigned by us to assist Yuchai in its financial accounting, reporting and compliance with local and statutory requirements, and the implementation of financial policies, procedures, financial budgeting and review of investments. Ms. Tay holds a Bachelor degree in Accounting and Financial and Information Management from the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. She has over ten years of experience in management costing and accounting and gained substantial experience from working in various parts of China.

Ms. Qin Xiaohong was appointed a Vice President of Yuchai in 2015. She joined Yuchai in 1990 and held the position of Chief Accountant from July 2007 – September 2013. She holds a Master’s degree in Business Administration from Guangxi University.

Mr. Wang Limin was appointed a Vice President of Yuchai in 2015. He was appointed as a Deputy General Manager of Yuchai on January 1, 2013. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Vehicle Engineering from Hubei Automotive Industrial College.

Mr. Tan Guirong was appointed a Vice President of Yuchai in 2015 after serving as Vice General Manger from February 3, 2015. He holds a Master’s degree in Business Administration from Huazhong University of Science and Technology.

Mr. Ning Xingyong was appointed a Vice President of Yuchai in 2015. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Foundry Engineering from Guangxi University.

Mr. Cai Xiaohong was appointed a Vice President of Yuchai in December 2017 after serving as Senior Quality Controller from October 14, 2016. He holds a Diploma in Engineering Machinery in Guangxi Hydropower College.

Mr. Yao Huaxiong was appointed a Vice President of Yuchai in June 2018 after serving as the Head of Technology from December 2016. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Engineering from Jilin University in China.

Pursuant to Yuchai’s Articles of Association, Yuchai’s shareholders have authority over all matters of importance relating to Yuchai, including (i) the review and approval of reports submitted by the Board of Directors of Yuchai; (ii) the approval of Yuchai’s plans for distribution of profits and recovery of losses; (iii) the approval of Yuchai’s annual capital, operating budget and year-end financial statements of final accounts, balance sheet, profit and loss statements and other accounting statements; (iv) the issuance of new shares or other securities, the expansion of the scope of any subscription of shares, the conversion of Yuchai from a company with privately placed shares into a company with publicly offered shares in or outside of China, and the transfer procedures for Yuchai’s share certificates; (v) the nomination, election, dismissal and compensation of members of the Board of Directors; (vi) significant sales or purchases of assets, or any division, merger, acquisition, termination, liquidation or other major corporate action of Yuchai; (vii) amendment to Yuchai’s Articles of Association; (viii) motions presented by shareholders holding 10% or more of the outstanding shares of Yuchai; and (ix) other matters required to be resolved by the shareholders’ meeting. Yuchai’s shareholders are entitled to preemptive rights to subscribe pro rata in accordance with their ownership percentage for any new Yuchai shares or other equity interests offered by Yuchai at a price and on terms at least equivalent to those offered to new subscribers.

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Yuchai’s Board of Directors reports directly to the shareholders of Yuchai and is the principal executive authority responsible for major decisions relating to Yuchai, mainly including (i) the execution of resolutions adopted by the shareholders; (ii) the formulation and review of Yuchai’s development plans; (iii) the review of and decision on Yuchai’s annual business plans; (iv) the review of Yuchai’s financial budget, final accounts, dividend distribution plan, plans for issuances of Yuchai shares and plans for merger, division and transfer of assets; (v) to fill vacancies on the Board provided the selected replacement is nominated by and represents the same shareholders as his or her predecessor; (vi) the adoption of various corporate policies and rules; (vii) the appointment of senior executive officers as recommended by the Chief Executive Officer and their dismissals and the appointment of senior advisers to the Board; (viii) major external matters; (ix) sales, purchases, transfers and leases of material assets with a value in excess of US$3 million but less than US$6 million and which are not contemplated in Yuchai’s approved budgets; and (x) any other matters that may be determined by the Board of Directors in accordance with Yuchai’s Articles of Association.

In order to further strengthen our level of corporate governance, we have continued to seek to cause Yuchai to adopt comprehensive corporate governance guidelines to put procedures in place to improve the management and governance of Yuchai. The 2007 version of corporate governance guidelines of Yuchai were approved and adopted by Yuchai’s Board of Directors and shareholders’ meeting on July 27, 2007 and August 16, 2007, respectively. The corporate governance guidelines and practices adopted by Yuchai continue to be fine-tuned on an ongoing basis such that Yuchai follows international best practices and which are in line with the Company Law in the PRC. Various board committees (inter alia, an Audit Sub-Committee, a Remunerations Sub-Committee, a Nominations Sub-Committee and a Financial Sub-Committee) have been established and are currently functioning in accordance with their charters. The Financial Sub-Committee is responsible for reviewing the necessity and feasibility of new projects and making recommendations to Yuchai’s Board of Directors. Yuchai and the Company are audited by the same firm of independent auditors.

The Board of Directors of Yuchai shall consist of 13 directors appointed for three-year terms pursuant to Yuchai’s current Articles of Association. A total of nine directors shall be elected from nominees of holders of Foreign Shares (including at least two independent directors) and a total of four directors shall be elected from nominees of holders of State Shares and Legal Person Shares. Actions generally may be taken by a majority vote of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present. Attendance of at least seven directors (four representing holders of Foreign Shares and three representing holders of State Shares or Legal Person Shares) constitutes a quorum.

We are entitled under Yuchai’s Articles of Association to elect nine of Yuchai’s 13 directors, thereby entitling us to effect all major decisions relating to Yuchai. As part of the terms of the Reorganization Agreement and the Cooperation Agreement, Yuchai affirmed our continued rights, as Yuchai’s majority shareholder, to direct the management and policies of Yuchai through Yuchai’s Board of Directors. A two-thirds vote of the outstanding shares at a shareholders’ meeting at which a quorum is present is required for major corporate actions, such as an amendment to Yuchai’s Articles of Association, significant sales or purchases of assets or a division, merger, acquisition or liquidation of Yuchai, or issuances of new common shares or other securities of Yuchai. Attendance of shareholders representing at least two-thirds of the outstanding Yuchai shares constitutes a quorum for shareholder meetings considering such major corporate actions.

However, although our nominees constitute a majority of the Board of Directors of Yuchai, there have, on various occasions in the past, been periods of time when no board meetings have been held, despite Yuchai’s Articles of Association at the time requiring the Board of Directors to meet at least once every six months as well as upon repeated requests by us. Prior to the execution of the Reorganization Agreement, Yuchai’s Articles of Association provided that a quorum for a board meeting was at least five Directors, three representing holders of Foreign Shares and two representing holders of State Shares or Legal Person Shares. However, subsequent to the execution of the Reorganization Agreement, these quorum requirements have been amended in Yuchai’s new Articles of Association as approved by the Guangxi Department of Commerce on December 2, 2009. Under the new Articles of Association, a quorum for a board meeting shall be at least seven directors, four representing holders of Foreign Shares and three representing holders of State Shares or Legal Person Shares. If the quorum cannot be met for two consecutive times, then any seven directors present shall constitute the quorum for the third meeting. In addition, under Yuchai’s new Articles of Association, board meetings are to be convened at least three times a year.

Yuchai’s management consists of a Chairman, a President and several Vice Presidents, other senior officers designated by its Board of Directors and senior managers and officers designated by us. Yuchai’s management handles daily operations and implements the corporate policies under the direction and guidance of its Board of Directors.

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As a general matter, we require access to certain financial books and records of Yuchai so as to be able to monitor our investment in Yuchai and to prepare our consolidated financial statements. In early 2004, Yuchai temporarily denied us such access. In response, we initiated dialogue with representatives of Yuchai and shortly thereafter agreed with Yuchai to resume allowing us full access to the financial books and records of Yuchai. Moreover, and as disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report, we require the cooperation of Yuchai and its Chinese shareholders and have from time to time experienced certain problems in obtaining such cooperation. In response to such problems, we entered into dialogue with representatives of Yuchai and its Chinese shareholders and thereafter executed the Reorganization Agreement, which we believe addresses these problems. As part of the terms of the Reorganization Agreement, Yuchai agreed that it would seek the requisite shareholder approval prior to entering into any material transactions (including any agreements or arrangements with parties related to Yuchai or any of its shareholders) and that it would comply with its governance requirements. However, no assurances can be given regarding implementation of the terms of the Reorganization Agreement.

We provide certain management, financial planning, internal audit services, internal control testing, IFRS training, business enhancement consulting and other services to Yuchai and, as of February 28, 2019, we have a team working full-time at Yuchai’s principal manufacturing facilities in Yulin city. In addition, the President, Chief Financial Officer and a manager proficient in Section 404 of Sarbanes — Oxley Act of 2002, or SOX, frequently usually monthly for as much as up to two weeks at a time to Yuchai to actively participate in Yuchai’s operations and decision-making process. See also “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our company and our business — our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects may be adversely affected if we are unable to implement the Reorganization Agreement and the Cooperation Agreement.”

Compensation

Service Fees

Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement of the Company dated November 9, 1994, Hong Leong Asia is entitled to receive no less than US$500,000 from either Yuchai or the Company for management services as long as Hong Leong Asia remains the controlling shareholder and provided that the services include those of the President and Chief Financial Officer. With effect from January 2008, further to agreements entered into between the Company and Yuchai, Yuchai pays the Company, instead of Hong Leong Asia, consultancy and management services fee of US$1,000,000 per annum. Hong Leong Asia has agreed to waive its right to be paid any fees as set out in the Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement of November 9, 1994. In 2011, this arrangement was restructured into a separate management services agreement and consulting services agreement, with the total quantum of annual fee remaining the same at US$1,000,000.

In fiscal year 2018, and subject to shareholders’ approval at the annual general meeting, we will pay an annual service fee of US$50,000 for all directors (pro-rated accordingly if a director resigns or assumes the position during the year) other than the President of the Company. For fiscal year 2018, and subject to shareholders’ approval at the annual general meeting, we will pay an annual service fee of US$60,000 and US$40,000 to the Chairman and each of the members of the Audit Committee, respectively. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.”

Share Ownership

The directors and executive officers of the Company and Yuchai do not currently own any shares of Common Stock but certain executive officers have been awarded share options under our Equity Incentive Plan.

China Yuchai International Limited 2014 Equity Incentive Plan

The China Yuchai International Limited 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”) was approved and adopted by the Company on May 10, 2014, and became effective upon approval by the Company’s shareholders on July 4, 2014. The purpose of the Equity Incentive Plan is to provide an incentive to attract, retain and motivate eligible employees of the Company by offering them an opportunity to participate the Group’s future performance through the grant of Awards (as defined in the Equity Incentive Plan, including options, restricted stock and stock payments).

The following paragraphs describe the principal terms of the Equity Incentive Plan.

Plan Administration

The Compensation Committee has full power and authority, in its sole discretion, to administer, implement and carry out the Equity Incentive Plan, including, without limitation, (i) selecting grantees from the individuals eligible to receive Awards, the time when Awards will be granted, the number of Awards and the number of shares of common stock covered by each Award; (ii) determining the terms and conditions of each award grant; (iii) approving the forms of agreement for use under the Equity Incentive Plan; (iv) establishing, adopting, or revising any rules and regulations to administer the Equity Incentive Plan; and (v) taking any and all other action as it deems necessary or advisable for the operation or administration of the Equity Incentive Plan and the Awards thereunder.

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Shares Reserved for the Equity Incentive Plan

Subject to certain adjustments set forth in the Equity Incentive Plan, the total number of our shares available for grant and issuance pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plan from time to time will be 1,800,000 shares of common stock. If any shares subject to an Award are forfeited, canceled or expire or such Award is settled for cash (in whole or in part) for any reason, such shares will, to the extent of such forfeiture, cancellation, expiration or cash settlement, again become available for grant and issuance in connection with future Awards under the Equity Incentive Plan. Under the terms of the Equity Incentive Plan, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be subject to one or more awards to any one person during any calendar year is 300,000.

Eligibility

Subject to the conditions set forth in the Equity Incentive Plan, any person, including officers and directors, employed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries who are in positions of substantial responsibility and whose contributions are important to the successful conduct of the Group’s business are eligible to be granted Awards.

Options

The grant of share options is to be at an exercise price not less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock subject to the option on the date the option is granted and the par value of the Common Stock. The options may vest based on performance or other criteria and, at any time after the grant of an option, the Compensation Committee may, in its sole discretion, accelerate the vesting of such option. Repricing of share options are prohibited without the approval of shareholders. The grant of restricted stock and stock payments must be at a purchase price to be established by the Compensation Committee but in any event, no less than US$1.00 per award. The term of share options may not exceed ten years from the date of grant. The number of share options that the Company has granted to its executive officers and Yuchai’s employees is set out in the following table and as of December 31, 2018, there were 470,000 options outstanding under the Equity Incentive Plan. No further options have since been granted under the Equity Incentive Plan. The options vest in three equal installments over a three-year term and as of December 31, 2018 and February 28, 2019, all options granted have vested in the grantees.

Name	Options Outstanding		Exercise Price (US$/Share)		Grant Date		Expiration Date
YAN Ping		200,000	$	21.11		July 29, 2014		July 28, 2024
HOH Weng Ming		150,000	$	21.11		July 29, 2014		July 28, 2024
WU Qiwei		80,000	$	21.11		July 29, 2014		July 28, 2024
LAI Tak Chuen Kelvin		20,000	$	21.11		July 29, 2014		July 28, 2024
TAY Hui Boon Kelly		20,000	$	21.11		July 29, 2014		July 28, 2024
		470,000

Restricted Stock

The Compensation Committee is authorized to grant shares subject to various restrictions, including restrictions concerning voting rights and transferability, and such restrictions may lapse separately or in combination at such times and pursuant to such circumstances or based on such criteria as selected by the Compensation Committee. Subject to the conditions set forth in the Equity Incentive Plan, upon issuance of restricted stock, the holder shall have, unless otherwise provided by the Compensation Committee, all the rights of a shareholder with respect to said shares, subject to the restrictions in each individual award agreement, including the right to receive all dividends and other distributions paid or made with respect to the shares; provided, however, that, in the sole discretion of the Compensation Committee, any extraordinary or special dividends or distributions with respect to the shares shall be subject to the restrictions set forth in the Equity Incentive Plan.

Stock Payments

The Compensation Committee is authorized to make stock payments, which may, but are not required to, be made in lieu of base salary, bonus, fees or other cash compensation otherwise payable. The terms and conditions (including, without limitation, the number or value of shares) of any stock payment shall be determined by the Compensation Committee and may be based on the holder’s duration of employment or service with Company, the Company’s performance, individual performance or other criteria selected by the Compensation Committee, at one time or from time to time, periodically or otherwise. Unless otherwise provided by the Compensation Committee, a holder of a stock payment shall have no rights as a shareholder with respect to such stock payment until such time as the shares underlying the Award have been issued.

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Non-transferability

Awards granted under our Share Incentive Plan are generally not transferable during the lifetime of the award holder.

Amendment, Suspension and Termination

The Compensation Committee or the Board of Directors of the Company may, at any time terminate, and from time to time may amend or modify the Equity Incentive Plan; provided, however, that no amendment or modification may become effective without approval of the amendment or modification by the shareholders of the Company if (a) shareholder approval is required to enable the Equity Incentive Plan to satisfy any applicable statutory or regulatory requirements or (b) the Company, on the advice of counsel, determines that shareholder approval otherwise is necessary or desirable. No amendment, modification or termination of the Equity Incentive Plan shall in any manner adversely affect any Awards theretofore granted under the Equity Incentive Plan without the consent of the holders or the permitted transferee(s) of such Awards, subject always to applicable laws. No Awards may be granted or awarded during any period of suspension or after termination of the Equity Incentive Plan.

Duration of the Plan

The Equity Incentive Plan shall terminate on May 8, 2024 unless earlier terminated. Awards outstanding at the time of the Equity Incentive Plan’s termination may continue to be exercised in accordance with their terms and shall continue to be governed by and interpreted consistent with the terms of the Equity Incentive Plan.

Benefits

The aggregate amount of compensation paid to all directors and executive officers of the Company and Yuchai during 2018 was approximately RMB 71.3 million (US$10.7 million).

There are no benefits to be provided to the directors of the Company or Yuchai upon their termination of employment. See also “Item 10. Additional Information — Memorandum of Association and Bye-Laws — Directors — Remuneration and Pensions.”

Employees

As of December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, Yuchai employed approximately, 9,887, 8,678 and 8,639 people, respectively, nationwide in China.

Yuchai provides its employees with a fixed base salary and a bonus that is determined by the employees’ performance and productivity and participates in defined contribution retirement plans as legally mandated under applicable Chinese laws. See Note 8.4 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements in Item 18 for more details. Yuchai also provides its employees meal subsidies and medical insurance, and certain employees receive further subsidies for housing. For fiscal year 2018, the total annual salary and bonus paid and payable to Yuchai’s employees was RMB 1,210.1 million (US$180.9 million). Yuchai, on an annual basis, enters into a collective labor agreement with the union which represents all of its employees. Yuchai has not experienced any material work stoppages and considers employee relations to be good.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of our shares of Common Stock as of February 28, 2019 by all persons who are known to us to own 5% or more of the outstanding shares of Common Stock.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with rules of the SEC, which generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities and includes equity shares issuable pursuant to the exercise of stock options or warrants that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days. These shares are deemed to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding those options or warrants for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise indicated, all information with respect to the beneficial ownership of any principal shareholder has been furnished by such shareholder and, unless otherwise indicated, we believe that persons named in the table have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all the equity shares shown as beneficially owned. The share numbers and percentages listed below are based on 40,858,290 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of February 28, 2019.

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Identity of Person or Group	Number		Percentage
Hong Leong Asia Ltd (1)		17,059,154		41.75	%
The Yulin City Government (2)		7,028,151		17.20	%
Shah Capital Management (3)		3,396,458		8.31	%

⁽¹⁾  Information based on a general announcement by Hong Leong Asia on the Singapore Exchange on January 3, 2019. Hong Leong Asia is currently the beneficial owner of and exercises control over the special share and the 17,059,154 shares of Common Stock or approximately 41.75% of the total number of shares of Common Stock held by its wholly-owned subsidiaries, HL Technology and Well Summit Investments Limited, having increased its holdings from 34.9% to 35.5% during the period from March 11 to 26, 2014, from 35.5% to 37.02% during the period July 14 to December 26, 2014, from 37.02% to 38.7% during the period July 14 to August 25, 2015, from 38.7% to 40.2% as of June 29, 2016 and from 40.2% to 40.0% as of December 31, 2017. See also “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Related Party Transactions — Shareholders Agreement.” Other than as described under “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks relating to our shares and share ownership — We may experience a change of control as a result of sale or disposal of shares of our Common Stock by our controlling shareholders” and “Item 7. Major Shareholders And Related Party Transactions — The Special Share,” we are not aware of any arrangement which may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of the Company.

⁽²⁾  Information based on a report on Schedule 13D filed by Coomber, Goldman, Zhong Lin and the State Holding Company, with the SEC on December 18, 2012. Based on Amendment No. 2 to the Schedule 13D filed by Coomber and others with the SEC on June 23, 2003, Coomber is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Goldman, which is indirectly owned and controlled by Yulin City Municipal Government, or Yulin City Government, in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Accordingly, the Yulin City Government is the ultimate beneficial owner of the 7,028,151 shares of the Company’s Common Stock held of record by Coomber. Based on Amendment No. 11 to the Schedule 13D filed by Coomber and others with the SEC on March 23, 2012, Goldman pledged all of its shares in Coomber to a third party in connection with a loan transaction entered into on March 19, 2012. Based on Amendment No. 12 to the Schedule 13D filed by Coomber and others with the SEC on December 18, 2012, a Deed of Release was entered into between Goldman and the third party on December 12, 2012 pursuant to which the latter released the pledge by Goldman described in Amendment No. 11.

⁽³⁾  Information based on a report on Form 13-F filed by Shah Capital Management with the SEC on January 10, 2019 for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2018.

As of February 28, 2019, there were 25,937,303 shares of Common Stock, or 63.48% of the total number of shares of Common Stock, held of record by 15 holders with registered addresses in the United States.

Except as described below under “— The Special Share,” each of our shareholders is entitled to one vote on all matters that require a vote of shareholders, and none of our shareholders has any contractual or other special voting rights.

The Special Share

The special share entitles the holder thereof to elect a majority of our Directors. In addition, no shareholders resolution may be passed without the affirmative vote of the special share, including any resolution to amend the Memorandum of Association or our Bye-Laws. The special share is not transferable except to Hong Leong Asia, Hong Leong China or any of its affiliates. In 1994, we issued the special share to Diesel Machinery, a holding company of the Company then controlled by Hong Leong China. During 2002, following the decision of the shareholders of Diesel Machinery to dissolve Diesel Machinery, Diesel Machinery redeemed all of the redeemable stock issued by it to its shareholders. According to the Diesel Machinery shareholders, Diesel Machinery transferred all of the shares of our Common Stock held by it to its shareholders, which included Hong Leong China and its wholly-owned subsidiaries.

Because Coomber, a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Everbright Holdings, was the shareholder of Diesel Machinery which gave notice of the dissolution of Diesel Machinery, the special share was transferred by Diesel Machinery to HL Technology, an affiliate of Hong Leong Asia, pursuant to the terms of the Diesel Machinery Shareholders Agreement described below.

Our Bye-Laws provide that the special share shall cease to carry any rights in the event that, if Hong Leong Asia and its affiliates own the special share, Hong Leong Asia and its affiliates cease to own, directly or indirectly, at least 7,290,000 shares of Common Stock (or such equivalent number upon a consolidation or subdivision of the shares of Common Stock), or if China Everbright Holdings and its affiliates own the special share, China Everbright Holdings and its affiliates cease to own, directly or indirectly, at least 6,570,000 shares of Common Stock (or such equivalent number upon a consolidation or subdivision of the shares of Common Stock). The Bye-Laws also provide for circumstances in which Diesel Machinery holds the special share. However, Diesel Machinery was dissolved in 2003. HL Technology, an affiliate of Hong Leong Asia, holds the special share in addition to 7,831,169 shares of Common Stock, which is greater than the number stipulated in the provisions of our Bye-Laws set forth above.

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Related Party Transactions

Shareholders Agreement

Hong Leong China, China Everbright Holdings, Cathay Investment Fund Limited, or Cathay, GS Capital Partners L.P., or GSCP, 14 shareholders who initially invested in us through Sun Yuan BVI, or the Sun Yuan Shareholders, and the Company in 1994 entered into an amended and restated Shareholders Agreement, or the Shareholders Agreement, which provides for certain matters relating to the management of our company and Yuchai and the ownership of our Common Stock. The Shareholders Agreement provides that our Board of Directors will consist of eleven directors, the controlling shareholder (as described below) will be entitled to designate six directors, the major shareholder (as described below) will be entitled to designate two directors, and each of Cathay and GSCP will be entitled to designate one director and the chief executive officer of Yuchai will initially be the other director. The Shareholders Agreement also provides that the controlling shareholder will be entitled to designate five of the nine Yuchai directors that we are entitled to designate, the major shareholder will be entitled to designate two such directors and each of Cathay and GSCP will be entitled to designate one such director. Under the Shareholders Agreement, the nine Yuchai directors designated by us will vote as a block in accordance with the vote of the majority of such nine directors. The Shareholders Agreement provides that the controlling shareholder will be the person holding the special share, provided that at all times the controlling shareholder will be either Hong Leong Asia or China Everbright Holdings, and the other will be the major shareholder. Since our initial public offering in 1994, Hong Leong Asia has been the controlling shareholder and China Everbright Holdings has been the major shareholder. However, in October 2002, China Everbright Holdings sold all of its shares in Coomber to Goldman in October 2002 and is no longer our major shareholder. The Shareholder Agreement provides that if any shareholder (other than the controlling shareholder) ceases to own at least 4% of our Common Stock, such shareholder will no longer be entitled to designate any directors. Accordingly, China Everbright Holdings no longer has director designation rights. The Shareholders Agreement also provides that, so long as Hong Leong Asia is the controlling shareholder, Yuchai or we will pay Hong Leong Asia an annual management fee of not less than US$500,000 for management services provided by Hong Leong Asia, including the services of our president and chief financial officer. With effect from January 2008, further to agreements entered into between the Company and Yuchai, Yuchai has paid to the Company, instead of Hong Leong Asia, consultancy and management services fee of US$1,000,000 per annum. Hong Leong Asia has agreed to waive its right to be paid any fees as set out in the Shareholders Agreement. The Shareholders Agreement will terminate upon the occurrence of an event resulting in the special share ceasing to carry any rights.

In addition to the Shareholders Agreement, Hong Leong Asia, China Everbright Holdings and Diesel Machinery had entered into a Subscription and Shareholders Agreement on November 9, 1994, as amended on January 21, 2002 and May 17, 2002, or the Diesel Machinery Shareholders Agreement, which provided for certain matters relating to the management of Diesel Machinery, the Company, Yuchai and the ownership of Diesel Machinery stock. The Diesel Machinery Shareholders Agreement provided that Hong Leong Asia would control Diesel Machinery, provided, however, that if Hong Leong Asia and its affiliates ceased to own directly or through Diesel Machinery at least 7,290,000 shares of Common Stock when China Everbright Holdings and its affiliates own directly or through Diesel Machinery at least 6,570,000 shares of Common Stock, China Everbright Holdings would control Diesel Machinery. The Diesel Machinery Shareholders Agreement provided that all rights of the special share held by Diesel Machinery would be exercised as directed by the shareholder that controls Diesel Machinery. With the dissolution of Diesel Machinery and the sale by China Everbright Holdings of all of its shares in Coomber to Goldman in October 2002, the Diesel Machinery Shareholders Agreement no longer directly affects us.

Registration Rights Agreement

Pursuant to a registration rights agreement, or the Registration Rights Agreement, we have granted two “demand” registration rights to each of Hong Leong China, China Everbright Holdings, Cathay, GSCP and the Sun Yuan Shareholders, or collectively the Selling Stockholders, requiring us, subject to certain conditions, to use our best efforts to prepare and file a registration statement on behalf of such shareholders under the Securities Act, and to use our best efforts to qualify the shares for offer and sale under any applicable US state securities laws. Expenses incurred in connection with one demand registration for each such shareholder will be borne by us, and we and Yuchai will be required to indemnify the underwriters in connection with any demand registration. The Registration Rights Agreement also grants each such shareholder certain “piggyback” registration rights entitling each shareholder to sell Common Stock in any registered offerings of our equity securities, for our account or on behalf of our security holders. China Everbright Holdings, Cathay, GSCP and the Sun Yuan Shareholders are no longer our shareholders. In March 2004, HL Technology and Coomber each registered shares for offer and sale from time to time on a shelf registration statement on Form F-3 which we filed on their behalf pursuant to a registration rights agreement. The shelf registration statement was rendered ineffective as we were not eligible to use the Form F-3 as a result of the delay in our filing of our previous periodic reports required under the Exchange Act. However, we are now compliant with our reporting obligations as required under the Exchange Act and are eligible to use the Form F-3. We have not received any instructions from either HL Technology or Coomber pursuant to the registration rights agreement, to take any further action in relation to the shelf registration statement.

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Reorganization Agreement and Cooperation Agreement

On April 7, 2005, we entered into the Reorganization Agreement with Yuchai and Coomber, which is intended to be in furtherance of the terms of the July 2003 Agreement. On November 30, 2006, certain provisions of the Reorganization Agreement were amended, including extending the implementation deadline to June 30, 2007.

The Reorganization Agreement was scheduled to terminate on June 30, 2007. On June 30, 2007, we entered into the Cooperation Agreement with Yuchai, Coomber and the State Holding Company, which is intended to be in furtherance of certain terms of the Reorganization Agreement, as amended. The Cooperation Agreement amends certain terms of the Reorganization Agreement, as amended, among CYI, Yuchai and Coomber, and as so amended, incorporates certain terms of the Reorganization Agreement. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — History and Development — Cooperation Agreement.”

Other Transactions

We provide certain management, financial planning, internal audit services, internal control testing, IFRS training, business enhancement consulting and other services to Yuchai and, as of February 28, 2019, we have a team working full-time at Yuchai’s principal manufacturing facilities in Yulin city. In addition, the President, Chief Financial Officer and a manager proficient in Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or SOX, travel frequently usually monthly for as much as up to two weeks at a time to Yuchai to actively participate in Yuchai’s operations and decision-making process. During fiscal year 2018, pursuant to a management services agreement and a consulting services agreement, we charged a total of US$1.0 million to Yuchai for these services.

During fiscal year 2018, certain affiliates of Hong Leong Asia charged us RMB 6.6 million (US$1.0 million) for certain general and administrative expenses such as corporate secretarial services, office rental, professional and consultancy fees and miscellaneous office expenses.

During fiscal year 2018, Yuchai entered into agreements with State Holding Company (including its subsidiaries and affiliates) and with Yuchai’s associates and joint ventures for the sale and purchase of materials, supplies, scraps and diesel engines, lease of assets, hospitality and restaurant services and etc. For further details on our business transactions with related parties, please see Note 29 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere herein.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Consolidated Financial Statements

See “Item 18. Financial Statements.”

Legal Proceedings

Other than as set forth below, neither we nor any of our consolidated subsidiaries is currently involved in any material legal proceedings that we believe would, individually or taken as a whole, adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.

Proceedings with Yuchai

We have previously encountered difficulties in obtaining the cooperation of the State Holding Company and Mr. Wang Jianming in the daily management and operation of Yuchai. The State Holding Company is a minority shareholder of Yuchai and is wholly-owned by the municipal government of Yulin City in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Until December 3, 2005, Mr. Wang was the Chairman, legal representative and Chief Executive Officer of Yuchai, as well as the Vice-Chairman and legal representative of the State Holding Company.

Dividends

See “Item 3. Key Information — Dividends.”

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In response to earlier difficulties with respect to corporate governance measures and certain dividends declared by Yuchai, we initiated legal and arbitration proceedings in New York, London and Singapore against Yuchai, Mr. Wang and other related parties in May 2003. We subsequently discontinued these proceedings as a result of the execution of the July 2003 Agreement. Among other things, the July 2003 Agreement led to the resolution at that time of previous disagreements with respect to the payment of dividends by Yuchai to us and the re-appointment of Mr. Wang Jianming as Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Yuchai in September 2003. We and Yuchai also agreed to work together to implement corporate governance procedures and to promote plans to enhance shareholder value. However, from time to time, we have continued to face difficulties in obtaining the cooperation of the Chinese shareholders of Yuchai in the daily management and operation of Yuchai and to fully exercise our controlling interest in Yuchai. Following the execution of the July 2003 Agreement, disagreements among the parties continued to recur. For example, representatives of the Chinese shareholders of Yuchai alleged that resolutions passed by our six wholly-owned subsidiaries at Yuchai’s shareholders’ meeting in December 2004 were invalid, allegations with which we disagreed.

In April 2005, we, Yuchai and Coomber agreed on steps relating to the adoption of corporate governance practices at Yuchai and a broad framework for the restructuring of our ownership of Yuchai, and entered into the Reorganization Agreement. The Reorganization Agreement is intended to be in furtherance of the July 2003 Agreement. In December 2005 and November 2006, the parties amended certain provisions of the Reorganization Agreement, including extending the implementation deadline to June 30, 2007. In June 2007, we, Yuchai, Coomber and the State Holding Company entered into the Cooperation Agreement which amends certain terms of the Reorganization Agreement. Pursuant to the amendments to the Reorganization Agreement, the Company has agreed that the restructuring and spin-off of Yuchai will not be effected, and, recognizing the understandings that have been reached between the Company and the State Holding Company to jointly undertake efforts to expand the business of Yuchai, the Company will not seek to recover the anti-dilution fee of US$20 million from Yuchai. Although the parties to the Cooperation Agreement are expected to work towards its implementation as expeditiously as possible, no assurance can be given as to when the transactions contemplated therein will be fully consummated, or that implementation of the Cooperation Agreement will effectively resolve all of the difficulties faced by us with respect to its investment in Yuchai.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

Since December 16, 1994, the Common Stock has been listed and traded on the NYSE under the symbol “CYD.” The Common Stock is not listed on any other exchanges within or outside the United States.

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ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Our company’s objects are to perform all the functions of a holding company and to coordinate the policy and administration of any subsidiary company. See paragraphs 6 and 7 of our company’s Memorandum of Association for further information on the objects and powers of our company. Please see Exhibit 1.1 to this Annual Report.

Memorandum of Association and Bye-Laws

Corporate Governance

We are an exempted company incorporated in Bermuda and are subject to the laws of that jurisdiction. The legal framework in Bermuda which applies to exempted companies is flexible and allows an exempted company to comply with the corporate governance regime of the relevant jurisdiction in which the company operates or applicable listing standards. Under Bermuda law, members of a board of directors owe a fiduciary duty to the company to act in good faith in their dealings with or on behalf of the company and to exercise their powers and fulfill the duties of their office honestly. In addition, the Bermuda company legislation imposes a duty on directors and officers of an exempted company to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of the company and requires them to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. Bermuda legislation also imposes certain specific duties and obligations on companies and directors, both directly and indirectly, including duties and obligations with respect to matters such as (a) loans to directors and related persons; and (b) limits on indemnities for directors and officers. Bermuda law does not impose specific obligations in respect of corporate governance, such as those prescribed by NYSE listing standards, requiring a company to (i) appoint independent directors to their boards; (ii) hold regular meetings of non-management directors; (iii) establish audit, nominating and governance or compensation committees; (iv) have shareholders approve equity compensation plans; (v) adopt corporate governance guidelines; or (vi) adopt a code of business conduct and ethics.

We are also subject to the NYSE listing standards, although, because we are a foreign private issuer, those standards are considerably different from those applied to US companies. Under the NYSE rules, we need only (i) establish an independent audit committee that has specified responsibilities as described in the following table; (ii) provide prompt certification by our chief executive officer of any material non-compliance with any corporate governance rules; (iii) provide periodic written affirmations to the NYSE with respect to our corporate governance practices; and (iv) provide a brief description of significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those followed by US companies.

The following table compares the Company’s principal corporate governance practices, which are in compliance with Bermuda law, to those required of US companies.

Standard for US Domestic Listed Companies		China Yuchai International Limited’s Practice
Director Independence
•	A majority of the board must consist of independent directors.	•	In 2018, three of our eight directors, Messrs. Neo Poh Kiat, Tan Aik-Leang and Ho Raymond Chi-Keung are independent within the meaning of the NYSE standards. On April 10, 2019, Mr Xie Tao was appointed as a director and he is independent within the meaning of the NYSE standards.
Independence is defined by various criteria including the absence of a material relationship between director and the listed company. Directors who are employees, are immediate family of the chief executive officer or receive over US$120,000 per year in direct compensation from the listed company are not independent. Directors who are employees of or otherwise affiliated through immediate family with the listed company’s independent auditor are also not independent.
•	The non-management directors of each company must meet at regularly scheduled executive sessions without management.	•	As a foreign private issuer, our non-management directors are not required to meet periodically without management directors.

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Standard for US Domestic Listed Companies		China Yuchai International Limited’s Practice
Audit Committee
•	Listed companies must have an audit committee that satisfies the requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The rule requires that the audit committee (i) be comprised entirely of independent directors; (ii) be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of the independent auditor; (iii) adopt procedures for the receipt and treatment of complaints with respect to accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters; (iv) be authorized to engage independent counsel and other advisors it deems necessary in performing its duties; and (v) be given sufficient funding by the company to compensate the independent auditors and other advisors as well as for the payment of ordinary administrative expenses incurred by the committee.	•	In 2018, our audit committee comprised of three independent non-executive directors. On March 25, 2019, one non-independent non-executive director was appointed as a non-voting member of the audit committee with observer status only, relying on the exemption provided in Rule 10A-3(b)(1)(iv)(D) of the Exchange Act. See also “Item 16D Exemptions From The Listing Standards For Audit Committees.”
•	The audit committee must consist of at least three members, and each member meets the independence requirements of both the NYSE rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.	•	In 2018, our audit committee consisted of three members, all of whom met the independence requirements of both the NYSE rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. On March 25, 2019, one non-independent non-executive director was appointed as a non-voting member of the audit committee with observer status only, relying on the exemption provided in Rule 10A-3(b)(1)(iv)(D) of the Exchange Act. See also “Item 16D Exemptions From The Listing Standards For Audit Committees.”
•	The audit committee must have a written charter that addresses the committee’s purpose and responsibilities.	•	Our audit committee has a charter outlining the committee’s purpose and responsibilities, which are similar in scope to those required of U.S. companies.
At a minimum, the committee’s purpose must be to assist the board in the oversight of the integrity of the company’s financial statements, the company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the independent auditor’s qualifications and independence and the performance of the company’s internal audit function and independent auditors. The audit committee is also required to review the independent auditing firm’s annual report describing the firm’s internal quality control procedures, any material issues raised by the most recent internal quality control review or peer review of the firm, or by any recent governmental inquiry or investigation, and any steps taken to address such issues.		•	Our audit committee’s charter outlines the committee’s purpose and responsibilities which are similar in scope to those required of U.S. companies.
The audit committee is also required to assess the auditor’s independence by reviewing all relationships between the company and its auditor. It must establish the company’s hiring guidelines for employees and former employees of the independent auditor. The committee must also discuss the company’s annual audited financial statements and quarterly financial statements with management and the independent auditors, the company’s earnings press releases, as well as financial information and earnings guidance provided to analysts and rating agencies, and policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management. It must also meet separately, periodically, with management, the internal auditors and the independent auditors.		•	Our audit committee assesses the auditor’s independence on an ongoing basis by reviewing all relationships between the company and its auditor. It has established the company’s hiring guidelines for employees and former employees of the independent auditor. The committee also discusses with management and the independent auditors the Company’s annual audited financial statements and quarterly financial statements, the Company’s earnings press releases, as well as financial information and earning guidance provided to analysts and rating agencies, and policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management. It also meets separately, periodically, with management, the internal auditors and the independent auditors.
•	Each listed company must disclose whether its board of directors has identified an Audit Committee Financial Expert, and if not the reasons why the board has not done so.	•	The Board of Directors has identified Mr. Tan Aik-Leang as our Audit Committee Financial Expert.

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Standard for US Domestic Listed Companies		China Yuchai International Limited’s Practice
•	Each listed company must have an internal audit function.	•	We are a holding company and the majority of business is done at our main subsidiary, Yuchai. Yuchai maintains an independent internal audit function headed by a secondee appointed by the Company. The Head of Internal Audit reports to the Chairman of the Audit Committees of the Company and Yuchai who reports to the Boards. The Board of Yuchai approves the audit plan, reviews significant audit issues and monitors corrective actions taken by management.
Compensation Committee
•	Listed companies must have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent board members as defined by the NYSE listing standards.	•	Our compensation committee currently has three members, two of whom are independent within the meaning of the NYSE standards.
•	The committee must have a written charter that addresses its purpose and responsibilities.
•	These responsibilities include (i) reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to CEO compensation; (ii) evaluating CEO performance and compensation in light of such goals and objectives for the CEO; (iii) based on such evaluation, reviewing and approving CEO compensation levels; (iv) recommending to the board non-CEO compensation, incentive compensation plans and equity-based plans; and (v) producing a report on executive compensation as required by the SEC to be included in the company’s annual proxy statement or annual report. The committee must also conduct an annual performance self-evaluation.	•	Our compensation committee reviews among other things the Company’s general compensation structure, and reviews, recommends or approves executive appointments, compensation and benefits of directors and executive officers, subject to ratification by the Board of Directors, and supervises the administration of our employee benefit plans, if any.
Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee
•	Listed companies must have a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent board members.	•	We do not have a nominating/corporate governance committee. However, certain responsibilities of this committee are undertaken by our Compensation Committee, such as the review and approval of executive appointments and all other functions are performed by the Board of Directors.
•	The committee must have a written charter that addresses its purpose and responsibilities, which include (i) identifying qualified individuals to become board members; (ii) selecting, or recommending that the board select, the director nominees for the next annual meeting of shareholders; (iii) developing and recommending to the board a set of corporate governance principles applicable to the company; (iv) overseeing the evaluation of the board and management; and (v) conducting an annual performance evaluation of the committee.
Equity-Compensation Plans
•	Shareholders must be given the opportunity to vote on all equity—compensation plans and material revisions thereto, with limited exceptions.	•	Our Equity Incentive Plan was approved by our shareholders in 2014
Corporate Governance Guidelines
•	Listed companies must adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines.	•	We have formally adopted various corporate governance guidelines, including Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (described below); Audit Committee Charter; Whistle-blowing Policy; Insider Trading Policy; and Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

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Standard for US Domestic Listed Companies		China Yuchai International Limited’s Practice
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
•	All listed companies, US and foreign, must adopt and disclose a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees, and promptly disclose any amendment to or waivers of the code for directors or executive officers.	•	We adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics Policy in May 2004, which was revised on December 9, 2008. A copy of the Code is posted on our internet website at http://www.cyilimited.com. We intend to promptly disclose any amendment to or waivers of the Code for directors or executive officers.

Directors

Director Interests and Voting

A Director of the Company cannot vote or be counted in the quorum with regard to any contract or arrangement or any other proposal in which he has any interest or in respect of which he has any duty which conflicts with his duty to the Company. The restriction from voting and being counted in the quorum does not apply if the only interest the Director has is included in the following list:

(a) a resolution regarding granting any security or indemnity for any money lent or obligation incurred by such Director at the request, or for the benefit, of the Company or any of our subsidiaries (or a company of which we are a beneficially wholly-owned subsidiary);

(b) a resolution regarding granting any security or indemnity to any third party for a debt or obligation which is owed by the Company or any of our subsidiaries (or a company of which we are a beneficially wholly-owned subsidiary) to the third party, for which such Director has assumed responsibility in whole or in part under a guarantee or indemnity;

(c) a resolution about an offer of shares, debentures or other securities of the Company or any of its subsidiaries (or a company of which we are a beneficially wholly-owned subsidiary) for subscription or purchase in which such Director is to be a participant in the underwriting or sub-underwriting of the offer;

(d) a resolution about any proposal involving any other company in which such Director is interested, whether directly or indirectly and whether as an officer or shareholder or otherwise, provided that such Director is not the holder of, or directly or indirectly beneficially interested in, 5% or more of (i) any class of the equity share capital of such company or in any third company through which such Director’s interest is derived or (ii) the voting rights in that company;

(e) any contract, arrangement or proposal for the benefit of our employees under which such Director benefits in a similar manner as the employees and does not receive any privileges or advantages not provided to the employees; or

(f) any proposal in which such Director is interested in the same manner as other holders of our shares or our debentures or our other securities or any of our subsidiaries by virtue only of such Director’s interest in our shares or our debentures or our other securities or any of our subsidiaries.

If our Board of Directors is considering proposals about appointing two or more Directors to offices or employments with the Company or any company in which we are interested, each such Director (if not disqualified from voting under proviso to item (d) above) can vote and be included in the quorum for each resolution, except the one concerning such Director.

Remuneration and Pensions

The total fees paid to the Directors (other than Directors appointed to an executive office) for performing their services as Directors must not exceed US$250,000 each year or such lesser amount as our Board of Directors may determine. The Directors may decide such sum to be divided among them, except that any Director holding office for part of a year shall unless otherwise agreed be entitled to any proportionate part of the remuneration. Our shareholders may by ordinary resolution increase the amount of the fees payable to the Directors. Our shareholders approved the increase in the limit of the Directors’ fee from US$250,000 to US$509,589 for fiscal year 2015 at our annual general meeting held on August 8, 2016 and from US$250,000 to US$490,548 for the fiscal year 2016 at our annual general meeting held on June 13, 2017. At our annual general meeting held on June 19, 2018, our shareholders approved the increase in the limit of the Directors’ fee from US$250,000 to US$490,000 for the fiscal year 2017.

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Our Board of Directors may grant special remuneration to any Director who shall render any special or extra services to or at our request. Such special remuneration may be paid to such Director in addition to or in substitution for his ordinary remuneration as a Director and may be payable by way of a lump sum, participation in profits or as otherwise determined by our Board of Directors.

Save for legally mandated contributions on behalf of our employees, our Board of Directors does not provide pensions or other benefits to any Director, officer or former Director or officer, or any of their family members or dependents.

Borrowing Powers

Our Board of Directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital or any part thereof and to issue debentures and other securities.

Qualification of Directors

No Director is required to hold any shares of the Company.

Rights of Holders of shares of Common Stock

The holders of shares of Common Stock shall:

• be entitled, on a show of hands, to one vote and, on a poll, to one vote per share;

• be entitled to such dividends as the Board of Directors of the Company may from time to time declare;

• in the event of a winding-up or dissolution of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary or for the purpose of the reorganization or otherwise or upon any distribution of capital, be entitled to a return of the amount paid up on the Common Stock and thereafter to the surplus assets of the Company; and

• generally, be entitled to enjoy all the rights attaching to shares.

All unclaimed dividends or distributions out of contributed surplus account may be invested or otherwise made use of by the Board of Directors of the Company for the benefit of the Company until claimed and the payment of any such dividend or distribution into a separate account or the investment of such dividend shall not constitute the Company a trustee in respect thereof. No dividend or distribution shall bear interest against the Company. Any dividend or distribution which has remained unclaimed for a period of 12 years from the due date for payment thereof shall at the expiration of that period be forfeited and shall belong to the Company absolutely.

Rights of Holder of the Special Share

The holder of the special share shall be entitled to the following rights:

• to elect six Directors of the Company and to remove Directors so appointed; and

• no shareholder resolution, whether ordinary or special resolution, may be passed without the affirmative vote of the holder of the special share.

The holder of the Special Share shall not be entitled to any other rights or to any dividends and in the event of a winding up or dissolution of the Company, the holder of the special share shall be entitled only to a return of the amount paid up on the special share.

The special share is not transferable except to Hong Leong Asia and its affiliates or to China Everbright Holdings and its affiliates. The special share shall cease to carry any rights in the event that, if Hong Leong Asia and its affiliates own the special share, Hong Leong Asia and its affiliates cease to own, directly or indirectly, at least 7,290,000 shares of Common Stock (or such equivalent number upon a consolidation or subdivision of shares of Common Stock), or if China Everbright Holdings and its affiliates own the special share, China Everbright Holdings and its affiliates cease to own, directly or indirectly, at least 6,570,000 shares of Common Stock (or such equivalent number upon a consolidation or subdivision of shares of Common Stock).

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Modification of Shareholders’ Rights

The rights attached to any class of shares (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class) may be varied, modified or abrogated with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than three-fourths of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of an ordinary resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of the class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class issued with preferred or other rights shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu therewith.

Annual General and Special General Meetings

We must hold an annual general meeting each year. Our Directors decide where and when it will be held. Not more than fifteen months may elapse between the date of one annual general meeting and the next. At least 14 clear days’ written notice must be given for every annual general meeting and for every special general meeting. The notice for any annual general meeting must state the date, place and time at which the meeting is to be held, and the business to be conducted at the meeting, including, if applicable, any election of Directors. The notice for any special general meeting must state the time, place and the general nature of the business to be considered at the meeting and shall state that a shareholder entitled to attend and vote is entitled to appoint one or more proxies to attend and vote instead of him. In the case of a meeting convened for passing a special resolution, the notice shall specify the intention to propose the resolution as a special resolution.

Shareholders holding not less than one-tenth in value of the paid up share capital of the Company and having the right to attend and vote at general meetings of the Company shall have the right, by written request to the Chairman or President (as applicable), Deputy Chairman or Vice President (as applicable) or Secretary of the Company, to require that a special general meeting be convened by the Directors for the transaction of any business specified in the request. Such meeting shall be held within two months after the request has been made. If within 21 days of such deposit of the request, the Board fails to convene the meeting, such shareholders may convene the meeting themselves in accordance with Section 74(3) of the Companies Act of 1981 of Bermuda.

Limitations on Rights to Own Securities

There are no limitations under Bermuda law or our Memorandum of Association and Bye-Laws on the rights of non-Bermuda owners of shares of the Company to hold or vote their shares.

We are exempt from the laws of Bermuda which restrict the percentage of share capital that may be held by non-Bermudians, but as an exempted company we may not participate in certain business transactions, including (i) the acquisition or holding of land in Bermuda (except that required for its business held by way of lease or tenancy for a term not exceeding 50 years or, with the consent of the Minister of Finance of Bermuda, land by way of lease or tenancy for a term not exceeding 21 years in order to provide accommodation or recreational facilities for its employees); (ii) the taking of mortgages on land in Bermuda to secure an amount in excess of 50,000 Bermuda dollars without the prior consent of the Minister of Finance of Bermuda; (iii) the acquisition of any bonds or debentures secured by any land in Bermuda other than those issued by the Government of Bermuda or a public authority; or (iv) the carrying on of business of any kind or type whatsoever in Bermuda either alone or in partnership or otherwise except, inter alia, carrying on business with persons outside Bermuda, in furtherance of the business of the Company carried on outside Bermuda or under a license granted by the Minister of Finance of Bermuda.

In accordance with our Bye-Laws, share certificates are only issued to members of the Company (i.e., persons registered in the register of members as holders of shares in the Company). We are not bound to investigate or incur any responsibility in respect of the proper administration or execution of any trust to which any of our shares are subject. We will take no notice of any trust applicable to any of its shares whether or not it had notice of such trust.

Exchange Controls

Bermuda Exchange Controls

We have been designated as a non-resident for exchange control purposes by the Bermuda Monetary Authority. We have received the permission of the Bermuda Monetary Authority under the Exchange Control Act of 1972 and regulations thereunder for the transfer of shares of common stock to and between persons regarded as resident outside Bermuda for exchange control purposes and the issue of shares within the existing authorized capital of the Company to such persons for so long as such shares are listed on the NYSE. The Bermuda Monetary Authority has also granted to all Bermuda companies with voting shares listed on an appointed stock exchange (as defined in the Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda), a general permission for the issue and subsequent transfer of any securities of such companies from and to a non-resident of Bermuda. The NYSE is an appointed stock exchange under the Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda. Issues and transfers of shares involving any person regarded as resident in Bermuda for exchange control purposes require specific prior approval under the Exchange Control Act of 1972.

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Because we have been designated as a non-resident for Bermuda exchange control purposes, there are no restrictions on our ability to transfer funds in and out of Bermuda or to pay dividends to United States residents who are holders of the shares of common stock, other than in respect of local Bermuda currency.

China Exchange Controls

The Renminbi currently is not a freely convertible currency. SAFE, under the authority of the PBOC, controls the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currency. Prior to January 1, 1994, Renminbi could be converted to foreign currency through the Bank of China or other authorized institutions at official rates fixed daily by SAFE. Renminbi could also be converted at swap centers, or Swap Centers, open to Chinese enterprises and foreign invested enterprises, or FIEs, subject to SAFE’s approval of each foreign currency trade, at exchange rates negotiated by the parties for each transaction. In the year ended December 31, 1993, as much as 80% by value of all foreign exchange transactions in China took place through the Swap Centers. The exchange rate quoted by the Bank of China differed substantially from that available in the Swap Centers. Effective January 1, 1994, a unitary exchange rate system was introduced in China, replacing the dual-rate system previously in effect. In connection with the creation of a unitary exchange system, the China Foreign Exchange Trading System, or CFETS, inter-bank foreign exchange market was established. Under the unitary foreign exchange system, PBOC sets daily exchange rates, or the PBOC Rates, for conversion of Renminbi into US dollar and other currencies based on the CFETS interbank market rates, and the Bank of China and other authorized banks may engage in foreign exchange transactions at rates that vary within a prescribed range above or below PBOC Rates.

Yuchai, as an FIE, is permitted to retain its foreign currency earnings and maintain foreign currency accounts at designated foreign exchange banks. However, there can be no assurance that the current authorizations for FIEs to retain their foreign exchange to satisfy foreign exchange liabilities in the future will not be limited or eliminated or that Yuchai will be able to obtain sufficient foreign exchange to satisfy their foreign exchange requirements. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account and the foreign debt account continue to be subject to limitations and require registrations with the reviews from the designated foreign exchange banks and SAFE, which could affect the ability of Yuchai to obtain foreign exchange through debt or equity financing, including by means of loans or capital contributions from the Company.

In the event of shortages of foreign currencies, Yuchai may be unable to convert sufficient Renminbi into foreign currency to meet its foreign currency obligations or to pay dividends in foreign currency. Yuchai requires foreign currency to purchase a substantial portion of the manufacturing equipment required for the planned expansion of its manufacturing facilities and to meet foreign currency-denominated debt payment obligations. Yuchai will also require foreign currency for payment of its imported engine components.

The value of the Renminbi is subject to changes in Chinese government policies and to international economic and political developments. During the few years prior to 1994, the Renminbi experienced a devaluation against most major currencies, and a devaluation of approximately 50% of the Renminbi against the US dollar occurred on January 3, 1994 in connection with the adoption of the new unitary exchange rate system. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the US dollar. Under the new policy, the Renminbi is permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. From July 21, 2005 to December 31, 2005, this change in policy resulted in an approximately 2.5% appreciation of the Renminbi against the US dollar. From December 31, 2005 to June 30, 2008, the Renminbi appreciated 15.0% against the US dollar. From July 2008 until June 2010, however, the Renminbi traded stably within a narrow range against the US dollar. Since June 2010, the PRC government has allowed the Renminbi to appreciate slowly against the US dollar again, though there have been periods when the US dollar has appreciated against the Renminbi as well. From December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2018, the Renminbi depreciated about 10.8% against the US dollar. It is difficult to predict how market forces or government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the US dollar in the future.

Furthermore, the General Affairs Department of SAFE promulgated the Notice on the Relevant Operating Issues concerning the Improvement of the Administration of Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Funded Enterprises (the “Notice 142”) in August 2008 and the Supplementary Notice on Issues Relating to the Improvement of Business Operations with Respect to the Administration over Payment and Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises in July 2011 (the “Notice 88”) (which were repealed in 2015 by the Notice 19 as defined below). Pursuant to the Notice 142 and the Notice 88, Renminbi converted from capital contribution in foreign currency to a domestic enterprise in China can only be used for the activities that are within the approved business scope of such enterprise and cannot be used for China domestic equity investment, acquisition, giving entrusted loans or repayment of intercompany loans, with limited exceptions. The Notice 142 and the Notice 88 were both abolished on March 30, 2015 pursuant to the Notice 16 (as defined below).

On April 28, 2013, SAFE issued the Administrative Measures for Foreign Debt Registration, which took effect on May 13, 2013 and set forth the procedures for the registration of foreign debt borrowings. With the effectiveness of such Measures, the Notice on Relevant Issues for Improving Foreign Debt Administration was abolished on May 13, 2013.

On May 10, 2013, SAFE issued the Provisions on Foreign Exchange Administration over Direct Investment Made by Foreign Investors in China, which further simplified certain operating procedures for foreign direct investments.

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On January 10, 2014, SAFE issued the Notice on further Improving and Adjusting the Foreign Exchange Administration on Capital Accounts, which simplified the foreign exchange operating procedures for certain capital accounts, and has been further revised pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Repealing and Revising the Normative Documents concerning the Reform for Registered Capital Registration System promulgated on May 4, 2015 and effective from May 4, 2015.

On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the Notice on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Involved in Financing and Return on Investment Conducted by Residents in China via Special-Purpose Companies (the “Notice 37”), which became effective on July 4, 2014 and requires registration with SAFE (such registration will be conducted with relevant designated banks as specified by the Notice 13 (as defined below)) by the PRC resident shareholders of any foreign holding company of a PRC entity.

On February 13, 2015, SAFE issued the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Direct Investments (the “Notice 13”), which shall become effective on June 1, 2015. According to Notice 13, the banks are designated to directly review and deal with the foreign exchange registration for foreign direct investment in China Mainland and outbound direct investment. SAFE shall supervise the registration activities indirectly through banks. Certain operating procedures for direct investments are also simplified.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued the Notice on Reforming the Administrative Approach Regarding the Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capitals of Foreign-invested Enterprises (the “Notice 19”), which took effect on June 1, 2015 and relieved the explicit prohibition against the use of Renminbi converted from capital contribution in foreign currency (the “Converted Renminbi”) into domestic equity investment, as provided in the Notice 142 and the Notice 88. According to the Notice 19, an ordinary FIE such as Yuchai, may make the equity investment by transferring the Converted Renminbi to the Account for Foreign Exchange Settlement Pending Payment opened by the invested enterprise.

On June 9, 2016, SAFE issued the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Administrative Provisions on Capital Account Foreign Exchange Settlement (“Notice 16”), which became effective on the same day. Pursuant to Notice 16, domestic institutions (FIEs included) may voluntarily settle 100% (the percentage is subject to adjustment by SAFE) of their foreign exchange earnings under capital account (including capitals contribution in foreign currency, foreign debts, etc.) to the Account for Foreign Exchange Settlement Pending Payment based on actual needs under the permitted business scope. Meanwhile, Notice 16 further loosens up the restrictions imposed on the use of Converted Renminbi. According to Notice 16, the Converted Renminbi can be used for providing loans to affiliated enterprises of FIEs.

On January 12, 2017, PBOC issued the Notice of People’s Bank of China on Matters Concerning Macro-Prudential Management on All-round Cross-border Financing (“Notice 9”), which took effect on the same day, and, according to Notice 9, the domestic entities (other than FIEs) can borrow foreign debts without the pre-approval of SAFE as well as the quota for foreign debts of domestic entities shall be calculated by reference to the annul net asset, outstanding foreign debts, and the other factors.

On January 26, 2017, SAFE promulgated the Notice of State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Improving the Inspection of Authenticity and Compliance to Further Promote Foreign Exchange Control (“Notice 3”), which became effective on the same day. The principle of Notice 3 is to encourage capital inflow. Under Notice 3, the debtor may directly or indirectly repatriate the funds under guarantee for use domestically by way of domestic borrowing or equity investment, or by other means. Meanwhile, Notice 3 emphasizes on the policy of profit remittance of FIEs. To process outbound remittance of profits in an amount equivalent to or above USD 50,000 for an FIE, the bank shall examine several documents to assure the authenticity of the profit distribution. An FIE shall use the profit to first make up the losses suffered in the previous years prior to remitting the profits overseas.

Taxation

Bermuda Taxation

There is no Bermuda income, corporation or profits tax, withholding tax, capital gains tax, capital transfer tax, estate duty or inheritance tax payable by shareholders of the Company other than by shareholders ordinarily resident in Bermuda. Neither the Company nor its shareholders (other than shareholders ordinarily resident in Bermuda) are subject to stamp or other similar duty on the issue, transfer or redemption of Common Stock. The Company has received from the Minister of Finance of Bermuda under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966, as amended, an assurance that, in the event that Bermuda enacts any legislation imposing any tax computed on profits or income, or computed on any capital asset, gain or appreciation, or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax, the imposition of such tax shall not be applicable to the Company or to any of its operations, shares, debentures or other obligations of the Company, until March 31, 2035. This assurance does not, however, prevent the imposition of any such tax or duty on such persons as are ordinarily resident in Bermuda and holding such shares, debentures or obligations of the Company or on land in Bermuda leased or let to the Company.

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As an exempted company, the Company is required to pay a registration fee in Bermuda based upon its authorized share capital and the premium on the issue of its shares, at rates calculated on a sliding scale not exceeding US$32,676 per annum.

People’s Republic of China Taxation

The following discussion summarizes the taxes applicable to the Company’s investment in Yuchai and applicable to Yuchai under the Chinese law.

Taxation of Dividends from Yuchai

Under the formal Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises Law (the “FEIT Law”), any dividends payable by foreign-invested enterprises to non-PRC investors were exempt from any PRC withholding tax. This exemption is only applicable for revenues accumulated up to December 31, 2007.

In 2007, the PRC National People’s Congress adopted a new tax law, China Unified Enterprise Income Tax Law (the “CIT Law”), and the State Council adopted the related implementation rules, or the Implementation Rules, which became effective on January 1, 2008. The CIT Law was amended by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on December 29, 2018, In accordance with the CIT Law and the Implementation Rules (as amended), dividends derived from the revenues accumulated from January 1, 2008 and are paid by PRC companies to non-resident enterprises are generally subject to a PRC withholding tax levied at a rate of 10% unless exempted or reduced pursuant to an applicable double-taxation treaty or other exemptions. Dividends paid by PRC companies to resident enterprises, including enterprises established under the laws of non-PRC jurisdictions but whose “de facto management body” is located in the PRC, are not subject to any PRC withholding tax, unless the dividends are derived from the publicly traded shares which have not been held continuously by the resident enterprises for twelve months.

On February 20, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Notice on Relevant Issues of Implementing Dividend Clauses under Tax Treaties, or the Notice. According to the Notice, the transaction or arrangement, the major purpose for which is to obtain preferential tax treatment, shall not justify the application of preferential treatment stipulated in dividend clauses under tax treaties. Should the tax payer improperly enjoy the treatment under tax treaties as a result of such transaction or arrangement, the tax authorities in charge shall have the right to adjust. We have recognized a provision for withholding tax payable for profits accumulated after December 31, 2007 for the earnings that we do not plan to indefinitely reinvest in the PRC enterprises.

Taxation of Disposition of Yuchai Shares

In the event the Company, through its subsidiaries, transfers any of its current holding of the Yuchai Shares, the amount received in excess of its original capital contribution would be subject to Chinese withholding tax at a rate of 10%.

In the event that Yuchai is liquidated, the portion of the balance of its net assets or remaining property, after deducting undistributed profits, various funds and liquidation expenses, that exceeds Yuchai’s paid-in capital would be subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%.

On February 3, 2015, the Chinese State Administration of Taxation issued the Circular on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Property Transfer by Non-Resident Enterprises (“Circular 7”), which became effective on the same date.

On October 17, 2017, the Chinese State Administration of Taxation issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source (the “Announcement 37”), which became effective on December 1, 2017. According to the Announcement 37, the Circular concerning Strengthening the Administrative of Enterprise Income Tax on Income Derived from Transfer of Equity of Non-resident Enterprises (the “Circular 698”) has been repealed and Section 8.2 of Circular 7 was repealed.

Pursuant to the Announcement 37 and the Circular 7, the parties involved in the indirect transfer of Chinese taxable properties and the Chinese resident enterprises whose equity is transferred indirectly may report the equity transfer matters to the competent tax authority and shall provide certain documents and materials including but not limited to, equity transfer contract or agreement, enterprise’s equity structure prior to and after the equity transfer, the financial and accounting statements in the previous two years of the enterprises abroad and their subordinate enterprises who directly or indirectly hold Chinese taxable properties. The competent tax authority may also require the parties involved in and planning for the indirect transfer of Chinese taxable properties and the Chinese resident enterprises whose equity is transferred indirectly to provide the aforementioned materials and other relevant materials. Where a non-resident enterprise indirectly transfers properties such as equity in Chinese resident enterprises without any justifiable business purposes with the aim of avoiding to pay enterprise income tax, such indirect transfer shall be reclassified as a direct transfer of equity in Chinese resident enterprise.

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Income Tax

Under the FEIT Law, Sino-foreign joint stock companies generally are subject to an income tax at a rate of 33% comprising a national tax of 30% and a local tax of 3%. Prior to January 1, 2008, notwithstanding the FEIT Law prescribed tax rate of 33%, Yuchai was subject to a preferential income tax rate at 15% since January 1, 2002, based on certain qualifications imposed by the state and local tax regulations.

In 2007, the National People’s Congress approved and promulgated a new tax law, the CIT Law, which became effective from January 1, 2008 and was further amended on December 29, 2018. Under the CIT Law, foreign invested enterprises and domestic companies are subject to a uniform corporate tax rate of 25%. The CIT Law provides a five-year transition period from its effective date for those enterprises, such as Yuchai, which were established before January 1, 2008 and which were entitled to a preferential lower tax rate under the then effective tax laws or regulations. During the transition period from 2008 to 2012, a transitional graduated tax rate will be applied from the existing preferential corporate tax rate to the uniform corporate tax rate of 25%.

Notwithstanding the CIT Law prescribed tax rate of 25%, Yuchai may continue to enjoy the reduced corporate tax rate of 15% if it qualifies under the Western Development Tax Incentive Scheme or High Technology Incentive Scheme.

• The Western Development Incentive Scheme was first introduced in 2001 to encourage investment in the Western region of China. Companies operating in the Western region who fulfill certain criteria and upon approval enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 15%. This scheme was applicable from 2001 to 2010. In 2011, the scheme was extended to 2020. In August 2014, the catalogue of qualifying industries for the Western Development Incentive Scheme was published. As engine manufacturing is one of the qualifying industries, Yuchai has applied to the tax authorities to qualify under this scheme. In the event that Yuchai’s application is not successful, we may not be able to enjoy the preferential tax treatment offered under this scheme.

• The High Technology Incentive was introduced in 2008. Companies that are high technology companies who must fulfill certain criteria and upon approval enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 15%. The reduced corporate tax rate took effect from January 1, 2008. In 2011, Yuchai was certified as a high technology company with effect from 2011 to 2013, so it may qualify for this scheme if certain other criteria are met. In 2014, Yuchai was certified as a high technology company with effect from 2014 to 2016, so it may qualify for this scheme if certain other criteria are met, and it was certified again in 2017, as a high technology company with effect from 2017 until 2019, so it may qualify for this scheme if certain other criteria are met.

From 2008 to 2010, Yuchai was subject to the reduced corporate tax of 15% as it qualified under the Western Development Incentive Scheme. Since Yuchai operates in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and had previously qualified under the Western Development Incentive Scheme, Yuchai believes that it still qualifies under this scheme and filed corporate tax returns at the reduced corporate tax rate of 15% from 2011 to 2014, subject to final approval by the local tax authority. Yuchai filed its corporate tax returns for 2015, 2016 and 2017 under the High Technology Incentive Scheme. In the event that Yuchai is not able to qualify for any of these incentive schemes, it would be subject to corporate tax at a rate of 25% as prescribed under the CIT Law. The majority of Yuchai’s subsidiaries continue to be subject to the CIT Law prescribed tax rate of 25%.

The China tax bureau periodically conducts tax examinations. In 2015, the local tax bureau conducted its tax examination of Yuchai’s PRC income tax returns from 2013 to 2014, being the years sampled for the current tax examinations. In May 2016, the local tax bureau issued its final report and no material issues were raised. However, any adverse findings or change in the tax legislation in China could have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial conditions or results of operations. Furthermore, pursuant to the CIT Law, if an enterprise incorporated outside the PRC has its “de facto management organization” located within the PRC in accordance with the CIT, such enterprise may be recognized as a PRC tax resident enterprise and thus may be subject to enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their worldwide income. The Implementation Rules specify that a “de facto management organization” means an organization that exercises material and full management and control over matters including the enterprise’s production and operations, personnel, finance and property. Although the Implementation Rules provide a definition of “de facto management organization”, such definition has not been tested and there remains uncertainty as to when a non-PRC enterprise’s “de facto management organization” is considered to be located in the PRC. If we or any of our subsidiaries registered outside China are treated as “tax resident enterprise” under the CIT Law, our income tax expenses may increase and our profitability could decrease.

Withholding Tax

On March 28, 2011, the Chinese State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Certain Issues Concerning the Administration of Income Tax for Non-resident Enterprises (the “Announcement 24”), which has been partially repealed in accordance with Circular 7 and Announcement 37.

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On October 17, 2017, the Chinese State Administration of Taxation issued the Announcement 37 (as defined above), which became effective on December 1, 2017 and was further amended on June 15, 2018 pursuant to the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Amending Certain Taxation Regulatory Documents. According to which, the Interim Measures for the Administration of Withholding of the Source of Enterprise Income Tax for Non-resident Enterprises (the “Interim Measures”) has been repealed.

In accordance with the CIT Law and the Announcement 37, if a non-resident enterprise obtains the income originating from the PRC, or the taxable income, including equity investment income such as dividend and bonus, interest, rental and royalty income, income from property transfer and other income, the payable enterprise income tax on the taxable income shall be withheld at the source by the enterprise or individual who is directly obligated to make relevant payment to the non-resident enterprise under relevant laws or contracts, or the withholding agent.

The withholding agent shall declare and pay the withheld tax to the competent tax authority in the place where such withholding agent is located within 7 days from the date of occurrence of the withholding obligation. Where the income obtained by the withholding agent and required to be withheld at source is in the form of dividends, extra dividends or any other equity investment gains, the date of occurrence of the obligation for withholding relevant payable tax is the date of actual payment of the dividends, extra dividends or other equity investment gains. Where the non-resident enterprise receives in installments the income subject to withholding of tax at the source from the same transfer of property, the amount received thereby in installments can be deemed as the recovered cost of the property invested previously and the withholding tax shall be calculated and paid after the recovery of the cost in full.

The withholding agent shall complete the Form of Report on Withholding of Enterprise Income Tax of the People’s Republic of China in declaration and payment of the tax required to be withheld. The withholding agent may submit relevant declaration materials before declaration and payment of the tax required to be withheld and such materials shall not be submitted repetitively in declaration.

In the event that a non-resident enterprise fails to file and pay the withheld tax in the manner or within the timeframe required, it will be ordered by the tax authority to pay the withhold tax within a limited period of time.

Value-Added Tax

In addition to Chinese income tax, Yuchai is subject to tax on its sales. With effect from November 19, 2017, the amended Value-Added Tax Provisional Regulations subject all goods produced or processed in China, other than real property and goods produced or processed for export, to a value-added tax or VAT at each stage or sale in the process of manufacture, processing, distribution and sale to the ultimate consumer. Commencing from 2012, the application of VAT has been gradually expanded to certain industries through a VAT pilot program to replace business and services taxes. On May 1, 2016, following the completion of the VAT pilot program, VAT was extended to cover the construction, real estate, finance and consumer services sectors. The basic VAT rate is 17% of the sales price of the item, although certain goods are assessed at a preferential VAT rate of 13%.

On March 28, 2018, the Standing Committee Meeting of State Council confirmed a comprehensive set of measures to continue VAT reform in China, which measures would become effective from May 1, 2018. Pursuant to those measures, the VAT rate for manufacturing industry and other industries was reduced from 17% to 16%, and the VAT rate for transportation, construction, basic telecommunications service industries and agricultural goods was reduced from 11% to 10%. The Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation then promulgated the Notice on Adjusting Value-Added Tax Rate on April 4, 2018. The reform policy of the State Council has been restated and specified that all the sectors subject to 17% and 11% VAT rates would be entitled to the newly reduced rates of 16% and 10%, respectively, from May 1, 2018.

On March 5, 2019, Premier Li Keqiang delivered the Government Work Report, according to which the VAT tax rates in China will be further reduced. The 16% VAT rate which applies to the manufacturing sector will be lowered to 13%, and the 10% VAT rate which applies to construction and transport will be lowered to 9%. The new VAT rates will come into force from April 1, 2019. On March 20, 2019, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation and the General Administration of Customs promulgated the Announcement on Policies regarding Deepening the Reform of Value-Added Taxation, in which the authorities restated that all the sectors subject to 16% and 10% VAT rates will be entitled to the newly reduced rates of 13% and 9%, respectively.

The seller of the goods adds the corresponding VAT rate to the sale price of the item. The VAT amount is separately listed in the normal invoice (except in the case of retail sales), and the seller collects the applicable amount of VAT through the sale of the item. The amount of the seller’s VAT liability to the Taxation Bureau is calculated as the amount of sales multiplied by the applicable VAT rate. The amount of the seller’s VAT liability may be reduced by deducting the VAT included in the fixed assets (excluding those used exclusively in non-VAT taxable, VAT exempted and welfare activities, or for personal consumption, or their combination), materials, parts and other items purchased by the seller and used in producing the goods.

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United States Federal Income Taxation

This section describes the material United States federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of Common Stock. It applies to a US Holder (as defined below) that holds the Common Stock as a capital assets for tax purposes. This section does not apply to a US Holder that is a member of a special class of holders subject to special rules, including:

• a financial institution,

• a dealer in securities,

• a trader in securities that elects to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for its securities holdings,

• a real estate investment trust,

• a regulated investment company,

• U.S. expatriates,

• persons who acquired Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of any employee share option or otherwise as compensation,

• a tax-exempt organization,

• an insurance company,

• a person liable for alternative minimum tax,

• a person that actually or constructively owns 10% or more of the stock of the Company (by vote or value),

• a person that owns Common Stock through a partnership or other pass-through entity,

• a person that holds Common Stock as part of a straddle or a hedging or conversion transaction,

• a person whose functional currency is not the US dollar, or

• a person subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of any item of gross income with respect to the Common Stock being taken into account in an applicable financial statement.

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This section is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations, published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These laws are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. There is currently no comprehensive income tax treaty between the United States and Bermuda.

This section does not describe any tax consequences arising out of the tax laws of any state, local or non-U.S. jurisdiction, any estate or gift tax consequences or the Medicare tax on certain “net investment income.” If an entity or arrangement that is treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes, holds the Common Stock, the treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partners in such partnerships should consult with their tax advisors.

For purposes of this discussion, a US Holder is a beneficial owner of Common Stock that is:

• an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States,

• a US domestic corporation (or other entity taxable as a US domestic corporation for United States federal income tax purposes),

• an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income tax regardless of its source, or

• a trust, if a United States court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more United States persons are authorized to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or if a valid election is in place to treat the trust as a United States person.

US Holders should consult their own tax advisor regarding the United States federal, state and local and other tax consequences of owning and disposing of shares in their particular circumstances.

Taxation of Dividends

Under the United States federal income tax laws, and subject to the passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) rules discussed below, US Holders will include in gross income the gross amount of any dividend paid by the Company out of its current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for United States federal income tax purposes). The amount of dividends will include any cash distributions and the fair market value of certain stock distributions and distributions of other property. In this regard, if the distribution is at the election of any stockholder, payable either in cash or in shares, the receipt of shares by the US Holders would generally be treated as a taxable distribution in an amount equal to the fair market value of such shares as of the date of the distribution. The dividend is ordinary income that the US Holder must include in income when the dividend is actually or constructively received. The dividend will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to United States corporations in respect of dividends received from other United States corporations. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for United States federal income tax purposes, will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the US Holder’s basis in the shares and thereafter as capital gain. We currently do not, and we do not intend to, calculate our earnings and profits under United States federal income tax principles. Therefore, a US Holder should expect that a distribution will generally be reported as a dividend even if that distribution would otherwise be treated as a non-taxable return of capital or as capital gain under the rules described above.

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With respect to non-corporate taxpayers, dividends may be taxed at the lower applicable capital gains rate provided that (1) the Common Stock is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, (2) the Company is not a PFIC (as discussed below) for either the Company’s taxable year in which the dividend was paid or the preceding taxable year, and (3) certain holding period requirements are met. Common Stock generally is considered for purposes of clause (1) above to be readily tradable on an established securities market if it is listed on the NYSE. US Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to the Company’s Common Stock.

For foreign tax credit limitation purposes, the dividend will generally constitute foreign source income and will generally be “passive category income”.

Sale or Other Disposition of Common Stock

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, upon the sale or other disposition of shares, a US Holder will recognize capital gain or loss for United States federal income tax purposes equal to the difference between the US Holder’s amount realized and the US Holder’s tax basis in such shares. If a US Holder receives consideration for shares paid in a currency other than the US dollar, the US Holder’s amount realized will be the US dollar value of the payment received. In general, the US dollar value of such a payment will be determined on the date of sale or disposition. On the settlement date, a US Holder may recognize US source foreign currency gain or loss (taxable as ordinary income or loss) equal to the difference (if any) between the US dollar value of the amount received based on the exchange rates in effect on the date of sale or other disposition and the settlement date. However, if the shares are treated as traded on an established securities market and the US Holder is a cash basis taxpayer or an accrual basis taxpayer who has made a special election, the US dollar value of the amount realized in a foreign currency is determined by translating the amount received at the spot rate of exchange on the settlement date of the sale, and no exchange gain or loss would be recognized at that time. Capital gain of a non-corporate US Holder is generally taxed at a reduced rate where the property is held more than one year. The gain or loss will generally be income or loss from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit limitation purposes.

PFIC Rules

The Company believes that its shares should not be treated as stock of a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year that ended on December 31, 2018. However, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and we cannot assure you that the United States Internal Revenue Service will not take a contrary position. In addition, PFIC status is a factual determination which cannot be made until the close of the taxable year. Accordingly, there is no guarantee that the Company will not be a PFIC for any future taxable year. Furthermore, because the total value of the Company’s assets for purposes of the asset test generally will be calculated using the market price of the Company’s shares, our PFIC status will depend in large part on the market price of the Company’s shares. Accordingly, fluctuations in the market price of the Company’s shares could render the Company a PFIC for any year. A non-U.S. corporation is considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either:

• at least 75% of its gross income is passive income, or

• at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”).

In the PFIC determination, the Company will be treated as owning its proportionate share of the assets and earning its proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which it owns, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock.

If the Company were to be treated as a PFIC for any year during the US Holder’s holding period, unless a US Holder elects to be taxed annually on a mark-to-market basis with respect to the shares (which election may be made only if the Company’s shares are “marketable stock” within the meaning of Section 1296 of the Code), a US Holder will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” received and any gain realized from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of that holder’s shares. Distributions a US Holder receives in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or the holder’s holding period for the shares will be treated as excess distributions. Under these special tax rules:

• the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over the US Holder’s holding period for the shares;

• the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which the Company is treated as a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income; and

• the amount allocated to each other year will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.

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The tax liability for amounts allocated to years prior to the year of disposition or “excess distribution” cannot be offset by any net operating losses for such years, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale of the shares cannot be treated as capital, even if the shares are held as capital assets. If the Company were to be treated as a PFIC for any year during which a US Holder holds the shares, the Company generally would continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to that US Holder for all succeeding years during which it owns the shares. If the Company were to cease to be treated as a PFIC, however, a US Holder may avoid some of the adverse effects of the PFIC regime by making a deemed sale election with respect to the shares.

If a US Holder holds shares in any year in which the Company is a PFIC, that holder will be required to file an annual information report with the United States Internal Revenue Service.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Dividend payments with respect to our shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of our shares may be subject to information reporting to the United States Internal Revenue Service and possible United States backup withholding. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a US Holder that furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification or that is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. US Holders that are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on United States Internal Revenue Service Form W-9. US Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against your United States federal income tax liability, and you may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the United States Internal Revenue Service and furnishing any required information in a timely manner.

Additional Reporting Requirements

Certain US Holders who are individuals are required to report information relating to an interest in our shares, subject to certain exceptions. Under certain circumstances, an entity may be treated as an individual for purposes of these rules. US Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of this United States federal income tax legislation on their ownership and disposition of our shares.

Documents on Display

The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov/ that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. As a foreign private issuer, we are required to use the EDGAR system. We have done so in the past and will continue to do so in order to make our reports available through the SEC’s website. In addition, we upload our reports on our website at www.cyilimited.com.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are subject to market rate risks due to fluctuations in interest rates. The majority of Yuchai’s debt is variable rate short-term, medium-term and long-term Renminbi denominated borrowings obtained by Yuchai. The interest rates of such borrowings are generally established in accordance with directives announced from time to time by the PBOC, which are in turn affected by various factors such as the general economic conditions in China and the monetary policies of the Chinese government. The investment market sentiments may also have an impact over our securities investment in HLGE and TCL. We also have various credit facilities from banks in Singapore to finance our working capital requirements. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding consolidated loans of RMB 2,016.1 million (US$301.4 million).

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The Company is exposed to the following market risk.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market prices comprise four types of risk: interest rate risk, currency risk, commodity price risk and other price risk, such as equity price risk. Financial instruments affected by market risk include loans and borrowings, deposits, available-for-sale investment and derivative financial instrument.

Interest rate risk

The primary source of the Company’s interest rate risk relates to interest-bearing bank deposits and its borrowings from banks and financial institutions. The interest-bearing loans and borrowings of the Company are disclosed in Note 16. As certain rates are based on interbank offer rates, the Company is exposed to cash flow interest rate risk. This risk is not hedged. Interest-bearing bank deposits are short to medium-term in nature but given the significant cash and bank balances held by the Company, any variation in the interest rates may have a material impact on the results of the Company.

The Company manages its interest rate risk by having a mixture of fixed and variable rates for its deposits and borrowings.

Interest rate sensitivity

The sensitivity analyses below have been determined based on the exposure to interest rates for bank deposits and interest-bearing financial liabilities at December 31, 2018 and the stipulated change taking place at the beginning of the year and held constant throughout the reporting period in the case of instruments that have floating rates. A 50 basis point increase or decrease is used and represents management’s assessment of the possible change in interest rates.

If interest rate had been 50 basis points higher or lower and all other variables were held constant, the profit for the year ended December 31, 2018 of the Company would increase/decrease by RMB 20.6 million (US$3.3 million) (2017: profit increase/decrease by RMB 22.0 million).

Foreign currency risk

The Company is exposed to foreign currency risk on sales, purchases and financial liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the respective functional currencies of entities within the Company. The currencies giving rise to this risk in fiscal years 2017 and 2018 are primarily Singapore dollar, Euro, Renminbi and the United States dollar.

Foreign currency translation exposure is managed by incurring debt in the operating currency so that where possible operating cash flows can be primarily used to repay obligations in the local currency. This also has the effect of minimizing the exchange differences recorded against income, as the exchange differences on the net investment are recorded directly against equity. We use derivative financial instruments, such as forward currency contracts, to hedge our foreign currency risks. We do not apply hedge accounting.

The Company’s exposures to foreign currency are as follows:

	Singapore Dollar			Euro			United States Dollar			Renminbi			Others
2017	RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB
	(in thousands)
Quoted equity securities		24,714			—			—			—			—
Trade and other receivables		725			—			34,727			469			—
Cash and bank balances		418,875			1,486			16,068			—			498
Financial liabilities		(14,715	)		—			—			—			—
Trade and other payables		(13,748	)		(10,857	)		(5,574	)		(35,505	)		(24	)
		415,851			(9,371	)		45,221			(35,036	)		474

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	Singapore Dollar			Euro			United States Dollar			Renminbi			Others
2018	RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB
	(in thousands)
Quoted equity securities		21,876			—			—			—			—
Trade and other receivables		693			25,827			12,149			675			—
Cash and bank balances		220,268			1,166			28,518			31,662			25
Financial liabilities		(15,126	)		—			(501,014	)		—			—
Trade and other payables		(13,952	)		(17,452	)		(7,060	)		(41,828	)		—
		213,759			9,541			(467,407	)		(9,491	)		25
US$		31,952			1,426			(69,865	)		(1,419	)		4

A 10% strengthening of the following major currencies against the functional currency of each of the Company’s entities at the reporting date would increase/(decrease) profit or loss by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular interest rates, remain constant.

	2017			2018			2018
	RMB			RMB			US$
	(in thousands)
Singapore dollar		41,585			21,376			3,195
Euro		(937	)		954			143
United States dollar		4,522			(46,741	)		(6,987	)
Renminbi		(3,504	)		(9,491	)		(142	)

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

Not Applicable.

PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

No matters to report.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

A. Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our SEC reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our President, who is our principal executive officer, and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only a reasonable level of assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and, in reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, we have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our President and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on such evaluation, our management has concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

92

B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting refers to a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our President and Chief Financial Officer and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in conformity with IFRS. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

• pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

• provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS;

• provide reasonable assurance that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with our management’s and/or our Board of Directors’ authorization; and

• provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper overrides. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process, and it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate this risk.

Management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 using the criteria in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (“COSO”). As a result of management’s evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018. Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an audit report on our internal control over financial reporting, expressing an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.

C. Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

The report of our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting is included on page F-2 of this Annual Report.

D. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

93

ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

The Company’s Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Tan Aik-Leang as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by current SEC rules.

ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

The Company adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics Policy in May 2004, which was revised on December 9, 2008, that is applicable to all its directors, senior management and employees. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics Policy contain general guidelines for conducting the business of the Company. A copy of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics Policy is posted on our internet website at http://www.cyilimited.com.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANTS FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the total remuneration that was billed to the Company (excluding HLGE) by its independent registered public accounting firm, for each of our previous two fiscal years:

	2017			2018
	RMB			RMB
	(in thousands)
Audit fees		9,129	(1)		10,443	(2)
Audit-related fees		878			662
Tax fees		100			309
All other fees		265			162
Total		10,372			11,576

⁽¹⁾  Represents the audit fees billed to the Company (excluding HLGE) by its independent registered public accounting firm during fiscal year 2017. The remaining audit fees of RMB 6.0 million were billed in 2018.

⁽²⁾  Represents the audit fees billed to the Company (excluding HLGE) by its independent registered public accounting firm during fiscal year 2018. The remaining audit fees of RMB 4.0 million had not been billed as of February 28, 2019.

Audit Fees

Audit fees consist of professional services relating to the annual audits of consolidated financial statements.

Audit-Related Fees

Audit-related fees primarily consist of professional services relating to the quarterly reviews.

Tax Fees

Tax fees primarily consist of professional services in relation to transfer pricing (Local file and Master file, excluding Country-by-Country Reporting).

All Other Fees

All other fees primarily consist of professional service in relation to IFRS training activities and other advisory services.

Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The Company’s Audit Committee pre-approves each engagement of Ernst & Young LLP for audit-related services and certain other services (including tax services) not prohibited under the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002, performed and to be performed for the Company. All audit, audit-related, tax, and other fees described above were approved by the Audit Committee.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Mr. Tan Eng Kwee is the CEO of our controlling shareholder, Hong Leong Asia. He has observer status on our Audit Committee and is a non-voting member of the committee in reliance on the exemption provided in Rule 10A-3(b)(1)(iv)(D) of the Exchange Act. He does not serve as an executive officer of the Company. We do not believe that his status as an affiliate materially adversely affects the ability of our Audit Committee to act independently or to satisfy the other requirements of the listing standards relating to audit committees contained in Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Not Applicable.

94

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Not Applicable.

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

As our Common Stock is listed on the NYSE, we are subject to the NYSE listing standards. The NYSE listing standards applicable to us, as a foreign private issuer, are considerably different from those applicable to US companies. Under the NYSE rules, we need only (i) establish an independent audit committee; (ii) provide prompt certification by our chief executive officer of any material non-compliance with any corporate governance rules of the NYSE; (iii) provide periodic (annual and interim) written affirmations to the NYSE with respect to our corporate governance practices; and (iv) provide a brief description of significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those followed by US companies. Our audit committee is comprised of three independent non-executive directors, namely Messrs. Tan Aik-Leang (Chairman), Neo Poh Kiat and Ho Raymond Chi-Keung, and one non-independent non-executive director Mr. Tan Eng Kwee. Mr. Tan Eng Kwee was appointed as a non-voting member of the Audit Committee with observer status only on March 25, 2019, relying on the exemption provided in Rule 10A-3(b)(1)(iv)(D) of the Exchange Act. Each of Messrs. Tan Aik-Leang, Neo Poh Kiat and Ho Raymond Chi-Keung satisfies the “independence” requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. A brief description of significant differences between our corporate governance practices, which are in compliance with Bermuda law, and those followed by US companies can be found in “Item 10. Additional Information — Memorandum of Association and Bye-Laws — Corporate Governance.”

ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not Applicable.

PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Company has elected to provide the financial statements and related information specified in Item 18 in lieu of Item 17.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Index to Financial Statements

China Yuchai International Limited

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss for years ended December  31, 2016, 2017, and 2018	F-4
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for years ended December  31, 2016, 2017, and 2018	F-5
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of December 31, 2017, and 2018	F-6
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for years ended December  31, 2016, 2017, and 2018	F-8
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for years ended December  31, 2016, 2017, and 2018	F-11
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for years ended December  31, 2016, 2017, and 2018	F-14

95

ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Exhibits to this Annual Report:

1.1	Memorandum of Association of China Yuchai International Limited or the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1, filed by the Registrant on December 8, 1994 (File No. 33-86162), or the Form F-1).(P)
1.2	Bye-laws of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to the Form F-1).(P)
3.1	Subscription and Shareholders Agreement of Diesel Machinery (BVI) Limited, dated November 9, 1994, among Diesel Machinery (BVI) Limited, Hong Leong Asia Ltd., or Hong Leong Asia, and China Everbright Holdings Company Limited, or China Everbright Holdings (incorporated herein by reference to Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1, filed by the Registrant on December 14, 1994 (File No. 33-86162).(P)
3.2	Supplemental Subscription and Shareholders Agreement, dated January 21, 2002, between China Everbright Holdings and Hong Leong Asia (incorporated herein by reference to the Annual Report on Form 20-F for fiscal year ended December 31, 2001, filed by the Registrant on June 25, 2002 (File No. 001-013522), or Form 20-F FY2001).(P)
3.3	Second Supplemental Subscription and Shareholders Agreement, dated May 17, 2002, between China Everbright Holdings and Hong Leong Asia (incorporated herein by reference to the Form 20-F FY2001).(P)
4.1	Contract for the Subscription of Foreign Common shares in Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited, or Yuchai, and Conversion from a Joint Stock Limited Company into a Sino-Foreign Joint Stock Limited Company, dated April 1, 1993, among Yuchai, Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Holdings Company, Hong Leong Technology Systems (BVI) Ltd., Cathay Clemente Diesel Holdings Limited, Goldman Sachs Guangxi Holdings (BVI) Ltd., Tsang & Ong Nominees (BVI) Ltd. and Youngstar Holdings Limited with amendments, dated May 27, 1994 and October 10, 1994 (incorporated herein by reference to the Form F-1).(P)
4.2	Subscription and Transfer Agreement (with Shareholders’ Agreement), dated April 1993, among Cathay Clemente (Holdings) Limited, GS Capital Partners L.P., Sun Yuan Overseas Pte Ltd., HL Technology Systems Pte Ltd and Coomber Investments Limited (incorporated herein by reference to the Registration Statement on Form F-1, filed by the Registrant on November 9, 1994 (File No. 33-86162)).(P)
4.3	Amended and Restated Shareholders’ Agreement, dated as of November 9, 1994 among The Cathay Investment Fund, Limited, GS Capital Partners L.P., HL Technology Systems Pte Ltd, Hong Leong Asia Ltd., Coomber Investments Limited, China Everbright Holdings Company Limited, Diesel Machinery (BVI) Limited, owners of shares formerly held by Sun Yuan Overseas (BVI) Ltd. and the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to the Form F-1).(P)
4.4	Form of Amended and Restated Registration Right Agreement, dated as of November 9, 1994, among The Cathay Investment Fund, Limited, GS Capital Partners L.P., HL Technology Systems Pte Ltd, Coomber Investments Limited, owners of shares formerly held by Sun Yuan Overseas (BVI) Ltd. and the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Amendment No. 3 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1, filed by the Registrant on December 15, 1994 (File No. 33-86162)).(P)
4.5	Form of Subscription Agreement between the Registrant and its wholly-owned subsidiaries named therein and Yuchai (incorporated herein by reference to Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form F-1, filed by the Registrant on December 14, 1994 (File no. 33-86162)).(P)
4.6	Share Purchase and Subscription Agreement, dated as of November 9, 1994, between the Registrant, China Everbright Holdings Company Limited and Coomber Investments Limited (incorporated herein by reference to the Form F-1).(P)
4.7	Form of indemnification agreement entered into by the Registrant with its officers and directors (incorporated herein by reference to the Form 20-F FY2013).
4.8	Agreement between the Registrant and Yuchai, dated July  19, 2003 (incorporated herein by reference to the Form 20-F FY2003).
4.9	Reorganization Agreement between the Company, Coomber and Yuchai, dated April 7, 2005 (incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 6-K filed by the Registrant on April 7, 2005 (File No. 001-13522)).
4.10	Reorganization Agreement Amendment (No. 1) between the Registrant, Coomber and Yuchai, dated December 2, 2005 (incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 6-K filed by the Registrant on December 6, 2005 (File No. 001-13522)).

96

4.11	Reorganization Agreement Amendment (No. 2) between the Registrant, Coomber and Yuchai, dated November 30, 2006 (incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 6-K filed by the Registrant on November 30, 2006 (File No. 001-13522)).
4.12	Cooperation Agreement among the Registrant, Yuchai, Coomber and Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group Company Limited, dated June 30, 2007 (incorporated herein by reference to the Current Report on Form 6-K filed by the Registrant on July 5, 2007 (File No. 001-13522)).
8.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant. (Filed herewith)
10.1	China Yuchai International Limited Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed by the Registrant on July 8, 2014 (File No. 333-197287)).
12.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule  13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (Filed herewith)
12.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule  13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 15 U.S.C. Section 7241, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (Filed herewith)
13.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule  13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 15 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (Filed herewith)
13.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule  13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 15 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (Filed herewith)
15.1	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. (Filed herewith)

^(P)  Previously filed on paper form

The Company has not included as exhibits certain instruments with respect to its long-term debt, the total amount of debt authorized under each of which does not exceed 10% of its total consolidated assets. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of any such instrument to the SEC upon request.

97

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.

CHINA YUCHAI INTERNATIONAL LIMITED
By:	/s/ Hoh Weng Ming
	Name: Hoh Weng Ming
	Title: President and Director

Date: April 22, 2019

98

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2018

Index

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F-2
Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss		F-4
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income		F-5
Consolidated Statement of Financial Position		F-6
Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity		F-8
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows		F-11
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-14

F-1

China Yuchai International Limited

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of China Yuchai International Limited

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of China Yuchai International Limited (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by International Accounting Standards Board.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated April 22, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Adoption of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

As discussed in Note 2.4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for financial instruments and revenue in 2018, 2017 and 2016 due to the adoption of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009

Singapore

April 22, 2019

F-2

China Yuchai International Limited

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of China Yuchai International Limited

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited China Yuchai International Limited’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the “COSO criteria”). In our opinion, China Yuchai International Limited (“the Company”) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and our report dated April 22, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Assessment of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Ernst & Young LLP

Singapore

April 22, 2019

F-3

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss

	Note	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
		(Restated)			(Restated)
Revenue	7		13,643,195			16,197,819			16,263,248			2,430,942
Cost of sales	8.1		(10,670,743	)		(12,841,768	)		(13,171,227	)		(1,968,764	)
Gross profit			2,972,452			3,356,051			3,092,021			462,178
Other operating income	8.2(a)		117,954			532,117			205,143			30,663
Other operating expenses	8.2(b)		(22,599	)		(22,719	)		(12,463	)		(1,863	)
Research and development costs	8.1		(588,007	)		(608,181	)		(447,668	)		(66,915	)
Selling, general and administrative costs	8.1		(1,500,273	)		(1,652,855	)		(1,554,512	)		(232,360	)
Operating profit			979,527			1,604,413			1,282,521			191,703
Finance costs	8.3		(79,683	)		(100,439	)		(113,088	)		(16,904	)
Share of (loss)/profit of associates and joint ventures, net of tax	5,6		(3,612	)		10,054			11,634			1,739
Profit before tax			896,232			1,514,028			1,181,067			176,538
Income tax expense	9		(160,270	)		(194,172	)		(206,667	)		(30,891	)
Profit for the year			735,962			1,319,856			974,400			145,647
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent			525,177			888,809			695,266			103,925
Non-controlling interests			210,785			431,047			279,134			41,722
			735,962			1,319,856			974,400			145,647
Earnings per share (dollar per share)
- Basic	10		13.12			21.80			17.02			2.54
- Diluted	10		13.12			21.80			17.02			2.54

The accompanying accounting policies and explanatory notes form an integral part of the financial statements.

F-4

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017			31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		US$’000
	(Restated)		(Restated)
Profit for the year		735,962		1,319,856			974,400		145,647
Other comprehensive income
Items to be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation		36,394		(72,271	)		49,245		7,362
Realization of foreign currency translation reserves upon disposal of foreign operation		—		(4,252	)		—		—
Net fair value change of financial assets		—		—			32,646		4,880
Net other comprehensive income to be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods, net of tax		36,394		(76,523	)		81,891		12,242
Total comprehensive income for the year, net of tax		772,356		1,243,333			1,056,291		157,889
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent		564,795		827,109			763,935		114,189
Non-controlling interests		207,561		416,224			292,356		43,700
		772,356		1,243,333			1,056,291		157,889

The accompanying accounting policies and explanatory notes form an integral part of the financial statements.

F-5

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

	Note		1.1.2017		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
			(Restated)		(Restated)
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment		11		4,127,185		3,824,018		3,756,542		561,508
Investment property		12		7,298		7,434		6,765		1,011
Prepaid operating leases		13		379,636		367,270		354,546		52,996
Goodwill		14		212,636		212,636		212,636		31,784
Intangible assets		15		50,122		10,122		206,001		30,792
Investment in associates and joint ventures		5,6		107,126		198,287		224,942		33,623
Deferred tax assets		9		282,212		315,390		361,207		53,991
Long-term bank deposits		21		—		70,000		70,000		10,463
Contract assets		7,20		—		—		44,434		6,642
Other receivables		20		1,588		620		—		—
Other assets		19		—		303		—		—
				5,167,803		5,006,080		5,237,073		782,810
Current assets
Inventories		18		1,663,879		2,572,745		2,517,864		376,357
Trade and other receivables		20		7,493,621		7,415,934		7,785,287		1,163,702
Prepaid operating leases		13		12,546		12,546		12,546		1,875
Other assets		19		35,559		48,547		46,672		6,976
Cash and cash equivalents		21		3,653,914		5,390,324		5,559,890		831,062
Long-term bank deposits		21		—		—		70,000		10,463
Short-term bank deposits		21		363,043		514,074		356,926		53,352
Restricted cash		21		36,000		54,809		71,706		10,718
Asset classified as held for sale				89,381		—		—		—
				13,347,943		16,008,979		16,420,891		2,454,505
Total assets				18,515,746		21,015,059		21,657,964		3,237,315

The accompanying accounting policies and explanatory notes form an integral part of the financial statements.

F-6

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

	Note		1.1.2017			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
			(Restated)			(Restated)
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Equity
Issued capital		22		2,059,076			2,081,138			2,081,138			311,077
Preference shares		22		21			21			—			—
Statutory reserves		24		299,144			301,026			302,404			45,202
Capital reserves				30,954			30,704			30,704			4,590
Retained earnings				5,358,037			5,996,120			6,092,549			910,681
Other components of equity		24		(11,560	)		(74,722	)		(110,946	)		(16,584	)
Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent				7,735,672			8,334,287			8,395,849			1,254,966
Non-controlling interests				2,317,982			2,627,617			2,751,705			411,310
Total equity				10,053,654			10,961,904			11,147,554			1,666,276
Non-current liabilities
Loans and borrowings		16(b)		16,270			26,341			15,078			2,254
Other liabilities		16(a)		70			46			34			5
Contract liabilities		28		27,372			34,759			53,703			8,027
Deferred tax liabilities		9		115,758			116,468			136,728			20,437
Deferred grants		17		315,950			331,377			585,526			87,521
Other payables		26		136,772			156,347			160,091			23,930
				612,192			665,338			951,160			142,174
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables		26		6,552,999			7,350,684			7,031,043			1,050,963
Loans and borrowings		16(b)		894,136			1,600,000			2,001,014			299,101
Other liabilities		16(a)		178			33			14			2
Contract liabilities		28		185,914			198,570			286,786			42,867
Provision for taxation				47,667			46,716			73,480			10,983
Provision for product warranty		27		169,006			191,814			166,913			24,949
				7,849,900			9,387,817			9,559,250			1,428,865
Total liabilities				8,462,092			10,053,155			10,510,410			1,571,039
Total equity and liabilities				18,515,746			21,015,059			21,657,964			3,237,315

The accompanying accounting policies and explanatory notes form an integral part of the financial statements.

F-7

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

			Attributable to the equity holders of the parent
	Issued capital		Preference shares		Statutory reserves		Capital reserves		Retained earnings			Foreign currency translation reserve			Performance shares reserve		Reserve of asset classified as held for sale (Note 6)		(Premium paid for)/ discount on acquisition of non- controlling interests			Total			Non- controlling interests			Total equity
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
At January 1, 2016		1,955,720		21		298,221		30,954		5,012,934			(60,857	)		15,538		—		(12,914	)		7,239,617			2,190,452			9,430,069
Effect of adoption of new accounting standard (Note 2.4)		—		—		—		—		42,398			—			—		—		—			42,398			13,090			55,488
At January 1, 2016 (Restated)		1,955,720		21		298,221		30,954		5,055,332			(60,857	)		15,538		—		(12,914	)		7,282,015			2,203,542			9,485,557
Profit for the year		—		—		—		—		525,177			—			—		—		—			525,177			210,785			735,962
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax		—		—		—		—		—			39,618			—		—		—			39,618			(3,224	)		36,394
Total comprehensive income for the year		—		—		—		—		525,177			39,618			—		—		—			564,795			207,561			772,356
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity
Contributions by and distributions to owners
Shares issued during the year		103,356		—		—		—		—			—			—		—		—			103,356			—			103,356
Dividends paid to non-controlling interests		—		—		—		—		—			—			—		—		—			—			(84,450	)		(84,450	)
Dividends declared and paid (US$0.85 per share)		—		—		—		—		(221,549	)		—			—		—		—			(221,549	)		—			(221,549	)
Cost of share-based payments (Note 25)		—		—		—		—		—			—			5,301		—		—			5,301			—			5,301
Changes in ownership interest in subsidiaries
Acquisition of non-controlling interests		—		—		—		—		—			—			—		—		1,754			1,754			(8,671	)		(6,917	)
Others
Transfer to statutory reserves		—		—		923		—		(923	)		—			—		—		—			—			—			—
Reserve attributable to asset classified as held for sale		—		—		—		—		—			(22,720	)		—		22,720		—			—			—			—
At December 31, 2016 (Restated)		2,059,076		21		299,144		30,954		5,358,037			(43,959	)		20,839		22,720		(11,160	)		7,735,672			2,317,982			10,053,654

The accompanying accounting policies and explanatory notes form an integral part of the financial statements.

F-8

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

	Attributable to the equity holders of the parent
	Issued capital (Note 22)		Preference shares (Note 22)		Statutory reserves (Note 24)		Capital reserves			Retained earnings			Foreign currency translation reserve (Note 24)			Performance shares reserve (Note 24)			Reserve of asset classified as held for sale (Note 6)			(Premium paid for)/ discount on acquisition of non- controlling interests (Note 24)			Total			Non- controlling interests			Total equity
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
At January 1, 2017 (Restated)		2,059,076		21		299,144		30,954			5,358,037			(43,959	)		20,839			22,720			(11,160	)		7,735,672			2,317,982			10,053,654
Profit for the year (Restated)		—		—		—		—			888,809			—			—			—			—			888,809			431,047			1,319,856
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax		—		—		—		—			—			(38,980	)		—			(22,720	)		—			(61,700	)		(14,823	)		(76,523	)
Total comprehensive income for the year		—		—		—		—			888,809			(38,980	)		—			(22,720	)		—			827,109			416,224			1,243,333
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity
Contributions by and distributions to owners
Shares issued during the year (Note 22)		22,062		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			—			22,062			—			22,062
Dividends paid to non-controlling interests		—		—		—		—			—			—			—			—			—			—			(98,941	)		(98,941	)
Dividends declared and paid (US$0.90 per share) (Note 23)		—		—		—		—			(248,844	)		—			—			—			—			(248,844	)		—			(248,844	)
Cost of share-based payments (Note 25)		—		—		—		—			—			—			1,592			—			—			1,592			—			1,592
Exercise of share option		—		—		—		—			—			—			(2,673	)		—			—			(2,673	)		—			(2,673	)
Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries
Acquisition of non-controlling interests		—		—		—		(250	)		—			—			—			—			(381	)		(631	)		(7,648	)		(8,279	)
Other
Transfer to statutory reserves		—		—		1,882		—			(1,882	)		—			—			—			—			—			—			—
At December 31, 2017 (Restated)		2,081,138		21		301,026		30,704			5,996,120			(82,939	)		19,758			—			(11,541	)		8,334,287			2,627,617			10,961,904

The accompanying accounting policies and explanatory notes form an integral part of the financial statements.

F-9

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

			Attributable to the equity holders of the parent
	Issued capital (Note 22)		Preference shares (Note 22)			Statutory reserves (Note 24)		Capital reserves		Retained earnings			Foreign currency translation reserve (Note 24)			Performance shares reserve (Note 24)		Fair value reserve (Note 24)			(Premium paid for)/ discount on acquisition of non- controlling interests (Note 24)			Total			Non- controlling interests			Total equity
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
At January 1, 2018 (Restated)		2,081,138		21			301,026		30,704		5,996,120			(82,939	)		19,758		—			(11,541	)		8,334,287			2,627,617			10,961,904
Effect of adoption of new accounting standard (Note 2.4)		—		—			—		—		—			—			—		(104,893	)		—			(104,893	)		(32,384	)		(137,277	)
Profit for the year		—		—			—		—		695,266			—			—		—			—			695,266			279,134			974,400
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax		—		—			—		—		—			43,724			—		24,945			—			68,699			13,222			81,891
Total comprehensive income for the year		—		—			—		—		695,266			43,724			—		24,945			—			763,935			292,356			1,056,291
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity
Contributions by and distributions to owners
Dividends paid to non-controlling interests		—		—			—		—		—			—			—		—			—			—			(135,905	)		(135,905	)
Dividends declared and paid (US$2.21 per share) (Note 22)		—		—			—		—		(597,459	)		—			—		—			—			(597,459	)		—			(597,459	)
Other
Transfer to statutory reserves		—		—			1,378		—		(1,378	)		—			—		—			—			—			—			—
Conversion of preference shares		—		(21	)		—		—		—			—			—		—			—			(21	)		21			—
At December 31, 2018		2,081,138		—			302,404		30,704		6,092,549			(39,215	)		19,758		(79,948	)		(11,541	)		8,395,849			2,751,705			11,147,554
US$’000		311,077		—			45,202		4,590		910,681			(5,862	)		2,953		(11,950	)		(1,725	)		1,254,966			411,310			1,666,276

The accompanying accounting policies and explanatory notes form an integral part of the financial statements.

F-10

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
	(Restated)			(Restated)
Operating activities
Profit before tax		896,232			1,514,028			1,181,067			176,538
Adjustments:
Amortization of prepaid operating leases		12,819			12,366			12,724			1,902
Bad debt written off/(recovered)		—			10			(108	)		(16	)
Cost of share-based payments		5,301			1,592			—			—
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment		465,093			431,567			420,277			62,821
Depreciation of investment property		248			248			884			132
Dividend income from quoted equity securities		(943	)		(2,532	)		(1,992	)		(298	)
Exchange (gain)/loss		(3,407	)		(8,319	)		4,235			633
Fair value loss/(gain) on foreign exchange forward contract		140			—			(4,529	)		(677	)
Fair value loss/(gain) on quoted equity securities		243			(12,768	)		3,433			513
Finance costs		79,683			100,439			113,088			16,904
Loss/(gain) on disposal of:
- associate		—			(199	)		—			—
- joint venture		—			(107,976	)		—			—
- property, plant and equipment		14,020			(11,668	)		(8,835	)		(1,321	)
- subsidiaries		—			(216,115	)		—			—
Government grants		(36,533	)		(28,035	)		(32,237	)		(4,819	)
Interest income		(56,983	)		(105,421	)		(147,244	)		(22,009	)
Impairment losses on intangible asset		1,131			40,000			—			—
Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment		3,297			20,845			30,173			4,510
Impairment losses/(reversal of impairment losses) on trade receivables, net		3,696			(10,854	)		(11,052	)		(1,652	)
Property, plant and equipment written off		5			5,682			1,265			189
Share of loss/(profit) of associates and joint ventures, net of tax		3,612			(10,054	)		(11,634	)		(1,739	)
Reversal of write-down of inventories, net		(5,171	)		(19,901	)		(8,468	)		(1,266	)
Write-back of trade and other payables		—			(29	)		—			—
Profit before tax after adjustments		1,382,483			1,592,906			1,541,047			230,345

The accompanying accounting policies and explanatory notes form an integral part of the financial statements.

F-11

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
	(Restated)			(Restated)
Changes in working capital
Decrease/(increase) in inventories		55,299			(897,437	)		47,533			7,105
Decrease/(increase) in trade and other receivables		122,192			81,121			(502,069	)		(75,047	)
Increase/(decrease) in trade and other payables and contract liabilities		849,134			846,175			(229,457	)		(34,298	)
Decrease in development properties		—			377			4,205			629
Cash flows from operating activities		2,409,108			1,623,142			861,259			128,734
Income taxes paid		(133,021	)		(202,975	)		(190,658	)		(28,499	)
Net cash flows from operating activities		2,276,087			1,420,167			670,601			100,235
Investing activities
Additional investment in subsidiaries		(9,076	)		(8,279	)		—			—
Additional investment in associates and joint ventures		(1,255	)		(75,000	)		—			—
Development costs		—			—			(180,626	)		(26,999	)
Dividend received from:
- quoted equity securities		943			2,532			1,992			298
- joint ventures		598			754			801			120
Interest received		56,734			108,481			143,768			21,490
Proceeds from disposal of:
- associate		—			1,832			—			—
- joint venture		—			182,679			—			—
- property, plant and equipment		667			15,640			6,669			997
- subsidiaries, net of cash disposed		—			341,602			—			—
Proceeds from government grants		13,639			50,095			286,198			42,779
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(351,472	)		(289,472	)		(407,747	)		(60,948	)
Placement/(withdrawal) of fixed deposits with banks, net		(282,809	)		(254,294	)		68,953			10,307
Net cash flows (used in)/from investing activities		(572,031	)		76,570			(79,992	)		(11,956	)

The accompanying accounting policies and explanatory notes form an integral part of the financial statements.

F-12

China Yuchai International Limited

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
	(Restated)			(Restated)
Financing activities
Dividends paid to:
- equity holders of the parent		(118,193	)		(235,947	)		(597,459	)		(89,305	)
- non-controlling interests		(87,975	)		(97,009	)		(132,558	)		(19,814	)
Interest paid and discounting on bills receivable		(110,774	)		(107,246	)		(108,039	)		(16,149	)
Payment of finance lease liabilities		(61	)		(38	)		(33	)		(5	)
Proceeds from:
- borrowings		1,255,659			1,814,618			2,000,320			298,997
- issue of shares		—			6,617			—			—
Withdrawal of fixed deposits pledged with banks for banking facilities		300,564			—			—			—
Repayment of borrowings		(2,793,206	)		(1,100,133	)		(1,611,756	)		(240,917	)
Net cash flows (used in)/from financing activities		(1,553,986	)		280,862			(449,525	)		(67,193	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		150,070			1,777,599			141,084			21,086
Cash and cash equivalents at January 1		3,474,364			3,653,914			5,390,324			805,717
Effect of exchange rate changes on balances in foreign currencies		29,480			(41,189	)		28,482			4,259
Cash and cash equivalents at December 31		3,653,914			5,390,324			5,559,890			831,062

Significant non-cash transactions

During 2016, 2017 and 2018, certain customers settled their debts with trade bills amounting to RMB 12,203 million, RMB 14,696 million and RMB 14,010.2 million (US$2,094 million) respectively. The outstanding trade bills were classified as bills receivable in the financial statements.

The accompanying accounting policies and explanatory notes form an integral part of the financial statements.

F-13

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Corporate information

1.1 Incorporation

The consolidated financial statements of China Yuchai International Limited (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”) for the year ended December 31, 2018 were authorized for issue in accordance with a resolution of the directors on April 22, 2019.

China Yuchai International Limited is a limited company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda on April 29, 1993 whose shares are publicly traded. The registered office of the Company is located at 2 Clarendon House, Church Street, Hamilton HM11, Bermuda. On March 7, 2008, the Company registered a branch office in Singapore, located at 16 Raffles Quay #26-00, Hong Leong Building, Singapore 048581. The principal operating office is located at 16 Raffles Quay #39-01A, Hong Leong Building, Singapore 048581.

1.2 Investment in Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited

The Company was established to acquire a controlling financial interest in Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited (“Yuchai”), a Sino-foreign joint stock company which manufactures, assembles and sells diesel engines in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”).

The Company owns, through six wholly-owned subsidiaries, 361,420,150 shares or 76.41% of the issued share capital of Yuchai. Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group Company Limited (“State Holding Company”), a state-owned enterprise, owns 22.09% of the issued share capital of Yuchai.

As at December 31, 2018, Yuchai has nine direct and thirty-two indirectly owned subsidiaries, four joint ventures and one associate. Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Co., Ltd. (“YMMC”) and Guangxi Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited (“GYAMC”) are the two most significant subsidiaries of Yuchai. YMMC has twenty-eight wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively “YMMC Group”) located at various provinces in the PRC. The principal business of YMMC Group are trading and distribution of components of diesel engines and automobiles. GYAMC has two wholly-owned subsidiary (collectively “GYAMC Group”). The principal business of GYAMC Group are sales and manufacturing of components of diesel engines. The detailed information of Yuchai’s significant subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates are disclosed in Notes 4, 5 and 6.

As used in this Consolidated Financial Statements, the term “Yuchai” refer to Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited and its subsidiaries.

1.3 Investment in HL Global Enterprises Limited

In February 2006, the Group acquired debt and equity securities interest in HL Global Enterprises Limited (“HLGE”) through the Group’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Grace Star Limited (“Grace Star”) and Venture Lewis Limited (“Venture Lewis’). HLGE is a public company listed on the Main Board of the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (“Singapore Exchange”) and primarily engaged in investment holding, and through its group companies, invests in rental property, hospitality and property developments in Asia.

The Group shareholding has changed through various transactions, the Group’s equity interest in HLGE was 49.4% as at December 31, 2011.

On January 13, 2012, Grace Star transferred 24,189,170 Series B redeemable convertible preference shares (“RCPS”), representing 100% of remaining unconverted Series B RCPS, in the capital of HLGE (the “Trust Preference Shares”) to the Trustee pursuant to a trust deed entered into between HLGE and the Trustee. On January 16, 2012, the Trust Preference Shares were mandatorily converted into 24,189,170 new ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE (the “Trust Shares”) resulting in the Group’s shareholding interest in HLGE decreasing from 49.4% to 48.1%. On April 4, 2012, as a result of the conversion of all the outstanding Series A redeemable convertible preference shares held by Venture Delta Limited and Grace Star, into new ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE, Group’s shareholding interest in HLGE increased from 48.1% to 48.9%. The Trust Shares are accounted for as treasury shares by HLGE, issued by HLGE and held by the Trust, which is considered as part of HLGE. As a result, the Group’s shareholding interest in HLGE is stated as 50.1%, based on the total outstanding ordinary shares of HLGE, net of the ordinary shares held by the Trustee under the Trust.

As of December 31, 2013, the Group’s interest in HLGE remained at 50.1%, based on the total outstanding ordinary shares of HLGE, net of the ordinary shares held by the Trustee under the Trust.

F-14

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Corporate information (cont’d)

1.3 Investment in HL Global Enterprises Limited (cont’d)

In 2014, the Group purchased in the open market an aggregate of 465,000 ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE. As of December 31, 2014, the Group’s interest in HLGE increased from 50.1% to 50.2%, net of the ordinary shares held by the Trustee under the Trust.

In 2015, HLGE undertook a share consolidation exercise to consolidate every 10 ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE into one ordinary share. Upon completion of the share consolidation exercise, the Group held 47,107,707 ordinary shares of HLGE. As at December 31, 2015, Group’s interest in HLGE was 50.2%, net of the ordinary shares held by the Trustee under the Trust.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group’s shareholding interest in HLGE remains at 50.2%, net of the ordinary shares held by the Trustee under the Trust.

The Group considers HLGE as a subsidiary as it has power to exercise effective control and direct the activities of HLGE that most significantly affect its economic performance and has the exposure or rights to receive benefits from HLGE from its involvement.

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies

2.1 Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis except as disclosed in the accounting policy below.

The consolidated financial statements are presented in Renminbi (“RMB”) and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (“RMB’000”) except when otherwise indicated.

Translation of amounts from Renminbi to US Dollar (“USD”) is solely for the convenience of the reader. Translation of amounts from Renminbi to US Dollar has been made at the rate of RMB 6.6901 = US$1.00, the rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China at the close of business on February 28, 2019 and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (“US$’000”) except when otherwise indicated.

The consolidated financial statements provide comparative information in respect of the previous period. In addition, the Group presents an additional statement of financial position at the beginning of the preceding period when there is a retrospective application of an accounting policy, a retrospective restatement, or a reclassification of items in financial statements. An additional statement of financial position as at January 1, 2017 is presented in these consolidated financial statements due to the retrospective application of accounting policies as a result of the adoption of new accounting standards. See Note 2.4.

2.2 Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (the “Group”) as at December 31, 2018. Control is achieved when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Specifically, the Group controls an investee if and only if the Group has:

• Power over the investee (i.e. existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee)

• Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee

• The ability to use its power over the investee to affect its returns

Generally, there is a presumption that a majority of voting rights results in control. To support this presumption and when the Group has less than a majority of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Group considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:

• The contractual arrangement with the other vote holders of the investee

• Rights arising from other contractual arrangements

• The Group’s voting rights and potential voting rights

The Group re-assesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control. Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Group obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiary. Assets, liabilities, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date the Group gains control until the date the Group ceases to control the subsidiary.

F-15

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.2 Basis of consolidation (cont’d)

Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) are attributed to the equity holders of the parent of the Group and to the non-controlling interests, even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance. When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with the Group’s accounting policies. All intra-group assets and liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows relating to transactions between members of the Group are eliminated in full on consolidation.

A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without a loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction.

If the Group loses control over a subsidiary, it derecognizes the related assets (including goodwill), liabilities, non-controlling interest and other components of equity, while any resultant gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss. Any investment retained is recognized at fair value.

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies

(a) Business combinations and goodwill

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the consideration transferred, which is measured at acquisition date fair value and the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree. For each business combination, the Group elects whether to measure the non-controlling interests in the acquiree at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred and included in administrative expenses.

When the Group acquires a business, it assesses the financial assets and liabilities assumed for appropriate classification and designation in accordance with the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions as at the acquisition date. This includes the separation of embedded derivatives in host contracts by the acquiree.

Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer will be recognised at fair value at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration classified as equity is not remeasured and its subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity. Contingent consideration classified as an asset or liability that is a financial instrument and within the scope of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, is measured at fair value with the changes in fair value recognised in the statement of profit or loss in accordance with IFRS 9. Other contingent consideration that is not within the scope of IFRS 9 is measured at fair value at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss.

Goodwill is initially measured at cost (being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount recognised for non-controlling interests and any previous interest held over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed). If the fair value of the net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate consideration transferred, the Group re-assesses whether it has correctly identified all of the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed and reviews the procedures used to measure the amounts to be recognised at the acquisition date. If the reassessment still results in an excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the aggregate consideration transferred, then the gain is recognised in profit or loss.

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated to each of the Group’s cash-generating units that are expected to benefit from the combination, irrespective of whether other assets or liabilities of the acquiree are assigned to those units.

Where goodwill has been allocated to a cash-generating unit (CGU) and part of the operation within that unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the disposed operation is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal. Goodwill disposed in these circumstances is measured based on the relative values of the disposed operation and the portion of the cash-generating unit retained.

F-16

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(b) Investments in associates and joint ventures

An associate is an entity over which the Group has significant influence. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee, but is not control or joint control over those policies.

A joint venture is a type of joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the joint venture. Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.

The considerations made in determining significant influence or joint control are similar to those necessary to determine control over subsidiaries.

The Group’s investments in its associates and joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method.

Under the equity method, the investment in an associate or a joint venture is initially recognized at cost. The carrying amount of the investment is adjusted to recognize changes in the Group’s share of net assets of the associate or joint venture since the acquisition date. Goodwill relating to the associate or joint venture is included in the carrying amount of the investment and is not tested for impairment separately.

The statement of profit or loss reflects the Group’s share of the results of operations of the associate or joint venture. Any change in OCI of those investees is presented as part of the Group’s OCI. In addition, when there has been a change recognized directly in the equity of the associate or joint venture, the Group recognizes its share of any changes, when applicable, in the statement of changes in equity. Unrealized gains and losses resulting from transactions between the Group and the associate or joint venture are eliminated to the extent of the interest in the associate or joint venture.

The aggregate of the Group’s share of profit or loss of an associate and a joint venture is shown on the face of the statement of profit or loss outside operating profit and represents profit or loss after tax and non-controlling interests in the subsidiaries of the associate or joint venture.

The financial statements of the associate or joint venture are prepared for the same reporting period as the Group. When necessary, adjustments are made to bring the accounting policies in line with those of the Group.

After application of the equity method, the Group determines whether it is necessary to recognize an impairment loss on its investment in its associate or joint venture. At each reporting date, the Group determines whether there is objective evidence that the investment in the associate or joint venture is impaired. If there is such evidence, the Group calculates the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable amount of the associate or joint venture and its carrying value, then recognizes the loss within “Share of (loss)/profit of associates and joint ventures, net of tax” in the statement of profit or loss.

Upon loss of significant influence over the associate or joint control over the joint venture, the Group measures and recognizes any retained investment at its fair value. Any difference between the carrying amount of the associate or joint venture upon loss of significant influence or joint control and the fair value of the retained investment and proceeds from disposal is recognized in profit or loss.

F-17

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(c) Current versus non-current classification

The Group presents assets and liabilities in statement of financial position based on current/non-current classification. An asset is current when it is:

• Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

• Held primarily for the purpose of trading

• Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Group classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

(d) Fair value measurement

The Group measures financial instruments, such as quoted equity securities, bill receivables and derivatives, at fair value at each balance sheet date. Fair value related disclosures for financial instruments that are measured at fair value are summarized in the following notes:

•	Quoted equity securities	Note 34
•	Bills receivables	Note 34
•	Foreign exchange forward contract	Note 34

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

• In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

• In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Group.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

F-18

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(d) Fair value measurement (cont’d)

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

• Level 1 – Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

• Level 2 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

• Level 3 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Group has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

An analysis of fair values of financial instruments and further details as to how they are measured are provided in Note 34.

(e) Foreign currency translation

The Company’s functional currency is US Dollar. The Group’s consolidated financial statements are presented in Renminbi, which is also the functional currency of Yuchai, the largest operating segment of the Group.

Each entity in the Group determines its own functional currency, and items included in the financial statements of each entity are measured using that functional currency.

Transactions and balances

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Group’s entities at their respective functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rate of exchange at the reporting date.

Differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in profit or loss with the exception of monetary items that are designated as part of the hedge of the Group’s net investment of a foreign operation. These are recognized in OCI until the net investment is disposed of, at which time, the cumulative amount is reclassified to profit or loss. Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those monetary items are also recorded in OCI.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of gain or loss on change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognized in OCI or profit or loss are also recognized in OCI or profit or loss, respectively).

Group companies

On consolidation, the assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into RMB at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and their statements of profit or loss are translated at average exchange rates during the reporting period. The exchange differences arising on translation for consolidation are recognized in OCI. On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of OCI relating to that particular foreign operation is recognized in profit or loss.

F-19

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(e) Foreign currency translation (cont’d)

Group companies (cont’d)

Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the spot rate of exchange at the reporting date.

(f) Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue is recognized when the Group satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to the customer, which is when the customer obtains control of the good or service. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation.

The disclosures of significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions relating to revenue from contracts with customers are provided in Note 3.

Sale of engines

Revenue from sale of engines is recognised when the engines are delivered to the customer and all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied.

The Group considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g. warranties).

Service-type warranty

The Group provides certain warranties for both general repairs and maintenance service as part of the sales of engines. For general repairs, such warranties will be assurance-type warranties which will continue to be accounted for under IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Warranty for maintenance service is a distinct service to the customer in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed upon specification. Under IFRS15, the Group accounts for a service-type warranty as a separate performance obligation to which the Group allocates a portion of the transaction price. The portion of the consideration allocated to the service-type warranty is initially recorded as a contract liability and recognised as revenue upon the service rendered.

Variable consideration

The Group provides certain customers with retrospective rebates when the quantity of products purchased during the period exceeds a threshold specified in the contract. To estimate the variable considerations for the expected future rebates, the Group applies the most likely amount method for each individual contract. The Group then applies the requirements on constraining estimates of variable consideration and recognizes a refund liability in “Trade and other payables” for the expected future rebates.

The variable consideration is estimated and is constrained to extent that it is likely probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the associated uncertainty is subsequently resolved.

F-20

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(f) Revenue from Contracts with Customers (cont’d)

Sale of completed development properties

Revenue is recognised when control over the property has been transferred to the customer, either over time or at a point in time, depending on the contractual terms and the practices in the legal jurisdictions.

For development properties whereby the Group is restricted contractually from directing the properties for another use as they are being developed and has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognised over time, based on the construction and other costs incurred to date as a proportion of the estimated total construction and other costs to be incurred.

For development properties whereby the Group does not have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognised when the customer obtains control of the asset.

Rendering of services

Revenue from rendering services relates to project management contracts, and hotel room and restaurant operations. Revenue is recognised over the period in which the services are rendered, by reference to completion of the specific transaction assessed on the basis of the actual service provided as a proportion of the total services to be performed.

Interest income

For all financial instruments measured at amortized cost and interest-bearing financial assets classified as available-for-sale, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (“EIR”). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or liability. Interest income is included in “Other operating income” in the statement of profit or loss.

Rental income

Rental income arising from operating leases is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms and is included in revenue in the statement of profit or loss due to its operating nature.

Dividends

Dividend income is recognized when the Group’s right to receive the payment is established.

Contract balances

Contract assets

The contract assets are costs which have been capitalized and are directly related to a contract, for which resources were used in satisfying the contract and are expected to be recovered.

Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Group’s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional. Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section m) financial instruments.

Contract liability

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Group transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Group performs under the contract.

F-21

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(f) Revenue from Contracts with Customers (cont’d)

Assets and liabilities arising from rights of return

Refund liabilities

A refund liability is the obligation to refund some or all of the consideration received (or receivable) from the customer and is measured at the amount the Group ultimately expects it will have to return to the customer. The Group updates its estimates of refund liabilities at the end of each reporting period.

(g) Government grants

Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in equal amounts over the expected useful life of the related asset.

(h) Taxes

Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date in the countries where the Group operates and generates taxable income.

Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in the statement of profit or loss. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:

• When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss

• In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:

• When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss

• In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized

F-22

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(h) Taxes (cont’d)

Deferred tax (cont’d)

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss. Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Tax benefits acquired as part of a business combination, but not satisfying the criteria for separate recognition at that date, are recognized subsequently if new information about facts and circumstances change. The adjustment is either treated as a reduction to goodwill (as long as it does not exceed goodwill) if it was incurred during the measurement period or recognized in profit or loss.

The Group offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

Sales tax

Revenues, expenses and assets are recognized net of the amount of sales tax, except:

• When the sales tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the sales tax is recognized as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable

• When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of sales tax included

The net amount of sales tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the statement of financial position.

(i) Cash dividend and non-cash distribution to equity holders of the parent

The Company recognizes a liability to make cash or non-cash distributions to equity holders of the parent when the distribution is authorized and the distribution is no longer at the discretion of the Company. A distribution is authorized when it is approved by the shareholders. A corresponding amount is recognized directly in equity.

Non-cash distributions are measured at the fair value of the assets to be distributed with fair value measurement recognized directly in equity.

Upon distribution of non-cash asset, any difference between the carrying amount of the liabilities and the carrying amount of the assets distributed is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

F-23

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(j) Property, plant and equipment

Construction in progress is stated at cost, net of accumulated impairment losses, if any. Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the property, plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of property, plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Group depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognized in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met.

Freehold land has an unlimited useful life and therefore is not depreciated. Asset under construction included in property, plant and equipment are not depreciated as these assets are not yet ready for intended use. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets as follows:

Freehold buildings	:	50 years
Leasehold land, buildings and improvements	:	Shorter of 15 to 50 years or lease term
Plant and machinery	:	3 to 20 years
Office furniture, fittings and equipment	:	3 to 20 years
Motor and transport vehicles	:	3.5 to 15 years

The carrying values of property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de-recognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit or loss when the asset is derecognized.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

The Group capitalizes interest with respect to major assets under installation or construction based on the weighted average cost of the Group’s general borrowings and actual interest incurred for specific borrowings. Repairs and maintenance of a routine nature are expensed while those that extend the life of assets are capitalized.

Construction in progress represents factories under construction and machinery and equipment pending installation. All direct costs relating to the acquisition or construction of buildings and machinery and equipment, including interest charges on borrowings, are capitalized as construction in progress.

(k) Investment properties

Investment properties are properties owned by the Group that are held to lease to third parties and earn rentals rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes, or in the ordinary course of business. Investment properties comprise completed investment properties and properties that are being constructed or developed for future use as investment properties.

Investment properties are initially recognized at cost, including transaction costs and subsequently carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Depreciation is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the investment properties. The estimated useful life is 30 years. Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values of investment properties are reassessed at each reporting date.

Investment properties are derecognized when either they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from its disposal. Any gain or loss on the retirement or disposal of an investment property is recognized in profit or loss in the year of retirement or disposal.

Transfers are made to or from investment property only when there is a change in use.

F-24

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(l) Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and the related expenditure is reflected in profit or loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred. The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either finite or indefinite.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the statement of profit or loss in the expense category that is consistent with the function of the intangible assets.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level. The assessment of indefinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the indefinite life continues to be supportable. If not, the change in useful life from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.

An intangible asset is derecognized upon disposal (i.e., at the date the recipient obtains control) or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising upon derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit or loss.

Research and development costs

Research costs are expensed as incurred.

Development expenditures on an individual project are recognized as an intangible asset when the Group can demonstrate:

• The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale

• Its intention to complete and its ability to use or sell the asset

• How the asset will generate future economic benefits

• The availability of resources to complete the asset

• The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development

Following initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use. Development costs are amortized over the period of expected future benefit. During the period of development, the asset is tested for impairment annually.

(m) Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets are recognized when, and only when the entity becomes party to the contractual provision of the instruments.

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss.

F-25

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(m) Financial instruments (cont’d)

Financial assets (cont’d)

Initial recognition and measurement (cont’d)

Trade receivables are measured at the amount of consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods and services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third party, if the trade receivables do not contain a significant financing component at initial recognition.

Subsequent measurement

Investment in debt instruments

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Group’s business model for managing the asset and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the asset. The three measurement categories for classification of debt instruments are:

(i) Amortised cost

Financial assets that are held for the collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represents solely payment of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. Financial assets are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less impairment. Gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss when the assets are derecognized or impaired, and through amortization process.

The Group’s financial assets at amortised cost includes trade and other receivables, and loan to a joint venture.

(ii) Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)

Financial assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the asset’s cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at FVOCI. Financial assets measured at FVOCI are subsequently measured at fair value. Any gains or losses from changes in fair value of the financial assets are recognized in other comprehensive income, except for impairment losses, foreign exchange gains and losses and interest calculated using the effective interest method are recognized in profit or loss. The cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment when the financial asset is de-recognised.

The Group classifies its bill receivables as FVOCI.

(iii) Fair value through profit or loss

Asset that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or FVOCI are measured a fair value through profit or loss. A gain or loss on a debt instrument that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognized in profit or loss in the period in which it arises.

The Group does not have debt instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Investment in equity instruments

On initial recognition of an investment in equity instrument that is not held for trading, the Group may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI. Dividends from such investments are to be recognized in profit or loss when the Group’s right to receive payments is established. For investments in equity instruments which the Group has not elected to present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI, changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss.

The Group has designated its remaining 7.7% shareholding interest in Thakral Corporation Ltd (“TCL”) as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.

F-26

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(m) Financial instruments (cont’d)

Financial assets (cont’d)

Subsequent measurement (cont’d)

Derivatives

Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value on the date a derivative contracts is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period. Changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss.

The Group recognized its fair value changes in foreign exchange forward contract through profit or loss.

De-recognition

A financial asset is de-recognised where the contractual right from the asset has expired. On de-recognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and any cumulative gain or loss that had been recognized in the other comprehensive income is recognized in profit or loss.

Impairment of financial assets

The Group recognizes an allowance for expected credit losses (ECLs) for all debt instruments not held at fair value through profit or loss and financial guarantee contracts. ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at an approximation of the original effective interest rate. The expected cash flows will include cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

ECLs are recognised in two stages. For credit exposure for which there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, ECLs are provided for credit losses that result from default events that are possible within the next 12 months (a 12 month ECL). For those credit exposures for which there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, a loss allowance is recognised for credit losses expected over the remaining life of the exposure irrespective of timing of the default (a life time ECL).

For trade receivable and contract assets, the Group applies a simplified approach in calculating ECLs. Therefore, the Group does not track changes in credit risk, but instead recognises a loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date. The Group has established a provision matrix that is based on its historical credit loss experience adjusted for forward looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment.

For bill receivables at fair value through OCI, the Group assesses the credit risk of the financial institution, which issue the bills, at every reporting date. The Group evaluates whether the bills are considered to have low credit risk using all reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort.

The Group considers a financial asset in default when the aging of contract payment are more than 360 days from the invoice date. However, in certain cases the Group may also consider a financial assets to be in default when internal or external information indicates that the Group is unlikely to receive the outstanding contractual amounts in full before taking into account any credit enhancements held by the Group. A financial asset is written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovering contractual cash flow.

F-27

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(m) Financial instruments (cont’d)

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.

All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

The Group’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings, and derivative financial instruments.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading.

Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of selling in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the Group that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by IFRS 9.

Subsequent to initial recognition, financial liability at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value. Any gains or losses arising from changes in fair value of the financial liabilities are recognised in profit or loss.

Loans and borrowings and payables

After initial recognition, loans and borrowings and payables are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.

F-28

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(m) Financial instruments (cont’d)

Financial liabilities (cont’d)

De-recognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the de-recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the consolidated statement of financial position if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

(n) Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition are accounted for as follows:

• Raw materials: purchase cost on a weighted average basis

• Finished goods and work in progress: cost of direct materials and labor and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on the normal operating capacity, but excluding borrowing costs

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

(o) Impairment of non-financial assets

The Group assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Group estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s (“CGU”) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.

F-29

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(o) Impairment of non-financial assets (cont’d)

Impairment losses, including impairment on inventories, are recognized in the statement of profit or loss in expense categories consistent with the function of the impaired asset.

For assets excluding goodwill, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Group estimates the asset’s or CGU’s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually and when circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired.

Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing the recoverable amount of each CGU (or group of CGUs) to which the goodwill relates. When the recoverable amount of the CGU is less than its carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized. Impairment losses relating to goodwill cannot be reversed in future periods.

(p) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at bank and on hand, demand deposits, and short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amount of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

(q) Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that asset is or those assets are not explicitly specified in an arrangement.

Prepaid operating lease

Prepaid operating lease represents payments made to the PRC land bureau for land use rights, which are charged to expense on a straight-line basis over the respective periods of the rights which are in the range of 15 to 50 years.

Group as a lessee

A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease. A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the Group is classified as a finance lease.

Finance leases are capitalized at the commencement of the lease at the inception date fair value of the leased property or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized in finance costs in the statement of profit or loss.

A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Group will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.

An operating lease is a lease other than a finance lease. Operating lease payments are recognized as an operating expense in the statement of profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

F-30

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(q) Leases (cont’d)

Group as a lessor

Leases in which the Group does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income.

(r) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds.

A qualifying asset is one that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale. To the extent that funds are borrowed specifically for the purpose of obtaining the asset, the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization should be determined as the actual borrowing costs incurred less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings. To the extent that funds are borrowed generally and used for the purpose of obtaining the asset, the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization is by applying a capitalization rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalization rate should be the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the enterprise that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset. The amount of borrowing costs capitalized during a period should not exceed the amount of borrowing costs incurred during that period.

(s) Provisions

General

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Group expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the statement of profit or loss net of any reimbursement.

If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

Product warranty

The Group recognizes a liability at the time the product is sold, for the estimated future costs relating to the assurance-type warranties, to be incurred under the lower of a warranty period or warranty mileage on various engine models, on which the Group provides free repair and replacement. For on-road applications engines, warranties extend for a duration (generally 12 to 60 months) or mileage (generally 50,000 to 360,000 kilometers), whichever is the lower. For other applications engines, warranties extend for a duration of generally 12 to 28 months or running hours of 1,000 to 3,500 hours, whichever is lower. Provisions for warranty are primarily determined based on historical warranty cost per unit of engines sold adjusted for specific conditions that may arise and the number of engines under warranty at each financial year. If the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims change, the accrued liability for product warranty will be adjusted accordingly.

(t) Pensions and other post-employment benefits

The Group participates in and makes contributions to the national pension schemes as defined by the laws of the countries in which it has operations. The contributions are at a fixed proportion of the basic salary of the staff. Contributions are recognized as compensation expense in the period in which the related services are performed.

F-31

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d)

(u) Share-based payments

Employees (including senior executives) of the Group receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (“equity-settled transactions”).

Equity-settled transactions

The cost of equity-settled transactions is determined by the fair value at the date when the grant is made using an appropriate valuation model.

That cost is recognized in “staff cost” (Note 8.4), together with a corresponding increase in performance share reserve in equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled (the vesting period). The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Group’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The expense or credit in the statement of profit or loss for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognized as at the beginning and end of that period.

No expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest, except for equity-settled transactions for which vesting is conditional upon a market or non-vesting condition. These are treated as vested irrespective of whether the market or non-vesting condition is satisfied, provided that all other performance and/or service conditions are satisfied.

When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the expense had the terms not been modified, provided the original terms of the award are met. An additional expense, measured as at the date of modification, is recognized for any modification that increases the total fair value of the share-based payment transaction, or is otherwise beneficial to the employee. Where an award is cancelled by the entity or by the counterparty, any remaining element of the fair value of the award is expensed immediately through profit or loss.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share (further details are given in Note 10).

(v) Development properties

Development properties are properties acquired or being constructed for sale in the ordinary course of business, rather than to be held for the Group’s own use, rental or capital appreciation.

Development properties are held as other asset and are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Non-refundable commissions paid to sales or marketing agents on the sale of real estate units are expensed when incurred.

Costs to complete development include cost of land and other direct and related development expenditure, including borrowing costs incurred in developing the properties. Net realizable value of development properties is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, based on market prices at the reporting date and discounted for the time value of money if material, less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

(w) Segment reporting

For management purposes, the Group is organized into operating segments based on their products and services which are independently managed by the respective segment managers responsible for the performance of the respective segments under their charge. The segment managers report directly to the management of the Company who regularly review the segment results in order to allocate resources to the segments and to assess the segment performance. Additional disclosures on each of these segments are shown in Note 31, including the factors used to identify the reportable segments and the measurement basis of segment information.

F-32

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.4 Changes in accounting policies and disclosures

New and amended standards and interpretations

The Group applied for the first time certain new standards or amendments to the standards, which are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. The Group has not early adopted any standards, interpretations or amendments that have been issued but are not yet effective.

The nature and the impact of each new standard or amendment are described below:

IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS 15 supersedes IAS 11 Construction Contracts, IAS 18 Revenue and related Interpretations and it applies, with limited exceptions, to all revenue arising from contracts with its customers. IFRS 15 establishes a five-step model to account for revenue arising from contracts with customers and requires that revenue to be recognised at an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer.

IFRS 15 requires entities to exercise judgement, taking into consideration all of the relevant facts and circumstances when applying each step of the model to contracts with their customers. The standard also specifies the accounting for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract and the costs directly related to fulfilling a contract. In addition, the standard requires extensive disclosures.

The Group adopted IFRS 15 using the full retrospective method of adoption and applying the following practical expedients in accordance with the transitional provisions in IFRS 15:

• The Group has not restated contracts that begin and end within the same year or the contracts that were completed as at January 1, 2016. Had the Group elected not to apply this practical expedient the amount of revenue recorded for the prior year would have been lower.

• For the comparative year ended December 31, 2016, the Group has not disclosed the amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations and an explanation of when the corresponding revenue is expected to be recognized.

The effect of adopting IFRS 15 is, as follows:

Impact on statement of profit or loss (increase/(decrease)) 

			31.12.2016			31.12.2017
	Adjustment		RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue from contracts with customers		(a)		(21,645	)		(24,623	)
Cost of sales		(a)		(29,912	)		134,349
Gross profit				8,267			(158,972	)
Other income		(b)		—			(115,235	)
Selling, general and administrative cost		(a)		(4,087	)		(162,998	)
Operating profit				12,354			(111,209	)
Income tax expense		(b)		—			(25,995	)
Profit for the year				12,354			(85,214	)
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent		(a)&(b)		9,440			(65,113	)
Non-controlling interests		(a)&(b)		2,914			(20,101	)

F-33

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.4 Changes in accounting policies and disclosures (cont’d)

New and amended standards and interpretations (cont’d)

IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (cont’d)

Impact on basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) (increase/(decrease) in EPS)

			31.12.2016			31.12.2017
	Adjustment		RMB			RMB
Earnings per share
Basic		(a)&(b)		0.23			(1.60	)
Diluted		(a)&(b)		0.23			(1.60	)
Impact on the consolidated statement of financial position (increase/(decrease)):
			1.1.2017			31.12.2017
	Adjustment		RMB’000			RMB’000
Assets
Intangible asset		(b)		(31,704	)		—
Investments in associate and joint venture		(b)		(73,061	)		—
Deferred tax assets		(b)		(25,995	)		—
Total non-current assets				(130,760	)		—
Trade and other receivables		(b)		50,000			—
Total current assets				50,000			—
Total assets				(80,760	)		—
Equity and liabilities
Contract liabilities		(a)		27,372			34,759
Total non-current liabilities				27,372			34,759
Trade and other payables		(b)		(170,000	)		—
Contract liabilities		(a)		63,870			81,105
Provision for product warranty		(a)		(69,844	)		(98,492	)
Total current liabilities				(175,974	)		(17,387	)
Total liabilities				(148,602	)		17,372
Equity
Retained earnings		(a)&(b)		51,838			(13,275	)
Non-controlling interests		(a)&(b)		16,004			(4,097	)
Total equity				67,842			(17,372	)
Total equity and liabilities				(80,760	)		—

F-34

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.4 Changes in accounting policies and disclosures (cont’d)

New and amended standards and interpretations (cont’d)

IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (cont’d)

Impact on the consolidated statement of cash flows (increase/(decrease)):

		31.12.2016			31.12.2017
	Adjustment	RMB’000			RMB’000
Profit before tax	(a)&(b)		12,354			(111,209	)
Adjustments:
Gain on disposal of intangible asset	(b)		—			115,235
Profit before tax after adjustments	(a)&(b)		12,354			4,026
Changes in working capital
Decrease in trade and other receivables	(b)		—			50,000
Increase in trade and other payables and contract liabilities	(a)		(12,354	)		(4,026	)
Cash flows from operating activities	(a)&(b)		—			50,000
Net cash flows from operating activities	(a)&(b)		—			50,000
Investing activities
Proceeds from disposal of intangible asset	(b)		—			(50,000	)
Net cash flows from investing activities	(a)&(b)		—			(50,000	)

The change did not have impact on OCI for the period. The cash flows from financing activities were not affected.

F-35

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.4 Changes in accounting policies and disclosures (cont’d)

New and amended standards and interpretations (cont’d)

IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (cont’d)

The nature of these adjustments are described below:

(a) Sale of engines with service-type warranties

In addition to assurance-type warranties, the Group provides warranty service to customers after certain on-road mileage or running hours which were previously accounted for as provision for product warranty. Under IFRS 15, such warranties are accounted for as service-type warranties and as separate performance obligations to which the Group allocates a portion of the transaction price. The portion of the transaction price allocated to the service-type warranty is initially recorded as contract liabilities and recognized as revenue upon the service rendered.

Upon adoption of IFRS 15, as at January 1, 2017, the Group recognized contract liabilities (current) of RMB 63.9 million and contract liabilities (non-current) of RMB 27.4 million related to unfulfilled service-type warranties, and decrease in provision for product warranty by RMB 69.8 million, decrease in retained earnings and non-controlling interests by RMB 16.3 million and RMB 5.0 million, respectively.

The statement of financial position as at December 31, 2017 was also restated, resulting in the recognition of contract liabilities (current) of RMB 81.1 million, contract liabilities (non-current) of RMB 34.8, decrease in provision for product warranty by RMB 98.5 million, and decrease in retained earnings and non-controlling interests by RMB 13.3 million and RMB 4.1 million, respectively. The consolidated statement of profit or loss for the financial year ended December 31, 2017 was also restated, resulting in decrease in revenue and selling, general and distribution expenses by RMB 24.6 million and RMB 163.0 million (2016: decrease by RMB 21.6 million and RMB 4.1 million), respectively, and increase in cost of sales by RMB 134.3 million (2016: decrease by RMB 29.9 million).

F-36

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.4 Changes in accounting policies and disclosures (cont’d)

New and amended standards and interpretations (cont’d)

IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (cont’d)

The nature of these adjustments are described below (cont’d):

(b) Performance obligation

In 2017, the Group transferred the technology know-how for the heavy-duty engine platform to its joint venture company upon completion of all the project milestones and recognized net gain of RMB 115.2 million as other operating income.

With the adoption of IFRS 15, management concluded that the Group has significantly performed its performance obligation in 2015 and accordingly the income of RMB 115.2 million has to be recognized in 2015. Therefore, it resulted a decrease in other operating income of RMB 115.2 million and tax expense of RMB 26.0 million for the financial year ended December 31, 2017, and a corresponding restatement in the consolidated statement of financial position as at January 1, 2017, resulting in decrease in intangible asset by RMB 31.7 million, decrease in investment in associate and joint venture by RMB 73.1 million, decrease in deferred tax assets by RMB 26.0 million, increase in other receivables and prepayment by RMB 50.0 million, decrease in trade and other payables by RMB170.0 million, and increase in retained earnings and non-controlling interests by RMB 68.2 million and RMB 21.1 million, respectively.

IFRS 9 Financial Instruments

IFRS 9 Financial Instruments replaces IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, bringing together all three aspects of the accounting for financial instruments: classification and measurement; impairment; and hedge accounting.

The changes arising from the adoption of IFRS 9 had been applied without restating comparative information in the year of initial application. The impact arising from IFRS 9 adoption was included in the opening retained earnings at the date of initial application, January 1, 2018.

Classification and measurement

IFRS 9 requires debt instruments to be measured either amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) or fair value through profit or loss (FVPL). Classification of debt instruments depends on the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and whether the contractual cash flows represent solely payments of principle and interest (SPPI). An entity’s business model is how an entity manages its financial assets in order to generate cash flow and create value for the entity either from collecting contractual cash flow, selling financial assets or both. If a debt instrument is held to collect contractual cash flows, it is measured at authorised cost if it also meets the SPPI requirement.

Debt instrument that meet the SPPI requirement that are held both to collect the assets’ contractual cash flow and to sell the assets are measured at FVOCI. Financial assets are measured at FVPL if they don’t meet the criteria of FVOCI or amortized cost.

The assessment of the business model and whether the financial assets meet the SPPI requirement was made as of January 1, 2018 and then applied retrospectively to those financial assets that were not derecognised before January 1, 2018.

The Group has determined that for its bills receivable, its business model is to hold the debt instrument to collect contractual cash flows and sell, and has accordingly, measured its bills receivables at FVOCI when it applies IFRS 9. As a result of the change in measurement of the Group’s bills receivable previously measured at amortised cost to FVOCI, the carrying value of the bills receivable has decreased by RMB 137.3 million (US$20.5 million) with a corresponding adjustment to fair value reserve as at January 1, 2018.

F-37

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.4 Changes in accounting policies and disclosures (cont’d)

New and amended standards and interpretations (cont’d)

IFRIC Interpretation 22 Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration

The Interpretation clarifies that, in determining the spot exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income (or part of it) on the derecognition of a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability relating to advance consideration, the date of the transaction is the date on which an entity initially recognises the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the advance consideration. If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, then the entity must determine the date of the transactions for each payment or receipt of advance consideration. This Interpretation does not have any impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IAS 40 Transfers of Investment Property

The amendments clarify when an entity should transfer property, including property under construction or development into, or out of investment property. The amendments state that a change in use occurs when the property meets, or ceases to meet, the definition of investment property and there is evidence of the change in use. A mere change in management’s intentions for the use of a property does not provide evidence of a change in use. These amendments do not have any impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

IFRS 2 Classification and Measurement of Share-based Payment Transactions – Amendments to IFRS 2

The IASB issued amendments to IFRS 2 Share-based Payment that address three main areas: the effects of vesting conditions on the measurement of a cash-settled share-based payment transaction; the classification of a share-based payment transaction with net settlement features for withholding tax obligations; and accounting where a modification to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment transaction changes its classification from cash settled to equity settled.

On adoption, entities are required to apply the amendments without restating prior periods, but retrospective application is permitted if elected for all three amendments and other criteria are met.

The Group’s Equity Incentive Plan is considered an equity-settled share-based payment transactions and all the share options granted under this plan were vested in July 2017. The Group does not elect for retrospective application. Therefore, these amendments do not have any impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IFRS 4 Applying IFRS 9 Financial Instruments with IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts

The amendments address concerns arising from implementing the new financial instruments standard, IFRS 9, before implementing IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts, which replaces IFRS 4. The amendments introduce two options for entities issuing insurance contracts: a temporary exemption from applying IFRS 9 and an overlay approach. These amendments are not relevant to the Group.

Annual improvements 2014-2016 cycle

IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards - Deletion of short-term exemptions for first-time adopters

Short-term exemptions in paragraphs E3–E7 of IFRS 1 were deleted because they have now served their intended purpose. This amendment is not applicable to the Group.

F-38

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.4 Changes in accounting policies and disclosures (cont’d)

New and amended standards and interpretations (cont’d)

Amendments to IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures – Clarification that measuring investees at fair value through profit or loss is an investment – by – investment choice

The amendments clarify that an entity that is a venture capital organisation, or other qualifying entity, may elect, at initial recognition on an investment-by-investment basis, to measure its investments in associates and joint ventures at fair value through profit or loss. If an entity that is not itself an investment entity, has an interest in an associate or joint venture that is an investment entity, then it may, when applying the equity method, elect to retain the fair value measurement applied by that investment entity associate or joint venture to the investment entity associate’s or joint venture’s interests in subsidiaries. This election is made separately for each investment entity associate or joint venture, at the later of the date on which: (a) the investment entity associate or joint venture is initially recognised; (b) the associate or joint venture becomes an investment entity; and (c) the investment entity associate or joint venture first becomes a parent. These amendments do not have any impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

2.5 Standards issued but not yet effective

The standards and interpretations that are issued, but not yet effective, up to the date of issuance of the Group’s financial statements are disclosed below. The Group intends to adopt these standards, if applicable, when they become effective.

IFRS 16 Leases

IFRS 16 was issued in January 2016 and it replaces IAS 17 Leases, IFRIC 4 Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease, SIC-15 Operating Leases-Incentives and SIC-27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease. IFRS 16 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases and requires lessees to account for all leases under a single on-balance sheet model similar to the accounting for finance leases under IAS 17. The standard includes two recognition exemptions for lessees – leases of ‘low-value’ assets (e.g., personal computers) and short-term leases (i.e., leases with a lease term of 12 months or less). At the commencement date of a lease, a lessee will recognize a liability to make lease payments (i.e., the lease liability) and an asset representing the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term (i.e., the right-of-use asset). Lessees will be required to separately recognize the interest expense on the lease liability and the depreciation expense on the right-of-use asset.

Lessees will be also required to remeasure the lease liability upon the occurrence of certain events (e.g., a change in the lease term, a change in future lease payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine those payments). The lessee will generally recognize the amount of the remeasurement of the lease liability as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset.

Lessor accounting under IFRS 16 is substantially unchanged from today’s accounting under IAS 17. Lessors will continue to classify all leases using the same classification principle as in IAS 17 and distinguish between two types of leases: operating and finance leases.

IFRS 16, which is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, requires lessees and lessors to make more extensive disclosures than under IAS 17.

F-39

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.5 Standards issued but not yet effective (cont’d)

IFRS 16 Leases (cont’d)

Transition to IFRS 16

The Group plans to adopt IFRS 16 initially on January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach. Therefore, the cumulative effect of adopting IFRS 16 will be recognised as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at January 1, 2019, with no restatement of comparative information.

On the adoption of IFRS16, the Group expects to choose on a lease by leave basis, to measure the right-of-use assets, at either:

(i) its carrying amount as if IFRS16 had been applied since the commencement date, but discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate as of January 1, 2019; or

(ii) an amount equal to the lease liability, adjusted by the amount of any prepaid or accrued lease payment relating to that lease recognised in the balance sheet immediately before January 1, 2019.

In addition, the group plans to elect the following practical expedients:

(i) not to reassess whether a contract is or contains a lease at the date of initial application and to apply IFRS16 to all contracts that were previously identified as leases

(ii) to apply the exemption not to recognise right- of- use asset and lease liabilities to leases for which the lease term ends within 12 months as of January 1, 2019

(iii) to apply a single discount rate to a portfolio of leases with reasonably similar characteristics.

The Group has performed a preliminary impact assessment of IFRS 16 based on currently available information. This assessment may be subject to changes arising from ongoing analysis until the Group adopts IFRS 16 in 2019.

i. Leases in which the Group is a lessee

On the adoption of IFRS16, the Group expects to recognise right-of-use assets of RMB 89.4 million (US$13.4 million) and lease liability of RMB 108.3 million (US$16.2 million), decrease prepayment by RMB 1.9 million (US$0.3 million) and accrued expense by RMB 20.8 million (US$3.1 million) for its leases previously classified as the operating leases as of January 1, 2019.

ii. Leases in which the Group is a lessor

The Group expects no significant impact for other leases in which the Group is a lessor.

F-40

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.5 Standards issued but not yet effective (cont’d)

IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts

In May 2017, the IASB issued IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts (“IFRS 17”), a comprehensive new accounting standard for insurance contracts covering recognition and measurement, presentation and disclosure. Once effective, IFRS 17 will replace IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts (“IFRS 4”) that was issued in 2005. IFRS 17 applies to all types of insurance contracts (i.e., life, non-life, direct insurance and re-insurance), regardless of the type of entities that issue them, as well as to certain guarantees and financial instruments with discretionary participation features. A few scope exceptions will apply. The overall objective of IFRS 17 is to provide an accounting model for insurance contracts that is more useful and consistent for insurers. In contrast to the requirements in IFRS 4, which are largely based on grandfathering previous local accounting policies, IFRS 17 provides a comprehensive model for insurance contracts, covering all relevant accounting aspects. The core of IFRS 17 is the general model, supplemented by:

• A specific adaptation for contracts with direct participation features (the variable fee approach)

• A simplified approach (the premium allocation approach) mainly for short-duration contracts

IFRS 17 is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021, with comparative figures required. Early application is permitted, provided the entity also applies IFRS 9 and IFRS 15 on or before the date it first applies IFRS 17. This standard is not applicable to the Group.

IFRIC Interpretation 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments

The Interpretation addresses the accounting for income taxes when tax treatments involve uncertainty that affects the application of IAS 12. The Interpretation does not apply to taxes or levies outside the scope of IAS 12, nor does it specifically include requirements relating to interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax treatments.

The Interpretation specifically addresses the following:

• Whether an entity considers uncertain tax treatments separately

• The assumptions an entity makes about the examination of tax treatments by taxation authorities

• How an entity determines taxable profit (tax loss), tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits and tax rates

• How an entity considers changes in facts and circumstances

An entity has to determine whether to consider each uncertain tax treatment separately or together with one or more other uncertain tax treatments. The approach that better predicts the resolution of the uncertainty should be followed.

The Interpretation is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, but certain transition reliefs are available.

The Group is currently assessing the impact of the interpretation and plans to adopt the interpretation on the required effective date.

Amendments to IFRS 9: Prepayment Features with Negative Compensation

Under IFRS 9, a debt instrument can be measured at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income, provided that the contractual cash flows are ‘solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding’ (the SPPI criterion) and the instrument is held within the appropriate business model for that classification. The amendments to IFRS 9 clarify that a financial asset passes the SPPI criterion regardless of the event or circumstance that causes the early termination of the contract and irrespective of which party pays or receives reasonable compensation for the early termination of the contract.

The amendments should be applied retrospectively and are effective from January 1, 2019, with earlier application permitted. The Group does not plan to early adopt the amendments and does not expect the amendments to have material impact to the Group.

F-41

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.5 Standards issued but not yet effective (cont’d)

Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture

The amendments address the conflict between IFRS 10 and IAS 28 in dealing with the loss of control of a subsidiary that is sold or contributed to an associate or joint venture. The amendments clarify that the gain or loss resulting from the sale or contribution of assets that constitute a business, as defined in IFRS 3, between an investor and its associate or joint venture, is recognized in full. Any gain or loss resulting from the sale or contribution of assets that do not constitute a business, however, is recognized only to the extent of unrelated investors’ interests in the associate or joint venture. The IASB has deferred the effective date of these amendments indefinitely, but an entity that early adopts the amendments must apply them prospectively.

The Group does not intend to early adopt the amendments. The Group will perform assessment on the impact once the IASB has decided the effective date of these amendments.

Amendments to IAS 19: Plan Amendment, Curtailment or Settlement

The amendments to IAS 19 address the accounting when a plan amendment, curtailment or settlement occurs during a reporting period. The amendments specify that when a plan amendment, curtailment or settlement occurs during the annual reporting period, an entity is required to:

• Determine current service cost for the remainder of the period after the plan amendment, curtailment or settlement, using the actuarial assumptions used to remeasure the net defined benefit liability (asset) reflecting the benefits offered under the plan and the plan assets after that event.

• Determine net interest for the remainder of the period after the plan amendment, curtailment or settlement using: the net defined benefit liability (asset) reflecting the benefits offered under the plan and the plan assets after that event; and the discount rate used to remeasure that net defined benefit liability (asset).

The amendments also clarify that an entity first determines any past service cost, or a gain or loss on settlement, without considering the effect of the asset ceiling. This amount is recognised in profit or loss. An entity then determines the effect of the asset ceiling after the plan amendment, curtailment or settlement. Any change in that effect, excluding amounts included in the net interest, is recognised in other comprehensive income.

The amendments apply to plan amendments, curtailments, or settlements occurring on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period that begins on or after January 1, 2019, with early application permitted. These amendments will apply only to any future plan amendments, curtailments, or settlements of the Group.

Annual improvements 2014-2016 cycle (issued in December 2016)

Amendments to IAS 28: Long-term interests in associates and joint ventures

The amendments clarify that an entity applies IFRS 9 Financial Instruments to long-term interests in an associate or joint venture to which the equity method is not applied but that, in substance, form part of the net investment in the associate or joint venture (long-term interests). This clarification is relevant because it implies that the expected credit loss model in IFRS 9 applies to such long-term interests.

The amendments also clarified that, in applying IFRS 9, an entity does not take account of any losses of the associate or joint venture, or any impairment losses on the net investment, recognised as adjustments to the net investment in the associate or joint venture that arise from applying IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures.

The amendments should be applied retrospectively and are effective from January 1, 2019, with early application permitted. Since the Group does not have such long-term interests in its associate and joint venture, the amendments will not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements.

F-42

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies (cont’d)

2.5 Standards issued but not yet effective (cont’d)

Annual improvements 2015-2017 cycle (issued in December 2017)

IFRS 3 Business Combinations – Previously held Interests in a joint operation

The amendments clarify that, when an entity obtains control of a business that is a joint operation, it applies the requirements for a business combination achieved in stages, including remeasuring previously held interests in the assets and liabilities of the joint operation at fair value. In doing so, the acquirer remeasures its entire previously held interest in the joint operation.

An entity applies those amendments to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early application permitted. These amendments will apply on future business combinations of the Group.

IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements – Previously held Interests in a joint operation

A party that participates in, but does not have joint control of, a joint operation might obtain joint control of the joint operation in which the activity of the joint operation constitutes a business as defined in IFRS 3. The amendments clarify that the previously held interests in that joint operation are not remeasured.

An entity applies those amendments to transactions in which it obtains joint control on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after January 1, 2019 with early application permitted. These amendments are currently not applicable to the Group but may apply to future transactions.

IAS 12 Income Taxes – Income tax consequences of payments on financial instruments classified as equity

The amendments clarify that the income tax consequences of dividends are linked more directly to past transactions or events that generated distributable profits than to distributions to owners. Therefore, an entity recognizes the income tax consequences of dividends in profit or loss, other comprehensive income or equity according to where the entity originally recognized those past transactions or events.

An entity applies those amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. Earlier application is permitted. When an entity first applies those amendments, it applies them to the income tax consequences of dividends recognized on or after the beginning of the earliest comparative period.

The Group does not plan to early adopt the amendments. The Group does not expect the amendments to have material impact to the Group.

IAS 23 Borrowing Costs – Borrowing costs eligible for capitalization

The amendments clarify that an entity treats as part of general borrowings any borrowing originally made to develop a qualifying asset when substantially all of the activities necessary to prepare that asset for its intended use or sale are complete.

An entity applies those amendments to borrowing costs incurred on or after the beginning of the annual reporting period in which the entity first applies those amendments. An entity applies those amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early application permitted.

The Group does not plan to early adopt the amendments. The Group does not expect the amendments to have material impact to the Group.

F-43

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the Group’s consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, the accompanying disclosures, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities affected in future periods.

3.1 Judgments

In the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies, management has made the following judgments, which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements:

Revenue from contracts with customers

The Group applied the following judgements that significantly affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers:

• Identifying contract price and performance obligations in sales of engines

The Group provides certain warranties for both general repairs and maintenance service as part of the sales of engines. For general repairs, such warranties will be assurance-type warranty that will continue to be accounted for under IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. For maintenance services, it will be accounted for as a service-type warranties that are capable of being distinct and customers can benefit from the service on its own. Hence, the Group identified two separate performance obligation, one is the promise to transfer the engine and the other one is to provide maintenance services after reaching certain on-road mileage or running hours. Consequently, the Group allocated a portion of the transaction price to the engines and the maintenance services based on relative stand-alone selling prices that are determined a combination of expected cost plus a margin and residual approaches.

Derecognition of bills receivable

The Group sell bills receivable to banks on an ongoing basis depending on funding needs and money market conditions. While the buyer is responsible for servicing the receivables upon maturity of the bills receivable, Chinese law governing bills allows recourse to be traced to all the parties in the discounting process. In relation to the de-recognition of bills receivable when discounted, the management believes that the contractual right to receive the cash flows from the asset have terminated with the Group, but transferred to the banks. Accordingly, bills receivable are derecognized, and a discount equal to the difference between the carrying value of the bills receivable and cash received is recorded in the statement of profit or loss. Please refer to Note 20.

F-44

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions (cont’d)

3.1 Judgments (cont’d)

Deferred tax assets

Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the losses can be utilized. Significant management judgment is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognized, based upon the likely timing and the level of future taxable profits together with future tax planning strategies. The carrying amounts of deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 are RMB 315.4 million and RMB 361.2 million (US$54.0 million) respectively. If the Group was able to recognize all unrecognized deferred tax assets, profit would increase by RMB 160.0 million (US$23.9 million) for year ended December 31, 2018 (2017: RMB 182.7 million).

Development costs

Development costs are capitalized in accordance with the accounting policy in Note 2.3(l). Initial capitalization of costs is based on management’s judgment that technological and economic feasibility is confirmed, usually when a product development project has reached a defined milestone according to an established project management model.

3.2 Estimates and assumptions

The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the reporting date, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are described below. The Group based its assumptions and estimates on parameters available when the consolidated financial statements were prepared. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market changes or circumstances arising that are beyond the control of the Group. Such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The fair value less costs of disposal calculation is based on available data from binding sales transactions, conducted at arm’s length, for similar assets or observable market prices less incremental costs for disposing of the asset. The value in use calculation is based on a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The cash flows are derived from the forecasts for the next eight to fifteen years and do not include restructuring activities that the Group is not yet committed to or significant future investments that will enhance the asset’s performance of the CGU being tested. The Group, based on its history of operations, believes that the adoption of forecast for more than five years is reasonable. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model as well as the expected future cash-inflows and the growth rate used for extrapolation purposes. These estimates are most relevant to goodwill recognized by the Group. The key assumptions used to determine the recoverable amount for the different CGUs and assets, including a sensitivity analysis, are disclosed and further explained in Note 6, Note 14 and Note 15.

Allowance for inventory obsolescence

Management reviews the inventory listing on a periodic basis. This review involves comparison of the carrying value of the inventory items with the respective net realizable value. The purpose is to ascertain whether an allowance is required to be made in the financial statements for any obsolete and slow-moving items. The carrying amounts of allowance for inventory obsolescence as at December 31, 2017 and 2018 were RMB 106.9 million and RMB 93.6 million (US$14.0 million) respectively.

F-45

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

4. Investments in subsidiaries

Details of significant subsidiaries of the Group are as follows:

Name of significant subsidiary	Place of incorporation/ business	Group’s effective equity interest
		31.12.2017		31.12.2018
		%		%
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Co., Ltd	People’s Republic of China		54.9		54.9
Guangxi Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Guangxi Yuchai Equipment Mould Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Guangxi Yulin Hotel Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Jining Yuchai Engine Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Yuchai Remanufacturing Services (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
HL Global Enterprises Limited	Singapore		50.2		50.2

The Group has the following subsidiary that has non-controlling interests (“NCI”) that are material to the Group.

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018
Proportion of equity interest held by NCI
Yuchai		23.6	%		23.6	%		23.6	%

	31.12.2016 RMB’000		31.12.2017 RMB’000		31.12.2018 RMB’000		31.12.2018 US$’000
	(Restated)		(Restated)
Accumulated balances of material NCI
Yuchai				2,433,117		2,556,644		382,153
Profit allocated to material NCI
Yuchai		212,927		270,452		252,394		37,726
Dividends paid to material NCI
Yuchai		83,677		98,941		135,905		20,314

F-46

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

4. Investments in subsidiaries (cont’d)

Summarized financial information including goodwill on acquisition and consolidation adjustments but before intercompany eliminations of subsidiaries with material non-controlling interests are as follows:

	31.12.2016
	Yuchai RMB’000
	(Restated)
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		13,576,842
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		738,733
Attributable to NCI		212,927
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating		2,329,367
Investing		(293,477	)
Financing		(1,697,173	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		338,717

	31.12.2017
	Yuchai
	RMB’000
	(Restated)
Summarized statement of financial position
Current assets		14,717,316
Non-current assets, excluding goodwill		4,693,931
Goodwill		212,636
Current liabilities		(9,327,449	)
Non-current liabilities		(530,188	)
Net assets		9,766,246
Total equity		9,766,246
Attributable to NCI		2,433,117
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		16,140,621
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		960,359
Attributable to NCI		270,452
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating		1,435,156
Investing		(215,817	)
Financing		221,660
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		1,440,999

F-47

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

4. Investments in subsidiaries (cont’d)

	31.12.2018
	Yuchai
	RMB’000			US$’000
Summarized statement of financial position
Current assets		15,498,171			2,316,583
Non-current assets, excluding goodwill		4,925,347			736,214
Goodwill		212,636			31,784
Current liabilities		(9,489,499	)		(1,418,439	)
Non-current liabilities		(828,993	)		(123,913	)
Net assets		10,317,662			1,542,229
Total equity		10,317,662			1,542,229
Attributable to NCI		2,556,644			382,153
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		16,210,467			2,423,053
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		867,438			129,660
Attributable to NCI		252,394			37,726
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating		701,716			104,889
Investing		(331,416	)		(49,538	)
Financing		(66,975	)		(10,011	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		303,325			45,340

Significant restrictions

The nature and extent of significant restrictions on the Group’s ability to use or access assets and settle liabilities of subsidiaries with material non-controlling interests are:

Cash and cash equivalents of RMB 5,015.2 million (US$749.6 million) (2017: RMB 4,710.2 million) held in the PRC are subject to local exchange control regulations. These regulations places restriction on the amount of currency being exported other than through dividends, trade and service related transactions.

F-48

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

4. Investments in subsidiaries (cont’d)

Acquisition of additional interest in a joint venture in 2016

In December 2016, Yuchai acquired an additional 32.5% equity interest in its 35% owned joint venture, YC Europe Co., Limited (“YC Europe”) through share allotment transfer and the injection of share capital will be completed in phases. Upon the full injection of capital, Yuchai’s equity interest in YC Europe will increase from 35% to 67.5%.

The Group has elected to measure the non-controlling interest at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of YC Europe’s net identifiable assets. There was no gain or loss on remeasuring previously held equity interest in YC Europe to fair value at the acquisition date.

YC Europe was newly incorporated in April 2015 to market off-road engines (excluding marine engines) in Europe. As at December 31, 2016, YC Europe is a subsidiary of the Group. The contribution from the acquisition to the Group’s financial performance for the year ended December 31, 2016, and net assets as at December 31, 2016 were not material.

Goodwill arising from the acquisition of RMB 1.1 million was fully written off and recognized in the “other operating expenses” line item in the Group’s profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Acquisition of ownership in subsidiaries, without loss of control in 2016

In September 2016, YMMC acquired 47.53% of equity interest in Sichuan Yuchai Machinery Industry Company Limited (“YMMC Sichuan”) from non-controlling interest for a cash consideration of RMB 8.9 million. As a result, YMMC Sichuan became wholly owned subsidiary of YMMC.

Acquisition of ownership in subsidiaries, without loss of control in 2017

(i) In June 2017, GYAMC acquired 25% of equity interest in Guangxi Yuchai Crankshaft Co., Limited (“Crankshaft”) from non-controlling interest for a cash consideration of RMB 1.3 million. As a result, Crankshaft became wholly owned subsidiary of GYAMC.

(ii) In October 2017, YMMC acquired 49% of equity interest in Hunan Yuchai Machinery Industry Company Limited (“YMMC Hunan”) from non-controlling interest for a cash consideration of RMB 6.7 million. As a result, YMMC Hunan became wholly owned subsidiary of YMMC.

(iii) In November 2017, Yuchai acquired 100% issued shares in Jining Yuchai for a cash consideration of RMB 0.3 million. As a result, Jining Yuchai became wholly owned subsidiary of Yuchai.

Prior to the acquisition, Yuchai control 100% of Jining Yuchai through various contractual agreements and consolidated Jining Yuchai’s financial results in the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

F-49

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

4. Investments in subsidiaries (cont’d)

Disposal of subsidiaries in 2017

On November 22, 2017, HLGE disposed its entire shareholding in its wholly owned subsidiary, LKN Investment International Pte. Ltd (“LKNII”) together with LKNII’s wholly owned subsidiary, Shanghai Hutai Real Estate Development Co., Ltd to a third party for a cash consideration of RMB 395.0 million.

The value of assets and liabilities of the disposal recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the cash flow effect of the disposals were:

	31.12.2017
	RMB’000
Property, plant and equipment (Note 11)		104,844
Trade receivables and other receivables		3,257
Cash and bank balances		9,153
		117,254
Trade and other payables		(3,737	)
Provision for taxation		(44	)
Deferred taxation		(588	)
Carrying value of net assets		112,885
Gain on disposal:
Total consideration		395,000
Less: Cost of disposal		(47,532	)
Total consideration less cost of disposal		347,468
Net assets derecognized		(112,885	)
Realization of foreign translation reserves upon disposal		(18,468	)
Gain on disposal of the subsidiaries (Note 8.2(a))		216,115
Total consideration less cost of disposal		347,468
Add: Transaction cost unpaid		33,287
Less: Retention sum receivables		(30,000	)
Cash and bank balances of the subsidiaries		(9,153	)
Net cash inflow on disposal of the subsidiaries		341,602

F-50

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

5. Investment in associates

The Group’s investment in associates are summarized as below:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Share of profit/(loss) of associates, net of tax		456		(28	)		(59	)		(9	)
			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Carrying amount of investment				2,185			2,130			318

Details of the associates are as follows:

Name of company	Principal activities	Place of incorporation/ business		Group’s effective equity interest
				31.12.2017		31.12.2018
				%		%
Held by subsidiaries
Sinjori Sdn. Bhd.	Property investment and development		Malaysia		14.0		14.0
Guangxi Yuchai Quan Xing Machinery Co., Ltd. (“Quan Xing”)	Manufacture spare part and sales of auto spare part, diesel engine & spare part, metallic materials, generator & spare part, chemical products (exclude dangerous goods), lubricating oil		People’s Republic of China		15.3		15.3

F-51

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

6. Investment in joint ventures

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Share of (loss)/profit of joint ventures, net of tax:
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd		2,039			17,755			17,612			2,633
Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co., Ltd (i)		(4,465	)		—			—			—
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd.		—			(8,487	)		(6,882	)		(1,029	)
Other joint ventures.		(1,642	)		814			963			144
		(4,068	)		10,082			11,693			1,748
				31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
				RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Carrying amount of investments:
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd					122,235			155,681			23,270
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd					66,513			59,632			8,913
Other joint ventures					7,354			7,499			1,122
					196,102			222,812			33,305

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾ Sales of 60% of the issued ordinary shares in the capital of Copthorne Qingdao Co., Ltd (“Copthorne Qingdao”)

The Group’s subsidiary company, LKNII, together with the joint venture partner of Copthorne Qingdao, had on February 23, 2016, listed the entire equity interest in Copthorne Qingdao on the Shanghai United Assets and Equity Exchange for sale and the sale was re-listed on March 28, 2016.

As a result, the investment in Copthorne Qingdao was classified as asset held for sale and the Group discontinued the use of equity method to recognize the interest in Copthorne Qingdao. Consequently, the Group only shared the loss incurred by Copthorne Qingdao up to February 23, 2016. As at December 31, 2016, the carrying amount of interest in joint venture, representing assets classified as held for sale is RMB 89.4 million and related foreign translation reserve is RMB 22.7 million.

On October 19, 2017, the Group completed the disposal of its investment in Copthorne Qingdao and recognized gain on disposal of RMB 108.0 million in the Group’s profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The value of asset and related reserves of disposal recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the cash flow effect of the disposals were:

	31.12.2017
	RMB’000
Interest in joint venture, representing asset classified as held for sale		89,381
Gain on disposal:
Total consideration less cost of disposal		182,679
Interest in joint venture derecognized		(89,381	)
Realization of foreign currency translation reserves upon disposal		22,720
Waiver of amount due by joint venture		(8,042	)
Gain on disposal of joint venture (Note 8.2(a))		107,976
Total consideration less cost of disposal, representing net cash inflow on disposal of the joint venture		182,679

F-52

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

6. Investment in joint ventures (cont’d)

The Group has interests in the following joint ventures:

Name of company	Principal activities	Place of incorporation/ business		Group’s effective equity interest
				31.12.2017		31.12.2018
				%		%
Held by subsidiaries
HL Heritage Sdn. Bhd.	Property development and property investment holdings		Malaysia		30.1		30.1
Shanghai Hengshan Equatorial Hotel Management Co., Ltd.	Hotel and property management		People’s Republic of China		24.6		24.6
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd (“Y&C”)	Manufacture and sale of heavy duty diesel engines, spare parts and after-sales services		People’s Republic of China		34.4		34.4
Guangxi Yineng IOT Science & Technology Co., Ltd.	Design, development, management and marketing of an electronic operations management platform		People’s Republic of China		15.3		15.3
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd (“MTU Yuchai Power”)	Manufacture off-road diesel engines		People’s Republic of China		38.2		38.2
Eberspaecher Yuchai Exhaust Technology Co. Ltd (“Eberspaecher Yuchai”) (i)	Application development, production, sales and service on engine exhaust control systems		People’s Republic of China		—		37.4

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  Eberspaecher Yuchai was incorporated on December 5, 2018.

The Group assess impairment of investments when adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If the recoverable amount of investment is below its carrying amount, an impairment charge is recognized. The Group performs evaluation of the value of its investment using a discounted cash flows projection or fair value less cost of disposal where appropriate. The projection will be performed using historical trends as a reference and certain assumptions to project the future streams of cash flows.

In 2017 and 2018, the Group performed impairment evaluation of its investments in joint ventures, no impairment was required.

F-53

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

6. Investment in joint ventures (cont’d)

The summarized financial information of the joint ventures, based on their IFRS financial statements, and reconciliation with the carrying amount of the investment in consolidated financial statements are set out below:

	31.12.2016
	Y & C			Copthorne Qingdao*			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue		553,878			3,674			557,552
Depreciation and amortization		(22,087	)		(2,797	)		(24,884	)
Interest expense		(14,012	)		(1,337	)		(15,349	)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive loss for the year		4,531			(6,664	)		(2,133	)
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		60	%
Group’s share of profit/(loss)		2,039			(3,998	)
Depreciation arising from fair value adjustment during purchase price allocation		—			(467	)
Group’s share of profit/(loss) of significant joint ventures		2,039			(4,465	)		(2,426	)
Group’s share of loss of other joint ventures, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss of other joint ventures								(1,642	)
Group’s share of loss for the year, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss for the year								(4,068	)

* On February 23, 2016, the investment in Copthorne Qingdao was classified as asset held for sale. Accordingly, the information presented includes the results of Copthorne Qingdao only for the period from January 1, 2016 to February 23, 2016.

F-54

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

6. Investment in joint ventures (cont’d)

	31.12.2017
	Y & C			MTU			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Non-current assets		734,270			32,015			766,285
Current assets
- Cash and bank balances		199,925			113,055			312,980
- Others		367,293			22,775			390,068
Total assets		1,301,488			167,845			1,469,333
Non-current liabilities		(13,543	)		—			(13,543	)
Current liabilities
- Loans and borrowings		(13,500	)		—			(13,500	)
- Others		(842,765	)		(34,820	)		(877,585	)
Total liabilities		(869,808	)		(34,820	)		(904,628	)
Equity		431,680			133,025			564,705
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of net assets		194,256			66,513
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(72,021	)		—
Carrying amount of significant joint ventures		122,235			66,513			188,748
Carrying amount of other joint ventures								7,354
Carrying amount of the investment in joint ventures								196,102

	31.12.2017
	Y & C			MTU			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue		1,331,823			—			1,331,823
Depreciation and amortization		(20,831	)		(227	)		(21,058	)
Interest expense		(28,663	)		(343	)		(29,006	)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		55,982			(16,973	)		39,009
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of profit		25,192			(8,487	)
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(7,437	)		—
Group’s share of profit of significant joint ventures		17,755			(8,487	)		9,268
Group’s share of loss of other joint ventures, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss of other joint ventures								814
Group’s share of profit for the year, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive income for the year								10,082

F-55

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

6. Investment in joint ventures (cont’d)

	31.12.2018
	Y & C			MTU			Total			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Non-current assets		755,671			72,342			828,013			123,767
Current assets
- Cash and bank balances		113,061			21,707			134,768			20,145
- Others		646,751			209,022			855,773			127,916
Total assets		1,515,483			303,071			1,818,554			271,828
Non-current liabilities		(46,603	)		—			(46,603	)		(6,966	)
Current liabilities
- Loans and borrowings		(51,534	)		—			(51,534	)		(7,703	)
- Others		(942,306	)		(174,242	)		(1,116,548	)		(166,896	)
Total liabilities		(1,040,443	)		(174,242	)		(1,214,685	)		(181,565	)
Equity		475,040			128,829			603,869			90,263
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of net assets		213,768			64,415
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(58,087	)		(4,783	)
Carrying amount of significant joint ventures		155,681			59,632			215,313			32,183
Carrying amount of other joint ventures								7,499			1,122
Carrying amount of the investment in joint ventures								222,812			33,305

	31.12.2018
	Y & C			MTU			Total			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Revenue		1,443,238			160,580			1,603,818			239,730
Depreciation and amortization		(45,254	)		(3,744	)		(48,998	)		(7,324	)
Interest expense		(24,605	)		(1,689	)		(26,294	)		(3,930	)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		43,359			(4,197	)		39,162			5,854
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of profit		19,512			(2,099	)
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(1,900	)		(4,783	)
Group’s share of profit of significant joint ventures		17,612			(6,882	)		10,730			1,604
Group’s share of loss of other joint ventures, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss of other joint ventures								963			144
Group’s share of profit for the year, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive income for the year								11,693			1,748

F-56

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

6. Investment in joint ventures (cont’d)

Note:

As of December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of joint ventures’ capital commitment that are contracted but not paid was RMB 38.0 million (US$5.7 million) (2017: RMB 30.0 million).

As of December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of outstanding bills receivables discounted with banks for which Y & C retained a recourse obligation totaled RMB 98.0 million (US$14.6 million ) (2017: RMB Nil).

As of December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of outstanding bills receivables endorsed to suppliers for which Y & C retained a recourse obligation were RMB 1.7 million (US$0.2 million) (2017: RMB 23.3 million).

Significant restrictions

The nature and extent of significant restrictions on the Group’s ability to use or access assets and settle liabilities of joint ventures are:

The Group’s share of cash and cash equivalents of RMB 27.3 million (US$4.1 million) (2017: RMB 67.2 million) held in the PRC are subject to local exchange control regulations. These regulations places restriction on the amount of currency being exported other than through dividends, trade and service related transactions.

As at December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of restricted trade receivables of RMB Nil (US$Nil) (2017: RMB 6.8 million) that were factored to large banks in China. The Group’s joint venture have obligation to the banks for its trade receivables with recourse.

As at December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of restricted cash of RMB 0.7 million (US$0.2 million) (2017: RMB Nil) which was used as collateral by the banks for letter of credit facilities granted.

As at December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of restricted cash of RMB 33.8 million (US$11.2 million) (2017: RMB 80.5 million) which was used as collateral by the banks for the issuance of bills to suppliers.

As at December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of bills receivables of RMB Nil (US$Nil) (2017: RMB 12.2 million) which was used as collateral by banks for the issuance of bills to suppliers.

7. Revenue from contracts with customers

7.1 Disaggregated revenue information

Set out below is the disaggregation of the Group’s revenue from contracts with customers:

	31.12.2018
	Yuchai		HLGE		Total		Total
Segments	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Type of goods or services
Heavy-duty engines		4,934,435		—		4,934,435		737,573
Medium-duty engines		5,537,164		—		5,537,164		827,665
Light-duty engines		2,481,554		—		2,481,554		370,929
Other products and services(i)		3,213,237		—		3,213,237		480,297
Revenue from hospitality operations		44,077		52,781		96,858		14,478
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,210,467		52,781		16,263,248		2,430,942
Geographical markets
People’s Republic of China		16,119,896		—		16,119,896		2,409,515
Other countries		90,571		52,781		143,352		21,427
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,210,467		52,781		16,263,248		2,430,942
Timing of revenue recognition
At a point in time		16,166,390		—		16,166,390		2,416,464
Over time		44,077		52,781		96,858		14,478
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,210,467		52,781		16,263,248		2,430,942

F-57

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

7. Revenue from contracts with customers (cont’d)

7.1 Disaggregated revenue information (cont’d)

	31.12.2017
	Yuchai		HLGE		Total
Segments	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Type of goods or services
Heavy-duty engines		5,182,930		—		5,182,930
Medium-duty engines		5,620,202		—		5,620,202
Light-duty engines		2,147,728		—		2,147,728
Other products and services(i)		3,148,016		—		3,148,016
Revenue from hospitality operations		41,746		57,197		98,943
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,140,622		57,197		16,197,819
Geographical markets
People’s Republic of China		16,073,461		17,265		16,090,726
Other countries		67,161		39,932		107,093
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,140,622		57,197		16,197,819
Timing of revenue recognition
At a point in time		16,098,876		—		16,098,876
Over time		41,746		57,197		98,943
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,140,622		57,197		16,197,819
	31.12.2016
	Yuchai		HLGE		Total
Segments	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Type of goods or services
Heavy-duty engines		3,813,500		—		3,813,500
Medium-duty engines		5,213,373		—		5,213,373
Light-duty engines		1,724,616		—		1,724,616
Other products and services(i)		2,783,921		—		2,783,921
Revenue from hospitality operations		41,432		66,353		107,785
Total revenue from contract with customers		13,576,842		66,353		13,643,195
Geographical markets
People’s Republic of China		13,436,629		24,005		13,460,634
Other countries		140,213		42,348		182,561
Total revenue from contract with customers		13,576,842		66,353		13,643,195
Timing of revenue recognition
At a point in time		13,535,410		—		13,535,410
Over time		41,432		66,353		107,785
Total revenue from contract with customers		13,576,842		66,353		13,643,195

Note:    

⁽ⁱ⁾  included sales of power generator sets, engine components, service-type maintenance services and others.

F-58

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

7. Revenue from contracts with customers (cont’d)

7.2 Contract balances

	1.1.2017 RMB’000		31.12.2017 RMB’000		31.12.2018 RMB’000		31.12.2018 US$’000
	(Restated)		(Restated)
Trade receivables (Note 20)		241,168		212,104		408,000		60,985
Contract assets (Note 20)		—		—		44,434		6,642
Contract liabilities (Note 28)		213,286		233,329		340,489		50,894
Refund liabilities (Note 26)		755,092		717,955		761,521		113,828

i. Trade receivables are non-interest bearing and are generally on terms of 60 days.

ii. Contract assets are the costs incurred in fulfilling a contract for the development of technology know-how for heavy–duty engines platforms for a joint venture company of the Group. Contract assets will be expensed off when the Group performs the contract.

The transaction prices allocated to the remaining performance obligation pursuant to this contract, committed at the reporting date but not recognised as liabilities amounted to RMB 149.0 million and expected to be realised within next three years upon the completion of services.

iii. The contract liabilities comprise short-term advance from customers and unfulfilled maintenance service. The advance from customers is recognised as revenue upon the delivery of goods, and the contract liability arising from unfulfilled service-type warranty is recognized upon the completion of the maintenance services. According to the business customary practice, the remaining performance obligations (unfulfilled maintenance service) at the year end is expected to be satisfied within 1-3 years.

iv. Refund liabilities arise from sales rebates granted to the Yuchai customers.

F-59

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

8.1 Depreciation and amortization, shipping and handling expenses

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment, investment property and amortization of prepaid operating leases are included in the following captions.

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Cost of sales		322,289		307,102		312,769		46,751
Research and development expenses		56,812		48,291		26,751		3,999
Selling, general and administrative expenses		99,059		88,788		94,365		14,105
		478,160		444,181		433,885		64,855

Sales related shipping and handling expenses not separately billed to customers are included in the following caption:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Selling, general and administrative expenses		159,023		208,197		211,971		31,684

F-60

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

8.2 (a)    Other operating income

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
			(Restated)
Interest income		56,983		105,421		147,244		22,009
Dividend income from quoted equity securities		943		2,532		1,992		298
Gain on disposal of:
- associate		—		199		—		—
- joint venture (Note 6)		—		107,976		—		—
- property, plant and equipment		—		11,668		8,835		1,321
- subsidiaries (Note 4)		—		216,115		—		—
Government grants		41,515		34,337		32,237		4,819
Fair value gain on quoted equity securities		—		12,768		—		—
Fair value gain on foreign exchange forward contract		—		—		4,529		677
Write-back of trade and other payables		—		29		—		—
Foreign exchange gain, net		—		30,943		1,071		160
Others		18,513		10,129		9,235		1,379
		117,954		532,117		205,143		30,663

8.2 (b)    Other operating expenses

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Loss on disposal of:
- property, plant and equipment		14,020		—		—		—
Foreign exchange loss, net		4,006		—		—		—
Fair value loss on quoted equity securities		243		—		3,433		513
Fair value loss on foreign exchange forward contract		140		—		—		—
Goodwill written off		1,131		—		—		—
Others		3,059		22,719		9,030		1,350
		22,599		22,719		12,463		1,863

F-61

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

8.3 Finance costs

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Bank term loans		34,477		53,888		71,513		10,689
Corporate bonds		27,581		—		—		—
Bills discounting		13,068		42,179		36,826		5,505
Bank charges		4,552		4,367		4,749		710
Finance lease		5		5		—		—
		79,683		100,439		113,088		16,904

8.4 Staff costs

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Wages and salaries		922,847		1,158,320		1,176,465		175,852
Contribution to defined contribution plans		275,703		258,190		296,073		44,255
Executive bonuses		44,921		59,908		57,674		8,621
Staff welfare		81,223		76,392		76,689		11,463
Staff severance cost		12,864		107,732		28,018		4,188
Cost of share-based payment		5,301		1,592		—		—
Others		20,340		1,870		8,441		1,262
		1,363,199		1,664,004		1,643,360		245,641

9. Income tax expense

Income tax expense in the consolidated statement of profit or loss consists of:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
			(Restated)
Current income tax
- Current year		104,149		197,264			209,448			31,307
- Under/(over) provision in respect of prior years		7,175		(2,867	)		(729	)		(109	)
Deferred tax
- Movement in temporary differences		48,946		(225	)		(2,052	)		(307	)
Consolidated income tax expense reported in the statement of profit or loss		160,270		194,172			206,667			30,891

F-62

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

9. Income tax expense (cont’d)

Income tax expense reported in the consolidated statement of profit or loss differs from the amount computed by applying the PRC income tax rate of 15% (being tax rate of Yuchai) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 for the following reasons:

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
				(Restated)
Accounting profit before tax		896,232			1,514,028			1,181,067			176,538
Computed tax expense of 15% (2017: 15%, 2016: 15%)		134,435			227,104			177,160			26,481
Adjustments resulting from:
Non-deductible expenses		7,039			21,982			5,146			769
Tax-exempt income		(178	)		(58,324	)		(3,634	)		(543	)
Utilization of deferred tax benefits previously not recognized		(5,010	)		(16,687	)		(5,518	)		(825	)
Deferred tax benefits not recognized		9,045			8,084			2,183			326
Tax credits for research and development expense		(34,482	)		(34,428	)		(22,407	)		(3,349	)
Tax rate differential		25,321			21,061			24,437			3,653
Under/(over) provision in respect of previous years current tax		7,175			(2,867	)		(729	)		(109	)
Withholding tax expense		16,925			29,447			30,029			4,488
Others		—			(1,200	)		—			—
Total		160,270			194,172			206,667			30,891

Deferred tax

Deferred tax relates to the following:

	Consolidated statement of financial position									Consolidated statement of profit or loss
	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018			31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
										(Restated)			(Restated)
Deferred tax liabilities
Accelerated tax depreciation		(15,122	)		(27,554	)		(4,119	)		373			(4,601	)		(12,432	)		(1,859	)
Unremitted earnings from overseas source income		—			—			—			(25	)		—			—			—
Interest receivable		(774	)		(2,252	)		(336	)		(1,471	)		679			(1,478	)		(221	)
Derivatives not designated as hedges- foreign exchange forward contract		—			—			—			2,326			—			—			—
PRC withholding tax on dividend income (i)		(100,572	)		(106,922	)		(15,982	)		(16,628	)		(29,031	)		(29,842	)		(4,460	)
		(116,468	)		(136,728	)		(20,437	)		(15,425	)		(32,953	)		(43,752	)		(6,540	)
Deferred tax assets
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		12,319			15,943			2,383			(9,005	)		9,443			3,624			542
Write-down of inventories		17,493			16,060			2,400			(4,421	)		(3,716	)		(1,433	)		(214	)
Allowance for doubtful account receivables		7,376			5,177			774			7,196			(1,964	)		(2,199	)		(329	)
Accruals		204,730			204,554			30,576			(46,350	)		18,778			(186	)		(28	)
Deferred income		51,679			95,499			14,275			10,045			6,743			43,820			6,550
Others		21,793			23,974			3,583			9,014			3,894			2,178			326
		315,390			361,207			53,991			(33,521	)		33,178			45,804			6,847
											(48,946	)		225			2,052			307

F-63

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

9. Income tax expense (cont’d)

Deferred tax (cont’d)

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  The movement of PRC withholding tax on dividend income is as follows:

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
At January 1		(103,347	)		(100,572	)		(15,033	)
Provision made to consolidated statement of profit or loss		(29,031	)		(29,842	)		(4,460	)
Utilization		31,806			23,492			3,511
December 31		(100,572	)		(106,922	)		(15,982	)

The Corporate Income Tax (“CIT”) law provides for a tax of 10% to be withheld from dividends paid to foreign investors of PRC enterprises. This withholding tax provision does not apply to dividends paid out of profit earned prior to January 1, 2008. Beginning on January 1, 2008, a 10% withholding tax is imposed on dividends paid to the Company, as a non-resident enterprise, unless an applicable tax treaty provides for a lower tax rate. The Company recognizes a deferred tax liability for withholding tax payable for profits accumulated after December 31, 2007 for the earnings that the Company does not plan to indefinitely reinvest in the PRC enterprises. As of December 31, 2018, the deferred tax liability for withholding tax payable was RMB 106.9 million (US$16.0 million) (2017: RMB 100.6 million). The amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability relating to undistributed earnings of the PRC enterprises is estimated to be RMB 249.2 million (US$37.3 million) (2017: RMB 228.0 million).

The following table represents the classification of the Group’s net deferred tax assets:

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Deferred tax assets		315,390			361,207			53,991
Deferred tax liabilities		(116,468	)		(136,728	)		(20,437	)
		198,922			224,479			33,554

Deferred tax assets have not been recognized in respect of the following items:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Unutilized tax losses		479,410		396,232		59,227
Unutilized capital allowances and investment allowances		107,266		107,588		16,082
Other unrecognized temporary differences relating to asset impairment and deferred grants		230,269		222,868		33,312
		816,945		726,688		108,621

Unrecognized tax losses for the Group are subject to agreement with the tax authorities and compliance with tax regulations in the respective countries in which the Group operates. These losses relate to subsidiaries that have a history of losses, expire within the next 5 years and may not be used to offset taxable income elsewhere in the Group. Deferred tax assets have not been recognized in respect of these items because it is not probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the Group can utilize the benefits.

F-64

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

10. Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit for the year attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of ordinary shares that would be issued on conversion of all the dilutive potential ordinary shares into ordinary shares.

Basic earnings per share

The calculation of basic earnings per share is based on:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent		525,177		888,809		695,266		103,925
Weighted average number of ordinary shares		40,016,808		40,764,569		40,858,290		40,858,290

Diluted earnings per share

The weighted average number of ordinary shares adjusted for the effect of unissued ordinary shares under the Share Option Scheme is determined as follows:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018
Weighted average number of shares issued, used in the calculation of basic earnings per share		40,016,808		40,764,569		40,858,290
Diluted effect of share options		—		—		—
Weighted average number of ordinary shares adjusted for effect of dilution		40,016,808		40,764,569		40,858,290

In 2018, 470,000 (2017: 470,000; 2016: 530,000) share options granted to employees under the existing employee share option plan have not been included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share because they are anti-dilutive.

F-65

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

11. Property, plant and equipment

	Freehold land RMB’000		Leasehold land, buildings and improvements RMB’000			Construction in progress RMB’000			Plant and machinery RMB’000			Office furniture, fittings and equipment RMB’000			Motor and transport vehicles RMB’000			Total RMB’000
Cost
At January 1, 2017		13,730		2,351,646			336,151			5,049,756			192,461			114,425			8,058,169
Additions		—		1,109			226,977			7,464			16,763			9,120			261,433
Disposal of subsidiary		—		(107,632	)		—			(35,490	)		(12,473	)		(255	)		(155,850	)
Disposals		—		(3,310	)		—			(10,064	)		(3,718	)		(5,481	)		(22,573	)
Transfers		—		81,486			(280,358	)		198,872			—			—			—
Write-off		—		(2,385	)		(1,674	)		(53,792	)		(15,307	)		(599	)		(73,757	)
Translation difference		263		1,954			—			88			2,228			(74	)		4,459
At December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		13,993		2,322,868			281,096			5,156,834			179,954			117,136			8,071,881
Additions		—		2,971			359,574			12,465			20,671			10,214			405,895
Disposals		—		(2,203	)		(2,258	)		(26,142	)		(4,510	)		(4,917	)		(40,030	)
Transfers		—		16,845			(167,900	)		151,055			—			—			—
Write-off		—		(185	)		(1,056	)		(55,709	)		(3,512	)		(4,843	)		(65,305	)
Translation difference		437		2,249			732			199			485			93			4,195
At December 31, 2018		14,430		2,342,545			470,188			5,238,702			193,088			117,683			8,376,636
Accumulated depreciation and impairment
At January 1, 2017		467		642,286			—			3,089,199			124,831			74,201			3,930,984
Charge for the year		—		78,347			—			325,979			21,202			6,039			431,567
Disposal of subsidiary		—		(26,031	)		—			(15,040	)		(9,695	)		(240	)		(51,006	)
Disposals		—		(1,879	)		—			(10,191	)		(1,798	)		(4,733	)		(18,601	)
Write-off		—		(1,377	)		—			(51,087	)		(15,012	)		(599	)		(68,075	)
Impairment loss		—		—			1,055			19,790			—			—			20,845
Translation difference		17		104			—			62			1,998			(32	)		2,149
At December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		484		691,450			1,055			3,358,712			121,526			74,636			4,247,863
Charge for the year		—		77,783			—			338,132			18,832			6,218			440,965	*
Disposals		—		(1,005	)		—			(26,471	)		(3,582	)		(4,555	)		(35,613	)
Write-off		—		(183	)		(1,055	)		(54,686	)		(3,512	)		(4,604	)		(64,040	)
Impairment loss		—		—			—			30,173			—			—			30,173
Translation difference		15		275			—			124			287			45			746
At December 31, 2018		499		768,320			—			3,645,984			133,551			71,740			4,620,094
Net book value
At December 31, 2017		13,509		1,631,418			280,041			1,798,122			58,428			42,500			3,824,018
At December 31, 2018		13,931		1,574,225			470,188			1,592,718			59,537			45,943			3,756,542
US$’000		2,082		235,307			70,281			238,071			8,899			6,868			561,508

* In 2018, RMB 15.3 million (US$ 2.3 million) (2017: RMB Nil) and RMB 5.4 million (US$ 0.8 million) (2017: RMB Nil) were capitalized as intangible assets and contract assets, respectively.

An impairment loss of RMB 30.2 million (US$ 4.5 million) (2017: RMB 20.8 million; 2016: RMB 3.3 million) was charged to the consolidated statement of profit or loss under “Cost of sales” for the Group’s property, plant and equipment within the Yuchai segment. The impairment loss for 2016, 2017 and 2018 was due to assets that were not in use.

As of December 31, 2018, there was no property, plant and equipment (2017: RMB 82.7 million) pledged to secure bank facilities.

Finance leases

The carrying value of property, plant and equipment held under finance leases at December 31, 2018 was less than RMB 0.1 million (less than US$ 0.1 million) (2017: RMB 0.1 million). In 2018, there was no addition of property, plant and equipment under finance leases (2017: RMB Nil).

F-66

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

12. Investment property

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Cost
At January 1		31,776			32,944			4,924
Translation difference		1,168			1,028			154
At December 31		32,944			33,972			5,078
Accumulated depreciation
At January 1		24,478			25,510			3,813
Charge for the year		248			884			132
Translation difference		784			813			122
At December 31		25,510			27,207			4,067
Net carrying amount		7,434			6,765			1,011
Fair value		10,557			10,886			1,627
Consolidated statements of profit or loss:
Rental income from an investment property		372			437			65
Direct operating expenses (including repairs, maintenance and depreciation expense) arising from the rental generating property		(508	)		(314	)		(47	)

The Group has no restrictions on the realizability of its investment property and no contractual obligations to purchase, construct or develop investment property or for repairs, maintenance or enhancement.

The fair value is determined by independent professional qualified valuer. The fair value of investment property is determined by the market comparison and cost methods. In valuing the investment property, due consideration is given to factors such as location and size of building, building infrastructure, market knowledge and historical comparable transactions to arrive at their opinion of value.

The following table shows information about fair value measurement of the investment property using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

	Valuation techniques	Unobservable input	Inter-relationship between key unobservable inputs and fair value measurement
2018	Market comparison and cost method	Comparable price: -  RMB 156 to RMB 428     (US$23 to US$64) per square foot	The estimated fair value increases with higher comparable price
2017	Market comparison and cost method	Comparable price: -  RMB 151 to RMB 415     per square foot	The estimated fair value increases with higher comparable price

F-67

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

13. Prepaid operating leases

Yuchai is granted land use rights of 15 to 50 years in respect of such land. Prepaid operating leases represent those amounts paid for land use rights to the PRC government.

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Current		12,546		12,546		1,875
Non-current		367,270		354,546		52,996
Total		379,816		367,092		54,871
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Cost
At January 1 and December 31		529,577		529,577		79,158
Accumulated amortization
At January 1		137,395		149,761		22,385
Charge for the year		12,366		12,724		1,902
At December 31		149,761		162,485		24,287
Net carrying amount		379,816		367,092		54,871

As of December 31, 2017 & 2018, no prepaid operating leases are pledged to secure bank facilities.

14. Goodwill

	RMB’000		US$’000
Cost
At January 1, 2017, December 31, 2017, January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018		218,311		32,632
Accumulated impairment
At January 1, 2017, December 31, 2017, January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018		5,675		848
Net carrying amount
At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018		212,636		31,784

Goodwill represents the excess of costs over fair value of net assets of businesses acquired.

Goodwill acquired through business combinations have been allocated to two cash-generating units for impairment testing as follows:

• Yuchai

• Yulin Hotel. Goodwill allocated to Yulin Hotel was fully impaired in 2008.

F-68

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

14. Goodwill (cont’d)

Carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the cash-generating unit:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Yuchai		212,636		212,636		31,784

Yuchai unit

The Group performs its impairment test annually. The recoverable amount of the unit was determined based on a value in use calculation using cash flow projections from financial budgets approved by senior management covering an eight-year period. The business of Yuchai is stable since the Group has control in 1994 and the business model of Yuchai is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future. The pre-tax discount rate applied to the cash flow projections was 13.96% (2017: 12.84%). No impairment was identified for this unit.

Key assumptions used in value in use calculations

The calculation of value in use for the cash-generating unit is most sensitive to the following assumptions:

• Profit from operation

• Discount rate

• Growth rate used to extrapolate cash flows beyond the forecast period

Profit from operation – Profit from operation is based on management’s estimate with reference to historical performance of Yuchai unit.

Discount rate – Discount rate reflects management’s estimate of the risks specific to the cash-generating unit and is estimated based on weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”). The WACC takes into account both debt and equity. The cost of equity is derived from the expected return on investment by the Group’s investors. The cost of debt is based on the interest-bearing borrowings the cash-generating unit is obliged to service. This rate is weighted according to the optimal debt/equity structure arrived on the basis of the capitalization structure of the peer group.

Growth rate estimate – Growth rate is based on management’s estimate with reference to general available indication of long-term gross domestic product growth rate of China. The long term rates used to extrapolate the budget for Yuchai are 6.3% and 6.5% for 2018 and 2017 respectively.

Sensitivity to changes in assumptions

The implications of the key assumptions for the recoverable amount are discussed below:

Profit from operation – A decreased demand can lead to a decline in profit from operation. A decrease in demand by 1.00% (2017: 2.37%) would result in impairment.

Discount rate – A rise in pre-tax discount rate to 14.28% (2017: 14.82%) in the Yuchai unit would result in impairment.

Growth rate assumptions – Management recognizes that the speed of technological change and the possibility of new entrants can have a significant impact on growth rate assumptions. A reduction to 5.77% (2017: 2.98%) in the long-term growth rate in Yuchai unit would result in impairment.

With regard to the assessment of value in use of the Yuchai unit, management believes that no reasonably possible change in any of the above key assumptions would cause the recoverable amount to materially fall below the carrying value of the unit.

F-69

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

15. Intangible assets

	Technology know how		Development costs			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
	(Restated)					(Restated)
Cost
At January 1, 2017, December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		—		136,822			136,822
Addition		—		195,879			195,879
Transfer		136,822		(136,822	)		—
At December 31, 2018		136,822		195,879			332,701
Amortisation and impairment
At January 1, 2017		—		86,700			86,700
Charge to consolidated statement of profit or loss		—		40,000			40,000
At December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		—		126,700			126,700
Transfer		126,700		(126,700	)		—
At December 31, 2018		126,700		—			126,700
Net carrying amount
At December 31, 2016		—		50,122			50,122
At December 31, 2017		—		10,122			10,122
At December 31, 2018		10,122		195,879			206,001
US$’000		1,513		29,279			30,792

Technology know-how held by Jining Yuchai

At December 31, 2017, the Group has an intangible asset representing technology development costs held by Jining Yuchai with carrying amount of RMB 10.1 million.

In 2016, management performed impairment review and no impairment loss was recognized.

In 2017, due to the stringent emission standard requirement, management revised its business plan and shortened the expected useful life of the intangible assets from 15 years to 10 years. As a result, subsequent to the impairment loss of RMB 60.0 million and RMB26.7 million recorded in 2014 and 2015, respectively, a further impairment loss of RMB 40.0 million was charged to consolidated statement of profit or loss under the line item “selling, distribution and administrative costs”.

In 2017, the Group used a 10 years forecast, using pre-tax discount rate of 13.69%. The revised business plan projected 6 years, year 2023 to reach the commercial deployment of the technology. The revenue growth rate is estimated at 15.6% in 2023 and thereafter management assumed no revenue growth from 2024 to 2027.

If the pre-tax discount rate increased by 1% from management estimates, the Group’s impairment loss on intangible asset in Jining Yuchai would increase by RMB 6.7 million.

In 2018, the development for 4Y20 engine platform was completed and the technical development costs with carrying amount of RMB 10.1 million as at December 31, 2017 was recognized as the Group’s technology know-how.

In 2018, the Group has commenced the production of 4Y20 engine in view of the market demand. As such, management believe that there is no indicator for further impairment.

F-70

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

15. Intangible assets (cont’d)

Development costs

During 2018, the Group has capitalized development costs of RMB 195.9 million (US$29.3 million) for new engines that comply with National VI and Tier 4 emission standards. These development costs relate to on-going development efforts and, accordingly, have not yet been brought into use, and therefore no amortization charges were recorded. The National VI for on-road vehicles is expected to be implemented by mid-2020, and the Tier 4 emission standard for off-road vehicles is expected to be implemented within the next 2 years.

Annually, the Group performs an impairment test on the development costs that have not yet been brought into use. No impairment has been identified.

The recoverable amount was determined based on its value in use using the discounted cash flow approach. Cash flows were projected based on historical growth, past experience and management best estimation of future business outlook. The Group used a 11 years forecast which is based on the financial budgets approved by the senior management covering 8 years’ period from 2019 to 2026, and a further 3 years of forecast with no terminal value. Management has assessed the useful life of the development costs to be 10 years commencing from 2020, the year which National VI and Tier 4 emission standards are expected to be implemented.

The calculation of value in use is most sensitive to the following assumptions:

• Profit from operation – Profit from operation is based on management’s estimate with reference to historical revenue generated and growth rate. The revenue growth rate is estimated to be 5% year on year.

• Discount rate – Discount rate reflects management’s estimate of the risks specific to the cash-generating unit and is estimated based on weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”). The WACC takes into account both debt and equity. The cost of equity is derived from the expected return on investment by the Group’s investors. The cost of debt is based on the interest-bearing borrowings the cash-generating unit is obliged to service. This rate is weighted according to the optimal debt/equity structure arrived on the basis of the capitalization structure of the peer group. The Group has applied a pre-tax discount rate of 13.96%.

Sensitivity to changes in assumptions

The implications of the key assumptions for the recoverable amount are discussed below:

Profit from operation – A decreased demand can lead to a decline in profit from operation. A decrease in demand by 3.3% would result in impairment.

Discount rate – A rise in pre-tax discount rate to 26.3% would result in impairment.

With regard to the assessment of value in use, management believes that no reasonably possible change in any of the above key assumptions would cause the recoverable amount to materially fall below the carrying value.

F-71

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

16. Other financial liabilities

(a) Other liabilities

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Finance lease liabilities (Note 30)		79		48		7
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Current		33		14		2
Non-current		46		34		5
Total		79		48		7

(b) Loans and borrowings

	Effective interest rate		Maturity		31.12.2017
	%				RMB’000
Current
Renminbi denominated loans		3.99		2018		1,600,000
Non-current
Malaysian Ringgit denominated loans		5.95		2020		11,685
Singapore Dollar denominated loans(iii)		1.88		2020		14,656
						26,341

F-72

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

16. Other financial liabilities (cont’d)

(b) Loans and borrowings (cont’d)

	Effective interest rate		Maturity		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	%				RMB’000		US$’000
Current
Renminbi denominated loans		4.26		2019		1,500,000		224,212
US dollar denominated loans(ii)		3.48		2019		501,014		74,889
						2,001,014		299,101
Non-current
Singapore Dollar denominated loans(iii)		2.84		2020		15,078		2,254

Note:    

(i) All loans balances as stated above do not have a callable feature.

(ii) The loan was secured by the Group’s bill receivables of RMB 524.1 million (US$78.3 million).

(iii) The loans comprise:

Issuer bank	Facility limit		Usage
			RMB’000
December 31, 2017
MUFG Bank Ltd	S$	30 million		14,656
December 31, 2018
MUFG Bank Ltd	S$	30 million		15,078
		US$’000		2,254

S$30.0 million credit facility with DBS Bank Ltd (“DBS”)

On June 1, 2018, the Company entered into a three-year revolving uncommitted credit facility agreement with DBS with an aggregate value of S$30.0 million to refinance the S$30.0 million facility that matured on May 22, 2018. Among other things, the terms of the facility required that (i) HLA retains ownership of the special share, at all-time retains at least 35% ownership of the Company and that the Company remain a consolidated subsidiary of HLA, (ii) the Company at all-time retains at least 76.4% ownership in Yuchai and (iii) HLGE remains listed on the Main Board of Singapore Exchange. The terms of the facility also included certain financial covenants with respect to the Company’s consolidated tangible net worth (as defined in the agreement) not being less than US$350 million, and the ratio of the consolidated total net debt (as defined in the agreement) to consolidated tangible net worth not exceeding 1.0 times. This arrangement was used to finance the Group general working capital requirements.

F-73

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

16. Other financial liabilities (cont’d)

(b) Loans and borrowings (cont’d)

S$30.0 million credit facility with MUFG Bank Ltd, Singapore Branch (formally known as Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., Singapore Branch) (“MUFG”)

On March 30, 2017, the Company entered into an unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility agreement with MUFG for a committed aggregate value of S$30.0 million to refinance the S$30.0 million facility that matured on March 18, 2017. The facility is available for three years from the date of the facility agreement and will be used to finance the Company’s long-term general working capital requirements. Among other things, the terms of the facility require that HLA retains ownership of the Company’s special share and that the Company remains a consolidated subsidiary of HLA. The terms of the facility also include certain financial covenants with respect to the Company’s tangible net worth (as defined in the agreement) as at June 30 and December 31 of each year not being less than US$120 million and the ratio of the Company’s total net debt (as defined in the agreement) to tangible net worth as at June 30 and December 31 of each year not exceeding 2.0 times, as well as negative pledge provisions and customary drawdown requirements.

US$30.0 million credit facility with Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Singapore Branch (“SMBC”)

On March 31, 2017, the Company entered into an uncommitted and unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility agreement with SMBC for an aggregate value of US$30.0 million to refinance the US$30.0 million facility that matured on March 18, 2017. The facility is available for three years from the date of the facility agreement and will be utilized by the Company to finance its long-term general working capital requirements. The terms of the facility require, among other things, that HLA retains ownership of the special share and that the Company remains a principal subsidiary (as defined in the facility agreement) of HLA. The terms of the facility also include certain financial covenants with respect to the Company’s consolidated tangible net worth (as defined in the agreement) as at June 30 and December 31 of each year not less than US$200 million and the ratio of the Company’s consolidated total net debt (as defined in the agreement) to consolidated tangible net worth as at June 30 and December 31 of each year not exceeding 2.0 times, as well as negative pledge provisions and customary drawdown requirements.

17. Deferred grants

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
At January 1		337,889			353,647			52,861
Received during the year		50,095			282,388			42,210
Released to consolidated statement of profit or loss		(34,337	)		(28,427	)		(4,249	)
At December 31		353,647			607,608			90,822
Current (Note 26)		22,270			22,082			3,301
Non-current		331,377			585,526			87,521
		353,647			607,608			90,822

The government grant that have been received was to support and fund Yuchai’s production facilities, research and development activities for new engines.

F-74

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

18. Inventories

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Raw materials		1,188,396		1,243,955		185,940
Work in progress		34,924		30,038		4,490
Finished goods		1,349,425		1,243,871		185,927
Total inventories at the lower of cost and net realizable value		2,572,745		2,517,864		376,357

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Inventories recognized as an expense in cost of sales		9,308,265			11,021,960			11,471,988			1,714,771
Inclusive of the following charge/(credit):
- Inventories written down		48,202			17,492			25,194			3,766
- Reversal of write-down of inventories		(53,373	)		(37,393	)		(33,662	)		(5,032	)

The reversal of write-down of inventory was made when the related inventories were sold above their carrying value.

19. Other assets

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Current
Development properties		23,833		20,267		3,029
Quoted equity securities(i)		24,714		21,876		3,270
Derivative not designated as hedges – foreign exchange forward contract(iii)		—		4,529		677
		48,547		46,672		6,976
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Non-current
Deferred expenditure(ii)		303		—		—

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾ The quoted equity securities are listed on the Singapore Exchange.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ The deferred expenditure relate to the legal fees for an option to purchase for sale of lands entered with a buyer in 2016 and was transferred to the profit or loss upon completion of sales in 2018.

⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾ On September 19, 2018, Yuchai entered into a non-deliverable forward foreign exchange contract (“NDF”) with China Construction Bank to purchase US$73.0 million at the forward exchange rate (RMB/US$) of 6.8599 on September 13, 2019. The Group accounted for this NDF at fair value through “other operating income” in the statement of profit or loss.

F-75

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

20. Trade and other receivables

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Current
Trade receivables, gross		255,879			438,586			65,557
Less: expected credit losses		(43,775	)		(30,586	)		(4,572	)
Net trade receivables		212,104			408,000			60,985
Bill receivables (i)		6,819,440			6,981,106			1,043,498
Total (Note 7.2, Note 35)		7,031,544			7,389,106			1,104,483
Amounts receivable:
- associates and joint ventures (trade)		13,180			174			26
- associates and joint ventures (non-trade)		49			56,405			8,431
- related parties (trade)		29,573			32,702			4,888
- related parties (non-trade)		7,703			2,156			322
Staff advances		5,107			5,513			824
Interest receivables		4,345			8,220			1,229
Bills receivable in transit		32,013			8,850			1,323
Retention sums (ii)		30,000			—			—
Others		10,705			23,456			3,506
Loans and receivables (Note 35)		132,675			137,476			20,549
Tax recoverable		177,819			140,316			20,974
Prepayments		73,896			118,389			17,696
Net other receivables		384,390			396,181			59,219
Total trade and other receivables		7,415,934			7,785,287			1,163,702
Non-current
Contract assets		—			44,434			6,642
Other receivables (Note 35):
- associates and joint ventures (non-trade)		620			—			—
Total trade and other receivables		620			44,434			6,642

Note:

(i) As of December 31, 2018, bill receivables include bills issued by joint venture and related parties amounted to RMB 18.1 million (US$2.7 million) (2017: RMB 69.8 million) and RMB 16.8 million (US$2.5 million) (2017: RMB 23.8 million) respectively.

As of December 31, 2018, bill receivables of RMB 558.6 million (US$83.5 million) (2017: RMB Nil) are pledged to secure bank facilities.

(ii) Retention sums relate to money deposits in an escrow account pending finalization of tax payable for the disposal of LKNII. In 2018, the retention sums was transferred to a joint signatory account with the buyer of LKNII pending payment of tax payable for the disposal of LKNII.

F-76

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

20. Trade and other receivables (cont’d)

Trade receivables are non-interest bearing and are generally on 60 days’ term. They are recognized at their original invoice amounts which represent their fair values on initial recognition.

The non-trade receivable due from joint ventures comprised of a loan of RMB 50.0 million (US$7.5 million) (2017: RMB Nil) that is unsecured, interest at 4.35% per annum and repayable on demand. Other than that, non-trade balance from associates, joint ventures and other related parties are unsecured, interest-free, and repayable on demand.

Non-current non-trade receivables due from associate and joint ventures are unsecured and non-interest bearing. In 2017, these amounts are not expected to be repaid within the next 12 months. In 2018, these amounts are repayable on demand.

Movement in the allowance for expected credit losses of trade and other receivables is as follows:

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
At January 1		54,634			43,775			6,543
Credit to consolidated statement of profit or loss		(10,854	)		(11,052	)		(1,652	)
Written off		(5	)		(2,137	)		(319	)
At December 31		43,775			30,586			4,572

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, outstanding bill receivables discounted with banks for which the Group retained a recourse obligation totaled RMB 1,505.8 million and RMB 1,272.4 million (US$190.2 million) respectively. All bill receivables discounted have contractual maturities within 12 months at time of discounting.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, outstanding bill receivables endorsed to suppliers with recourse obligation were RMB 1,316.1 million and RMB 1,627.5 million (US$243.3 million) respectively.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, gross trade receivables due from a major customer group, Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd. and its affiliates (the “Dongfeng companies”) were RMB 24.6 million and RMB 54.1 million (US$8.1 million), respectively. See Note 32 for further discussion of customer concentration risk.

For terms and conditions relating to related parties, refer to Note 29.

F-77

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

21. Cash and cash equivalents

Short-term bank deposits

Restricted cash

Long-term bank deposits

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Non-current
Long-term bank deposits (i)		70,000		70,000		10,463
Current
Cash and cash equivalents		5,390,324		5,559,890		831,062
Long-term bank deposits (i)		—		70,000		10,463
Short-term bank deposits (ii)		514,074		356,926		53,352
Restricted cash		54,809		71,706		10,718
		5,959,207		6,058,522		905,595
Cash and bank balances		6,029,207		6,128,522		916,058

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  In 2018, YMMC placed two-year time deposits of RMB 70.0 million (US$10.5 million) (2017: RMB 70.0 million) at annual interest rate range from 2.94% to 3.15% (2017: 2.94% to 3.15%) with banks. These long-term deposits are not considered as cash equivalents.

As at December 31, 2018, the two-year time deposits placed in 2017 has remaining maturity period of less than 12-months. Accordingly, this has been classified as current in 2018.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  Short-term bank deposits relate to bank deposits with initial maturities of more than three months and subject to more than insignificant risk of changes in value upon withdrawal before maturity. The interest rate of these bank deposits as of December 31, 2018 for the Group ranged from 1.40% to 3.90% (2017: 1.01% to 1.97%). These short-term bank deposits are not considered as cash equivalents.

Cash at banks earns interest at floating rates based on daily bank deposit rates. Short-term deposits are made for varying periods, depending on the immediate cash requirements of the Group, and earn interests at the respective short-term deposit rates. The interest rate of the bank deposits (excluding long-term and short-term bank deposits) as at December 31, 2018 for the Group ranged from 1.30% to 3.28% (2017: 0.87% to 3.28%).

As at December 31, 2018, the Group’s restricted cash comprised of RMB 31.6 million (US$4.7 million) (2017: RMB 45.3 million) which was used as collateral by the banks for the issuance of bills to suppliers and RMB 40.1 million (US$6.0 million) (2017: RMB 9.5 million) relates to retention money deposited in a joint signatory account with the buyer of LKNII pending payment of tax payable for the disposal of LKNII. The Group’s share of joint ventures’ restricted cash is disclosed in Note 6.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group had RMB 474.4 million and RMB 492.8 million (US$73.7 million) respectively, of undrawn committed borrowing facilities in respect of which all conditions precedent had been met. The commitment fees incurred for 2016, 2017 and 2018 were RMB 0.4 million, RMB 0.2 million and RMB 0.2 million (less than US$0.1 million) respectively.

F-78

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

22. Issued capital and Preference shares

			31.12.2017		31.12.2018
			thousands		thousands
Issued capital
Authorized shares
Ordinary share of par value US$0.10 each				100,000		100,000
			Number of shares		RMB’000
Ordinary shares issued and fully paid
At January 1, 2017				40,712,100		2,059,076
Issued of shares as dividend payment (Note 23)				99,790		12,897
Issued of shares upon exercised of share options (Note 25)				46,400		9,165
At December 31, 2017 and 2018				40,858,290		2,081,138
US$’000						311,077
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Special share issued and fully paid
One special share issued and fully paid at US$0.10 per share		*		*		*
Non-redeemable convertible cumulative preference shares		21		—		—

* Less than RMB 1 (US$1)

On July 13, 2017, based on the elections by shareholders, the dividend of US$0.90 per share for the financial year 2016 was paid in the form of approximately US$34.7 million in cash and 99,790 shares, at the volume weighted average trading price of US$19.0329 dollar per share, with total value equivalent to RMB 12.9 million.

In 2017, the Company issued 46,400 shares pursuant to the exercised of share option granted under the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan.

The holders of ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as the Board of Directors of the Company may declare from time to time. All ordinary shares are entitled to one vote on a show of hands and carry one vote per share on a poll.

The holder of special share is entitled to elect a majority of directors of the Company. In addition, no shareholders resolution may be passed without the affirmative vote of the special share, including any resolution to amend the Memorandum of Association or Bye-laws of the Company. The special share is not transferable except to HLA, HLC or any of its affiliates. The Bye-Laws of the Company provides that the special share shall cease to carry any rights in the event that HLA and its affiliates cease to own, directly or indirectly, at least 7,290,000 ordinary shares in the capital of the Company.

F-79

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

22. Issued capital and Preference shares (cont’d)

Preference shares

HLGE issued 197,141,190 non-redeemable convertible cumulative preference shares (“NCCPS”) at an issue price of S$0.02 each on July 4, 2006, expiring on the 10^th anniversary of the NCCPS issue date, and 197,011,794 NCCPS have been converted into ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE.

The NCCPS shall, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, carry the right to receive, out of the profits of HLGE available for payment of dividends, a fixed cumulative preferential dividend of 10% per annum of the issue price for each NCCPS (the “Preference Dividend”).

Other than the Preference Dividend, the NCCPS holders shall have no further right to participate in the profits or assets of HLGE.

NCCPS holders shall have no voting rights except under certain circumstances referred to in the Singapore Companies Act, Chapter 50 set out in the terms of the NCCPS.

The NCCPS are not listed and quoted on the Official List of the Singapore Exchange. However, the holders of the NCCPS are able to exercise their rights to convert the NCCPS into new ordinary shares at the adjusted NCCPS conversion ratio of one (1) new ordinary share for every ten (10) NCCPS following the completion of the HLGE’s share consolidation exercise in May 2015, subject to the terms and conditions of the NCCPS. Such new ordinary shares will be listed and quoted on the Official List of the Singapore Exchange when issued.

In accordance with the terms and conditions of the NCCPS, the rights of NCCPS holders to convert all or any of their NCCPS into fully paid ordinary shares in the capital of the HLGE has lapsed on July 4, 2016 (being the date of expiry of the NCCPS Conversion Period). NCCPS are perpetual securities and there is no mandatory conversion of the NCCPS upon the expiry of the NCCPS Conversion Period.

In 2016, HLGE issued a total of 2,899 new ordinary shares, pursuant to the conversion of 28,998 NCCPS, at an issue price of S$0.02 for each NCCPS. The NCCPS conversion ratio is one (1) new ordinary share for every ten (10) NCCPS converted.

In 2018, HLGE has converted all of the existing issued and outstanding NCCPS into new ordinary shares in the capital of the HLGE at a conversion ratio of one Ordinary Share for every 10 NCCPS.

23. Dividends declared and paid

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Declared and paid during the year
Dividends on ordinary shares:
Final dividend paid in 2018: US$0.73 per share (2017: US$0.90 per share)		248,844		197,353		29,499
Special dividend paid in 2018: US$1.48 per share (2017: US$Nil per share)		—		400,106		59,806
		248,844		597,459		89,305
Dividend paid in cash		235,947		597,459		89,305
Dividend paid in shares (Note 22)		12,897		—		—
		248,844		597,459		89,305

F-80

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

24. Reserves

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Statutory reserve
Statutory general reserve(ii)
At January 1		273,438		275,320		41,154
Transfer from retained earnings		1,882		1,378		206
At December 31		275,320		276,698		41,360
General surplus reserve (iii)
At January 1 and December 31		25,706		25,706		3,842
Total		301,026		302,404		45,202

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  In accordance with the relevant regulations in the PRC, Yuchai and its subsidiaries are required to provide certain statutory reserves which are designated for specific purposes based on the net income reported in the PRC General Accepted Accounting Principles financial statements. The reserves are not distributable in the form of cash dividends.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ In accordance with the relevant regulations in the PRC, a 10% appropriation to the statutory general reserve based on the net income reported in the PRC financial statements is required until the balance reaches 50% of the authorized share capital of Yuchai and its subsidiaries. Statutory general reserve can be used to make good previous years’ losses, if any, and may be converted into share capital by the issue of new shares to shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings, or by increasing the par value of the shares currently held by them, provided that the reserve balance after such issue is not less than 25% of the authorized share capital.

⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾  General surplus reserve is appropriated in accordance with Yuchai’s Articles and resolution of the board of directors. General surplus reserve may be used to offset accumulated losses or increase the registered capital.

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Other components of equity
Foreign currency translation reserve (i)		(82,939	)		(39,215	)		(5,862	)
Performance shares reserve (ii)		19,758			19,758			2,953
Premium paid for acquisition of non-controlling interests		(11,541	)		(11,541	)		(1,725	)
Fair value reserve (iii)		—			(79,948	)		(11,950	)
Total		(74,722	)		(110,946	)		(16,584	)

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  Foreign currency translation reserve represents exchange differences arising from the translation of the financial statements of foreign operations whose functional currencies are different from that of the Group’s presentation currency.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  Performance shares reserve comprises the cumulative value of employee services received in return for share-based compensation. The amount in the reserve is retained when the option is expired.

⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾  Fair value reserve relates to the subsequent measurement of the Group’s bill receivables at fair value through OCI.

F-81

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

25. Share-based payment

The Company’s Equity Incentive Plan (“Equity Plan”) was approved by the shareholders at the Annual General Meeting of the Company held on July 4, 2014 for duration of 10 years (from July 29, 2014 to July 28, 2024).

All options granted under the Equity Plan are subject to a vesting schedule as follows:

(1) one year after the date of grant for up to 33% of the shares over which the options are exercisable;

(2) two years after the date of grant for up to 66% (including (1) above) of the shares over which the options are exercisable; and

(3) three years after the date of grant for up to 100% (including (1) and (2) above) of the shares over which the options are exercisable.

The expense recognized for employee services received during the year is shown in the following table:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Expense arising from equity-settled share-based payment transactions		5,301		1,592		—		—
Total expense arising from share-based payment transactions		5,301		1,592		—		—

Movements during the year

The following table illustrates the number and weighted average exercise prices (“WAEP”) of, and movements in share options during the year:

	Number of share options			WAEP		Number of share options		WAEP
	2017			2017		2018		2018
Outstanding at January 1		530,000		US$	21.11 dollar		470,000	US$	21.11 dollar
Exercised during the year		(46,400	)	US$	21.11 dollar		—	US$	21.11 dollar
Cancelled during the year		(13,600	)	US$	21.11 dollar		—	US$	21.11 dollar
Outstanding at December 31		470,000		US$	21.11 dollar		470,000	US$	21.11 dollar
Exercisable at December 31		470,000		US$	21.11 dollar		470,000	US$	21.11 dollar

The fair value of services received in return for share options granted are measured by reference to the fair value of share options granted. The estimate of the fair value of the services received is measured based on the Black-Scholes model. The expected life used in the model has been adjusted, based on management’s best estimate, for the effects of non-transferability, exercise restrictions and behavioural considerations.

Fair value of share options and assumptions

Date of grant of options	On July 29, 2014
Fair value at measurement date (US$)	5.70 dollar – 6.74 dollar
Share price (US$)	21.11 dollar
Exercise price (US$)	21.11 dollar
Expected volatility (%)	47.4
Expected option life (years)	3.5 – 5.5
Expected dividends (%)	5.81
Risk-free interest rate (%)	1.4 – 2.0

F-82

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

25. Share-based payment (cont’d)

Fair value of share options and assumptions (cont’d)

The exercise price for options outstanding as at December 31, 2018 was US$21.11 dollar (2017: US$21.11 dollar).

The weighted average remaining contractual life for the share options outstanding as at December 31, 2018 was 5.6 (2017: 6.6) years.

The expected volatility reflects the assumption that the historical volatility over a period similar to the life of the options is indicative of future trends, which may not necessarily be the actual outcome.

There are no market conditions associated with the share options granted. Service conditions and non-market performance conditions are not taken into account in the measurement of the fair value of the service to be received at the grant date.

26. Trade and other payables

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
	(Restated)
Current
Trade payables		2,476,447		2,495,482		373,011
Bills payables (i)		2,700,676		2,065,147		308,687
Other payables		366,604		329,632		49,272
Accrued expenses		125,492		168,235		25,147
Accrued staff costs		622,893		666,641		99,646
Refund liabilities (Note 7.2)		717,955		761,521		113,828
Dividend payable		39,786		43,133		6,447
Amount due to:
- associates and joint ventures (trade)		88,085		262,131		39,182
- associates and joint ventures (non-trade)		14,026		66		10
- related parties (trade)		93,161		145,747		21,786
- related parties (non-trade)		31,515		32,034		4,788
Financial liabilities at amortized cost (Note 35)		7,276,640		6,969,769		1,041,804
Other tax payable		51,387		38,823		5,803
Trade and other payables with liquidity risk (Note 32)		7,328,027		7,008,592		1,047,607
Deferred grants (Note 17)		22,270		22,082		3,301
Advance from customers		387		369		55
Total trade and other payables (current)		7,350,684		7,031,043		1,050,963

⁽ⁱ⁾   As of December 31, 2018, the bills payables include bills payable to joint ventures, associates and other related parties amounted to RMB 131.8 million (US$19.7 million) (2017: RMB 63.6 million), RMB 4.2 million (US$0.6 million) (2017: RMB 8.6 million) and RMB 62.8 million (US$9.4 million) (2017: RMB 114.7 million) respectively.

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Non-current
Provision for bonus (i)		148,287		160,091		23,930
Deferred income (ii)		8,060		—		—
Other payables (non-current) (Note 32, Note 35)		156,347		160,091		23,930

⁽ⁱ⁾  The provision is not expected to be settled within next 12 months.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ This relates to progress payments received for sale of lands and was transferred to the profit or loss upon completion of the sale in 2018.

Terms and conditions of the above financial liabilities:

• Trade payables are non-interest bearing and are normally settled on 60-day terms.

• Other payables (current) are non-interest bearing and have an average term of three months.

• For terms and conditions relating to related parties, refer to Note 29.

F-83

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

27. Provision for product warranty

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
	(Restated)
At January 1		169,006			191,814			28,671
Provision made		249,517			224,582			33,569
Provision utilized		(226,709	)		(249,483	)		(37,291	)
At December 31		191,814			166,913			24,949

28. Contract liabilities

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
	(Restated)
Unfulfilled maintenance services		115,864		191,728		28,658
Advance from customer		117,465		148,761		22,236
Total		233,329		340,489		50,894
Current		198,570		286,786		42,867
Non-current		34,759		53,703		8,027
Total contract liabilities (Note 7.2)		233,329		340,489		50,894

29. Related party disclosures

The ultimate parent

As of December 31, 2018, the controlling shareholder of the Company, HLA, indirectly owned 17,059,154, or 41.8% (2017: 16,360,845, or 40.0%), of the ordinary shares in the capital of the Company, as well as a special share that entitles it to elect a majority of directors of the Company. HLA controls the Company through its wholly-owned subsidiary, HLC, and through HLT, a wholly-owned subsidiary of HLC. HLT owns approximately 23.3% (2017: 23.3%) of the ordinary shares in the capital of the Company and is, and has since August 2002 been, the registered holder of the special share. HLA also owns, through another wholly-owned subsidiary, Well Summit Investments Limited, approximately 18.5% (2017: 16.7%) of the ordinary shares in the capital of the Company. HLA is a member of the Hong Leong Investment Holdings Pte. Ltd., or Hong Leong Investment group of companies. Prior to August 2002, the Company was controlled by Diesel Machinery (BVI) Limited, which, until its dissolution, was a holding company controlled by HLC and was the prior owner of the special share. Through HLT’s stock ownership and the rights accorded to the special share under Bye-Laws of the Company and various agreements among shareholders, HLA is able to effectively approve and effect most corporate transactions.

There were transactions other than dividends paid, between the Group and HLA of RMB 0.03 million (US$0.01 million) during the financial years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 respectively. The transaction relates to consultancy fees charged by HLA.

Entity with significant influence over the Group

As of December 31, 2018, the Yulin City Government through Coomber Investment Ltd. owned 17.2% (2017: 17.2%) of the ordinary shares in the capital of the Company.

F-84

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

29. Related party disclosures (cont’d)

The following provides the significant transactions that have been entered into with related parties for the relevant financial year.

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
			(Restated)
Sales of engines and materials
- associates and joint ventures		219,724		412,591		439,106		65,635
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		447,509		455,061		406,422		60,750
Purchase of material, supplies and engines
- associates and joint ventures		308,610		914,211		1,192,322		178,222
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		1,028,358		1,221,421		1,589,638		237,610
Purchase of service
- a joint venture		2,121		2,543		—		—
Hospitality, restaurant, consultancy and other service income charged to
- a joint venture		—		14,241		3,456		517
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		13,634		25,728		24,015		3,590
Rental income
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		5,454		4,483		3,886		581
- a joint venture		—		—		1,937		290
Property management service expenses
- an associates		20,976		—		—		—
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		—		22,212		26,547		3,968
Leasing expenses
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		4,715		8,676		25,705		3,842
General and administrative expenses
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		14,309		20,215		21,607		3,230
- HLA (including its affiliates)		6,887		6,913		6,639		992
Delivery, storage, distribution and handling expenses
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		193,258		210,406		228,195		34,109
Purchases of vehicles and machineries
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		—		52,443		6,144		918
Purchases of additional shareholding in a subsidiary from
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates) (i)		—		1,335		—		—
Disposal of shareholding in an associate to
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates) (ii)		—		1,833		—		—

F-85

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

29. Related party disclosures (cont’d)

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  In June 2017, GYAMC acquired 25% of equity interest in Crankshaft from State Holding Company with a purchase consideration of RMB 1.3 million.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  In August 2017, YEMC disposed its 30% equity interest in Property Management to State Holding Company for a consideration of RMB 1.9 million.

In addition to the above, Yuchai also entered into transactions with other PRC Government owned enterprises. Management considers that these transactions were entered into in the normal course of business and expects that these transactions will continue on normal commercial terms. Balances with other PRC entities are excluded from this caption.

The transactions with related parties are made at terms agreed between the parties.

Compensation of key management personnel of the Group

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Short-term employee benefits		31,975		40,831		39,703		5,935
Contribution to defined contribution plans		415		385		335		50
Cost of share-based payment		4,387		1,294		—		—
		36,777		42,510		40,038		5,985

The non-executive directors do not receive pension entitlements from the Group.

30. Commitments and contingencies

Operating lease commitments - Group as lessee

The Group has entered into commercial leases on a land, and motor vehicles, office space with lease term of between 1 and 5 years.

Future minimum rentals payable under non-cancellable operating leases as at December 31 are as follows:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Within 1 year
- related parties		5,578		22,020		3,291
- third parties		14,058		11,238		1,680
After 1 year but within 5 years
- related parties		1,724		51,683		7,725
- third parties		14,003		16,759		2,505
After 5 years
- third parties		—		—		—
		35,363		101,700		15,201

The minimum lease payments recognized as an expense for the financial year ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 amounted to RMB 30.2 million, RMB 30.7 million and RMB 49.8 million (US$7.4 million).

F-86

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

30. Commitments and contingencies (cont’d)

Operating lease commitments - Group as lessor

The Group leased out some of its assets, including surplus office and warehouse.

Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases as at December 31 are as follows:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Within 1 year
- related parties		184		1,248		187
- joint venture		—		2,308		345
- third parties		1,438		1,391		208
After 1 year but within 5 years
- related parties		268		1,030		154
- joint venture		—		9,087		1,358
- third parties		2,491		1,463		219
After than 5 years
- related parties		1,310		455		68
- joint venture		—		9,272		1,386
		5,691		26,254		3,925

Finance lease commitments

The Group has finance lease for office equipment and motor vehicles. The lease has term of renewal but no purchase options and escalation clause. Renewal is at the option of the Group.

Future minimum lease payments under finance lease together with the present value of the net minimum lease payments are as follows:

	31.12.2017				31.12.2018
	Minimum lease payments		Present value of payments		Minimum lease payments				Present value of payments
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Not later than one year		33		33		14		2		14		2
Later than one year but not later than five years		46		46		34		5		34		5
Total minimum lease payments		79		79		48		7		48		7
Less: Amount representing finance charges		*		*		*		*		*		*
Present value of minimum lease payments		79		79		48		7		48		7

* Less than RMB 1 thousand (US$1 thousand)

F-87

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

30. Commitments and contingencies (cont’d)

Capital commitments

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, Yuchai had capital expenditure (mainly in respect of property, plant and equipment) contracted for but not paid amounting to RMB 409.5 million and RMB 774.5 million (US$115.8 million) respectively. The Group’s share of joint venture’s capital commitment is disclosed in Note 6.

Investment commitments

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group has commitment of RMB Nil and RMB 58.8 million (US$8.8 million) relating to the Group’s interest in joint venture, respectively.

Letter of credits

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, Yuchai had issued irrevocable letter of credits of RMB 1.9 million and RMB 93.5 million (US$14.0 million, respectively.

Product liability

The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China imposes that manufacturers and sellers are liable for loss and injury caused by defective products. Yuchai and its subsidiaries do not carry product liability insurance. Yuchai and its subsidiaries have not had any significant product liability claims brought against them.

Environmental liability

China adopted its Environmental Protection Law in 1989, and the State Council and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (formerly known as the Ministry of Environmental Protection) promulgate regulations as required from time to time. The Environmental Protection Law addresses issues relating to environmental quality, waste disposal and emissions, including air, water and noise emissions. Environmental regulations have not had a material impact on Yuchai’s results of operations. Yuchai delivers, on a regular basis, burned sand and certain other waste products to a waste disposal site approved by the local government and makes payments in respect thereof. Yuchai expects that environmental standards and their enforcement in China will, as in many other countries, become more stringent over time, especially as technical advances make achievement of higher standards more feasible. Yuchai has built an air filter system to reduce the level of dust and fumes resulting from its production of diesel engines.

Yuchai is subject to Chinese national and local environmental protection regulations which currently impose fees for the discharge of waste substances, require the payment of fines for pollution, and provide for the closure by the Chinese government of any facility that fails to comply with orders requiring Yuchai to cease or improve upon certain activities causing environmental damage. Due to the nature of its business, Yuchai produces certain amounts of waste water, gas, and solid waste materials during the course of its production. Yuchai believes its environmental protection facilities and systems are adequate for it to comply with the existing national, provincial and local environmental protection regulations. However, Chinese national, provincial or local authorities may impose additional or more stringent regulations which would require additional expenditure on environmental matters or changes in Yuchai’s processes or systems.

F-88

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

31. Segment information

For management purposes, the Group is organized into business units based on their products and services, and has two reportable operating segments as follows:

• Yuchai primarily conducts manufacturing and sale of diesel engines which are mainly distributed in the PRC market.

• HLGE is engaged in hospitality and property development activities conducted mainly in the PRC and Malaysia. HLGE is listed on the Main Board of the Singapore Exchange.

Management monitors the operating results of its business units separately for the purpose of making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment.

Year ended December 31, 2016	Yuchai			HLGE			Corporate			Eliminations/ adjustment			Consolidated financial statements
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue
Total external revenue		13,576,842			66,353			—			—			13,643,195
Results
Interest income		51,235			1,919			10,080			(6,251	)		56,983
Interest expense		(73,028	)		(7,706	)		(648	)		6,251			(75,131	)
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		(3,297	)		—			—			—			(3,297	)
Staff severance costs		(12,864	)		—			—			—			(12,864	)
Depreciation and amortization		(467,177	)		(10,744	)		(239	)		—			(478,160	)
Share of profit/(loss) of associates and joint ventures, net of tax		112			(3,724	)		—			—			(3,612	)
Income tax expense		(141,272	)		(2,281	)		(89	)		(16,628	)(1)		(160,270	)
Segment profit after tax		777,393			(4,548	)		(20,255	)		(16,628	)(1)		735,962

F-89

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

31. Segment information (cont’d)

Year ended December 31, 2017	Yuchai			HLGE			Corporate			Eliminations/ adjustment			Consolidated financial statements
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue
Total external revenue		16,140,622			57,197			—			—			16,197,819
Results
Interest income		94,760			1,803			11,833			(2,975	)		105,421
Interest expense		(94,794	)		(3,983	)		(270	)		2,975			(96,072	)
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries		—			216,115			—			—			216,115
Gain on disposal of joint venture		—			107,976			—			—			107,976
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		(20,845	)		—			—			—			(20,845	)
Impairment of technology development cost		(40,000	)		—			—			—			(40,000	)
Staff severance cost		(107,732	)		—			—			—			(107,732	)
Depreciation and amortization		(433,921	)		(9,990	)		(270	)		—			(444,181	)
Share of profit of associates and joint venture		9,255			799			—			—			10,054
Income tax expense		(164,578	)		(461	)		(102	)		(29,031	)(1)		(194,172	)
Segment profit after tax		1,004,019			322,160			22,708			(29,031	)(1)		1,319,856
Total assets		19,623,882			451,096			2,440,532			(1,500,451	)		21,015,059
Total liabilities		(9,857,637	)		(66,920	)		(28,026	)		(100,572	)(2)		(10,053,155	)
Other disclosures
Investment in joint ventures		193,476			2,626			—			—			196,102
Capital expenditure		259,068			975			1,390			—			261,433

F-90

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

31. Segment information (cont’d)

Year ended December 31, 2018	Yuchai			HLGE			Corporate			Eliminations/ adjustment			Consolidated financial statements			Consolidated financial statements
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Revenue
Total external revenue		16,210,467			52,781			—			—			16,263,248			2,430,942
Results
Interest income		124,653			4,244			18,347			—			147,244			22,009
Interest expense		(107,609	)		(403	)		(327	)		—			(108,339	)		(16,194	)
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		(30,173	)		—			—			—			(30,173	)		(4,510	)
Staff severance cost		(28,018	)		—			—			—			(28,018	)		(4,188	)
Depreciation and amortization		(428,199	)		(5,355	)		(331	)		—			(433,885	)		(64,855	)
Share of profit of associates and joint venture		10,809			825			—			—			11,634			1,739
Income tax expense		(175,956	)		(820	)		(49	)		(29,842	)(1)		(206,667	)		(30,891	)
Segment profit after tax		1,019,776			4,156			(19,690	)		(29,842	)(1)		974,400			145,647
Total assets		20,636,155			441,040			2,081,220			(1,500,451	)		21,657,964			3,237,315
Total liabilities		(10,318,492	)		(55,404	)		(29,592	)		(106,922	)(2)		(10,510,410	)		(1,571,039	)
Other disclosures
Investment in joint ventures		220,176			2,636			—			—			222,812			33,305
Capital expenditure		403,179			2,643			73			—			405,895			60,671

Note:

⁽¹⁾  This relates mainly to the withholding tax provisions for dividends from Yuchai.

⁽²⁾  Included here are mainly the cumulative withholding tax provision for dividends that are expected to be paid from income earned after December 31, 2007 by Yuchai.

F-91

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

31. Segment information (cont’d)

Geographic information

Revenue from external customers:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
People’s Republic of China		13,460,634		16,090,726		16,119,896		2,409,515
Other countries		182,561		107,093		143,352		21,427
		13,643,195		16,197,819		16,263,248		2,430,942

The revenue information above is based on the location of the customer.

Revenue from one customer group amounted to RMB 4,463.9 million (US$667.2 million) (2017: RMB 4,839.6 million; 2016: RMB 3,580.9 million), arising from sales by Yuchai segment.

Non-current assets

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
People’s Republic of China		4,524,988		4,665,990		697,447
Other countries		94,779		95,443		14,266
		4,619,767		4,761,433		711,713

Non-current assets for this purpose consist of property, plant and equipment, prepaid operating leases, investment in joint ventures and associates, investment property, intangible asset and goodwill.

32. Financial risk management objectives and policies

The Group’s principal financial liabilities comprise loans and borrowings, trade and other payables. The main purpose of these financial liabilities is to finance the Group’s operations. The Group has trade and other receivables, and cash and bank deposits that derive directly from its operations. The Group also holds quoted equity securities and enters into derivative transactions.

The Group is exposed to market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group’s senior management oversees the management of these risks. There has been no change to the Group’s exposure to these financial risks or the manner in which it manages and measures the risks.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprise three types of risk: interest rate risk, currency risk and other price risk, such as equity price risk. Financial instruments affected by market risk include loans and borrowings, deposits, quoted equity securities and derivative financial instrument.

The sensitivity analyses in the following sections relate to the position as at December 31, 2017 and 2018.

The sensitivity analyses have been prepared on the basis that the amount of net debt, the ratio of fixed to floating interest rates of the debt and the proportion of financial instruments in foreign currencies are all constant at December 31, 2018.

The analyses exclude the impact of movements in market variables on provisions and on the non-financial assets and liabilities of foreign operations.

F-92

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

32. Financial risk management objectives and policies (cont’d)

Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Group’s exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to the Group’s interest-bearing bank deposits and loans and borrowings from banks and financial institutions. The interest-bearing loans and borrowings of the Group are disclosed in Note 16(b). As certain interest rates are based on interbank offer rates, the Group is exposed to cash flow interest rate risk. This risk is not hedged. Interest-bearing bank deposits are short to medium-term in nature but given the significant cash and bank balances held by the Group, any variation in the interest rates may have a material impact on the results of the Group.

The Group manages its interest rate risk by having a mixture of fixed and variable rates for its deposits and borrowings.

Interest rate sensitivity

The sensitivity analyses below have been determined based on the exposure to interest rates for bank deposits and interest-bearing financial liabilities at the end of the reporting period and the stipulated change taking place at the beginning of the year and held constant throughout the reporting period in the case of instruments that have floating rates. A 50 basis points increase or decrease is used and represents management’s assessment of the possible change in interest rates.

If interest rate had been 50 (2017: 50) basis points higher or lower and all other variables were held constant, the profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2018 of the Group would increase/decrease by RMB 20.6 million (US$3.3 million) (2017: increase/decrease by RMB 22.0 million).

Foreign currency risk

Foreign currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of an exposure will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. The Group’s exposure to the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates relates primarily to the Group’s sales, purchases and financial liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the respective functional currencies of entities within the Group. The Group also holds cash and bank balances and other investments denominated in foreign currencies. The currencies giving rise to this risk are primarily the Singapore Dollar, Renminbi, US Dollar and Euro.

Foreign currency translation exposure is managed by incurring debt in the operating currency so that where possible operating cash flows can be primarily used to repay obligations in the local currency. This also has the effect of minimizing the exchange differences recorded against income, as the exchange differences on the net investment are recorded directly against equity.

F-93

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

32. Financial risk management objectives and policies (cont’d)

Foreign currency risk (cont’d)

The Group’s exposures to foreign currency are as follows:

	31.12.2017
	Singapore Dollar			Euro			US Dollar			Renminbi			Others
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Quoted equity securities		24,714			—			—			—			—
Trade and other receivables		725			—			34,727			469			—
Cash and bank balances		418,875			1,486			16,068			—			498
Financial liabilities		(14,715	)		—			—			—			—
Trade and other payables		(13,748	)		(10,857	)		(5,574	)		(35,505	)		(24	)
Net assets/(liabilities)		415,851			(9,371	)		45,221			(35,036	)		474

	31.12.2018
	Singapore Dollar			Euro			US Dollar			Renminbi			Others
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Quoted equity securities		21,876			—			—			—			—
Trade and other receivables		693			25,827			12,149			675			—
Cash and bank balances		220,268			1,166			28,518			31,662			25
Financial liabilities		(15,126	)		—			(501,014	)		—			—
Trade and other payables		(13,952	)		(17,452	)		(7,060	)		(41,828	)		—
Net assets/(liabilities)		213,759			9,541			(467,407	)		(9,491	)		25
US$’000		31,952			1,426			(69,865	)		(1,419	)		4

Foreign currency risk sensitivity

A 10% strengthening of the following major currencies against the functional currency of each of the Group’s entities at the reporting date would increase/(decrease) profit before tax by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular interest rates, remain constant.

	Profit before tax
	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Singapore Dollar		41,585			21,376			3,195
Euro		(937	)		954			143
US Dollar		4,522			(46,741	)		(6,987	)
Renminbi		(3,504	)		(949	)		(142	)

F-94

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

32. Financial risk management objectives and policies (cont’d)

Equity price risk

The Group has investment in TCL which is quoted.

Equity price risk sensitivity

A 10% increase/(decrease) in the underlying prices at the reporting date would increase/(decrease) Group’s profit before tax by the following amount:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Statement of profit or loss		2,471		2,188		327

Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that a counterparty will not meet its obligations under a financial instrument or customer contract, leading to a financial loss. The Group is exposed to credit risk from its operating activities (primarily trade receivables) and from its financing activities, including deposits with banks and financial institutions, foreign exchange transactions and other financial instruments.

Trade receivables and contract assets

Customer credit risk is managed by each business unit subject to the Group’s established policy, procedures and control relating to customer credit risk management. Credit limits are established for all customers based on internal rating criteria.

Management has a credit policy in place and the exposure to credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis. Credit evaluations are performed for all customers requiring credit over a certain amount.

An impairment analysis is performed at each reporting date using a provision matrix. The provision rates are determined based on the profiles of the customers. The calculation reflects the reasonable and supportable information that is available at the reporting date about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.

The allowance account in respect of trade receivables is used to record expected credit losses unless the Group is satisfied that no recovery of the amount owing is possible. At that point, the financial asset is considered irrecoverable and the amount charged to the allowance account is written off against the carrying amount of the impaired financial asset.

The Group’s historical experience in the collection of trade receivables and contract balances falls within the recorded allowances. Due to this factor, management believes that no additional credit risks beyond the amount provided for collection losses are inherent in the Group’s trade receivables.

F-95

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

32. Financial risk management objectives and policies (cont’d)

Credit risk (cont’d)

Set out below is the information about the credit risk exposure on the Group’s trade receivables using a provision matrix:

			Trade receivables
					Days past due
As at December 31, 2017	Total		Current		0 – 90 days		91-180 days		181-365 days		>365 days
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Estimated total gross carrying amount at default		255,879		99,908		59,967		21,623		30,353		44,028
Expected credit loss		43,775		—		—		—		661		43,114

						Trade receivables
								Days past due
As at December 31, 2018	Total			Contract assets		Current		0 – 90 days			91-180 days		181-365 days			>365 days
	RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Expected credit loss rate		6.3	%		—		—		0.1	%		—		6.3	%		75.1	%
Estimated total gross carrying amount at default		483,020			44,434		281,250		47,561			25,862		47,209			36,704
Expected credit loss		30,586			—		—		30			—		2,990			27,566

At December 31, 2018, the Group had top 20 customers (2017: top 20 customers) that owed the Group more than RMB 114.2 million (US$17.1 million) (2017: RMB 57.2 million) and accounted for approximately 26.0% (2017: 22.4%) of trade receivables (excluding bills receivables) respectively. These customers are located in the PRC. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of financial assets mentioned in Note 20. The Group’s share of trade receivables of a joint venture which was used as collateral as security is disclosed in Note 6.

Cash and fixed deposits are placed with banks and financial institutions which are regulated.

F-96

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

32. Financial risk management objectives and policies (cont’d)

Liquidity risk

The Group monitors its liquidity risk and maintains a level of cash and cash equivalents deemed adequate by management to finance the Group’s operations and to mitigate the effects of fluctuations in cash flows, and having adequate amounts of committed credit facilities.

The table below summarizes the maturity profile of the Group’s financial assets and liabilities based on contractual undiscounted payments.

	1 year or less		2 to 5 years		More than 5 years		Total
As at December 31, 2017	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Financial assets
Trade and bills receivables		7,075,319		—		—		7,075,319
Other receivables, excluding tax recoverable		132,675		620		—		133,295
Cash and bank balances		6,029,207		—		—		6,029,207
Quoted equity securities		24,714		—		—		24,714
		13,261,915		620		—		13,262,535
Financial liabilities
Loans and borrowings		1,624,539		27,874		—		1,652,413
Trade and other payables (Note 26)		7,328,027		156,347		—		7,484,374
Other liabilities		33		46		—		79
		8,952,599		184,267		—		9,136,866

	1 year or less		2 to 5 years		More than 5 years		Total		Total
As at December 31, 2018	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Financial assets
Contract assets		—		44,434		—		44,434		6,642
Trade and bills receivables		7,419,692		—		—		7,419,692		1,109,055
Other receivables, excluding tax recoverable		137,476		—		—		137,476		20,549
Cash and bank balances		6,128,522		—		—		6,128,522		916,058
Quoted equity securities		21,876		—		—		21,876		3,270
Derivative not designated as hedges – foreign exchange forward contract		4,529		—		—		4,529		677
		13,712,095		44,434		—		13,756,529		2,056,251
Financial liabilities
Loans and borrowings		2,033,519		15,196		—		2,048,715		306,231
Trade and other payables (Note 26)		7,008,592		160,091		—		7,168,683		1,071,537
Other liabilities		14		34		—		48		7
		9,042,125		175,321		—		9,217,446		1,377,775

F-97

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

33. Capital management

The Group manages its capital to ensure that entities in the Group will be able to continue as a going concern while maximizing the return to shareholders through the optimization of the debt and equity balance except where decisions are made to exit businesses or close companies.

The capital structure of the Group consists of debts (which includes the borrowings and trade and other payables, less cash and bank balances) and equity attributable to equity holders of the parent (comprising issued capital and reserves).

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Loans and borrowings (current and non-current) (Note 16(b))		1,626,341			2,016,092			301,355
Trade and other payables (current and non-current) (Note 26)		7,507,031			7,191,134			1,074,893
Less: Cash and bank balances (Note 21)		(6,029,207	)		(6,128,522	)		(916,058	)
Net debts		3,104,165			3,078,704			460,190
Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent		8,334,287			8,395,849			1,254,966
Total capital and net debts		11,438,452			11,474,553			1,715,156

The Group manages its capital structure and makes adjustments to it, in light of changes in economic conditions. To maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group may adjust the dividend payment to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or issue new shares.

No changes were made in the objectives, policies or processes during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

As disclosed in Note 24, certain subsidiaries of the Group are required by the relevant authorities in the PRC to contribute and maintain a non-distributable statutory reserve fund whose utilization is subject to approval by the relevant authorities in the PRC. This externally imposed capital requirement has been complied with by the subsidiaries of the Group for the financial years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

34. Fair value measurement

Quantitative disclosures fair value measurement hierarchy for assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2017:

			Fair value measurement using
	Date of valuation				Quoted prices in active markets		Significant observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs
			Total		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Assets measured at fair value
Quoted equity securities:
Quoted equity shares – TCL (Note 19)		December 31, 2017		24,714		24,714		—		—

F-98

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

34. Fair value measurement (cont’d)

Quantitative disclosures fair value measurement hierarchy for assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2018:

			Fair value measurement using
	Date of valuation				Quoted prices in active markets		Significant observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs
			Total		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Assets measured at fair value
Quoted equity securities:
Quoted equity shares – TCL (Note 19)		December 31, 2018		21,876		21,876		—		—
Derivative financial assets:
Foreign exchange forward contract – USD(i) (Note 19)		December 31, 2018		4,529		—		4,529		—
Debt financial assets(ii):
Bill receivables (Note 20)		December 31, 2018		6,981,106		—		6,981,106		—

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  Forward currency contracts are valued using a valuation technique with market observable inputs. The most frequently applied valuation techniques include forward pricing, using present value calculations. The models incorporate various inputs including the foreign exchange spot and forward rates.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  The fair value of the Group’s debt financial assets is measured based on quoted market interest rates of similar instruments.

There have been no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2018 and 2017.

35. Financial assets and financial liabilities

	Note		Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		Financial assets at amortised costs		Other financial liabilities at amortized cost		Total
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
As at December 31, 2017
Financial assets
Quoted equity securities		19		24,714		—		—		24,714
Trade and bill receivables		20		—		7,031,544		—		7,031,544
Other receivables		20		—		133,295		—		133,295
Cash and bank balances		21		—		6,029,207		—		6,029,207
				24,714		13,194,046		—		13,218,760
Financial liabilities
Trade and other payables		26		—		—		7,432,987		7,432,987
Loans and borrowings		16(b)		—		—		1,626,341		1,626,341
Other liabilities		16(a)		—		—		79		79
				—		—		9,059,407		9,059,407

F-99

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

35. Financial assets and financial liabilities (cont’d)

	Note		Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		Financial assets at amortised costs		Fair Value through OCI		Other financial liabilities at amortized cost		Total		Total
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
As at December 31, 2018
Financial assets
Quoted equity securities		19		21,876		—		—		—		21,876		3,270
Derivative not designated as hedges – foreign exchange forward contract		19		4,529		—		—		—		4,529		677
Trade and bill receivables		20		—		408,000		6,981,106		—		7,389,106		1,104,483
Other receivables		20		—		137,476		—		—		137,476		20,549
Cash and bank balances		21		—		6,128,522		—		—		6,128,522		916,058
				26,405		6,673,998		6,981,106		—		13,681,509		2,045,037
Financial liabilities
Trade and other payables		26		—		—		—		7,129,860		7,129,860		1,065,734
Loans and borrowings		16(b)		—		—		—		2,016,092		2,016,092		301,355
Other liabilities		16(a)		—		—		—		48		48		7
				—		—		—		9,146,000		9,146,000		1,367,096

Quoted equity securities relates to the Group’s investment in TCL, which is a company listed on the Main Board of the Singapore Exchange and is involved in investment in real estate and marketing & distributing brands in beauty, wellness and lifestyle categories. Fair values of the quoted equity shares are determined by reference to published price quotations in an active market.

Financial assets/liabilities through profit or loss reflect the positive/negative change in fair value of the foreign exchange forward contract that is not designated in hedge relationships, but are, nevertheless, intended to reduce the level of foreign currency risk.

Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities

	January 1, 2017		Cash flows			Foreign exchange movement		Translation reserve			Others			December 31, 2017
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
As at December 31, 2017
Loans and borrowings
- current		894,136		705,109			755		—			—			1,600,000
- non-current		16,270		9,376			879		(184	)		—			26,341
Obligations under finance leases
- current		38		(38	)		—		9			24			33
- non-current		70		—			—		—			(24	)		46
Total liabilities from financing activities		910,514		714,447			1,634		(175	)		—			1,626,420

F-100

China Yuchai International Limited

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

35. Financial assets and financial liabilities (cont’d)

Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities (cont’d)

	January 1, 2018		Cash flows			Foreign exchange movement			Translation reserve		Others			December 31, 2018		December 31, 2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		US$’000
As at December 31, 2018
Loans and borrowings
- current		1,600,000		400,320			694			—		—			2,001,014		299,101
- non-current		26,341		(11,756	)		(305	)		798		—			15,078		2,254
Obligations under finance leases
- current		33		(33	)		—			—		14			14		2
- non-current		46		—			—			2		(14	)		34		5
Total liabilities from financing activities		1,626,420		388,531			389			800		—			2,016,140		301,362

The ‘Others’ column includes the effect of reclassification of non-current portion of loans and borrowings, including obligations under finance leases due to the passage of time.

F-101

EX-8.1

Exhibit 8.1

The particulars of the Company’s subsidiaries as at December 31, 2018 are set forth below:

		Attributable equity interests
Name of company	Jurisdiction	Direct			Indirect
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited	People’s Republic of China (“PRC”)		—			76.4	%
Guangxi Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited	PRC		—			76.4	%
Guangxi Yuchai Exhaust Technology Co., Ltd.	PRC		—			76.4	%
Guangxi Yuchai Equipment Mould Company Limited (formerly known as Guangxi Yulin Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited)	PRC		—			76.4	%
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Co., Ltd.	PRC		—			54.9	%
Jining Yuchai Engine Company Limited	PRC		—			76.4	%
Hangzhou Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Nanchang Yuchai Marketing Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Xiamen Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Suzhou Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Co., Ltd.	PRC		—			54.9	%
Wulumuqi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Changchun Yuchai Marketing Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Xian Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Hefei Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Shijiazhuang Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Jinan Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Chongqing Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Wuhan Yuchai Marketing Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Guangxi Yuchai Crankshaft Co., Ltd.	PRC		—			76.4	%
Guangxi Yulin Hotel Company Limited	PRC		—			76.4	%
Guangxi Shang Lin Food Co., Limited	PRC		—			76.4	%
Guangxi Yuchai Deyou Engine Company Limited	PRC		—			76.4	%
Guangzhou Tongju Commerce and Trade Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Hunan Yuchai Machinery Industry Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Yuchai Remanufacturing Services (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.	PRC		—			76.4	%
Shanghai Yuchai Jidian Marketing Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Shenyang Yuchai Marketing Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Lanzhou Yuchai Marketing Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Beijing Jingdu Yuchai Trade Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Baotou Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Taiyuan Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Guiyang Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Zhengzhou Yuchai Marketing Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Hainan Yuchai Marketing Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Harbin Yuchai Marketing Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Sichuan Yuchai Machinery Industry Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Xuzhou Yuchai Machinery Industry Development Co., Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Yunnan Yuchai Machinery Industry Company Limited	PRC		—			54.9	%
Yulin Yuchai Machinery Industry Development Co., Ltd.	PRC		—			54.9	%
YC Europe Co., Limited	PRC		—			51.6	% (1)
YC Europe GmbH	Germany		—			51.6	% (1)
Yuchai Machinery (Hong Kong) Co., Limited	PRC		—			76.4	%
Grace Star Services Ltd.	British Virgin Islands (“BVI”)		—			100.0	%
Venture Delta Limited	BVI		—			100.0	%
Venture Lewis Limited	Mauritius		—			100.0	%
Hong Leong Technology Systems (BVI) Ltd.	BVI		100.0	%		—
Cathay Diesel Holdings Ltd.	Cayman Islands		100.0	%		—
Goldman Sachs Guangxi Holdings (BVI) Ltd.	BVI		100.0	%		—
Tsang & Ong Nominees (BVI) Ltd.	BVI		100.0	%		—
Youngstar Holdings Limited	BVI		100.0	%		—

		Attributable equity interests
Name of company	Jurisdiction	Direct			Indirect
Earnest Assets Limited	BVI		100.0	%		—
Constellation Star Holdings Limited	BVI		100.0	%		—
HL Global Enterprises Limited	Singapore		—			48.9	% (2)

⁽¹⁾  On February 2, 2019, we announced that Yuchai had increased its equity ownership in its subsidiary YC Europe Co., Limited to 75.0% from 67.5%. As a result, our indirect shareholding interest in YC Europe Co., Limited and YC Europe GmbH increased to 57.3% from 51.6%, respectively.

⁽²⁾  We consolidate HLGE as a subsidiary, as we are able to govern the financial and operating policies of HLGE. As of February 28, 2019, our shareholding interest in HLGE was 48.9%.

EX-12.1

Exhibit 12.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT

TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

I, Hoh Weng Ming, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of China Yuchai International Limited (the “Company”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;

4. The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;

(b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

By:	/s/ Hoh Weng Ming
	Name: Hoh Weng Ming
	Title: President and Director

Date: April 22, 2019

EX-12.2

Exhibit 12.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT

TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

I, Phung Khong Fock Thomas, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of China Yuchai International Limited (the “Company”);

2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;

4. The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

(a) designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;

(b) designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

By:	/s/ Phung Khong Fock Thomas
	Name: Phung Khong Fock Thomas
	Title: Chief Financial Officer

Date: April 22, 2019

EX-13.1

Exhibit 13.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT

TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of China Yuchai International Limited (the “Company”) hereby certifies, to such officer’s knowledge that:

(i) the accompanying Annual Report on Form 20-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

By:	/s/ Hoh Weng Ming
	Name: Hoh Weng Ming
	Title: President and Director

Date: April 22, 2019

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely to accompany the Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, and is not being filed for the purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

EX-13.2

Exhibit 13.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT

TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as created by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned officer of China Yuchai International Limited (the “Company”) hereby certifies, to such officer’s knowledge that:

(i) the accompanying Annual Report on Form 20-F of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or Section 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

By:	/s/ Phung Khong Fock Thomas
	Name: Phung Khong Fock Thomas
	Title: Chief Financial Officer

Date: April 22, 2019

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely to accompany the Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, and is not being filed for the purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

EX-15.1

Exhibit 15.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accountant Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-197287) pertaining to the Equity Incentive Plan of China Yuchai International Limited of our reports dated April 22, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of China Yuchai International Limited and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of China Yuchai International Limited included in its Annual Report (Form 20-F) for the year ended December 31, 2018.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

April 22, 2019

XML

Document and Entity Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 shares
Document and entity information [abstract]
Document Type	20-F
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2018
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Trading Symbol	CYD
Entity Registrant Name	CHINA YUCHAI INTERNATIONAL LTD
Entity Central Index Key	0000932695
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	40,858,290

XML

Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥) ¥ / shares	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥) ¥ / shares	[1]	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥) ¥ / shares	[1]
Profit or loss [abstract]
Revenue	$ 2,430,942	¥ 16,263,248	¥ 16,197,819		¥ 13,643,195
Cost of sales	(1,968,764)	(13,171,227)	(12,841,768)		(10,670,743)
Gross profit	462,178	3,092,021	3,356,051		2,972,452
Other operating income	30,663	205,143	532,117		117,954
Other operating expenses	(1,863)	(12,463)	(22,719)		(22,599)
Research and development costs	(66,915)	(447,668)	(608,181)		(588,007)
Selling, general and administrative costs	(232,360)	(1,554,512)	(1,652,855)		(1,500,273)
Operating profit	191,703	1,282,521	1,604,413		979,527
Finance costs	(16,904)	(113,088)	(100,439)		(79,683)
Share of (loss)/profit of associates and joint ventures, net of tax	1,739	11,634	10,054		(3,612)
Profit before tax	176,538	1,181,067	1,514,028		896,232
Income tax expense	(30,891)	(206,667)	(194,172)		(160,270)
Profit for the year	145,647	974,400	1,319,856		735,962
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent	103,925	695,266	888,809		525,177
Non-controlling interests	41,722	279,134	431,047		210,785
Profit for the year	$ 145,647	¥ 974,400	¥ 1,319,856		¥ 735,962
Earnings per share (dollar per share)
- Basic | (per share)	$ 2.54	¥ 17.02	¥ 21.80		¥ 13.12
- Diluted | (per share)	$ 2.54	¥ 17.02	¥ 21.80		¥ 13.12

[1] Restated

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Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)	[1]
Statement of comprehensive income [abstract]
Profit for the year	$ 145,647	¥ 974,400	¥ 1,319,856		¥ 735,962
Items to be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation	7,362	49,245	(72,271)		36,394
Realization of foreign currency translation reserves upon disposal of foreign operation			(4,252)
Net fair value change of financial assets	4,880	32,646
Net other comprehensive income to be reclassified to profit or loss in subsequent periods, net of tax	12,242	81,891	(76,523)		36,394
Total comprehensive income for the year, net of tax	157,889	1,056,291	1,243,333		772,356
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent	114,189	763,935	827,109		564,795
Non-controlling interests	43,700	292,356	416,224		207,561
Total comprehensive income for the year, net of tax	$ 157,889	¥ 1,056,291	¥ 1,243,333		¥ 772,356

[1] Restated

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Consolidated Statement of Financial Position ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment		$ 561,508	¥ 3,756,542	¥ 3,824,018	[1]	¥ 4,127,185	[1]
Investment property		1,011	6,765	7,434	[1]	7,298	[1]
Prepaid operating leases		52,996	354,546	367,270	[1]	379,636	[1]
Goodwill		31,784	212,636	212,636	[1]	212,636	[1]
Intangible assets		30,792	206,001	10,122	[1]	50,122	[1]
Investment in associates and joint ventures		33,623	224,942	198,287	[1]	107,126	[1]
Deferred tax assets		53,991	361,207	315,390	[1]	282,212	[1]
Long-term bank deposits		10,463	70,000	70,000	[1]
Contract assets		6,642	44,434
Other receivables	[1]			620		1,588
Other assets	[1]			303
Non-current assets		782,810	5,237,073	5,006,080	[1]	5,167,803	[1]
Current assets
Inventories		376,357	2,517,864	2,572,745	[1]	1,663,879	[1]
Trade and other receivables		1,163,702	7,785,287	7,415,934	[1]	7,493,621	[1]
Prepaid operating leases		1,875	12,546	12,546	[1]	12,546	[1]
Other assets		6,976	46,672	48,547	[1]	35,559	[1]
Cash and cash equivalents		831,062	5,559,890	5,390,324	[1]	3,653,914	[1]
Long-term bank deposits		10,463	70,000
Short-term bank deposits		53,352	356,926	514,074	[1]	363,043	[1]
Restricted cash		10,718	71,706	54,809	[1]	36,000	[1]
Asset classified as held for sale	[1]					89,381
Current assets		2,454,505	16,420,891	16,008,979	[1]	13,347,943	[1]
Total assets		3,237,315	21,657,964	21,015,059	[1]	18,515,746	[1]
Equity
Issued capital		311,077	2,081,138	2,081,138	[1]	2,059,076	[1]
Preference shares	[1]			21		21
Statutory reserves		45,202	302,404	301,026	[1]	299,144	[1]
Capital reserves		4,590	30,704	30,704	[1]	30,954	[1]
Retained earnings		910,681	6,092,549	5,996,120	[1]	5,358,037	[1]
Other components of equity		(16,584)	(110,946)	(74,722)	[1]	(11,560)	[1]
Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent		1,254,966	8,395,849	8,334,287	[1]	7,735,672	[1]
Non-controlling interests		411,310	2,751,705	2,627,617	[1]	2,317,982	[1]
Total equity		1,666,276	11,147,554	10,961,904	[1]	10,053,654	[1]
Non-current liabilities
Loans and borrowings		2,254	15,078	26,341	[1]	16,270	[1]
Other liabilities		5	34	46	[1]	70	[1]
Contract liabilities		8,027	53,703	34,759	[1]	27,372	[1]
Deferred tax liabilities		20,437	136,728	116,468	[1]	115,758	[1]
Deferred grants		87,521	585,526	331,377	[1]	315,950	[1]
Other payables		23,930	160,091	156,347	[1]	136,772	[1]
Non-current liabilities		142,174	951,160	665,338	[1]	612,192	[1]
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables		1,050,963	7,031,043	7,350,684	[1]	6,552,999	[1]
Loans and borrowings		299,101	2,001,014	1,600,000	[1]	894,136	[1]
Other liabilities		2	14	33	[1]	178	[1]
Contract liabilities		42,867	286,786	198,570	[1]	185,914	[1]
Provision for taxation		10,983	73,480	46,716	[1]	47,667	[1]
Provision for product warranty		24,949	166,913	191,814	[1]	169,006	[1]
Current liabilities		1,428,865	9,559,250	9,387,817	[1]	7,849,900	[1]
Total liabilities		1,571,039	10,510,410	10,053,155	[1]	8,462,092	[1]
Total equity and liabilities		$ 3,237,315	¥ 21,657,964	¥ 21,015,059	[1]	¥ 18,515,746	[1]

[1] Restated

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Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		USD ($)	CNY (¥)		Issued capital (Note 22) [Member] USD ($)	Issued capital (Note 22) [Member] CNY (¥)	Preference share [member] CNY (¥)	Statutory reserves (Note 24) [Member] USD ($)	Statutory reserves (Note 24) [Member] CNY (¥)	Capital reserves [Member] USD ($)	Capital reserves [Member] CNY (¥)	Retained earnings [member] USD ($)	Retained earnings [member] CNY (¥)	Foreign currency translation reserve [member] USD ($)	Foreign currency translation reserve [member] CNY (¥)	Performance shares reserves [member] USD ($)	Performance shares reserves [member] CNY (¥)	Reserve of asset classified as held for sale (Note 6) [Member] CNY (¥)	(Premium paid for)/discount on acquisition of non-controlling interests [member] USD ($)	(Premium paid for)/discount on acquisition of non-controlling interests [member] CNY (¥)	Attributable to the equity holders of the parent [Member] USD ($)	Attributable to the equity holders of the parent [Member] CNY (¥)	Non-controlling interests [member] USD ($)	Non-controlling interests [member] CNY (¥)	Fair Value [member] USD ($)	Fair Value [member] CNY (¥)
Balance (Previously stated [member]) at Dec. 31, 2015			¥ 9,430,069			¥ 1,955,720	¥ 21		¥ 298,221		¥ 30,954		¥ 5,012,934		¥ (60,857)		¥ 15,538			¥ (12,914)		¥ 7,239,617		¥ 2,190,452
Balance (Increase (decrease) due to changes in accounting policy [member]) at Dec. 31, 2015			55,488										42,398									42,398		13,090
Balance at Dec. 31, 2015	[1]		9,485,557			1,955,720	21		298,221		30,954		5,055,332		(60,857)		15,538			(12,914)		7,282,015		2,203,542
Statement [LineItems]
Profit for the year			735,962	[1]									525,177									525,177		210,785
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax			36,394	[1]											39,618							39,618		(3,224)
Total comprehensive income for the year			772,356	[1]									525,177		39,618							564,795		207,561
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity
Shares issued during the year			103,356			103,356																103,356
Dividends paid to non-controlling interests			(84,450)																					(84,450)
Dividends declared and paid (US$0.85 per share)			(221,549)										(221,549)									(221,549)
Cost of share-based payments (Note 25)			5,301														5,301					5,301
Acquisition of non-controllinginterests			(6,917)																	1,754		1,754		(8,671)
Transfer to statutory reserves									923				(923)
Reserve attributable to asset classified as held for sale															(22,720)			¥ 22,720
Balance at Dec. 31, 2016	[1]		10,053,654			2,059,076	21		299,144		30,954		5,358,037		(43,959)		20,839	22,720		(11,160)		7,735,672		2,317,982
Statement [LineItems]
Profit for the year			1,319,856	[1]									888,809									888,809		431,047
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax			(76,523)	[1]											(38,980)			(22,720)				(61,700)		(14,823)
Total comprehensive income for the year			1,243,333	[1]									888,809		(38,980)			¥ (22,720)				827,109		416,224
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity
Shares issued during the year			22,062			22,062																22,062
Dividends paid to non-controlling interests			(98,941)																					(98,941)
Dividends declared and paid (US$0.85 per share)			(248,844)										(248,844)									(248,844)
Cost of share-based payments (Note 25)			1,592														1,592					1,592
Exercise of share option			(2,673)														(2,673)					(2,673)
Acquisition of non-controllinginterests			(8,279)								(250)									(381)		(631)		(7,648)
Transfer to statutory reserves									1,882				(1,882)
Balance (Increase (decrease) due to changes in accounting policy [member]) at Dec. 31, 2017			(137,277)																			(104,893)		(32,384)		¥ (104,893)
Balance at Dec. 31, 2017	[1]		10,961,904			2,081,138	21		301,026		30,704		5,996,120		(82,939)		19,758			(11,541)		8,334,287		2,627,617
Statement [LineItems]
Profit for the year		$ 145,647	974,400										695,266									695,266		279,134
Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax		12,242	81,891												43,724							68,699		13,222		24,945
Total comprehensive income for the year		157,889	1,056,291										695,266		43,724							763,935		292,356		24,945
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity
Dividends paid to non-controlling interests			(135,905)																					(135,905)
Dividends declared and paid (US$0.85 per share)		(89,305)	(597,459)										(597,459)									(597,459)
Transfer to statutory reserves									1,378				(1,378)
Conversion of preference shares							¥ (21)															(21)		21
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018		$ 1,666,276	¥ 11,147,554		$ 311,077	¥ 2,081,138		$ 45,202	¥ 302,404	$ 4,590	¥ 30,704	$ 910,681	¥ 6,092,549	$ (5,862)	¥ (39,215)	$ 2,953	¥ 19,758		$ (1,725)	¥ (11,541)	$ 1,254,966	¥ 8,395,849	$ 411,310	¥ 2,751,705	$ (11,950)	¥ (79,948)

[1] Restated

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Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity (Parenthetical) - $ / shares		12 Months Ended
	Jul. 13, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Disclosure Of Restatement [abstract]
Dividends declared and paid, per share	$ 0.90	$ 2.21	$ 0.90	$ 0.85

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Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Operating activities
Profit before tax		$ 176,538	¥ 1,181,067		¥ 1,514,028	[1]	¥ 896,232	[1]
Adjustments:
Amortization of prepaid operating leases		1,902	12,724		12,366	[1]	12,819	[1]
Bad debt written off/(recovered)		(16)	(108)		10	[1]
Cost of share-based payments					1,592	[1]	5,301	[1]
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment		62,821	420,277		431,567	[1]	465,093	[1]
Depreciation of investment property		132	884		248	[1]	248	[1]
Dividend income from quoted equity securities		(298)	(1,992)		(2,532)	[1]	(943)	[1]
Exchange (gain)/loss		633	4,235		(8,319)	[1]	(3,407)	[1]
Fair value loss/(gain) on foreign exchange forward contract		(677)	(4,529)				140	[1]
Fair value loss/(gain) on quoted equity securities		513	3,433		(12,768)	[1]	243	[1]
Finance costs		16,904	113,088		100,439	[1]	79,683	[1]
Loss/(gain) on disposal of:
- associate					(199)	[1]
- joint venture					(107,976)	[1]
- property, plant and equipment		(1,321)	(8,835)		(11,668)	[1]	14,020	[1]
- subsidiaries					(216,115)	[1]
Government grants		(4,819)	(32,237)		(28,035)	[1]	(36,533)	[1]
Interest income		(22,009)	(147,244)		(105,421)	[1]	(56,983)	[1]
Impairment losses on intangible asset					40,000	[1]	1,131	[1]
Impairment losses on property, plant and equipment		4,510	30,173		20,845	[1]	3,297	[1]
Impairment losses/(reversal of impairment losses) on trade receivables, net		(1,652)	(11,052)		(10,854)	[1]	3,696	[1]
Property, plant and equipment written off		189	1,265		5,682	[1]	5	[1]
Share of loss/(profit) of associates and joint ventures, net of tax		(1,739)	(11,634)		(10,054)	[1]	3,612	[1]
Reversal of write-down of inventories, net		(1,266)	(8,468)		(19,901)	[1]	(5,171)	[1]
Write-back of trade and other payables					(29)	[1]
Profit before tax after adjustments		230,345	1,541,047		1,592,906	[1]	1,382,483	[1]
Changes in working capital
Decrease/(increase) in inventories		7,105	47,533		(897,437)	[1]	55,299	[1]
Decrease/(increase) in trade and other receivables		(75,047)	(502,069)		81,121	[1]	122,192	[1]
Increase/(decrease) in trade and other payables and contract liabilities		(34,298)	(229,457)		846,175	[1]	849,134	[1]
Decrease in development properties		629	4,205		377	[1]
Cash flows from operating activities		128,734	861,259		1,623,142	[1]	2,409,108	[1]
Income taxes paid		(28,499)	(190,658)		(202,975)	[1]	(133,021)	[1]
Net cash flows from operating activities		100,235	670,601		1,420,167	[1]	2,276,087	[1]
Investing activities
Additional investment in subsidiaries	[1]				(8,279)		(9,076)
Additional investment in associates and joint ventures	[1]				(75,000)		(1,255)
Development costs		(26,999)	(180,626)
Dividend received from:
- quoted equity securities		298	1,992		2,532	[1]	943	[1]
- joint ventures		120	801		754	[1]	598	[1]
Interest received		21,490	143,768		108,481	[1]	56,734	[1]
Proceeds from disposal of:
- associate	[1]				1,832
- joint venture	[1]				182,679
- property, plant and equipment		997	6,669		15,640	[1]	667	[1]
- subsidiaries, net of cash disposed	[1]				341,602
Proceeds from government grants		42,779	286,198		50,095	[1]	13,639	[1]
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(60,948)	(407,747)		(289,472)	[1]	(351,472)	[1]
Placement/(withdrawal) of fixed deposits with banks, net		10,307	68,953		(254,294)	[1]	(282,809)	[1]
Net cash flows (used in)/from investing activities		(11,956)	(79,992)		76,570	[1]	(572,031)	[1]
Dividends paid to:
- equity holders of the parent		(89,305)	(597,459)		(235,947)	[1]	(118,193)	[1]
- non-controlling interests		(19,814)	(132,558)		(97,009)	[1]	(87,975)	[1]
Interest paid and discounting on bills receivable		(16,149)	(108,039)		(107,246)	[1]	(110,774)	[1]
Payment of finance lease liabilities		(5)	(33)		(38)	[1]	(61)	[1]
Proceeds from:
- borrowings		298,997	2,000,320		1,814,618	[1]	1,255,659	[1]
- issue of shares	[1]				6,617
Withdrawal of fixed deposits pledged with banks for banking facilities	[1]						300,564
Repayment of borrowings		(240,917)	(1,611,756)		(1,100,133)	[1]	(2,793,206)	[1]
Net cash flows (used in)/from financing activities		(67,193)	(449,525)		280,862	[1]	(1,553,986)	[1]
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		21,086	141,084		1,777,599	[1]	150,070	[1]
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning balance		805,717	5,390,324	[1]	3,653,914	[1]	3,474,364	[1]
Effect of exchange rate changes on balances in foreign currencies		4,259	28,482		(41,189)	[1]	29,480	[1]
Cash and cash equivalents, ending balance		831,062	5,559,890		5,390,324	[1]	3,653,914	[1]
Significant non-cash investing and financing transactions
Settlement of debts with trade bills		$ 2,094,000	¥ 14,010,200		¥ 14,696,000	[1]	¥ 12,203,000	[1]

[1] Restated

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Corporate information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Corporate information

1. Corporate information

1.1 Incorporation

The consolidated financial statements of China Yuchai International Limited (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”) for the year ended December 31, 2018 were authorized for issue in accordance with a resolution of the directors on April 22, 2019.

China Yuchai International Limited is a limited company incorporated under the laws of Bermuda on April 29, 1993 whose shares are publicly traded. The registered office of the Company is located at 2 Clarendon House, Church Street, Hamilton HM11, Bermuda. On March 7, 2008, the Company registered a branch office in Singapore, located at 16 Raffles Quay #26-00, Hong Leong Building, Singapore 048581. The principal operating office is located at 16 Raffles Quay #39-01A, Hong Leong Building, Singapore 048581.

1.2 Investment in Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited

The Company was established to acquire a controlling financial interest in Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited (“Yuchai”), a Sino-foreign joint stock company which manufactures, assembles and sells diesel engines in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”).

The Company owns, through six wholly-owned subsidiaries, 361,420,150 shares or 76.41% of the issued share capital of Yuchai. Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group Company Limited (“State Holding Company”), a state-owned enterprise, owns 22.09% of the issued share capital of Yuchai.

As at December 31, 2018, Yuchai has nine direct and thirty-two indirectly owned subsidiaries, four joint ventures and one associate. Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Co., Ltd. (“YMMC”) and Guangxi Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited (“GYAMC”) are the two most significant subsidiaries of Yuchai. YMMC has twenty-eight wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively “YMMC Group”) located at various provinces in the PRC. The principal business of YMMC Group are trading and distribution of components of diesel engines and automobiles. GYAMC has two wholly-owned subsidiary (collectively “GYAMC Group”). The principal business of GYAMC Group are sales and manufacturing of components of diesel engines. The detailed information of Yuchai’s significant subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates are disclosed in Notes 4, 5 and 6.

As used in this Consolidated Financial Statements, the term “Yuchai” refer to Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited and its subsidiaries.

1.3 Investment in HL Global Enterprises Limited

In February 2006, the Group acquired debt and equity securities interest in HL Global Enterprises Limited (“HLGE”) through the Group’s wholly-owned subsidiaries, Grace Star Limited (“Grace Star”) and Venture Lewis Limited (“Venture Lewis’). HLGE is a public company listed on the Main Board of the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (“Singapore Exchange”) and primarily engaged in investment holding, and through its group companies, invests in rental property, hospitality and property developments in Asia.

The Group shareholding has changed through various transactions, the Group’s equity interest in HLGE was 49.4% as at December 31, 2011.

On January 13, 2012, Grace Star transferred 24,189,170 Series B redeemable convertible preference shares (“RCPS”), representing 100% of remaining unconverted Series B RCPS, in the capital of HLGE (the “Trust Preference Shares”) to the Trustee pursuant to a trust deed entered into between HLGE and the Trustee. On January 16, 2012, the Trust Preference Shares were mandatorily converted into 24,189,170 new ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE (the “Trust Shares”) resulting in the Group’s shareholding interest in HLGE decreasing from 49.4% to 48.1%. On April 4, 2012, as a result of the conversion of all the outstanding Series A redeemable convertible preference shares held by Venture Delta Limited and Grace Star, into new ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE, Group’s shareholding interest in HLGE increased from 48.1% to 48.9%. The Trust Shares are accounted for as treasury shares by HLGE, issued by HLGE and held by the Trust, which is considered as part of HLGE. As a result, the Group’s shareholding interest in HLGE is stated as 50.1%, based on the total outstanding ordinary shares of HLGE, net of the ordinary shares held by the Trustee under the Trust.

As of December 31, 2013, the Group’s interest in HLGE remained at 50.1%, based on the total outstanding ordinary shares of HLGE, net of the ordinary shares held by the Trustee under the Trust.

In 2014, the Group purchased in the open market an aggregate of 465,000 ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE. As of December 31, 2014, the Group’s interest in HLGE increased from 50.1% to 50.2%, net of the ordinary shares held by the Trustee under the Trust.

In 2015, HLGE undertook a share consolidation exercise to consolidate every 10 ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE into one ordinary share. Upon completion of the share consolidation exercise, the Group held 47,107,707 ordinary shares of HLGE. As at December 31, 2015, Group’s interest in HLGE was 50.2%, net of the ordinary shares held by the Trustee under the Trust.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group’s shareholding interest in HLGE remains at 50.2%, net of the ordinary shares held by the Trustee under the Trust.

The Group considers HLGE as a subsidiary as it has power to exercise effective control and direct the activities of HLGE that most significantly affect its economic performance and has the exposure or rights to receive benefits from HLGE from its involvement.

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Basis of preparation and accounting policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Basis of preparation and accounting policies

2. Basis of preparation and accounting policies

2.1 Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis except as disclosed in the accounting policy below.

The consolidated financial statements are presented in Renminbi (“RMB”) and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (“RMB’000”) except when otherwise indicated.

Translation of amounts from Renminbi to US Dollar (“USD”) is solely for the convenience of the reader. Translation of amounts from Renminbi to US Dollar has been made at the rate of RMB 6.6901 = US$1.00, the rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China at the close of business on February 28, 2019 and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (“US$’000”) except when otherwise indicated.

The consolidated financial statements provide comparative information in respect of the previous period. In addition, the Group presents an additional statement of financial position at the beginning of the preceding period when there is a retrospective application of an accounting policy, a retrospective restatement, or a reclassification of items in financial statements. An additional statement of financial position as at January 1, 2017 is presented in these consolidated financial statements due to the retrospective application of accounting policies as a result of the adoption of new accounting standards. See Note 2.4.

2.2 Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (the “Group”) as at December 31, 2018. Control is achieved when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Specifically, the Group controls an investee if and only if the Group has:

• Power over the investee (i.e. existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee)

• Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee

• The ability to use its power over the investee to affect its returns

Generally, there is a presumption that a majority of voting rights results in control. To support this presumption and when the Group has less than a majority of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Group considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:

• The contractual arrangement with the other vote holders of the investee

• Rights arising from other contractual arrangements

• The Group’s voting rights and potential voting rights

The Group re-assesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control. Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Group obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiary. Assets, liabilities, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date the Group gains control until the date the Group ceases to control the subsidiary.

Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) are attributed to the equity holders of the parent of the Group and to the non-controlling interests, even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance. When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with the Group’s accounting policies. All intra-group assets and liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows relating to transactions between members of the Group are eliminated in full on consolidation.

A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without a loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction.

If the Group loses control over a subsidiary, it derecognizes the related assets (including goodwill), liabilities, non-controlling interest and other components of equity, while any resultant gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss. Any investment retained is recognized at fair value.

2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies

(a) Business combinations and goodwill

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the consideration transferred, which is measured at acquisition date fair value and the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree. For each business combination, the Group elects whether to measure the non-controlling interests in the acquiree at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred and included in administrative expenses.

When the Group acquires a business, it assesses the financial assets and liabilities assumed for appropriate classification and designation in accordance with the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions as at the acquisition date. This includes the separation of embedded derivatives in host contracts by the acquiree.

Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer will be recognised at fair value at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration classified as equity is not remeasured and its subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity. Contingent consideration classified as an asset or liability that is a financial instrument and within the scope of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, is measured at fair value with the changes in fair value recognised in the statement of profit or loss in accordance with IFRS 9. Other contingent consideration that is not within the scope of IFRS 9 is measured at fair value at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss.

Goodwill is initially measured at cost (being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount recognised for non-controlling interests and any previous interest held over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed). If the fair value of the net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate consideration transferred, the Group re-assesses whether it has correctly identified all of the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed and reviews the procedures used to measure the amounts to be recognised at the acquisition date. If the reassessment still results in an excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the aggregate consideration transferred, then the gain is recognised in profit or loss.

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated to each of the Group’s cash-generating units that are expected to benefit from the combination, irrespective of whether other assets or liabilities of the acquiree are assigned to those units.

Where goodwill has been allocated to a cash-generating unit (CGU) and part of the operation within that unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the disposed operation is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal. Goodwill disposed in these circumstances is measured based on the relative values of the disposed operation and the portion of the cash-generating unit retained.

(b) Investments in associates and joint ventures

An associate is an entity over which the Group has significant influence. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee, but is not control or joint control over those policies.

A joint venture is a type of joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the joint venture. Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.

The considerations made in determining significant influence or joint control are similar to those necessary to determine control over subsidiaries.

The Group’s investments in its associates and joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method.

Under the equity method, the investment in an associate or a joint venture is initially recognized at cost. The carrying amount of the investment is adjusted to recognize changes in the Group’s share of net assets of the associate or joint venture since the acquisition date. Goodwill relating to the associate or joint venture is included in the carrying amount of the investment and is not tested for impairment separately.

The statement of profit or loss reflects the Group’s share of the results of operations of the associate or joint venture. Any change in OCI of those investees is presented as part of the Group’s OCI. In addition, when there has been a change recognized directly in the equity of the associate or joint venture, the Group recognizes its share of any changes, when applicable, in the statement of changes in equity. Unrealized gains and losses resulting from transactions between the Group and the associate or joint venture are eliminated to the extent of the interest in the associate or joint venture.

The aggregate of the Group’s share of profit or loss of an associate and a joint venture is shown on the face of the statement of profit or loss outside operating profit and represents profit or loss after tax and non-controlling interests in the subsidiaries of the associate or joint venture.

The financial statements of the associate or joint venture are prepared for the same reporting period as the Group. When necessary, adjustments are made to bring the accounting policies in line with those of the Group.

After application of the equity method, the Group determines whether it is necessary to recognize an impairment loss on its investment in its associate or joint venture. At each reporting date, the Group determines whether there is objective evidence that the investment in the associate or joint venture is impaired. If there is such evidence, the Group calculates the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable amount of the associate or joint venture and its carrying value, then recognizes the loss within “Share of (loss)/profit of associates and joint ventures, net of tax” in the statement of profit or loss.

Upon loss of significant influence over the associate or joint control over the joint venture, the Group measures and recognizes any retained investment at its fair value. Any difference between the carrying amount of the associate or joint venture upon loss of significant influence or joint control and the fair value of the retained investment and proceeds from disposal is recognized in profit or loss.

(c) Current versus non-current classification

The Group presents assets and liabilities in statement of financial position based on current/non-current classification. An asset is current when it is:

• Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

• Held primarily for the purpose of trading

• Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Group classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

(d) Fair value measurement

The Group measures financial instruments, such as quoted equity securities, bill receivables and derivatives, at fair value at each balance sheet date. Fair value related disclosures for financial instruments that are measured at fair value are summarized in the following notes:

•	Quoted equity securities	Note 34
•	Bills receivables	Note 34
•	Foreign exchange forward contract	Note 34

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

• In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

• In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Group.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

• Level 1 – Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

• Level 2 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

• Level 3 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Group has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

An analysis of fair values of financial instruments and further details as to how they are measured are provided in Note 34.

(e) Foreign currency translation

The Company’s functional currency is US Dollar. The Group’s consolidated financial statements are presented in Renminbi, which is also the functional currency of Yuchai, the largest operating segment of the Group.

Each entity in the Group determines its own functional currency, and items included in the financial statements of each entity are measured using that functional currency.

Transactions and balances

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Group’s entities at their respective functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rate of exchange at the reporting date.

Differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in profit or loss with the exception of monetary items that are designated as part of the hedge of the Group’s net investment of a foreign operation. These are recognized in OCI until the net investment is disposed of, at which time, the cumulative amount is reclassified to profit or loss. Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those monetary items are also recorded in OCI.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of gain or loss on change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognized in OCI or profit or loss are also recognized in OCI or profit or loss, respectively).

Group companies

On consolidation, the assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into RMB at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and their statements of profit or loss are translated at average exchange rates during the reporting period. The exchange differences arising on translation for consolidation are recognized in OCI. On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of OCI relating to that particular foreign operation is recognized in profit or loss.

Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the spot rate of exchange at the reporting date.

(f) Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue is recognized when the Group satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to the customer, which is when the customer obtains control of the good or service. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation.

The disclosures of significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions relating to revenue from contracts with customers are provided in Note 3.

Sale of engines

Revenue from sale of engines is recognised when the engines are delivered to the customer and all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied.

The Group considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g. warranties).

Service-type warranty

The Group provides certain warranties for both general repairs and maintenance service as part of the sales of engines. For general repairs, such warranties will be assurance-type warranties which will continue to be accounted for under IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Warranty for maintenance service is a distinct service to the customer in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed upon specification. Under IFRS15, the Group accounts for a service-type warranty as a separate performance obligation to which the Group allocates a portion of the transaction price. The portion of the consideration allocated to the service-type warranty is initially recorded as a contract liability and recognised as revenue upon the service rendered.

Variable consideration

The Group provides certain customers with retrospective rebates when the quantity of products purchased during the period exceeds a threshold specified in the contract. To estimate the variable considerations for the expected future rebates, the Group applies the most likely amount method for each individual contract. The Group then applies the requirements on constraining estimates of variable consideration and recognizes a refund liability in “Trade and other payables” for the expected future rebates.

The variable consideration is estimated and is constrained to extent that it is likely probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the associated uncertainty is subsequently resolved.

Sale of completed development properties

Revenue is recognised when control over the property has been transferred to the customer, either over time or at a point in time, depending on the contractual terms and the practices in the legal jurisdictions.

For development properties whereby the Group is restricted contractually from directing the properties for another use as they are being developed and has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognised over time, based on the construction and other costs incurred to date as a proportion of the estimated total construction and other costs to be incurred.

For development properties whereby the Group does not have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognised when the customer obtains control of the asset.

Rendering of services

Revenue from rendering services relates to project management contracts, and hotel room and restaurant operations. Revenue is recognised over the period in which the services are rendered, by reference to completion of the specific transaction assessed on the basis of the actual service provided as a proportion of the total services to be performed.

Interest income

For all financial instruments measured at amortized cost and interest-bearing financial assets classified as available-for-sale, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (“EIR”). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or liability. Interest income is included in “Other operating income” in the statement of profit or loss.

Rental income

Rental income arising from operating leases is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms and is included in revenue in the statement of profit or loss due to its operating nature.

Dividends

Dividend income is recognized when the Group’s right to receive the payment is established.

Contract balances

Contract assets

The contract assets are costs which have been capitalized and are directly related to a contract, for which resources were used in satisfying the contract and are expected to be recovered.

Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Group’s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional. Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section m) financial instruments.

Contract liability

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Group transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Group performs under the contract.

Assets and liabilities arising from rights of return

Refund liabilities

A refund liability is the obligation to refund some or all of the consideration received (or receivable) from the customer and is measured at the amount the Group ultimately expects it will have to return to the customer. The Group updates its estimates of refund liabilities at the end of each reporting period.

(g) Government grants

Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in equal amounts over the expected useful life of the related asset.

(h) Taxes

Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date in the countries where the Group operates and generates taxable income.

Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in the statement of profit or loss. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:

• When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss

• In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:

• When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss

• In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss. Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Tax benefits acquired as part of a business combination, but not satisfying the criteria for separate recognition at that date, are recognized subsequently if new information about facts and circumstances change. The adjustment is either treated as a reduction to goodwill (as long as it does not exceed goodwill) if it was incurred during the measurement period or recognized in profit or loss.

The Group offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

Sales tax

Revenues, expenses and assets are recognized net of the amount of sales tax, except:

• When the sales tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the sales tax is recognized as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable

• When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of sales tax included

The net amount of sales tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the statement of financial position.

(i) Cash dividend and non-cash distribution to equity holders of the parent

The Company recognizes a liability to make cash or non-cash distributions to equity holders of the parent when the distribution is authorized and the distribution is no longer at the discretion of the Company. A distribution is authorized when it is approved by the shareholders. A corresponding amount is recognized directly in equity.

Non-cash distributions are measured at the fair value of the assets to be distributed with fair value measurement recognized directly in equity.

Upon distribution of non-cash asset, any difference between the carrying amount of the liabilities and the carrying amount of the assets distributed is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

(j) Property, plant and equipment

Construction in progress is stated at cost, net of accumulated impairment losses, if any. Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the property, plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of property, plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Group depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognized in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met.

Freehold land has an unlimited useful life and therefore is not depreciated. Asset under construction included in property, plant and equipment are not depreciated as these assets are not yet ready for intended use. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets as follows:

Freehold buildings	:	50 years
Leasehold land, buildings and improvements	:	Shorter of 15 to 50 years or lease term
Plant and machinery	:	3 to 20 years
Office furniture, fittings and equipment	:	3 to 20 years
Motor and transport vehicles	:	3.5 to 15 years

The carrying values of property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de-recognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit or loss when the asset is derecognized.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

The Group capitalizes interest with respect to major assets under installation or construction based on the weighted average cost of the Group’s general borrowings and actual interest incurred for specific borrowings. Repairs and maintenance of a routine nature are expensed while those that extend the life of assets are capitalized.

Construction in progress represents factories under construction and machinery and equipment pending installation. All direct costs relating to the acquisition or construction of buildings and machinery and equipment, including interest charges on borrowings, are capitalized as construction in progress.

(k) Investment properties

Investment properties are properties owned by the Group that are held to lease to third parties and earn rentals rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes, or in the ordinary course of business. Investment properties comprise completed investment properties and properties that are being constructed or developed for future use as investment properties.

Investment properties are initially recognized at cost, including transaction costs and subsequently carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Depreciation is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the investment properties. The estimated useful life is 30 years. Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values of investment properties are reassessed at each reporting date.

Investment properties are derecognized when either they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from its disposal. Any gain or loss on the retirement or disposal of an investment property is recognized in profit or loss in the year of retirement or disposal.

Transfers are made to or from investment property only when there is a change in use.

(l) Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and the related expenditure is reflected in profit or loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred. The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either finite or indefinite.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the statement of profit or loss in the expense category that is consistent with the function of the intangible assets.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level. The assessment of indefinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the indefinite life continues to be supportable. If not, the change in useful life from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.

An intangible asset is derecognized upon disposal (i.e., at the date the recipient obtains control) or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising upon derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit or loss.

Research and development costs

Research costs are expensed as incurred.

Development expenditures on an individual project are recognized as an intangible asset when the Group can demonstrate:

• The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale

• Its intention to complete and its ability to use or sell the asset

• How the asset will generate future economic benefits

• The availability of resources to complete the asset

• The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development

Following initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use. Development costs are amortized over the period of expected future benefit. During the period of development, the asset is tested for impairment annually.

(m) Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets are recognized when, and only when the entity becomes party to the contractual provision of the instruments.

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss.

Trade receivables are measured at the amount of consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods and services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third party, if the trade receivables do not contain a significant financing component at initial recognition.

Subsequent measurement

Investment in debt instruments

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Group’s business model for managing the asset and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the asset. The three measurement categories for classification of debt instruments are:

(i) Amortised cost

Financial assets that are held for the collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represents solely payment of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. Financial assets are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less impairment. Gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss when the assets are derecognized or impaired, and through amortization process.

The Group’s financial assets at amortised cost includes trade and other receivables, and loan to a joint venture.

(ii) Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)

Financial assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the asset’s cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at FVOCI. Financial assets measured at FVOCI are subsequently measured at fair value. Any gains or losses from changes in fair value of the financial assets are recognized in other comprehensive income, except for impairment losses, foreign exchange gains and losses and interest calculated using the effective interest method are recognized in profit or loss. The cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment when the financial asset is de-recognised.

The Group classifies its bill receivables as FVOCI.

(iii) Fair value through profit or loss

Asset that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or FVOCI are measured a fair value through profit or loss. A gain or loss on a debt instrument that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognized in profit or loss in the period in which it arises.

The Group does not have debt instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Investment in equity instruments

On initial recognition of an investment in equity instrument that is not held for trading, the Group may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI. Dividends from such investments are to be recognized in profit or loss when the Group’s right to receive payments is established. For investments in equity instruments which the Group has not elected to present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI, changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss.

The Group has designated its remaining 7.7% shareholding interest in Thakral Corporation Ltd (“TCL”) as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.

Derivatives

Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value on the date a derivative contracts is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period. Changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss.

The Group recognized its fair value changes in foreign exchange forward contract through profit or loss.

De-recognition

A financial asset is de-recognised where the contractual right from the asset has expired. On de-recognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and any cumulative gain or loss that had been recognized in the other comprehensive income is recognized in profit or loss.

Impairment of financial assets

The Group recognizes an allowance for expected credit losses (ECLs) for all debt instruments not held at fair value through profit or loss and financial guarantee contracts. ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at an approximation of the original effective interest rate. The expected cash flows will include cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

ECLs are recognised in two stages. For credit exposure for which there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, ECLs are provided for credit losses that result from default events that are possible within the next 12 months (a 12 month ECL). For those credit exposures for which there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, a loss allowance is recognised for credit losses expected over the remaining life of the exposure irrespective of timing of the default (a life time ECL).

For trade receivable and contract assets, the Group applies a simplified approach in calculating ECLs. Therefore, the Group does not track changes in credit risk, but instead recognises a loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date. The Group has established a provision matrix that is based on its historical credit loss experience adjusted for forward looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment.

For bill receivables at fair value through OCI, the Group assesses the credit risk of the financial institution, which issue the bills, at every reporting date. The Group evaluates whether the bills are considered to have low credit risk using all reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort.

The Group considers a financial asset in default when the aging of contract payment are more than 360 days from the invoice date. However, in certain cases the Group may also consider a financial assets to be in default when internal or external information indicates that the Group is unlikely to receive the outstanding contractual amounts in full before taking into account any credit enhancements held by the Group. A financial asset is written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovering contractual cash flow.

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.

All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

The Group’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings, and derivative financial instruments.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading.

Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of selling in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the Group that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by IFRS 9.

Subsequent to initial recognition, financial liability at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value. Any gains or losses arising from changes in fair value of the financial liabilities are recognised in profit or loss.

Loans and borrowings and payables

After initial recognition, loans and borrowings and payables are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.

De-recognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the de-recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the consolidated statement of financial position if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

(n) Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition are accounted for as follows:

• Raw materials: purchase cost on a weighted average basis

• Finished goods and work in progress: cost of direct materials and labor and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on the normal operating capacity, but excluding borrowing costs

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

(o) Impairment of non-financial assets

The Group assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Group estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s (“CGU”) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.

Impairment losses, including impairment on inventories, are recognized in the statement of profit or loss in expense categories consistent with the function of the impaired asset.

For assets excluding goodwill, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Group estimates the asset’s or CGU’s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually and when circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired.

Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing the recoverable amount of each CGU (or group of CGUs) to which the goodwill relates. When the recoverable amount of the CGU is less than its carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized. Impairment losses relating to goodwill cannot be reversed in future periods.

(p) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at bank and on hand, demand deposits, and short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amount of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

(q) Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that asset is or those assets are not explicitly specified in an arrangement.

Prepaid operating lease

Prepaid operating lease represents payments made to the PRC land bureau for land use rights, which are charged to expense on a straight-line basis over the respective periods of the rights which are in the range of 15 to 50 years.

Group as a lessee

A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease. A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the Group is classified as a finance lease.

Finance leases are capitalized at the commencement of the lease at the inception date fair value of the leased property or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized in finance costs in the statement of profit or loss.

A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Group will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.

An operating lease is a lease other than a finance lease. Operating lease payments are recognized as an operating expense in the statement of profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Group as a lessor

Leases in which the Group does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income.

(r) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds.

A qualifying asset is one that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale. To the extent that funds are borrowed specifically for the purpose of obtaining the asset, the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization should be determined as the actual borrowing costs incurred less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings. To the extent that funds are borrowed generally and used for the purpose of obtaining the asset, the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization is by applying a capitalization rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalization rate should be the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the enterprise that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset. The amount of borrowing costs capitalized during a period should not exceed the amount of borrowing costs incurred during that period.

(s) Provisions

General

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Group expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the statement of profit or loss net of any reimbursement.

If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

Product warranty

The Group recognizes a liability at the time the product is sold, for the estimated future costs relating to the assurance-type warranties, to be incurred under the lower of a warranty period or warranty mileage on various engine models, on which the Group provides free repair and replacement. For on-road applications engines, warranties extend for a duration (generally 12 to 60 months) or mileage (generally 50,000 to 360,000 kilometers), whichever is the lower. For other applications engines, warranties extend for a duration of generally 12 to 28 months or running hours of 1,000 to 3,500 hours, whichever is lower. Provisions for warranty are primarily determined based on historical warranty cost per unit of engines sold adjusted for specific conditions that may arise and the number of engines under warranty at each financial year. If the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims change, the accrued liability for product warranty will be adjusted accordingly.

(t) Pensions and other post-employment benefits

The Group participates in and makes contributions to the national pension schemes as defined by the laws of the countries in which it has operations. The contributions are at a fixed proportion of the basic salary of the staff. Contributions are recognized as compensation expense in the period in which the related services are performed.

(u) Share-based payments

Employees (including senior executives) of the Group receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (“equity-settled transactions”).

Equity-settled transactions

The cost of equity-settled transactions is determined by the fair value at the date when the grant is made using an appropriate valuation model.

That cost is recognized in “staff cost” (Note 8.4), together with a corresponding increase in performance share reserve in equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled (the vesting period). The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Group’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The expense or credit in the statement of profit or loss for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognized as at the beginning and end of that period.

No expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest, except for equity-settled transactions for which vesting is conditional upon a market or non-vesting condition. These are treated as vested irrespective of whether the market or non-vesting condition is satisfied, provided that all other performance and/or service conditions are satisfied.

When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the expense had the terms not been modified, provided the original terms of the award are met. An additional expense, measured as at the date of modification, is recognized for any modification that increases the total fair value of the share-based payment transaction, or is otherwise beneficial to the employee. Where an award is cancelled by the entity or by the counterparty, any remaining element of the fair value of the award is expensed immediately through profit or loss.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share (further details are given in Note 10).

(v) Development properties

Development properties are properties acquired or being constructed for sale in the ordinary course of business, rather than to be held for the Group’s own use, rental or capital appreciation.

Development properties are held as other asset and are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Non-refundable commissions paid to sales or marketing agents on the sale of real estate units are expensed when incurred.

Costs to complete development include cost of land and other direct and related development expenditure, including borrowing costs incurred in developing the properties. Net realizable value of development properties is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, based on market prices at the reporting date and discounted for the time value of money if material, less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

(w) Segment reporting

For management purposes, the Group is organized into operating segments based on their products and services which are independently managed by the respective segment managers responsible for the performance of the respective segments under their charge. The segment managers report directly to the management of the Company who regularly review the segment results in order to allocate resources to the segments and to assess the segment performance. Additional disclosures on each of these segments are shown in Note 31, including the factors used to identify the reportable segments and the measurement basis of segment information.

2.4 Changes in accounting policies and disclosures

New and amended standards and interpretations

The Group applied for the first time certain new standards or amendments to the standards, which are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018. The Group has not early adopted any standards, interpretations or amendments that have been issued but are not yet effective.

The nature and the impact of each new standard or amendment are described below:

IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers

IFRS 15 supersedes IAS 11 Construction Contracts, IAS 18 Revenue and related Interpretations and it applies, with limited exceptions, to all revenue arising from contracts with its customers. IFRS 15 establishes a five-step model to account for revenue arising from contracts with customers and requires that revenue to be recognised at an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer.

IFRS 15 requires entities to exercise judgement, taking into consideration all of the relevant facts and circumstances when applying each step of the model to contracts with their customers. The standard also specifies the accounting for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract and the costs directly related to fulfilling a contract. In addition, the standard requires extensive disclosures.

The Group adopted IFRS 15 using the full retrospective method of adoption and applying the following practical expedients in accordance with the transitional provisions in IFRS 15:

• The Group has not restated contracts that begin and end within the same year or the contracts that were completed as at January 1, 2016. Had the Group elected not to apply this practical expedient the amount of revenue recorded for the prior year would have been lower.

• For the comparative year ended December 31, 2016, the Group has not disclosed the amount of the transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations and an explanation of when the corresponding revenue is expected to be recognized.

The effect of adopting IFRS 15 is, as follows:

Impact on statement of profit or loss (increase/(decrease)) 

			31.12.2016			31.12.2017
	Adjustment		RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue from contracts with customers		(a)		(21,645	)		(24,623	)
Cost of sales		(a)		(29,912	)		134,349
Gross profit				8,267			(158,972	)
Other income		(b)		—			(115,235	)
Selling, general and administrative cost		(a)		(4,087	)		(162,998	)
Operating profit				12,354			(111,209	)
Income tax expense		(b)		—			(25,995	)
Profit for the year				12,354			(85,214	)
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent		(a)&(b)		9,440			(65,113	)
Non-controlling interests		(a)&(b)		2,914			(20,101	)

Impact on basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) (increase/(decrease) in EPS)

			31.12.2016			31.12.2017
	Adjustment		RMB			RMB
Earnings per share
Basic		(a)&(b)		0.23			(1.60	)
Diluted		(a)&(b)		0.23			(1.60	)
Impact on the consolidated statement of financial position (increase/(decrease)):
			1.1.2017			31.12.2017
	Adjustment		RMB’000			RMB’000
Assets
Intangible asset		(b)		(31,704	)		—
Investments in associate and joint venture		(b)		(73,061	)		—
Deferred tax assets		(b)		(25,995	)		—
Total non-current assets				(130,760	)		—
Trade and other receivables		(b)		50,000			—
Total current assets				50,000			—
Total assets				(80,760	)		—
Equity and liabilities
Contract liabilities		(a)		27,372			34,759
Total non-current liabilities				27,372			34,759
Trade and other payables		(b)		(170,000	)		—
Contract liabilities		(a)		63,870			81,105
Provision for product warranty		(a)		(69,844	)		(98,492	)
Total current liabilities				(175,974	)		(17,387	)
Total liabilities				(148,602	)		17,372
Equity
Retained earnings		(a)&(b)		51,838			(13,275	)
Non-controlling interests		(a)&(b)		16,004			(4,097	)
Total equity				67,842			(17,372	)
Total equity and liabilities				(80,760	)		—

Impact on the consolidated statement of cash flows (increase/(decrease)):

		31.12.2016			31.12.2017
	Adjustment	RMB’000			RMB’000
Profit before tax	(a)&(b)		12,354			(111,209	)
Adjustments:
Gain on disposal of intangible asset	(b)		—			115,235
Profit before tax after adjustments	(a)&(b)		12,354			4,026
Changes in working capital
Decrease in trade and other receivables	(b)		—			50,000
Increase in trade and other payables and contract liabilities	(a)		(12,354	)		(4,026	)
Cash flows from operating activities	(a)&(b)		—			50,000
Net cash flows from operating activities	(a)&(b)		—			50,000
Investing activities
Proceeds from disposal of intangible asset	(b)		—			(50,000	)
Net cash flows from investing activities	(a)&(b)		—			(50,000	)

The change did not have impact on OCI for the period. The cash flows from financing activities were not affected.

The nature of these adjustments are described below:

(a) Sale of engines with service-type warranties

In addition to assurance-type warranties, the Group provides warranty service to customers after certain on-road mileage or running hours which were previously accounted for as provision for product warranty. Under IFRS 15, such warranties are accounted for as service-type warranties and as separate performance obligations to which the Group allocates a portion of the transaction price. The portion of the transaction price allocated to the service-type warranty is initially recorded as contract liabilities and recognized as revenue upon the service rendered.

Upon adoption of IFRS 15, as at January 1, 2017, the Group recognized contract liabilities (current) of RMB 63.9 million and contract liabilities (non-current) of RMB 27.4 million related to unfulfilled service-type warranties, and decrease in provision for product warranty by RMB 69.8 million, decrease in retained earnings and non-controlling interests by RMB 16.3 million and RMB 5.0 million, respectively.

The statement of financial position as at December 31, 2017 was also restated, resulting in the recognition of contract liabilities (current) of RMB 81.1 million, contract liabilities (non-current) of RMB 34.8, decrease in provision for product warranty by RMB 98.5 million, and decrease in retained earnings and non-controlling interests by RMB 13.3 million and RMB 4.1 million, respectively. The consolidated statement of profit or loss for the financial year ended December 31, 2017 was also restated, resulting in decrease in revenue and selling, general and distribution expenses by RMB 24.6 million and RMB 163.0 million (2016: decrease by RMB 21.6 million and RMB 4.1 million), respectively, and increase in cost of sales by RMB 134.3 million (2016: decrease by RMB 29.9 million).

(b) Performance obligation

In 2017, the Group transferred the technology know-how for the heavy-duty engine platform to its joint venture company upon completion of all the project milestones and recognized net gain of RMB 115.2 million as other operating income.

With the adoption of IFRS 15, management concluded that the Group has significantly performed its performance obligation in 2015 and accordingly the income of RMB 115.2 million has to be recognized in 2015. Therefore, it resulted a decrease in other operating income of RMB 115.2 million and tax expense of RMB 26.0 million for the financial year ended December 31, 2017, and a corresponding restatement in the consolidated statement of financial position as at January 1, 2017, resulting in decrease in intangible asset by RMB 31.7 million, decrease in investment in associate and joint venture by RMB 73.1 million, decrease in deferred tax assets by RMB 26.0 million, increase in other receivables and prepayment by RMB 50.0 million, decrease in trade and other payables by RMB170.0 million, and increase in retained earnings and non-controlling interests by RMB 68.2 million and RMB 21.1 million, respectively.

IFRS 9 Financial Instruments

IFRS 9 Financial Instruments replaces IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2018, bringing together all three aspects of the accounting for financial instruments: classification and measurement; impairment; and hedge accounting.

The changes arising from the adoption of IFRS 9 had been applied without restating comparative information in the year of initial application. The impact arising from IFRS 9 adoption was included in the opening retained earnings at the date of initial application, January 1, 2018.

Classification and measurement

IFRS 9 requires debt instruments to be measured either amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) or fair value through profit or loss (FVPL). Classification of debt instruments depends on the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets and whether the contractual cash flows represent solely payments of principle and interest (SPPI). An entity’s business model is how an entity manages its financial assets in order to generate cash flow and create value for the entity either from collecting contractual cash flow, selling financial assets or both. If a debt instrument is held to collect contractual cash flows, it is measured at authorised cost if it also meets the SPPI requirement.

Debt instrument that meet the SPPI requirement that are held both to collect the assets’ contractual cash flow and to sell the assets are measured at FVOCI. Financial assets are measured at FVPL if they don’t meet the criteria of FVOCI or amortized cost.

The assessment of the business model and whether the financial assets meet the SPPI requirement was made as of January 1, 2018 and then applied retrospectively to those financial assets that were not derecognised before January 1, 2018.

The Group has determined that for its bills receivable, its business model is to hold the debt instrument to collect contractual cash flows and sell, and has accordingly, measured its bills receivables at FVOCI when it applies IFRS 9. As a result of the change in measurement of the Group’s bills receivable previously measured at amortised cost to FVOCI, the carrying value of the bills receivable has decreased by RMB 137.3 million (US$20.5 million) with a corresponding adjustment to fair value reserve as at January 1, 2018.

IFRIC Interpretation 22 Foreign Currency Transactions and Advance Consideration

The Interpretation clarifies that, in determining the spot exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income (or part of it) on the derecognition of a non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability relating to advance consideration, the date of the transaction is the date on which an entity initially recognises the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability arising from the advance consideration. If there are multiple payments or receipts in advance, then the entity must determine the date of the transactions for each payment or receipt of advance consideration. This Interpretation does not have any impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IAS 40 Transfers of Investment Property

The amendments clarify when an entity should transfer property, including property under construction or development into, or out of investment property. The amendments state that a change in use occurs when the property meets, or ceases to meet, the definition of investment property and there is evidence of the change in use. A mere change in management’s intentions for the use of a property does not provide evidence of a change in use. These amendments do not have any impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

IFRS 2 Classification and Measurement of Share-based Payment Transactions – Amendments to IFRS 2

The IASB issued amendments to IFRS 2 Share-based Payment that address three main areas: the effects of vesting conditions on the measurement of a cash-settled share-based payment transaction; the classification of a share-based payment transaction with net settlement features for withholding tax obligations; and accounting where a modification to the terms and conditions of a share-based payment transaction changes its classification from cash settled to equity settled.

On adoption, entities are required to apply the amendments without restating prior periods, but retrospective application is permitted if elected for all three amendments and other criteria are met.

The Group’s Equity Incentive Plan is considered an equity-settled share-based payment transactions and all the share options granted under this plan were vested in July 2017. The Group does not elect for retrospective application. Therefore, these amendments do not have any impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IFRS 4 Applying IFRS 9 Financial Instruments with IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts

The amendments address concerns arising from implementing the new financial instruments standard, IFRS 9, before implementing IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts, which replaces IFRS 4. The amendments introduce two options for entities issuing insurance contracts: a temporary exemption from applying IFRS 9 and an overlay approach. These amendments are not relevant to the Group.

Annual improvements 2014-2016 cycle

IFRS 1 First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards - Deletion of short-term exemptions for first-time adopters

Short-term exemptions in paragraphs E3–E7 of IFRS 1 were deleted because they have now served their intended purpose. This amendment is not applicable to the Group.

Amendments to IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures – Clarification that measuring investees at fair value through profit or loss is an investment – by – investment choice

The amendments clarify that an entity that is a venture capital organisation, or other qualifying entity, may elect, at initial recognition on an investment-by-investment basis, to measure its investments in associates and joint ventures at fair value through profit or loss. If an entity that is not itself an investment entity, has an interest in an associate or joint venture that is an investment entity, then it may, when applying the equity method, elect to retain the fair value measurement applied by that investment entity associate or joint venture to the investment entity associate’s or joint venture’s interests in subsidiaries. This election is made separately for each investment entity associate or joint venture, at the later of the date on which: (a) the investment entity associate or joint venture is initially recognised; (b) the associate or joint venture becomes an investment entity; and (c) the investment entity associate or joint venture first becomes a parent. These amendments do not have any impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

2.5 Standards issued but not yet effective

The standards and interpretations that are issued, but not yet effective, up to the date of issuance of the Group’s financial statements are disclosed below. The Group intends to adopt these standards, if applicable, when they become effective.

IFRS 16 Leases

IFRS 16 was issued in January 2016 and it replaces IAS 17 Leases, IFRIC 4 Determining whether an Arrangement contains a Lease, SIC-15Operating Leases-Incentives and SIC-27 Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the Legal Form of a Lease. IFRS 16 sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases and requires lessees to account for all leases under a single on-balance sheet model similar to the accounting for finance leases under IAS 17. The standard includes two recognition exemptions for lessees – leases of ‘low-value’ assets (e.g., personal computers) and short-term leases (i.e., leases with a lease term of 12 months or less). At the commencement date of a lease, a lessee will recognize a liability to make lease payments (i.e., the lease liability) and an asset representing the right to use the underlying asset during the lease term (i.e., the right-of-use asset). Lessees will be required to separately recognize the interest expense on the lease liability and the depreciation expense on the right-of-use asset.

Lessees will be also required to remeasure the lease liability upon the occurrence of certain events (e.g., a change in the lease term, a change in future lease payments resulting from a change in an index or rate used to determine those payments). The lessee will generally recognize the amount of the remeasurement of the lease liability as an adjustment to the right-of-use asset.

Lessor accounting under IFRS 16 is substantially unchanged from today’s accounting under IAS 17. Lessors will continue to classify all leases using the same classification principle as in IAS 17 and distinguish between two types of leases: operating and finance leases.

IFRS 16, which is effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, requires lessees and lessors to make more extensive disclosures than under IAS 17.

Transition to IFRS 16

The Group plans to adopt IFRS 16 initially on January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach. Therefore, the cumulative effect of adopting IFRS 16 will be recognised as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at January 1, 2019, with no restatement of comparative information.

On the adoption of IFRS16, the Group expects to choose on a lease by leave basis, to measure the right-of-use assets, at either:

(i) its carrying amount as if IFRS16 had been applied since the commencement date, but discounted using the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate as of January 1, 2019; or

(ii) an amount equal to the lease liability, adjusted by the amount of any prepaid or accrued lease payment relating to that lease recognised in the balance sheet immediately before January 1, 2019.

In addition, the group plans to elect the following practical expedients:

(i) not to reassess whether a contract is or contains a lease at the date of initial application and to apply IFRS16 to all contracts that were previously identified as leases

(ii) to apply the exemption not to recognise right- of- use asset and lease liabilities to leases for which the lease term ends within 12 months as of January 1, 2019

(iii) to apply a single discount rate to a portfolio of leases with reasonably similar characteristics.

The Group has performed a preliminary impact assessment of IFRS 16 based on currently available information. This assessment may be subject to changes arising from ongoing analysis until the Group adopts IFRS 16 in 2019.

i. Leases in which the Group is a lessee

On the adoption of IFRS16, the Group expects to recognise right-of-use assets of RMB 89.4 million (US$13.4 million) and lease liability of RMB 108.3 million (US$16.2 million), decrease prepayment by RMB 1.9 million (US$0.3 million) and accrued expense by RMB 20.8 million (US$3.1 million) for its leases previously classified as the operating leases as of January 1, 2019.

ii. Leases in which the Group is a lessor

The Group expects no significant impact for other leases in which the Group is a lessor.

IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts

In May 2017, the IASB issued IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts (“IFRS 17”), a comprehensive new accounting standard for insurance contracts covering recognition and measurement, presentation and disclosure. Once effective, IFRS 17 will replace IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts (“IFRS 4”) that was issued in 2005. IFRS 17 applies to all types of insurance contracts (i.e., life, non-life, direct insurance and re-insurance), regardless of the type of entities that issue them, as well as to certain guarantees and financial instruments with discretionary participation features. A few scope exceptions will apply. The overall objective of IFRS 17 is to provide an accounting model for insurance contracts that is more useful and consistent for insurers. In contrast to the requirements in IFRS 4, which are largely based on grandfathering previous local accounting policies, IFRS 17 provides a comprehensive model for insurance contracts, covering all relevant accounting aspects. The core of IFRS 17 is the general model, supplemented by:

• A specific adaptation for contracts with direct participation features (the variable fee approach)

• A simplified approach (the premium allocation approach) mainly for short-duration contracts

IFRS 17 is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2021, with comparative figures required. Early application is permitted, provided the entity also applies IFRS 9 and IFRS 15 on or before the date it first applies IFRS 17. This standard is not applicable to the Group.

IFRIC Interpretation 23 Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments

The Interpretation addresses the accounting for income taxes when tax treatments involve uncertainty that affects the application of IAS 12. The Interpretation does not apply to taxes or levies outside the scope of IAS 12, nor does it specifically include requirements relating to interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax treatments.

The Interpretation specifically addresses the following:

• Whether an entity considers uncertain tax treatments separately

• The assumptions an entity makes about the examination of tax treatments by taxation authorities

• How an entity determines taxable profit (tax loss), tax bases, unused tax losses, unused tax credits and tax rates

• How an entity considers changes in facts and circumstances

An entity has to determine whether to consider each uncertain tax treatment separately or together with one or more other uncertain tax treatments. The approach that better predicts the resolution of the uncertainty should be followed.

The Interpretation is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, but certain transition reliefs are available.

The Group is currently assessing the impact of the interpretation and plans to adopt the interpretation on the required effective date.

Amendments to IFRS 9: Prepayment Features with Negative Compensation

Under IFRS 9, a debt instrument can be measured at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income, provided that the contractual cash flows are ‘solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding’ (the SPPI criterion) and the instrument is held within the appropriate business model for that classification. The amendments to IFRS 9 clarify that a financial asset passes the SPPI criterion regardless of the event or circumstance that causes the early termination of the contract and irrespective of which party pays or receives reasonable compensation for the early termination of the contract.

The amendments should be applied retrospectively and are effective from January 1, 2019, with earlier application permitted. The Group does not plan to early adopt the amendments and does not expect the amendments to have material impact to the Group.

Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture

The amendments address the conflict between IFRS 10 and IAS 28 in dealing with the loss of control of a subsidiary that is sold or contributed to an associate or joint venture. The amendments clarify that the gain or loss resulting from the sale or contribution of assets that constitute a business, as defined in IFRS 3, between an investor and its associate or joint venture, is recognized in full. Any gain or loss resulting from the sale or contribution of assets that do not constitute a business, however, is recognized only to the extent of unrelated investors’ interests in the associate or joint venture. The IASB has deferred the effective date of these amendments indefinitely, but an entity that early adopts the amendments must apply them prospectively.

The Group does not intend to early adopt the amendments. The Group will perform assessment on the impact once the IASB has decided the effective date of these amendments.

Amendments to IAS 19: Plan Amendment, Curtailment or Settlement

The amendments to IAS 19 address the accounting when a plan amendment, curtailment or settlement occurs during a reporting period. The amendments specify that when a plan amendment, curtailment or settlement occurs during the annual reporting period, an entity is required to:

• Determine current service cost for the remainder of the period after the plan amendment, curtailment or settlement, using the actuarial assumptions used to remeasure the net defined benefit liability (asset) reflecting the benefits offered under the plan and the plan assets after that event.

• Determine net interest for the remainder of the period after the plan amendment, curtailment or settlement using: the net defined benefit liability (asset) reflecting the benefits offered under the plan and the plan assets after that event; and the discount rate used to remeasure that net defined benefit liability (asset).

The amendments also clarify that an entity first determines any past service cost, or a gain or loss on settlement, without considering the effect of the asset ceiling. This amount is recognised in profit or loss. An entity then determines the effect of the asset ceiling after the plan amendment, curtailment or settlement. Any change in that effect, excluding amounts included in the net interest, is recognised in other comprehensive income.

The amendments apply to plan amendments, curtailments, or settlements occurring on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period that begins on or after January 1, 2019, with early application permitted. These amendments will apply only to any future plan amendments, curtailments, or settlements of the Group.

Annual improvements 2014-2016 cycle (issued in December 2016)

Amendments to IAS 28: Long-term interests in associates and joint ventures

The amendments clarify that an entity applies IFRS 9 Financial Instruments to long-term interests in an associate or joint venture to which the equity method is not applied but that, in substance, form part of the net investment in the associate or joint venture (long-term interests). This clarification is relevant because it implies that the expected credit loss model in IFRS 9 applies to such long-term interests.

The amendments also clarified that, in applying IFRS 9, an entity does not take account of any losses of the associate or joint venture, or any impairment losses on the net investment, recognised as adjustments to the net investment in the associate or joint venture that arise from applying IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures.

The amendments should be applied retrospectively and are effective from January 1, 2019, with early application permitted. Since the Group does not have such long-term interests in its associate and joint venture, the amendments will not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Annual improvements 2015-2017 cycle (issued in December 2017)

IFRS 3 Business Combinations – Previously held Interests in a joint operation

The amendments clarify that, when an entity obtains control of a business that is a joint operation, it applies the requirements for a business combination achieved in stages, including remeasuring previously held interests in the assets and liabilities of the joint operation at fair value. In doing so, the acquirer remeasures its entire previously held interest in the joint operation.

An entity applies those amendments to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early application permitted. These amendments will apply on future business combinations of the Group.

IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements – Previously held Interests in a joint operation

A party that participates in, but does not have joint control of, a joint operation might obtain joint control of the joint operation in which the activity of the joint operation constitutes a business as defined in IFRS 3. The amendments clarify that the previously held interests in that joint operation are not remeasured.

An entity applies those amendments to transactions in which it obtains joint control on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after January 1, 2019 with early application permitted. These amendments are currently not applicable to the Group but may apply to future transactions.

IAS 12 Income Taxes – Income tax consequences of payments on financial instruments classified as equity

The amendments clarify that the income tax consequences of dividends are linked more directly to past transactions or events that generated distributable profits than to distributions to owners. Therefore, an entity recognizes the income tax consequences of dividends in profit or loss, other comprehensive income or equity according to where the entity originally recognized those past transactions or events.

An entity applies those amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. Earlier application is permitted. When an entity first applies those amendments, it applies them to the income tax consequences of dividends recognized on or after the beginning of the earliest comparative period.

The Group does not plan to early adopt the amendments. The Group does not expect the amendments to have material impact to the Group.

IAS 23 Borrowing Costs – Borrowing costs eligible for capitalization

The amendments clarify that an entity treats as part of general borrowings any borrowing originally made to develop a qualifying asset when substantially all of the activities necessary to prepare that asset for its intended use or sale are complete.

An entity applies those amendments to borrowing costs incurred on or after the beginning of the annual reporting period in which the entity first applies those amendments. An entity applies those amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, with early application permitted.

The Group does not plan to early adopt the amendments. The Group does not expect the amendments to have material impact to the Group.

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Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions

3. Significant accounting judgments, estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the Group’s consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities, the accompanying disclosures, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about these assumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities affected in future periods.

3.1 Judgments

In the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies, management has made the following judgments, which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements:

Revenue from contracts with customers

The Group applied the following judgements that significantly affect the determination of the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers:

• Identifying contract price and performance obligations in sales of engines

The Group provides certain warranties for both general repairs and maintenance service as part of the sales of engines. For general repairs, such warranties will be assurance-type warranty that will continue to be accounted for under IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. For maintenance services, it will be accounted for as a service-type warranties that are capable of being distinct and customers can benefit from the service on its own. Hence, the Group identified two separate performance obligation, one is the promise to transfer the engine and the other one is to provide maintenance services after reaching certain on-road mileage or running hours. Consequently, the Group allocated a portion of the transaction price to the engines and the maintenance services based on relative stand-alone selling prices that are determined a combination of expected cost plus a margin and residual approaches.

Derecognition of bills receivable

The Group sell bills receivable to banks on an ongoing basis depending on funding needs and money market conditions. While the buyer is responsible for servicing the receivables upon maturity of the bills receivable, Chinese law governing bills allows recourse to be traced to all the parties in the discounting process. In relation to the de-recognition of bills receivable when discounted, the management believes that the contractual right to receive the cash flows from the asset have terminated with the Group, but transferred to the banks. Accordingly, bills receivable are derecognized, and a discount equal to the difference between the carrying value of the bills receivable and cash received is recorded in the statement of profit or loss. Please refer to Note 20.

Deferred tax assets

Deferred tax assets are recognized for unused tax losses to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the losses can be utilized. Significant management judgment is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognized, based upon the likely timing and the level of future taxable profits together with future tax planning strategies. The carrying amounts of deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 are RMB 315.4 million and RMB 361.2 million (US$54.0 million) respectively. If the Group was able to recognize all unrecognized deferred tax assets, profit would increase by RMB 160.0 million (US$23.9 million) for year ended December 31, 2018 (2017: RMB 182.7 million).

Development costs

Development costs are capitalized in accordance with the accounting policy in Note 2.3(l). Initial capitalization of costs is based on management’s judgment that technological and economic feasibility is confirmed, usually when a product development project has reached a defined milestone according to an established project management model.

3.2 Estimates and assumptions

The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the reporting date, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are described below. The Group based its assumptions and estimates on parameters available when the consolidated financial statements were prepared. Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due to market changes or circumstances arising that are beyond the control of the Group. Such changes are reflected in the assumptions when they occur.

Impairment of non-financial assets

Impairment exists when the carrying value of an asset or cash-generating unit exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The fair value less costs of disposal calculation is based on available data from binding sales transactions, conducted at arm’s length, for similar assets or observable market prices less incremental costs for disposing of the asset. The value in use calculation is based on a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model. The cash flows are derived from the forecasts for the next eight to fifteen years and do not include restructuring activities that the Group is not yet committed to or significant future investments that will enhance the asset’s performance of the CGU being tested. The Group, based on its history of operations, believes that the adoption of forecast for more than five years is reasonable. The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model as well as the expected future cash-inflows and the growth rate used for extrapolation purposes. These estimates are most relevant to goodwill recognized by the Group. The key assumptions used to determine the recoverable amount for the different CGUs and assets, including a sensitivity analysis, are disclosed and further explained in Note 6, Note 14 and Note 15.

Allowance for inventory obsolescence

Management reviews the inventory listing on a periodic basis. This review involves comparison of the carrying value of the inventory items with the respective net realizable value. The purpose is to ascertain whether an allowance is required to be made in the financial statements for any obsolete and slow-moving items. The carrying amounts of allowance for inventory obsolescence as at December 31, 2017 and 2018 were RMB 106.9 million and RMB 93.6 million (US$14.0 million) respectively.

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Investments in subsidiaries

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Investments accounted for using equity method [abstract]

Investments in subsidiaries

4. Investments in subsidiaries

Details of significant subsidiaries of the Group are as follows:

Name of significant subsidiary	Place of incorporation/ business	Group’s effective equity interest
		31.12.2017		31.12.2018
		%		%
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Co., Ltd	People’s Republic of China		54.9		54.9
Guangxi Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Guangxi Yuchai Equipment Mould Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Guangxi Yulin Hotel Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Jining Yuchai Engine Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Yuchai Remanufacturing Services (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
HL Global Enterprises Limited	Singapore		50.2		50.2

The Group has the following subsidiary that has non-controlling interests (“NCI”) that are material to the Group.

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018
Proportion of equity interest held by NCI
Yuchai		23.6	%		23.6	%		23.6	%

	31.12.2016 RMB’000		31.12.2017 RMB’000		31.12.2018 RMB’000		31.12.2018 US$’000
	(Restated)		(Restated)
Accumulated balances of material NCI
Yuchai				2,433,117		2,556,644		382,153
Profit allocated to material NCI
Yuchai		212,927		270,452		252,394		37,726
Dividends paid to material NCI
Yuchai		83,677		98,941		135,905		20,314

Summarized financial information including goodwill on acquisition and consolidation adjustments but before intercompany eliminations of subsidiaries with material non-controlling interests are as follows:

	31.12.2016
	Yuchai RMB’000
	(Restated)
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		13,576,842
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		738,733
Attributable to NCI		212,927
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating		2,329,367
Investing		(293,477	)
Financing		(1,697,173	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		338,717

	31.12.2017
	Yuchai
	RMB’000
	(Restated)
Summarized statement of financial position
Current assets		14,717,316
Non-current assets, excluding goodwill		4,693,931
Goodwill		212,636
Current liabilities		(9,327,449	)
Non-current liabilities		(530,188	)
Net assets		9,766,246
Total equity		9,766,246
Attributable to NCI		2,433,117
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		16,140,621
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		960,359
Attributable to NCI		270,452
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating		1,435,156
Investing		(215,817	)
Financing		221,660
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		1,440,999

	31.12.2018
	Yuchai
	RMB’000			US$’000
Summarized statement of financial position
Current assets		15,498,171			2,316,583
Non-current assets, excluding goodwill		4,925,347			736,214
Goodwill		212,636			31,784
Current liabilities		(9,489,499	)		(1,418,439	)
Non-current liabilities		(828,993	)		(123,913	)
Net assets		10,317,662			1,542,229
Total equity		10,317,662			1,542,229
Attributable to NCI		2,556,644			382,153
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		16,210,467			2,423,053
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		867,438			129,660
Attributable to NCI		252,394			37,726
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating		701,716			104,889
Investing		(331,416	)		(49,538	)
Financing		(66,975	)		(10,011	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		303,325			45,340

Significant restrictions

The nature and extent of significant restrictions on the Group’s ability to use or access assets and settle liabilities of subsidiaries with material non-controlling interests are:

Cash and cash equivalents of RMB 5,015.2 million (US$749.6 million) (2017: RMB 4,710.2 million) held in the PRC are subject to local exchange control regulations. These regulations places restriction on the amount of currency being exported other than through dividends, trade and service related transactions.

Acquisition of additional interest in a joint venture in 2016

In December 2016, Yuchai acquired an additional 32.5% equity interest in its 35% owned joint venture, YC Europe Co., Limited (“YC Europe”) through share allotment transfer and the injection of share capital will be completed in phases. Upon the full injection of capital, Yuchai’s equity interest in YC Europe will increase from 35% to 67.5%.

The Group has elected to measure the non-controlling interest at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of YC Europe’s net identifiable assets. There was no gain or loss on remeasuring previously held equity interest in YC Europe to fair value at the acquisition date.

YC Europe was newly incorporated in April 2015 to market off-road engines (excluding marine engines) in Europe. As at December 31, 2016, YC Europe is a subsidiary of the Group. The contribution from the acquisition to the Group’s financial performance for the year ended December 31, 2016, and net assets as at December 31, 2016 were not material.

Goodwill arising from the acquisition of RMB 1.1 million was fully written off and recognized in the “other operating expenses” line item in the Group’s profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2016.

Acquisition of ownership in subsidiaries, without loss of control in 2016

In September 2016, YMMC acquired 47.53% of equity interest in Sichuan Yuchai Machinery Industry Company Limited (“YMMC Sichuan”) from non-controlling interest for a cash consideration of RMB 8.9 million. As a result, YMMC Sichuan became wholly owned subsidiary of YMMC.

Acquisition of ownership in subsidiaries, without loss of control in 2017

(i) In June 2017, GYAMC acquired 25% of equity interest in Guangxi Yuchai Crankshaft Co., Limited (“Crankshaft”) from non-controlling interest for a cash consideration of RMB 1.3 million. As a result, Crankshaft became wholly owned subsidiary of GYAMC.

(ii) In October 2017, YMMC acquired 49% of equity interest in Hunan Yuchai Machinery Industry Company Limited (“YMMC Hunan”) from non-controlling interest for a cash consideration of RMB 6.7 million. As a result, YMMC Hunan became wholly owned subsidiary of YMMC.

(iii) In November 2017, Yuchai acquired 100% issued shares in Jining Yuchai for a cash consideration of RMB 0.3 million. As a result, Jining Yuchai became wholly owned subsidiary of Yuchai.

Prior to the acquisition, Yuchai control 100% of Jining Yuchai through various contractual agreements and consolidated Jining Yuchai’s financial results in the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

Disposal of subsidiaries in 2017

On November 22, 2017, HLGE disposed its entire shareholding in its wholly owned subsidiary, LKN Investment International Pte. Ltd (“LKNII”) together with LKNII’s wholly owned subsidiary, Shanghai Hutai Real Estate Development Co., Ltd to a third party for a cash consideration of RMB 395.0 million.

The value of assets and liabilities of the disposal recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the cash flow effect of the disposals were:

	31.12.2017
	RMB’000
Property, plant and equipment (Note 11)		104,844
Trade receivables and other receivables		3,257
Cash and bank balances		9,153
		117,254
Trade and other payables		(3,737	)
Provision for taxation		(44	)
Deferred taxation		(588	)
Carrying value of net assets		112,885
Gain on disposal:
Total consideration		395,000
Less: Cost of disposal		(47,532	)
Total consideration less cost of disposal		347,468
Net assets derecognized		(112,885	)
Realization of foreign translation reserves upon disposal		(18,468	)
Gain on disposal of the subsidiaries (Note 8.2(a))		216,115
Total consideration less cost of disposal		347,468
Add: Transaction cost unpaid		33,287
Less: Retention sum receivables		(30,000	)
Cash and bank balances of the subsidiaries		(9,153	)
Net cash inflow on disposal of the subsidiaries		341,602

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Investment in associates

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Investments accounted for using equity method [abstract]

Investment in associates

5. Investment in associates

The Group’s investment in associates are summarized as below:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Share of profit/(loss) of associates, net of tax		456		(28	)		(59	)		(9	)
			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Carrying amount of investment				2,185			2,130			318

Details of the associates are as follows:

Name of company	Principal activities	Place of incorporation/ business		Group’s effective equity interest
				31.12.2017		31.12.2018
				%		%
Held by subsidiaries
Sinjori Sdn. Bhd.	Property investment and development		Malaysia		14.0		14.0
Guangxi Yuchai Quan Xing Machinery Co., Ltd. (“Quan Xing”)	Manufacture spare part and sales of auto spare part, diesel engine & spare part, metallic materials, generator & spare part, chemical products (exclude dangerous goods), lubricating oil		People’s Republic of China		15.3		15.3

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Investment in joint ventures

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Investments accounted for using equity method [abstract]

Investment in joint ventures

6. Investment in joint ventures

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Share of (loss)/profit of joint ventures, net of tax:
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd		2,039			17,755			17,612			2,633
Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co., Ltd (i)		(4,465	)		—			—			—
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd.		—			(8,487	)		(6,882	)		(1,029	)
Other joint ventures.		(1,642	)		814			963			144
		(4,068	)		10,082			11,693			1,748
				31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
				RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Carrying amount of investments:
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd					122,235			155,681			23,270
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd					66,513			59,632			8,913
Other joint ventures					7,354			7,499			1,122
					196,102			222,812			33,305

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾ Sales of 60% of the issued ordinary shares in the capital of Copthorne Qingdao Co., Ltd (“Copthorne Qingdao”)

The Group’s subsidiary company, LKNII, together with the joint venture partner of Copthorne Qingdao, had on February 23, 2016, listed the entire equity interest in Copthorne Qingdao on the Shanghai United Assets and Equity Exchange for sale and the sale was re-listed on March 28, 2016.

As a result, the investment in Copthorne Qingdao was classified as asset held for sale and the Group discontinued the use of equity method to recognize the interest in Copthorne Qingdao. Consequently, the Group only shared the loss incurred by Copthorne Qingdao up to February 23, 2016. As at December 31, 2016, the carrying amount of interest in joint venture, representing assets classified as held for sale is RMB 89.4 million and related foreign translation reserve is RMB 22.7 million.

On October 19, 2017, the Group completed the disposal of its investment in Copthorne Qingdao and recognized gain on disposal of RMB 108.0 million in the Group’s profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The value of asset and related reserves of disposal recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the cash flow effect of the disposals were:

	31.12.2017
	RMB’000
Interest in joint venture, representing asset classified as held for sale		89,381
Gain on disposal:
Total consideration less cost of disposal		182,679
Interest in joint venture derecognized		(89,381	)
Realization of foreign currency translation reserves upon disposal		22,720
Waiver of amount due by joint venture		(8,042	)
Gain on disposal of joint venture (Note 8.2(a))		107,976
Total consideration less cost of disposal, representing net cash inflow on disposal of the joint venture		182,679

The Group has interests in the following joint ventures:

Name of company	Principal activities	Place of incorporation/ business		Group’s effective equity interest
				31.12.2017		31.12.2018
				%		%
Held by subsidiaries
HL Heritage Sdn. Bhd.	Property development and property investment holdings		Malaysia		30.1		30.1
Shanghai Hengshan Equatorial Hotel Management Co., Ltd.	Hotel and property management		People’s Republic of China		24.6		24.6
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd (“Y&C”)	Manufacture and sale of heavy duty diesel engines, spare parts and after-sales services		People’s Republic of China		34.4		34.4
Guangxi Yineng IOT Science & Technology Co., Ltd.	Design, development, management and marketing of an electronic operations management platform		People’s Republic of China		15.3		15.3
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd (“MTU Yuchai Power”)	Manufacture off-road diesel engines		People’s Republic of China		38.2		38.2
Eberspaecher Yuchai Exhaust Technology Co. Ltd (“Eberspaecher Yuchai”) (i)	Application development, production, sales and service on engine exhaust control systems		People’s Republic of China		—		37.4

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  Eberspaecher Yuchai was incorporated on December 5, 2018.

The Group assess impairment of investments when adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If the recoverable amount of investment is below its carrying amount, an impairment charge is recognized. The Group performs evaluation of the value of its investment using a discounted cash flows projection or fair value less cost of disposal where appropriate. The projection will be performed using historical trends as a reference and certain assumptions to project the future streams of cash flows.

In 2017 and 2018, the Group performed impairment evaluation of its investments in joint ventures, no impairment was required.

The summarized financial information of the joint ventures, based on their IFRS financial statements, and reconciliation with the carrying amount of the investment in consolidated financial statements are set out below:

	31.12.2016
	Y & C			Copthorne Qingdao*			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue		553,878			3,674			557,552
Depreciation and amortization		(22,087	)		(2,797	)		(24,884	)
Interest expense		(14,012	)		(1,337	)		(15,349	)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive loss for the year		4,531			(6,664	)		(2,133	)
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		60	%
Group’s share of profit/(loss)		2,039			(3,998	)
Depreciation arising from fair value adjustment during purchase price allocation		—			(467	)
Group’s share of profit/(loss) of significant joint ventures		2,039			(4,465	)		(2,426	)
Group’s share of loss of other joint ventures, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss of other joint ventures								(1,642	)
Group’s share of loss for the year, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss for the year								(4,068	)

* On February 23, 2016, the investment in Copthorne Qingdao was classified as asset held for sale. Accordingly, the information presented includes the results of Copthorne Qingdao only for the period from January 1, 2016 to February 23, 2016.

	31.12.2017
	Y & C			MTU			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Non-current assets		734,270			32,015			766,285
Current assets
- Cash and bank balances		199,925			113,055			312,980
- Others		367,293			22,775			390,068
Total assets		1,301,488			167,845			1,469,333
Non-current liabilities		(13,543	)		—			(13,543	)
Current liabilities
- Loans and borrowings		(13,500	)		—			(13,500	)
- Others		(842,765	)		(34,820	)		(877,585	)
Total liabilities		(869,808	)		(34,820	)		(904,628	)
Equity		431,680			133,025			564,705
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of net assets		194,256			66,513
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(72,021	)		—
Carrying amount of significant joint ventures		122,235			66,513			188,748
Carrying amount of other joint ventures								7,354
Carrying amount of the investment in joint ventures								196,102

	31.12.2017
	Y & C			MTU			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue		1,331,823			—			1,331,823
Depreciation and amortization		(20,831	)		(227	)		(21,058	)
Interest expense		(28,663	)		(343	)		(29,006	)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		55,982			(16,973	)		39,009
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of profit		25,192			(8,487	)
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(7,437	)		—
Group’s share of profit of significant joint ventures		17,755			(8,487	)		9,268
Group’s share of loss of other joint ventures, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss of other joint ventures								814
Group’s share of profit for the year, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive income for the year								10,082

	31.12.2018
	Y & C			MTU			Total			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Non-current assets		755,671			72,342			828,013			123,767
Current assets
- Cash and bank balances		113,061			21,707			134,768			20,145
- Others		646,751			209,022			855,773			127,916
Total assets		1,515,483			303,071			1,818,554			271,828
Non-current liabilities		(46,603	)		—			(46,603	)		(6,966	)
Current liabilities
- Loans and borrowings		(51,534	)		—			(51,534	)		(7,703	)
- Others		(942,306	)		(174,242	)		(1,116,548	)		(166,896	)
Total liabilities		(1,040,443	)		(174,242	)		(1,214,685	)		(181,565	)
Equity		475,040			128,829			603,869			90,263
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of net assets		213,768			64,415
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(58,087	)		(4,783	)
Carrying amount of significant joint ventures		155,681			59,632			215,313			32,183
Carrying amount of other joint ventures								7,499			1,122
Carrying amount of the investment in joint ventures								222,812			33,305

	31.12.2018
	Y & C			MTU			Total			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Revenue		1,443,238			160,580			1,603,818			239,730
Depreciation and amortization		(45,254	)		(3,744	)		(48,998	)		(7,324	)
Interest expense		(24,605	)		(1,689	)		(26,294	)		(3,930	)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		43,359			(4,197	)		39,162			5,854
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of profit		19,512			(2,099	)
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(1,900	)		(4,783	)
Group’s share of profit of significant joint ventures		17,612			(6,882	)		10,730			1,604
Group’s share of loss of other joint ventures, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss of other joint ventures								963			144
Group’s share of profit for the year, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive income for the year								11,693			1,748

Note:

As of December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of joint ventures’ capital commitment that are contracted but not paid was RMB 38.0 million (US$5.7 million) (2017: RMB 30.0 million).

As of December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of outstanding bills receivables discounted with banks for which Y & C retained a recourse obligation totaled RMB 98.0 million (US$14.6 million ) (2017: RMB Nil).

As of December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of outstanding bills receivables endorsed to suppliers for which Y & C retained a recourse obligation were RMB 1.7 million (US$0.2 million) (2017: RMB 23.3 million).

Significant restrictions

The nature and extent of significant restrictions on the Group’s ability to use or access assets and settle liabilities of joint ventures are:

The Group’s share of cash and cash equivalents of RMB 27.3 million (US$4.1 million) (2017: RMB 67.2 million) held in the PRC are subject to local exchange control regulations. These regulations places restriction on the amount of currency being exported other than through dividends, trade and service related transactions.

As at December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of restricted trade receivables of RMB Nil (US$Nil) (2017: RMB 6.8 million) that were factored to large banks in China. The Group’s joint venture have obligation to the banks for its trade receivables with recourse.

As at December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of restricted cash of RMB 0.7 million (US$0.2 million) (2017: RMB Nil) which was used as collateral by the banks for letter of credit facilities granted.

As at December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of restricted cash of RMB 33.8 million (US$11.2 million) (2017: RMB 80.5 million) which was used as collateral by the banks for the issuance of bills to suppliers.

As at December 31, 2018, the Group’s share of bills receivables of RMB Nil (US$Nil) (2017: RMB 12.2 million) which was used as collateral by banks for the issuance of bills to suppliers.

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Revenue from contracts with customers

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Revenue from contracts with customers

7. Revenue from contracts with customers

7.1 Disaggregated revenue information

Set out below is the disaggregation of the Group’s revenue from contracts with customers:

	31.12.2018
	Yuchai		HLGE		Total		Total
Segments	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Type of goods or services
Heavy-duty engines		4,934,435		—		4,934,435		737,573
Medium-duty engines		5,537,164		—		5,537,164		827,665
Light-duty engines		2,481,554		—		2,481,554		370,929
Other products and services(i)		3,213,237		—		3,213,237		480,297
Revenue from hospitality operations		44,077		52,781		96,858		14,478
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,210,467		52,781		16,263,248		2,430,942
Geographical markets
People’s Republic of China		16,119,896		—		16,119,896		2,409,515
Other countries		90,571		52,781		143,352		21,427
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,210,467		52,781		16,263,248		2,430,942
Timing of revenue recognition
At a point in time		16,166,390		—		16,166,390		2,416,464
Over time		44,077		52,781		96,858		14,478
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,210,467		52,781		16,263,248		2,430,942

	31.12.2017
	Yuchai		HLGE		Total
Segments	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Type of goods or services
Heavy-duty engines		5,182,930		—		5,182,930
Medium-duty engines		5,620,202		—		5,620,202
Light-duty engines		2,147,728		—		2,147,728
Other products and services(i)		3,148,016		—		3,148,016
Revenue from hospitality operations		41,746		57,197		98,943
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,140,622		57,197		16,197,819
Geographical markets
People’s Republic of China		16,073,461		17,265		16,090,726
Other countries		67,161		39,932		107,093
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,140,622		57,197		16,197,819
Timing of revenue recognition
At a point in time		16,098,876		—		16,098,876
Over time		41,746		57,197		98,943
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,140,622		57,197		16,197,819
	31.12.2016
	Yuchai		HLGE		Total
Segments	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Type of goods or services
Heavy-duty engines		3,813,500		—		3,813,500
Medium-duty engines		5,213,373		—		5,213,373
Light-duty engines		1,724,616		—		1,724,616
Other products and services(i)		2,783,921		—		2,783,921
Revenue from hospitality operations		41,432		66,353		107,785
Total revenue from contract with customers		13,576,842		66,353		13,643,195
Geographical markets
People’s Republic of China		13,436,629		24,005		13,460,634
Other countries		140,213		42,348		182,561
Total revenue from contract with customers		13,576,842		66,353		13,643,195
Timing of revenue recognition
At a point in time		13,535,410		—		13,535,410
Over time		41,432		66,353		107,785
Total revenue from contract with customers		13,576,842		66,353		13,643,195

Note:    

⁽ⁱ⁾  included sales of power generator sets, engine components, service-type maintenance services and others.

7.2 Contract balances

	1.1.2017 RMB’000		31.12.2017 RMB’000		31.12.2018 RMB’000		31.12.2018 US$’000
	(Restated)		(Restated)
Trade receivables (Note 20)		241,168		212,104		408,000		60,985
Contract assets (Note 20)		—		—		44,434		6,642
Contract liabilities (Note 28)		213,286		233,329		340,489		50,894
Refund liabilities (Note 26)		755,092		717,955		761,521		113,828

i. Trade receivables are non-interest bearing and are generally on terms of 60 days.

ii. Contract assets are the costs incurred in fulfilling a contract for the development of technology know-how for heavy–duty engines platforms for a joint venture company of the Group. Contract assets will be expensed off when the Group performs the contract.

The transaction prices allocated to the remaining performance obligation pursuant to this contract, committed at the reporting date but not recognised as liabilities amounted to RMB 149.0 million and expected to be realised within next three years upon the completion of services.

iii. The contract liabilities comprise short-term advance from customers and unfulfilled maintenance service. The advance from customers is recognised as revenue upon the delivery of goods, and the contract liability arising from unfulfilled service-type warranty is recognized upon the completion of the maintenance services. According to the business customary practice, the remaining performance obligations (unfulfilled maintenance service) at the year end is expected to be satisfied within 1-3 years.

iv. Refund liabilities arise from sales rebates granted to the Yuchai customers.

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Other income and expenses recognized in statement of profit and loss

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Other income and expenses recognized in statement of profit and loss

8.1 Depreciation and amortization, shipping and handling expenses

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment, investment property and amortization of prepaid operating leases are included in the following captions.

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Cost of sales		322,289		307,102		312,769		46,751
Research and development expenses		56,812		48,291		26,751		3,999
Selling, general and administrative expenses		99,059		88,788		94,365		14,105
		478,160		444,181		433,885		64,855

Sales related shipping and handling expenses not separately billed to customers are included in the following caption:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Selling, general and administrative expenses		159,023		208,197		211,971		31,684

8.2 (a)    Other operating income

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
			(Restated)
Interest income		56,983		105,421		147,244		22,009
Dividend income from quoted equity securities		943		2,532		1,992		298
Gain on disposal of:
- associate		—		199		—		—
- joint venture (Note 6)		—		107,976		—		—
- property, plant and equipment		—		11,668		8,835		1,321
- subsidiaries (Note 4)		—		216,115		—		—
Government grants		41,515		34,337		32,237		4,819
Fair value gain on quoted equity securities		—		12,768		—		—
Fair value gain on foreign exchange forward contract		—		—		4,529		677
Write-back of trade and other payables		—		29		—		—
Foreign exchange gain, net		—		30,943		1,071		160
Others		18,513		10,129		9,235		1,379
		117,954		532,117		205,143		30,663

8.2 (b)    Other operating expenses

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Loss on disposal of:
- property, plant and equipment		14,020		—		—		—
Foreign exchange loss, net		4,006		—		—		—
Fair value loss on quoted equity securities		243		—		3,433		513
Fair value loss on foreign exchange forward contract		140		—		—		—
Goodwill written off		1,131		—		—		—
Others		3,059		22,719		9,030		1,350
		22,599		22,719		12,463		1,863

8.3 Finance costs

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Bank term loans		34,477		53,888		71,513		10,689
Corporate bonds		27,581		—		—		—
Bills discounting		13,068		42,179		36,826		5,505
Bank charges		4,552		4,367		4,749		710
Finance lease		5		5		—		—
		79,683		100,439		113,088		16,904

8.4 Staff costs

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Wages and salaries		922,847		1,158,320		1,176,465		175,852
Contribution to defined contribution plans		275,703		258,190		296,073		44,255
Executive bonuses		44,921		59,908		57,674		8,621
Staff welfare		81,223		76,392		76,689		11,463
Staff severance cost		12,864		107,732		28,018		4,188
Cost of share-based payment		5,301		1,592		—		—
Others		20,340		1,870		8,441		1,262
		1,363,199		1,664,004		1,643,360		245,641

XML

Income tax expense

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Income tax expense

9. Income tax expense

Income tax expense in the consolidated statement of profit or loss consists of:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
			(Restated)
Current income tax
- Current year		104,149		197,264			209,448			31,307
- Under/(over) provision in respect of prior years		7,175		(2,867	)		(729	)		(109	)
Deferred tax
- Movement in temporary differences		48,946		(225	)		(2,052	)		(307	)
Consolidated income tax expense reported in the statement of profit or loss		160,270		194,172			206,667			30,891

Income tax expense reported in the consolidated statement of profit or loss differs from the amount computed by applying the PRC income tax rate of 15% (being tax rate of Yuchai) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 for the following reasons:

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
				(Restated)
Accounting profit before tax		896,232			1,514,028			1,181,067			176,538
Computed tax expense of 15% (2017: 15%, 2016: 15%)		134,435			227,104			177,160			26,481
Adjustments resulting from:
Non-deductible expenses		7,039			21,982			5,146			769
Tax-exempt income		(178	)		(58,324	)		(3,634	)		(543	)
Utilization of deferred tax benefits previously not recognized		(5,010	)		(16,687	)		(5,518	)		(825	)
Deferred tax benefits not recognized		9,045			8,084			2,183			326
Tax credits for research and development expense		(34,482	)		(34,428	)		(22,407	)		(3,349	)
Tax rate differential		25,321			21,061			24,437			3,653
Under/(over) provision in respect of previous years current tax		7,175			(2,867	)		(729	)		(109	)
Withholding tax expense		16,925			29,447			30,029			4,488
Others		—			(1,200	)		—			—
Total		160,270			194,172			206,667			30,891

Deferred tax

Deferred tax relates to the following:

	Consolidated statement of financial position									Consolidated statement of profit or loss
	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018			31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
										(Restated)			(Restated)
Deferred tax liabilities
Accelerated tax depreciation		(15,122	)		(27,554	)		(4,119	)		373			(4,601	)		(12,432	)		(1,859	)
Unremitted earnings from overseas source income		—			—			—			(25	)		—			—			—
Interest receivable		(774	)		(2,252	)		(336	)		(1,471	)		679			(1,478	)		(221	)
Derivatives not designated as hedges- foreign exchange forward contract		—			—			—			2,326			—			—			—
PRC withholding tax on dividend income (i)		(100,572	)		(106,922	)		(15,982	)		(16,628	)		(29,031	)		(29,842	)		(4,460	)
		(116,468	)		(136,728	)		(20,437	)		(15,425	)		(32,953	)		(43,752	)		(6,540	)
Deferred tax assets
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		12,319			15,943			2,383			(9,005	)		9,443			3,624			542
Write-down of inventories		17,493			16,060			2,400			(4,421	)		(3,716	)		(1,433	)		(214	)
Allowance for doubtful account receivables		7,376			5,177			774			7,196			(1,964	)		(2,199	)		(329	)
Accruals		204,730			204,554			30,576			(46,350	)		18,778			(186	)		(28	)
Deferred income		51,679			95,499			14,275			10,045			6,743			43,820			6,550
Others		21,793			23,974			3,583			9,014			3,894			2,178			326
		315,390			361,207			53,991			(33,521	)		33,178			45,804			6,847
											(48,946	)		225			2,052			307

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  The movement of PRC withholding tax on dividend income is as follows:

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
At January 1		(103,347	)		(100,572	)		(15,033	)
Provision made to consolidated statement of profit or loss		(29,031	)		(29,842	)		(4,460	)
Utilization		31,806			23,492			3,511
December 31		(100,572	)		(106,922	)		(15,982	)

The Corporate Income Tax (“CIT”) law provides for a tax of 10% to be withheld from dividends paid to foreign investors of PRC enterprises. This withholding tax provision does not apply to dividends paid out of profit earned prior to January 1, 2008. Beginning on January 1, 2008, a 10% withholding tax is imposed on dividends paid to the Company, as a non-resident enterprise, unless an applicable tax treaty provides for a lower tax rate. The Company recognizes a deferred tax liability for withholding tax payable for profits accumulated after December 31, 2007 for the earnings that the Company does not plan to indefinitely reinvest in the PRC enterprises. As of December 31, 2018, the deferred tax liability for withholding tax payable was RMB 106.9 million (US$16.0 million) (2017: RMB 100.6 million). The amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability relating to undistributed earnings of the PRC enterprises is estimated to be RMB 249.2 million (US$37.3 million) (2017: RMB 228.0 million).

The following table represents the classification of the Group’s net deferred tax assets:

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Deferred tax assets		315,390			361,207			53,991
Deferred tax liabilities		(116,468	)		(136,728	)		(20,437	)
		198,922			224,479			33,554

Deferred tax assets have not been recognized in respect of the following items:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Unutilized tax losses		479,410		396,232		59,227
Unutilized capital allowances and investment allowances		107,266		107,588		16,082
Other unrecognized temporary differences relating to asset impairment and deferred grants		230,269		222,868		33,312
		816,945		726,688		108,621

Unrecognized tax losses for the Group are subject to agreement with the tax authorities and compliance with tax regulations in the respective countries in which the Group operates. These losses relate to subsidiaries that have a history of losses, expire within the next 5 years and may not be used to offset taxable income elsewhere in the Group. Deferred tax assets have not been recognized in respect of these items because it is not probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the Group can utilize the benefits.

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Earnings per share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Earnings per share

10. Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit for the year attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of ordinary shares that would be issued on conversion of all the dilutive potential ordinary shares into ordinary shares.

Basic earnings per share

The calculation of basic earnings per share is based on:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent		525,177		888,809		695,266		103,925
Weighted average number of ordinary shares		40,016,808		40,764,569		40,858,290		40,858,290

Diluted earnings per share

The weighted average number of ordinary shares adjusted for the effect of unissued ordinary shares under the Share Option Scheme is determined as follows:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018
Weighted average number of shares issued, used in the calculation of basic earnings per share		40,016,808		40,764,569		40,858,290
Diluted effect of share options		—		—		—
Weighted average number of ordinary shares adjusted for effect of dilution		40,016,808		40,764,569		40,858,290

In 2018, 470,000 (2017: 470,000; 2016: 530,000) share options granted to employees under the existing employee share option plan have not been included in the calculation of diluted earnings per share because they are anti-dilutive.

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Property, plant and equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Property, plant and equipment

11. Property, plant and equipment

	Freehold land RMB’000		Leasehold land, buildings and improvements RMB’000			Construction in progress RMB’000			Plant and machinery RMB’000			Office furniture, fittings and equipment RMB’000			Motor and transport vehicles RMB’000			Total RMB’000
Cost
At January 1, 2017		13,730		2,351,646			336,151			5,049,756			192,461			114,425			8,058,169
Additions		—		1,109			226,977			7,464			16,763			9,120			261,433
Disposal of subsidiary		—		(107,632	)		—			(35,490	)		(12,473	)		(255	)		(155,850	)
Disposals		—		(3,310	)		—			(10,064	)		(3,718	)		(5,481	)		(22,573	)
Transfers		—		81,486			(280,358	)		198,872			—			—			—
Write-off		—		(2,385	)		(1,674	)		(53,792	)		(15,307	)		(599	)		(73,757	)
Translation difference		263		1,954			—			88			2,228			(74	)		4,459
At December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		13,993		2,322,868			281,096			5,156,834			179,954			117,136			8,071,881
Additions		—		2,971			359,574			12,465			20,671			10,214			405,895
Disposals		—		(2,203	)		(2,258	)		(26,142	)		(4,510	)		(4,917	)		(40,030	)
Transfers		—		16,845			(167,900	)		151,055			—			—			—
Write-off		—		(185	)		(1,056	)		(55,709	)		(3,512	)		(4,843	)		(65,305	)
Translation difference		437		2,249			732			199			485			93			4,195
At December 31, 2018		14,430		2,342,545			470,188			5,238,702			193,088			117,683			8,376,636
Accumulated depreciation and impairment
At January 1, 2017		467		642,286			—			3,089,199			124,831			74,201			3,930,984
Charge for the year		—		78,347			—			325,979			21,202			6,039			431,567
Disposal of subsidiary		—		(26,031	)		—			(15,040	)		(9,695	)		(240	)		(51,006	)
Disposals		—		(1,879	)		—			(10,191	)		(1,798	)		(4,733	)		(18,601	)
Write-off		—		(1,377	)		—			(51,087	)		(15,012	)		(599	)		(68,075	)
Impairment loss		—		—			1,055			19,790			—			—			20,845
Translation difference		17		104			—			62			1,998			(32	)		2,149
At December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		484		691,450			1,055			3,358,712			121,526			74,636			4,247,863
Charge for the year		—		77,783			—			338,132			18,832			6,218			440,965	*
Disposals		—		(1,005	)		—			(26,471	)		(3,582	)		(4,555	)		(35,613	)
Write-off		—		(183	)		(1,055	)		(54,686	)		(3,512	)		(4,604	)		(64,040	)
Impairment loss		—		—			—			30,173			—			—			30,173
Translation difference		15		275			—			124			287			45			746
At December 31, 2018		499		768,320			—			3,645,984			133,551			71,740			4,620,094
Net book value
At December 31, 2017		13,509		1,631,418			280,041			1,798,122			58,428			42,500			3,824,018
At December 31, 2018		13,931		1,574,225			470,188			1,592,718			59,537			45,943			3,756,542
US$’000		2,082		235,307			70,281			238,071			8,899			6,868			561,508

* In 2018, RMB 15.3 million (US$ 2.3 million) (2017: RMB Nil) and RMB 5.4 million (US$ 0.8 million) (2017: RMB Nil) were capitalized as intangible assets and contract assets, respectively.

An impairment loss of RMB 30.2 million (US$ 4.5 million) (2017: RMB 20.8 million; 2016: RMB 3.3 million) was charged to the consolidated statement of profit or loss under “Cost of sales” for the Group’s property, plant and equipment within the Yuchai segment. The impairment loss for 2016, 2017 and 2018 was due to assets that were not in use.

As of December 31, 2018, there was no property, plant and equipment (2017: RMB 82.7 million) pledged to secure bank facilities.

Finance leases

The carrying value of property, plant and equipment held under finance leases at December 31, 2018 was less than RMB 0.1 million (less than US$ 0.1 million) (2017: RMB 0.1 million). In 2018, there was no addition of property, plant and equipment under finance leases (2017: RMB Nil).

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Investment property

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

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Investment property

12. Investment property

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Cost
At January 1		31,776			32,944			4,924
Translation difference		1,168			1,028			154
At December 31		32,944			33,972			5,078
Accumulated depreciation
At January 1		24,478			25,510			3,813
Charge for the year		248			884			132
Translation difference		784			813			122
At December 31		25,510			27,207			4,067
Net carrying amount		7,434			6,765			1,011
Fair value		10,557			10,886			1,627
Consolidated statements of profit or loss:
Rental income from an investment property		372			437			65
Direct operating expenses (including repairs, maintenance and depreciation expense) arising from the rental generating property		(508	)		(314	)		(47	)

The Group has no restrictions on the realizability of its investment property and no contractual obligations to purchase, construct or develop investment property or for repairs, maintenance or enhancement.

The fair value is determined by independent professional qualified valuer. The fair value of investment property is determined by the market comparison and cost methods. In valuing the investment property, due consideration is given to factors such as location and size of building, building infrastructure, market knowledge and historical comparable transactions to arrive at their opinion of value.

The following table shows information about fair value measurement of the investment property using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

	Valuation techniques	Unobservable input	Inter-relationship between key unobservable inputs and fair value measurement
2018	Market comparison and cost method	Comparable price: -  RMB 156 to RMB 428     (US$23 to US$64) per square foot	The estimated fair value increases with higher comparable price
2017	Market comparison and cost method	Comparable price: -  RMB 151 to RMB 415     per square foot	The estimated fair value increases with higher comparable price

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Prepaid operating leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Prepaid operating leases

13. Prepaid operating leases

Yuchai is granted land use rights of 15 to 50 years in respect of such land. Prepaid operating leases represent those amounts paid for land use rights to the PRC government.

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Current		12,546		12,546		1,875
Non-current		367,270		354,546		52,996
Total		379,816		367,092		54,871
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Cost
At January 1 and December 31		529,577		529,577		79,158
Accumulated amortization
At January 1		137,395		149,761		22,385
Charge for the year		12,366		12,724		1,902
At December 31		149,761		162,485		24,287
Net carrying amount		379,816		367,092		54,871

As of December 31, 2017 & 2018, no prepaid operating leases are pledged to secure bank facilities.

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Goodwill

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Goodwill

14. Goodwill

	RMB’000		US$’000
Cost
At January 1, 2017, December 31, 2017, January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018		218,311		32,632
Accumulated impairment
At January 1, 2017, December 31, 2017, January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018		5,675		848
Net carrying amount
At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018		212,636		31,784

Goodwill represents the excess of costs over fair value of net assets of businesses acquired.

Goodwill acquired through business combinations have been allocated to two cash-generating units for impairment testing as follows:

• Yuchai

• Yulin Hotel. Goodwill allocated to Yulin Hotel was fully impaired in 2008.

Carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the cash-generating unit:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Yuchai		212,636		212,636		31,784

Yuchai unit

The Group performs its impairment test annually. The recoverable amount of the unit was determined based on a value in use calculation using cash flow projections from financial budgets approved by senior management covering an eight-year period. The business of Yuchai is stable since the Group has control in 1994 and the business model of Yuchai is unlikely to change in the foreseeable future. The pre-tax discount rate applied to the cash flow projections was 13.96% (2017: 12.84%). No impairment was identified for this unit.

Key assumptions used in value in use calculations

The calculation of value in use for the cash-generating unit is most sensitive to the following assumptions:

• Profit from operation

• Discount rate

• Growth rate used to extrapolate cash flows beyond the forecast period

Profit from operation – Profit from operation is based on management’s estimate with reference to historical performance of Yuchai unit.

Discount rate – Discount rate reflects management’s estimate of the risks specific to the cash-generating unit and is estimated based on weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”). The WACC takes into account both debt and equity. The cost of equity is derived from the expected return on investment by the Group’s investors. The cost of debt is based on the interest-bearing borrowings the cash-generating unit is obliged to service. This rate is weighted according to the optimal debt/equity structure arrived on the basis of the capitalization structure of the peer group.

Growth rate estimate – Growth rate is based on management’s estimate with reference to general available indication of long-term gross domestic product growth rate of China. The long term rates used to extrapolate the budget for Yuchai are 6.3% and 6.5% for 2018 and 2017 respectively.

Sensitivity to changes in assumptions

The implications of the key assumptions for the recoverable amount are discussed below:

Profit from operation – A decreased demand can lead to a decline in profit from operation. A decrease in demand by 1.00% (2017: 2.37%) would result in impairment.

Discount rate – A rise in pre-tax discount rate to 14.28% (2017: 14.82%) in the Yuchai unit would result in impairment.

Growth rate assumptions – Management recognizes that the speed of technological change and the possibility of new entrants can have a significant impact on growth rate assumptions. A reduction to 5.77% (2017: 2.98%) in the long-term growth rate in Yuchai unit would result in impairment.

With regard to the assessment of value in use of the Yuchai unit, management believes that no reasonably possible change in any of the above key assumptions would cause the recoverable amount to materially fall below the carrying value of the unit.

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Intangible assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Intangible assets

15. Intangible assets

	Technology know how		Development costs			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
	(Restated)					(Restated)
Cost
At January 1, 2017, December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		—		136,822			136,822
Addition		—		195,879			195,879
Transfer		136,822		(136,822	)		—
At December 31, 2018		136,822		195,879			332,701
Amortisation and impairment
At January 1, 2017		—		86,700			86,700
Charge to consolidated statement of profit or loss		—		40,000			40,000
At December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		—		126,700			126,700
Transfer		126,700		(126,700	)		—
At December 31, 2018		126,700		—			126,700
Net carrying amount
At December 31, 2016		—		50,122			50,122
At December 31, 2017		—		10,122			10,122
At December 31, 2018		10,122		195,879			206,001
US$’000		1,513		29,279			30,792

Technology know-how held by Jining Yuchai

At December 31, 2017, the Group has an intangible asset representing technology development costs held by Jining Yuchai with carrying amount of RMB 10.1 million.

In 2016, management performed impairment review and no impairment loss was recognized.

In 2017, due to the stringent emission standard requirement, management revised its business plan and shortened the expected useful life of the intangible assets from 15 years to 10 years. As a result, subsequent to the impairment loss of RMB 60.0 million and RMB26.7 million recorded in 2014 and 2015, respectively, a further impairment loss of RMB 40.0 million was charged to consolidated statement of profit or loss under the line item “selling, distribution and administrative costs”.

In 2017, the Group used a 10 years forecast, using pre-tax discount rate of 13.69%. The revised business plan projected 6 years, year 2023 to reach the commercial deployment of the technology. The revenue growth rate is estimated at 15.6% in 2023 and thereafter management assumed no revenue growth from 2024 to 2027.

If the pre-tax discount rate increased by 1% from management estimates, the Group’s impairment loss on intangible asset in Jining Yuchai would increase by RMB 6.7 million.

In 2018, the development for 4Y20 engine platform was completed and the technical development costs with carrying amount of RMB 10.1 million as at December 31, 2017 was recognized as the Group’s technology know-how.

In 2018, the Group has commenced the production of 4Y20 engine in view of the market demand. As such, management believe that there is no indicator for further impairment.

Development costs

During 2018, the Group has capitalized development costs of RMB 195.9 million (US$29.3 million) for new engines that comply with National VI and Tier 4 emission standards. These development costs relate to on-going development efforts and, accordingly, have not yet been brought into use, and therefore no amortization charges were recorded. The National VI for on-road vehicles is expected to be implemented by mid-2020, and the Tier 4 emission standard for off-road vehicles is expected to be implemented within the next 2 years.

Annually, the Group performs an impairment test on the development costs that have not yet been brought into use. No impairment has been identified.

The recoverable amount was determined based on its value in use using the discounted cash flow approach. Cash flows were projected based on historical growth, past experience and management best estimation of future business outlook. The Group used a 11 years forecast which is based on the financial budgets approved by the senior management covering 8 years’ period from 2019 to 2026, and a further 3 years of forecast with no terminal value. Management has assessed the useful life of the development costs to be 10 years commencing from 2020, the year which National VI and Tier 4 emission standards are expected to be implemented.

The calculation of value in use is most sensitive to the following assumptions:

• Profit from operation – Profit from operation is based on management’s estimate with reference to historical revenue generated and growth rate. The revenue growth rate is estimated to be 5% year on year.

• Discount rate – Discount rate reflects management’s estimate of the risks specific to the cash-generating unit and is estimated based on weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”). The WACC takes into account both debt and equity. The cost of equity is derived from the expected return on investment by the Group’s investors. The cost of debt is based on the interest-bearing borrowings the cash-generating unit is obliged to service. This rate is weighted according to the optimal debt/equity structure arrived on the basis of the capitalization structure of the peer group. The Group has applied a pre-tax discount rate of 13.96%.

Sensitivity to changes in assumptions

The implications of the key assumptions for the recoverable amount are discussed below:

Profit from operation – A decreased demand can lead to a decline in profit from operation. A decrease in demand by 3.3% would result in impairment.

Discount rate – A rise in pre-tax discount rate to 26.3% would result in impairment.

With regard to the assessment of value in use, management believes that no reasonably possible change in any of the above key assumptions would cause the recoverable amount to materially fall below the carrying value.

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Other financial liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Other financial liabilities

16. Other financial liabilities

(a) Other liabilities

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Finance lease liabilities (Note 30)		79		48		7
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Current		33		14		2
Non-current		46		34		5
Total		79		48		7

(b) Loans and borrowings

	Effective interest rate		Maturity		31.12.2017
	%				RMB’000
Current
Renminbi denominated loans		3.99		2018		1,600,000
Non-current
Malaysian Ringgit denominated loans		5.95		2020		11,685
Singapore Dollar denominated loans(iii)		1.88		2020		14,656
						26,341

	Effective interest rate		Maturity		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	%				RMB’000		US$’000
Current
Renminbi denominated loans		4.26		2019		1,500,000		224,212
US dollar denominated loans(ii)		3.48		2019		501,014		74,889
						2,001,014		299,101
Non-current
Singapore Dollar denominated loans(iii)		2.84		2020		15,078		2,254

Note:    

(i) All loans balances as stated above do not have a callable feature.

(ii) The loan was secured by the Group’s bill receivables of RMB 524.1 million (US$78.3 million).

(iii) The loans comprise:

Issuer bank	Facility limit		Usage
			RMB’000
December 31, 2017
MUFG Bank Ltd	S$	30 million		14,656
December 31, 2018
MUFG Bank Ltd	S$	30 million		15,078
		US$’000		2,254

S$30.0 million credit facility with DBS Bank Ltd (“DBS”)

On June 1, 2018, the Company entered into a three-year revolving uncommitted credit facility agreement with DBS with an aggregate value of S$30.0 million to refinance the S$30.0 million facility that matured on May 22, 2018. Among other things, the terms of the facility required that (i) HLA retains ownership of the special share, at all-time retains at least 35% ownership of the Company and that the Company remain a consolidated subsidiary of HLA, (ii) the Company at all-time retains at least 76.4% ownership in Yuchai and (iii) HLGE remains listed on the Main Board of Singapore Exchange. The terms of the facility also included certain financial covenants with respect to the Company’s consolidated tangible net worth (as defined in the agreement) not being less than US$350 million, and the ratio of the consolidated total net debt (as defined in the agreement) to consolidated tangible net worth not exceeding 1.0 times. This arrangement was used to finance the Group general working capital requirements.

S$30.0 million credit facility with MUFG Bank Ltd, Singapore Branch (formally known as Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd., Singapore Branch) (“MUFG”)

On March 30, 2017, the Company entered into an unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility agreement with MUFG for a committed aggregate value of S$30.0 million to refinance the S$30.0 million facility that matured on March 18, 2017. The facility is available for three years from the date of the facility agreement and will be used to finance the Company’s long-term general working capital requirements. Among other things, the terms of the facility require that HLA retains ownership of the Company’s special share and that the Company remains a consolidated subsidiary of HLA. The terms of the facility also include certain financial covenants with respect to the Company’s tangible net worth (as defined in the agreement) as at June 30 and December 31 of each year not being less than US$120 million and the ratio of the Company’s total net debt (as defined in the agreement) to tangible net worth as at June 30 and December 31 of each year not exceeding 2.0 times, as well as negative pledge provisions and customary drawdown requirements.

US$30.0 million credit facility with Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Singapore Branch (“SMBC”)

On March 31, 2017, the Company entered into an uncommitted and unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility agreement with SMBC for an aggregate value of US$30.0 million to refinance the US$30.0 million facility that matured on March 18, 2017. The facility is available for three years from the date of the facility agreement and will be utilized by the Company to finance its long-term general working capital requirements. The terms of the facility require, among other things, that HLA retains ownership of the special share and that the Company remains a principal subsidiary (as defined in the facility agreement) of HLA. The terms of the facility also include certain financial covenants with respect to the Company’s consolidated tangible net worth (as defined in the agreement) as at June 30 and December 31 of each year not less than US$200 million and the ratio of the Company’s consolidated total net debt (as defined in the agreement) to consolidated tangible net worth as at June 30 and December 31 of each year not exceeding 2.0 times, as well as negative pledge provisions and customary drawdown requirements.

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Deferred grants

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Deferred grants

17. Deferred grants

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
At January 1		337,889			353,647			52,861
Received during the year		50,095			282,388			42,210
Released to consolidated statement of profit or loss		(34,337	)		(28,427	)		(4,249	)
At December 31		353,647			607,608			90,822
Current (Note 26)		22,270			22,082			3,301
Non-current		331,377			585,526			87,521
		353,647			607,608			90,822

The government grant that have been received was to support and fund Yuchai’s production facilities, research and development activities for new engines.

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Inventories

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Inventories

18. Inventories

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Raw materials		1,188,396		1,243,955		185,940
Work in progress		34,924		30,038		4,490
Finished goods		1,349,425		1,243,871		185,927
Total inventories at the lower of cost and net realizable value		2,572,745		2,517,864		376,357

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Inventories recognized as an expense in cost of sales		9,308,265			11,021,960			11,471,988			1,714,771
Inclusive of the following charge/(credit):
- Inventories written down		48,202			17,492			25,194			3,766
- Reversal of write-down of inventories		(53,373	)		(37,393	)		(33,662	)		(5,032	)

The reversal of write-down of inventory was made when the related inventories were sold above their carrying value.

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Other assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Other assets

19. Other assets

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Current
Development properties		23,833		20,267		3,029
Quoted equity securities(i)		24,714		21,876		3,270
Derivative not designated as hedges – foreign exchange forward contract(iii)		—		4,529		677
		48,547		46,672		6,976
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Non-current
Deferred expenditure(ii)		303		—		—

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾ The quoted equity securities are listed on the Singapore Exchange.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ The deferred expenditure relate to the legal fees for an option to purchase for sale of lands entered with a buyer in 2016 and was transferred to the profit or loss upon completion of sales in 2018.

⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾ On September 19, 2018, Yuchai entered into a non-deliverable forward foreign exchange contract (“NDF”) with China Construction Bank to purchase US$73.0 million at the forward exchange rate (RMB/US$) of 6.8599 on September 13, 2019. The Group accounted for this NDF at fair value through “other operating income” in the statement of profit or loss.

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Trade and other receivables

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Trade and other receivables

20. Trade and other receivables

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Current
Trade receivables, gross		255,879			438,586			65,557
Less: expected credit losses		(43,775	)		(30,586	)		(4,572	)
Net trade receivables		212,104			408,000			60,985
Bill receivables (i)		6,819,440			6,981,106			1,043,498
Total (Note 7.2, Note 35)		7,031,544			7,389,106			1,104,483
Amounts receivable:
- associates and joint ventures (trade)		13,180			174			26
- associates and joint ventures (non-trade)		49			56,405			8,431
- related parties (trade)		29,573			32,702			4,888
- related parties (non-trade)		7,703			2,156			322
Staff advances		5,107			5,513			824
Interest receivables		4,345			8,220			1,229
Bills receivable in transit		32,013			8,850			1,323
Retention sums (ii)		30,000			—			—
Others		10,705			23,456			3,506
Loans and receivables (Note 35)		132,675			137,476			20,549
Tax recoverable		177,819			140,316			20,974
Prepayments		73,896			118,389			17,696
Net other receivables		384,390			396,181			59,219
Total trade and other receivables		7,415,934			7,785,287			1,163,702
Non-current
Contract assets		—			44,434			6,642
Other receivables (Note 35):
- associates and joint ventures (non-trade)		620			—			—
Total trade and other receivables		620			44,434			6,642

Note:

(i) As of December 31, 2018, bill receivables include bills issued by joint venture and related parties amounted to RMB 18.1 million (US$2.7 million) (2017: RMB 69.8 million) and RMB 16.8 million (US$2.5 million) (2017: RMB 23.8 million) respectively.

As of December 31, 2018, bill receivables of RMB 558.6 million (US$83.5 million) (2017: RMB Nil) are pledged to secure bank facilities.

(ii) Retention sums relate to money deposits in an escrow account pending finalization of tax payable for the disposal of LKNII. In 2018, the retention sums was transferred to a joint signatory account with the buyer of LKNII pending payment of tax payable for the disposal of LKNII.

Trade receivables are non-interest bearing and are generally on 60 days’ term. They are recognized at their original invoice amounts which represent their fair values on initial recognition.

The non-trade receivable due from joint ventures comprised of a loan of RMB 50.0 million (US$7.5 million) (2017: RMB Nil) that is unsecured, interest at 4.35% per annum and repayable on demand. Other than that, non-trade balance from associates, joint ventures and other related parties are unsecured, interest-free, and repayable on demand.

Non-current non-trade receivables due from associate and joint ventures are unsecured and non-interest bearing. In 2017, these amounts are not expected to be repaid within the next 12 months. In 2018, these amounts are repayable on demand.

Movement in the allowance for expected credit losses of trade and other receivables is as follows:

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
At January 1		54,634			43,775			6,543
Credit to consolidated statement of profit or loss		(10,854	)		(11,052	)		(1,652	)
Written off		(5	)		(2,137	)		(319	)
At December 31		43,775			30,586			4,572

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, outstanding bill receivables discounted with banks for which the Group retained a recourse obligation totaled RMB 1,505.8 million and RMB 1,272.4 million (US$190.2 million) respectively. All bill receivables discounted have contractual maturities within 12 months at time of discounting.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, outstanding bill receivables endorsed to suppliers with recourse obligation were RMB 1,316.1 million and RMB 1,627.5 million (US$243.3 million) respectively.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, gross trade receivables due from a major customer group, Dongfeng Automobile Co., Ltd. and its affiliates (the “Dongfeng companies”) were RMB 24.6 million and RMB 54.1 million (US$8.1 million), respectively. See Note 32 for further discussion of customer concentration risk.

For terms and conditions relating to related parties, refer to Note 29.

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Cash and cash equivalents

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Cash and cash equivalents

21. Cash and cash equivalents

Short-term bank deposits

Restricted cash

Long-term bank deposits

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Non-current
Long-term bank deposits (i)		70,000		70,000		10,463
Current
Cash and cash equivalents		5,390,324		5,559,890		831,062
Long-term bank deposits (i)		—		70,000		10,463
Short-term bank deposits (ii)		514,074		356,926		53,352
Restricted cash		54,809		71,706		10,718
		5,959,207		6,058,522		905,595
Cash and bank balances		6,029,207		6,128,522		916,058

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  In 2018, YMMC placed two-year time deposits of RMB 70.0 million (US$10.5 million) (2017: RMB 70.0 million) at annual interest rate range from 2.94% to 3.15% (2017: 2.94% to 3.15%) with banks. These long-term deposits are not considered as cash equivalents.

As at December 31, 2018, the two-year time deposits placed in 2017 has remaining maturity period of less than 12-months. Accordingly, this has been classified as current in 2018.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  Short-term bank deposits relate to bank deposits with initial maturities of more than three months and subject to more than insignificant risk of changes in value upon withdrawal before maturity. The interest rate of these bank deposits as of December 31, 2018 for the Group ranged from 1.40% to 3.90% (2017: 1.01% to 1.97%). These short-term bank deposits are not considered as cash equivalents.

Cash at banks earns interest at floating rates based on daily bank deposit rates. Short-term deposits are made for varying periods, depending on the immediate cash requirements of the Group, and earn interests at the respective short-term deposit rates. The interest rate of the bank deposits (excluding long-term and short-term bank deposits) as at December 31, 2018 for the Group ranged from 1.30% to 3.28% (2017: 0.87% to 3.28%).

As at December 31, 2018, the Group’s restricted cash comprised of RMB 31.6 million (US$4.7 million) (2017: RMB 45.3 million) which was used as collateral by the banks for the issuance of bills to suppliers and RMB 40.1 million (US$6.0 million) (2017: RMB 9.5 million) relates to retention money deposited in a joint signatory account with the buyer of LKNII pending payment of tax payable for the disposal of LKNII. The Group’s share of joint ventures’ restricted cash is disclosed in Note 6.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group had RMB 474.4 million and RMB 492.8 million (US$73.7 million) respectively, of undrawn committed borrowing facilities in respect of which all conditions precedent had been met. The commitment fees incurred for 2016, 2017 and 2018 were RMB 0.4 million, RMB 0.2 million and RMB 0.2 million (less than US$0.1 million) respectively.

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Issued capital and Preference shares

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Issued capital and Preference shares

22. Issued capital and Preference shares

			31.12.2017		31.12.2018
			thousands		thousands
Issued capital
Authorized shares
Ordinary share of par value US$0.10 each				100,000		100,000
			Number of shares		RMB’000
Ordinary shares issued and fully paid
At January 1, 2017				40,712,100		2,059,076
Issued of shares as dividend payment (Note 23)				99,790		12,897
Issued of shares upon exercised of share options (Note 25)				46,400		9,165
At December 31, 2017 and 2018				40,858,290		2,081,138
US$’000						311,077
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Special share issued and fully paid
One special share issued and fully paid at US$0.10 per share		*		*		*
Non-redeemable convertible cumulative preference shares		21		—		—

* Less than RMB 1 (US$1)

On July 13, 2017, based on the elections by shareholders, the dividend of US$0.90 per share for the financial year 2016 was paid in the form of approximately US$34.7 million in cash and 99,790 shares, at the volume weighted average trading price of US$19.0329 dollar per share, with total value equivalent to RMB 12.9 million.

In 2017, the Company issued 46,400 shares pursuant to the exercised of share option granted under the Company’s Equity Incentive Plan.

The holders of ordinary shares are entitled to such dividends as the Board of Directors of the Company may declare from time to time. All ordinary shares are entitled to one vote on a show of hands and carry one vote per share on a poll.

The holder of special share is entitled to elect a majority of directors of the Company. In addition, no shareholders resolution may be passed without the affirmative vote of the special share, including any resolution to amend the Memorandum of Association or Bye-laws of the Company. The special share is not transferable except to HLA, HLC or any of its affiliates. The Bye-Laws of the Company provides that the special share shall cease to carry any rights in the event that HLA and its affiliates cease to own, directly or indirectly, at least 7,290,000 ordinary shares in the capital of the Company.

Preference shares

HLGE issued 197,141,190 non-redeemable convertible cumulative preference shares (“NCCPS”) at an issue price of S$0.02 each on July 4, 2006, expiring on the 10^th anniversary of the NCCPS issue date, and 197,011,794 NCCPS have been converted into ordinary shares in the capital of HLGE.

The NCCPS shall, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, carry the right to receive, out of the profits of HLGE available for payment of dividends, a fixed cumulative preferential dividend of 10% per annum of the issue price for each NCCPS (the “Preference Dividend”).

Other than the Preference Dividend, the NCCPS holders shall have no further right to participate in the profits or assets of HLGE.

NCCPS holders shall have no voting rights except under certain circumstances referred to in the Singapore Companies Act, Chapter 50 set out in the terms of the NCCPS.

The NCCPS are not listed and quoted on the Official List of the Singapore Exchange. However, the holders of the NCCPS are able to exercise their rights to convert the NCCPS into new ordinary shares at the adjusted NCCPS conversion ratio of one (1) new ordinary share for every ten (10) NCCPS following the completion of the HLGE’s share consolidation exercise in May 2015, subject to the terms and conditions of the NCCPS. Such new ordinary shares will be listed and quoted on the Official List of the Singapore Exchange when issued.

In accordance with the terms and conditions of the NCCPS, the rights of NCCPS holders to convert all or any of their NCCPS into fully paid ordinary shares in the capital of the HLGE has lapsed on July 4, 2016 (being the date of expiry of the NCCPS Conversion Period). NCCPS are perpetual securities and there is no mandatory conversion of the NCCPS upon the expiry of the NCCPS Conversion Period.

In 2016, HLGE issued a total of 2,899 new ordinary shares, pursuant to the conversion of 28,998 NCCPS, at an issue price of S$0.02 for each NCCPS. The NCCPS conversion ratio is one (1) new ordinary share for every ten (10) NCCPS converted.

In 2018, HLGE has converted all of the existing issued and outstanding NCCPS into new ordinary shares in the capital of the HLGE at a conversion ratio of one Ordinary Share for every 10 NCCPS.

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Dividends declared and paid

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Dividends declared and paid

23. Dividends declared and paid

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Declared and paid during the year
Dividends on ordinary shares:
Final dividend paid in 2018: US$0.73 per share (2017: US$0.90 per share)		248,844		197,353		29,499
Special dividend paid in 2018: US$1.48 per share (2017: US$Nil per share)		—		400,106		59,806
		248,844		597,459		89,305
Dividend paid in cash		235,947		597,459		89,305
Dividend paid in shares (Note 22)		12,897		—		—
		248,844		597,459		89,305

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Reserves

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Reserves

24. Reserves

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Statutory reserve
Statutory general reserve (ii)
At January 1		273,438		275,320		41,154
Transfer from retained earnings		1,882		1,378		206
At December 31		275,320		276,698		41,360
General surplus reserve (iii)
At January 1 and December 31		25,706		25,706		3,842
Total		301,026		302,404		45,202

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  In accordance with the relevant regulations in the PRC, Yuchai and its subsidiaries are required to provide certain statutory reserves which are designated for specific purposes based on the net income reported in the PRC General Accepted Accounting Principles financial statements. The reserves are not distributable in the form of cash dividends.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ In accordance with the relevant regulations in the PRC, a 10% appropriation to the statutory general reserve based on the net income reported in the PRC financial statements is required until the balance reaches 50% of the authorized share capital of Yuchai and its subsidiaries. Statutory general reserve can be used to make good previous years’ losses, if any, and may be converted into share capital by the issue of new shares to shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings, or by increasing the par value of the shares currently held by them, provided that the reserve balance after such issue is not less than 25% of the authorized share capital.

⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾  General surplus reserve is appropriated in accordance with Yuchai’s Articles and resolution of the board of directors. General surplus reserve may be used to offset accumulated losses or increase the registered capital.

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Other components of equity
Foreign currency translation reserve (i)		(82,939	)		(39,215	)		(5,862	)
Performance shares reserve (ii)		19,758			19,758			2,953
Premium paid for acquisition of non-controlling interests		(11,541	)		(11,541	)		(1,725	)
Fair value reserve (iii)		—			(79,948	)		(11,950	)
Total		(74,722	)		(110,946	)		(16,584	)

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  Foreign currency translation reserve represents exchange differences arising from the translation of the financial statements of foreign operations whose functional currencies are different from that of the Group’s presentation currency.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  Performance shares reserve comprises the cumulative value of employee services received in return for share-based compensation. The amount in the reserve is retained when the option is expired.

⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾  Fair value reserve relates to the subsequent measurement of the Group’s bill receivables at fair value through OCI.

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Share-based payment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Share-based payment

25. Share-based payment

The Company’s Equity Incentive Plan (“Equity Plan”) was approved by the shareholders at the Annual General Meeting of the Company held on July 4, 2014 for duration of 10 years (from July 29, 2014 to July 28, 2024).

All options granted under the Equity Plan are subject to a vesting schedule as follows:

(1) one year after the date of grant for up to 33% of the shares over which the options are exercisable;

(2) two years after the date of grant for up to 66% (including (1) above) of the shares over which the options are exercisable; and

(3) three years after the date of grant for up to 100% (including (1) and (2) above) of the shares over which the options are exercisable.

The expense recognized for employee services received during the year is shown in the following table:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Expense arising from equity-settled share-based payment transactions		5,301		1,592		—		—
Total expense arising from share-based payment transactions		5,301		1,592		—		—

Movements during the year

The following table illustrates the number and weighted average exercise prices (“WAEP”) of, and movements in share options during the year:

	Number of share options			WAEP		Number of share options		WAEP
	2017			2017		2018		2018
Outstanding at January 1		530,000		US$	21.11 dollar		470,000	US$	21.11 dollar
Exercised during the year		(46,400	)	US$	21.11 dollar		—	US$	21.11 dollar
Cancelled during the year		(13,600	)	US$	21.11 dollar		—	US$	21.11 dollar
Outstanding at December 31		470,000		US$	21.11 dollar		470,000	US$	21.11 dollar
Exercisable at December 31		470,000		US$	21.11 dollar		470,000	US$	21.11 dollar

The fair value of services received in return for share options granted are measured by reference to the fair value of share options granted. The estimate of the fair value of the services received is measured based on the Black-Scholes model. The expected life used in the model has been adjusted, based on management’s best estimate, for the effects of non-transferability, exercise restrictions and behavioural considerations.

Fair value of share options and assumptions

Date of grant of options	On July 29, 2014
Fair value at measurement date (US$)	5.70 dollar – 6.74 dollar
Share price (US$)	21.11 dollar
Exercise price (US$)	21.11 dollar
Expected volatility (%)	47.4
Expected option life (years)	3.5 – 5.5
Expected dividends (%)	5.81
Risk-free interest rate (%)	1.4 – 2.0

The exercise price for options outstanding as at December 31, 2018 was US$21.11 dollar (2017: US$21.11 dollar).

The weighted average remaining contractual life for the share options outstanding as at December 31, 2018 was 5.6 (2017: 6.6) years.

The expected volatility reflects the assumption that the historical volatility over a period similar to the life of the options is indicative of future trends, which may not necessarily be the actual outcome.

There are no market conditions associated with the share options granted. Service conditions and non-market performance conditions are not taken into account in the measurement of the fair value of the service to be received at the grant date.

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Trade and other payables

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Trade and other payables

26. Trade and other payables

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
	(Restated)
Current
Trade payables		2,476,447		2,495,482		373,011
Bills payables (i)		2,700,676		2,065,147		308,687
Other payables		366,604		329,632		49,272
Accrued expenses		125,492		168,235		25,147
Accrued staff costs		622,893		666,641		99,646
Refund liabilities (Note 7.2)		717,955		761,521		113,828
Dividend payable		39,786		43,133		6,447
Amount due to:
- associates and joint ventures (trade)		88,085		262,131		39,182
- associates and joint ventures (non-trade)		14,026		66		10
- related parties (trade)		93,161		145,747		21,786
- related parties (non-trade)		31,515		32,034		4,788
Financial liabilities at amortized cost (Note 35)		7,276,640		6,969,769		1,041,804
Other tax payable		51,387		38,823		5,803
Trade and other payables with liquidity risk (Note 32)		7,328,027		7,008,592		1,047,607
Deferred grants (Note 17)		22,270		22,082		3,301
Advance from customers		387		369		55
Total trade and other payables (current)		7,350,684		7,031,043		1,050,963

⁽ⁱ⁾   As of December 31, 2018, the bills payables include bills payable to joint ventures, associates and other related parties amounted to RMB 131.8 million (US$19.7 million) (2017: RMB 63.6 million), RMB 4.2 million (US$0.6 million) (2017: RMB 8.6 million) and RMB 62.8 million (US$9.4 million) (2017: RMB 114.7 million) respectively.

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Non-current
Provision for bonus (i)		148,287		160,091		23,930
Deferred income (ii)		8,060		—		—
Other payables (non-current) (Note 32, Note 35)		156,347		160,091		23,930

⁽ⁱ⁾  The provision is not expected to be settled within next 12 months.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ This relates to progress payments received for sale of lands and was transferred to the profit or loss upon completion of the sale in 2018.

Terms and conditions of the above financial liabilities:

• Trade payables are non-interest bearing and are normally settled on 60-day terms.

• Other payables (current) are non-interest bearing and have an average term of three months.

• For terms and conditions relating to related parties, refer to Note 29.

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Provision for product warranty

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Provision for product warranty

27. Provision for product warranty

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
	(Restated)
At January 1		169,006			191,814			28,671
Provision made		249,517			224,582			33,569
Provision utilized		(226,709	)		(249,483	)		(37,291	)
At December 31		191,814			166,913			24,949

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Contract liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Contract liabilities

28. Contract liabilities

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
	(Restated)
Unfulfilled maintenance services		115,864		191,728		28,658
Advance from customer		117,465		148,761		22,236
Total		233,329		340,489		50,894
Current		198,570		286,786		42,867
Non-current		34,759		53,703		8,027
Total contract liabilities (Note 7.2)		233,329		340,489		50,894

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Related party disclosures

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Related party disclosures

29. Related party disclosures

The ultimate parent

As of December 31, 2018, the controlling shareholder of the Company, HLA, indirectly owned 17,059,154, or 41.8% (2017: 16,360,845, or 40.0%), of the ordinary shares in the capital of the Company, as well as a special share that entitles it to elect a majority of directors of the Company. HLA controls the Company through its wholly-owned subsidiary, HLC, and through HLT, a wholly-owned subsidiary of HLC. HLT owns approximately 23.3% (2017: 23.3%) of the ordinary shares in the capital of the Company and is, and has since August 2002 been, the registered holder of the special share. HLA also owns, through another wholly-owned subsidiary, Well Summit Investments Limited, approximately 18.5% (2017: 16.7%) of the ordinary shares in the capital of the Company. HLA is a member of the Hong Leong Investment Holdings Pte. Ltd., or Hong Leong Investment group of companies. Prior to August 2002, the Company was controlled by Diesel Machinery (BVI) Limited, which, until its dissolution, was a holding company controlled by HLC and was the prior owner of the special share. Through HLT’s stock ownership and the rights accorded to the special share under Bye-Laws of the Company and various agreements among shareholders, HLA is able to effectively approve and effect most corporate transactions.

There were transactions other than dividends paid, between the Group and HLA of RMB 0.03 million (US$0.01 million) during the financial years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 respectively. The transaction relates to consultancy fees charged by HLA.

Entity with significant influence over the Group

As of December 31, 2018, the Yulin City Government through Coomber Investment Ltd. owned 17.2% (2017: 17.2%) of the ordinary shares in the capital of the Company.

The following provides the significant transactions that have been entered into with related parties for the relevant financial year.

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
			(Restated)
Sales of engines and materials
- associates and joint ventures		219,724		412,591		439,106		65,635
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		447,509		455,061		406,422		60,750
Purchase of material, supplies and engines
- associates and joint ventures		308,610		914,211		1,192,322		178,222
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		1,028,358		1,221,421		1,589,638		237,610
Purchase of service
- a joint venture		2,121		2,543		—		—
Hospitality, restaurant, consultancy and other service income charged to
- a joint venture		—		14,241		3,456		517
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		13,634		25,728		24,015		3,590
Rental income
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		5,454		4,483		3,886		581
- a joint venture		—		—		1,937		290
Property management service expenses
- an associates		20,976		—		—		—
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		—		22,212		26,547		3,968
Leasing expenses
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		4,715		8,676		25,705		3,842
General and administrative expenses
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		14,309		20,215		21,607		3,230
- HLA (including its affiliates)		6,887		6,913		6,639		992
Delivery, storage, distribution and handling expenses
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		193,258		210,406		228,195		34,109
Purchases of vehicles and machineries
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		—		52,443		6,144		918
Purchases of additional shareholding in a subsidiary from
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates) (i)		—		1,335		—		—
Disposal of shareholding in an associate to
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates) (ii)		—		1,833		—		—

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  In June 2017, GYAMC acquired 25% of equity interest in Crankshaft from State Holding Company with a purchase consideration of RMB 1.3 million.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  In August 2017, YEMC disposed its 30% equity interest in Property Management to State Holding Company for a consideration of RMB 1.9 million.

In addition to the above, Yuchai also entered into transactions with other PRC Government owned enterprises. Management considers that these transactions were entered into in the normal course of business and expects that these transactions will continue on normal commercial terms. Balances with other PRC entities are excluded from this caption.

The transactions with related parties are made at terms agreed between the parties.

Compensation of key management personnel of the Group

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Short-term employee benefits		31,975		40,831		39,703		5,935
Contribution to defined contribution plans		415		385		335		50
Cost of share-based payment		4,387		1,294		—		—
		36,777		42,510		40,038		5,985

The non-executive directors do not receive pension entitlements from the Group.

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Commitments and contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Commitments and contingencies

30. Commitments and contingencies

Operating lease commitments - Group as lessee

The Group has entered into commercial leases on a land, and motor vehicles, office space with lease term of between 1 and 5 years.

Future minimum rentals payable under non-cancellable operating leases as at December 31 are as follows:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Within 1 year
- related parties		5,578		22,020		3,291
- third parties		14,058		11,238		1,680
After 1 year but within 5 years
- related parties		1,724		51,683		7,725
- third parties		14,003		16,759		2,505
After 5 years
- third parties		—		—		—
		35,363		101,700		15,201

The minimum lease payments recognized as an expense for the financial year ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 amounted to RMB 30.2 million, RMB 30.7 million and RMB 49.8 million (US$7.4 million).

Operating lease commitments - Group as lessor

The Group leased out some of its assets, including surplus office and warehouse.

Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases as at December 31 are as follows:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Within 1 year
- related parties		184		1,248		187
- joint venture		—		2,308		345
- third parties		1,438		1,391		208
After 1 year but within 5 years
- related parties		268		1,030		154
- joint venture		—		9,087		1,358
- third parties		2,491		1,463		219
After than 5 years
- related parties		1,310		455		68
- joint venture		—		9,272		1,386
		5,691		26,254		3,925

Finance lease commitments

The Group has finance lease for office equipment and motor vehicles. The lease has term of renewal but no purchase options and escalation clause. Renewal is at the option of the Group.

Future minimum lease payments under finance lease together with the present value of the net minimum lease payments are as follows:

	31.12.2017				31.12.2018
	Minimum lease payments		Present value of payments		Minimum lease payments				Present value of payments
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Not later than one year		33		33		14		2		14		2
Later than one year but not later than five years		46		46		34		5		34		5
Total minimum lease  payments		79		79		48		7		48		7
Less: Amount representing finance charges		*		*		*		*		*		*
Present value of minimum lease payments		79		79		48		7		48		7

* Less than RMB 1 thousand (US$1 thousand)

Capital commitments

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, Yuchai had capital expenditure (mainly in respect of property, plant and equipment) contracted for but not paid amounting to RMB 409.5 million and RMB 774.5 million (US$115.8 million) respectively. The Group’s share of joint venture’s capital commitment is disclosed in Note 6.

Investment commitments

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, the Group has commitment of RMB Nil and RMB 58.8 million (US$8.8 million) relating to the Group’s interest in joint venture, respectively.

Letter of credits

As of December 31, 2017 and 2018, Yuchai had issued irrevocable letter of credits of RMB 1.9 million and RMB 93.5 million (US$14.0 million, respectively.

Product liability

The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China imposes that manufacturers and sellers are liable for loss and injury caused by defective products. Yuchai and its subsidiaries do not carry product liability insurance. Yuchai and its subsidiaries have not had any significant product liability claims brought against them.

Environmental liability

China adopted its Environmental Protection Law in 1989, and the State Council and the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (formerly known as the Ministry of Environmental Protection) promulgate regulations as required from time to time. The Environmental Protection Law addresses issues relating to environmental quality, waste disposal and emissions, including air, water and noise emissions. Environmental regulations have not had a material impact on Yuchai’s results of operations. Yuchai delivers, on a regular basis, burned sand and certain other waste products to a waste disposal site approved by the local government and makes payments in respect thereof. Yuchai expects that environmental standards and their enforcement in China will, as in many other countries, become more stringent over time, especially as technical advances make achievement of higher standards more feasible. Yuchai has built an air filter system to reduce the level of dust and fumes resulting from its production of diesel engines.

Yuchai is subject to Chinese national and local environmental protection regulations which currently impose fees for the discharge of waste substances, require the payment of fines for pollution, and provide for the closure by the Chinese government of any facility that fails to comply with orders requiring Yuchai to cease or improve upon certain activities causing environmental damage. Due to the nature of its business, Yuchai produces certain amounts of waste water, gas, and solid waste materials during the course of its production. Yuchai believes its environmental protection facilities and systems are adequate for it to comply with the existing national, provincial and local environmental protection regulations. However, Chinese national, provincial or local authorities may impose additional or more stringent regulations which would require additional expenditure on environmental matters or changes in Yuchai’s processes or systems.

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Segment information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Segment information

31. Segment information

For management purposes, the Group is organized into business units based on their products and services, and has two reportable operating segments as follows:

• Yuchai primarily conducts manufacturing and sale of diesel engines which are mainly distributed in the PRC market.

• HLGE is engaged in hospitality and property development activities conducted mainly in the PRC and Malaysia. HLGE is listed on the Main Board of the Singapore Exchange.

Management monitors the operating results of its business units separately for the purpose of making decisions about resource allocation and performance assessment.

Year ended December 31, 2016	Yuchai			HLGE			Corporate			Eliminations/ adjustment			Consolidated financial statements
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue
Total external revenue		13,576,842			66,353			—			—			13,643,195
Results
Interest income		51,235			1,919			10,080			(6,251	)		56,983
Interest expense		(73,028	)		(7,706	)		(648	)		6,251			(75,131	)
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		(3,297	)		—			—			—			(3,297	)
Staff severance costs		(12,864	)		—			—			—			(12,864	)
Depreciation and amortization		(467,177	)		(10,744	)		(239	)		—			(478,160	)
Share of profit/(loss) of associates and joint ventures, net of tax		112			(3,724	)		—			—			(3,612	)
Income tax expense		(141,272	)		(2,281	)		(89	)		(16,628	)(1)		(160,270	)
Segment profit after tax		777,393			(4,548	)		(20,255	)		(16,628	)(1)		735,962

Year ended December 31, 2017	Yuchai			HLGE			Corporate			Eliminations/ adjustment			Consolidated financial statements
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue
Total external revenue		16,140,622			57,197			—			—			16,197,819
Results
Interest income		94,760			1,803			11,833			(2,975	)		105,421
Interest expense		(94,794	)		(3,983	)		(270	)		2,975			(96,072	)
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries		—			216,115			—			—			216,115
Gain on disposal of joint venture		—			107,976			—			—			107,976
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		(20,845	)		—			—			—			(20,845	)
Impairment of technology development cost		(40,000	)		—			—			—			(40,000	)
Staff severance cost		(107,732	)		—			—			—			(107,732	)
Depreciation and amortization		(433,921	)		(9,990	)		(270	)		—			(444,181	)
Share of profit of associates and joint venture		9,255			799			—			—			10,054
Income tax expense		(164,578	)		(461	)		(102	)		(29,031	)(1)		(194,172	)
Segment profit after tax		1,004,019			322,160			22,708			(29,031	)(1)		1,319,856
Total assets		19,623,882			451,096			2,440,532			(1,500,451	)		21,015,059
Total liabilities		(9,857,637	)		(66,920	)		(28,026	)		(100,572	)(2)		(10,053,155	)
Other disclosures
Investment in joint ventures		193,476			2,626			—			—			196,102
Capital expenditure		259,068			975			1,390			—			261,433

Year ended December 31, 2018	Yuchai			HLGE			Corporate			Eliminations/ adjustment			Consolidated financial statements			Consolidated financial statements
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Revenue
Total external revenue		16,210,467			52,781			—			—			16,263,248			2,430,942
Results
Interest income		124,653			4,244			18,347			—			147,244			22,009
Interest expense		(107,609	)		(403	)		(327	)		—			(108,339	)		(16,194	)
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		(30,173	)		—			—			—			(30,173	)		(4,510	)
Staff severance cost		(28,018	)		—			—			—			(28,018	)		(4,188	)
Depreciation and amortization		(428,199	)		(5,355	)		(331	)		—			(433,885	)		(64,855	)
Share of profit of associates and joint venture		10,809			825			—			—			11,634			1,739
Income tax expense		(175,956	)		(820	)		(49	)		(29,842	)(1)		(206,667	)		(30,891	)
Segment profit after tax		1,019,776			4,156			(19,690	)		(29,842	)(1)		974,400			145,647
Total assets		20,636,155			441,040			2,081,220			(1,500,451	)		21,657,964			3,237,315
Total liabilities		(10,318,492	)		(55,404	)		(29,592	)		(106,922	)(2)		(10,510,410	)		(1,571,039	)
Other disclosures
Investment in joint ventures		220,176			2,636			—			—			222,812			33,305
Capital expenditure		403,179			2,643			73			—			405,895			60,671

Note:

⁽¹⁾  This relates mainly to the withholding tax provisions for dividends from Yuchai.

⁽²⁾  Included here are mainly the cumulative withholding tax provision for dividends that are expected to be paid from income earned after December 31, 2007 by Yuchai.

Geographic information

Revenue from external customers:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
People’s Republic of China		13,460,634		16,090,726		16,119,896		2,409,515
Other countries		182,561		107,093		143,352		21,427
		13,643,195		16,197,819		16,263,248		2,430,942

The revenue information above is based on the location of the customer.

Revenue from one customer group amounted to RMB 4,463.9 million (US$667.2 million) (2017: RMB 4,839.6 million; 2016: RMB 3,580.9 million), arising from sales by Yuchai segment.

Non-current assets

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
People’s Republic of China		4,524,988		4,665,990		697,447
Other countries		94,779		95,443		14,266
		4,619,767		4,761,433		711,713

Non-current assets for this purpose consist of property, plant and equipment, prepaid operating leases, investment in joint ventures and associates, investment property, intangible asset and goodwill.

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Financial risk management objectives and policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Financial risk management objectives and policies

32. Financial risk management objectives and policies

The Group’s principal financial liabilities comprise loans and borrowings, trade and other payables. The main purpose of these financial liabilities is to finance the Group’s operations. The Group has trade and other receivables, and cash and bank deposits that derive directly from its operations. The Group also holds quoted equity securities and enters into derivative transactions.

The Group is exposed to market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group’s senior management oversees the management of these risks. There has been no change to the Group’s exposure to these financial risks or the manner in which it manages and measures the risks.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprise three types of risk: interest rate risk, currency risk and other price risk, such as equity price risk. Financial instruments affected by market risk include loans and borrowings, deposits, quoted equity securities and derivative financial instrument.

The sensitivity analyses in the following sections relate to the position as at December 31, 2017 and 2018.

The sensitivity analyses have been prepared on the basis that the amount of net debt, the ratio of fixed to floating interest rates of the debt and the proportion of financial instruments in foreign currencies are all constant at December 31, 2018.

The analyses exclude the impact of movements in market variables on provisions and on the non-financial assets and liabilities of foreign operations.

Interest rate risk

Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. The Group’s exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates relates primarily to the Group’s interest-bearing bank deposits and loans and borrowings from banks and financial institutions. The interest-bearing loans and borrowings of the Group are disclosed in Note 16(b). As certain interest rates are based on interbank offer rates, the Group is exposed to cash flow interest rate risk. This risk is not hedged. Interest-bearing bank deposits are short to medium-term in nature but given the significant cash and bank balances held by the Group, any variation in the interest rates may have a material impact on the results of the Group.

The Group manages its interest rate risk by having a mixture of fixed and variable rates for its deposits and borrowings.

Interest rate sensitivity

The sensitivity analyses below have been determined based on the exposure to interest rates for bank deposits and interest-bearing financial liabilities at the end of the reporting period and the stipulated change taking place at the beginning of the year and held constant throughout the reporting period in the case of instruments that have floating rates. A 50 basis points increase or decrease is used and represents management’s assessment of the possible change in interest rates.

If interest rate had been 50 (2017: 50) basis points higher or lower and all other variables were held constant, the profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2018 of the Group would increase/decrease by RMB 20.6 million (US$3.3 million) (2017: increase/decrease by RMB 22.0 million).

Foreign currency risk

Foreign currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of an exposure will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. The Group’s exposure to the risk of changes in foreign exchange rates relates primarily to the Group’s sales, purchases and financial liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the respective functional currencies of entities within the Group. The Group also holds cash and bank balances and other investments denominated in foreign currencies. The currencies giving rise to this risk are primarily the Singapore Dollar, Renminbi, US Dollar and Euro.

Foreign currency translation exposure is managed by incurring debt in the operating currency so that where possible operating cash flows can be primarily used to repay obligations in the local currency. This also has the effect of minimizing the exchange differences recorded against income, as the exchange differences on the net investment are recorded directly against equity.

The Group’s exposures to foreign currency are as follows:

	31.12.2017
	Singapore Dollar			Euro			US Dollar			Renminbi			Others
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Quoted equity securities		24,714			—			—			—			—
Trade and other receivables		725			—			34,727			469			—
Cash and bank balances		418,875			1,486			16,068			—			498
Financial liabilities		(14,715	)		—			—			—			—
Trade and other payables		(13,748	)		(10,857	)		(5,574	)		(35,505	)		(24	)
Net assets/(liabilities)		415,851			(9,371	)		45,221			(35,036	)		474

	31.12.2018
	Singapore Dollar			Euro			US Dollar			Renminbi			Others
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Quoted equity securities		21,876			—			—			—			—
Trade and other receivables		693			25,827			12,149			675			—
Cash and bank balances		220,268			1,166			28,518			31,662			25
Financial liabilities		(15,126	)		—			(501,014	)		—			—
Trade and other payables		(13,952	)		(17,452	)		(7,060	)		(41,828	)		—
Net assets/(liabilities)		213,759			9,541			(467,407	)		(9,491	)		25
US$’000		31,952			1,426			(69,865	)		(1,419	)		4

Foreign currency risk sensitivity

A 10% strengthening of the following major currencies against the functional currency of each of the Group’s entities at the reporting date would increase/(decrease) profit before tax by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular interest rates, remain constant.

	Profit before tax
	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Singapore Dollar		41,585			21,376			3,195
Euro		(937	)		954			143
US Dollar		4,522			(46,741	)		(6,987	)
Renminbi		(3,504	)		(949	)		(142	)

Equity price risk

The Group has investment in TCL which is quoted.

Equity price risk sensitivity

A 10% increase/(decrease) in the underlying prices at the reporting date would increase/(decrease) Group’s profit before tax by the following amount:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Statement of profit or loss		2,471		2,188		327

Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk that a counterparty will not meet its obligations under a financial instrument or customer contract, leading to a financial loss. The Group is exposed to credit risk from its operating activities (primarily trade receivables) and from its financing activities, including deposits with banks and financial institutions, foreign exchange transactions and other financial instruments.

Trade receivables and contract assets

Customer credit risk is managed by each business unit subject to the Group’s established policy, procedures and control relating to customer credit risk management. Credit limits are established for all customers based on internal rating criteria.

Management has a credit policy in place and the exposure to credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis. Credit evaluations are performed for all customers requiring credit over a certain amount.

An impairment analysis is performed at each reporting date using a provision matrix. The provision rates are determined based on the profiles of the customers. The calculation reflects the reasonable and supportable information that is available at the reporting date about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions.

The allowance account in respect of trade receivables is used to record expected credit losses unless the Group is satisfied that no recovery of the amount owing is possible. At that point, the financial asset is considered irrecoverable and the amount charged to the allowance account is written off against the carrying amount of the impaired financial asset.

The Group’s historical experience in the collection of trade receivables and contract balances falls within the recorded allowances. Due to this factor, management believes that no additional credit risks beyond the amount provided for collection losses are inherent in the Group’s trade receivables.

Set out below is the information about the credit risk exposure on the Group’s trade receivables using a provision matrix:

			Trade receivables
					Days past due
As at December 31, 2017	Total		Current		0 – 90 days		91-180 days		181-365 days		>365 days
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Estimated total gross carrying amount at default		255,879		99,908		59,967		21,623		30,353		44,028
Expected credit loss		43,775		—		—		—		661		43,114

						Trade receivables
								Days past due
As at December 31, 2018	Total			Contract assets		Current		0 – 90 days			91-180 days		181-365 days			>365 days
	RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Expected credit loss rate		6.3	%		—		—		0.1	%		—		6.3	%		75.1	%
Estimated total gross carrying amount at default		483,020			44,434		281,250		47,561			25,862		47,209			36,704
Expected credit loss		30,586			—		—		30			—		2,990			27,566

At December 31, 2018, the Group had top 20 customers (2017: top 20 customers) that owed the Group more than RMB 114.2 million (US$17.1 million) (2017: RMB 57.2 million) and accounted for approximately 26.0% (2017: 22.4%) of trade receivables (excluding bills receivables) respectively. These customers are located in the PRC. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of financial assets mentioned in Note 20. The Group’s share of trade receivables of a joint venture which was used as collateral as security is disclosed in Note 6.

Cash and fixed deposits are placed with banks and financial institutions which are regulated.

Liquidity risk

The Group monitors its liquidity risk and maintains a level of cash and cash equivalents deemed adequate by management to finance the Group’s operations and to mitigate the effects of fluctuations in cash flows, and having adequate amounts of committed credit facilities.

The table below summarizes the maturity profile of the Group’s financial assets and liabilities based on contractual undiscounted payments.

	1 year or less		2 to 5 years		More than 5 years		Total
As at December 31, 2017	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Financial assets
Trade and bills receivables		7,075,319		—		—		7,075,319
Other receivables, excluding tax recoverable		132,675		620		—		133,295
Cash and bank balances		6,029,207		—		—		6,029,207
Quoted equity securities		24,714		—		—		24,714
		13,261,915		620		—		13,262,535
Financial liabilities
Loans and borrowings		1,624,539		27,874		—		1,652,413
Trade and other payables (Note 26)		7,328,027		156,347		—		7,484,374
Other liabilities		33		46		—		79
		8,952,599		184,267		—		9,136,866

	1 year or less		2 to 5 years		More than 5 years		Total		Total
As at December 31, 2018	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Financial assets
Contract assets		—		44,434		—		44,434		6,642
Trade and bills receivables		7,419,692		—		—		7,419,692		1,109,055
Other receivables, excluding tax recoverable		137,476		—		—		137,476		20,549
Cash and bank balances		6,128,522		—		—		6,128,522		916,058
Quoted equity securities		21,876		—		—		21,876		3,270
Derivative not designated as hedges – foreign exchange forward contract		4,529		—		—		4,529		677
		13,712,095		44,434		—		13,756,529		2,056,251
Financial liabilities
Loans and borrowings		2,033,519		15,196		—		2,048,715		306,231
Trade and other payables (Note 26)		7,008,592		160,091		—		7,168,683		1,071,537
Other liabilities		14		34		—		48		7
		9,042,125		175,321		—		9,217,446		1,377,775

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Capital management

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Capital management

33. Capital management

The Group manages its capital to ensure that entities in the Group will be able to continue as a going concern while maximizing the return to shareholders through the optimization of the debt and equity balance except where decisions are made to exit businesses or close companies.

The capital structure of the Group consists of debts (which includes the borrowings and trade and other payables, less cash and bank balances) and equity attributable to equity holders of the parent (comprising issued capital and reserves).

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Loans and borrowings (current and non-current) (Note 16(b))		1,626,341			2,016,092			301,355
Trade and other payables (current and non-current) (Note 26)		7,507,031			7,191,134			1,074,893
Less: Cash and bank balances (Note 21)		(6,029,207	)		(6,128,522	)		(916,058	)
Net debts		3,104,165			3,078,704			460,190
Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent		8,334,287			8,395,849			1,254,966
Total capital and net debts		11,438,452			11,474,553			1,715,156

The Group manages its capital structure and makes adjustments to it, in light of changes in economic conditions. To maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group may adjust the dividend payment to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or issue new shares.

No changes were made in the objectives, policies or processes during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

As disclosed in Note 24, certain subsidiaries of the Group are required by the relevant authorities in the PRC to contribute and maintain a non-distributable statutory reserve fund whose utilization is subject to approval by the relevant authorities in the PRC. This externally imposed capital requirement has been complied with by the subsidiaries of the Group for the financial years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

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Fair value measurement

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

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Fair value measurement

34. Fair value measurement

Quantitative disclosures fair value measurement hierarchy for assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2017:

			Fair value measurement using
	Date of valuation				Quoted prices in active markets		Significant observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs
			Total		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Assets measured at fair value
Quoted equity securities:
Quoted equity shares – TCL (Note 19)		December 31, 2017		24,714		24,714		—		—

Quantitative disclosures fair value measurement hierarchy for assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2018:

			Fair value measurement using
	Date of valuation				Quoted prices in active markets		Significant observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs
			Total		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Assets measured at fair value
Quoted equity securities:
Quoted equity shares – TCL (Note 19)		December 31, 2018		21,876		21,876		—		—
Derivative financial assets:
Foreign exchange forward contract – USD(i) (Note 19)		December 31, 2018		4,529		—		4,529		—
Debt financial assets(ii):
Bill receivables (Note 20)		December 31, 2018		6,981,106		—		6,981,106		—

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  Forward currency contracts are valued using a valuation technique with market observable inputs. The most frequently applied valuation techniques include forward pricing, using present value calculations. The models incorporate various inputs including the foreign exchange spot and forward rates.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  The fair value of the Group’s debt financial assets is measured based on quoted market interest rates of similar instruments.

There have been no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2018 and 2017.

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Financial assets and financial liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

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Financial assets and financial liabilities

35. Financial assets and financial liabilities

	Note		Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		Financial assets at amortised costs		Other financial liabilities at amortized cost		Total
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
As at December 31, 2017
Financial assets
Quoted equity securities		19		24,714		—		—		24,714
Trade and bill receivables		20		—		7,031,544		—		7,031,544
Other receivables		20		—		133,295		—		133,295
Cash and bank balances		21		—		6,029,207		—		6,029,207
				24,714		13,194,046		—		13,218,760
Financial liabilities
Trade and other payables		26		—		—		7,432,987		7,432,987
Loans and borrowings		16(b)		—		—		1,626,341		1,626,341
Other liabilities		16(a)		—		—		79		79
				—		—		9,059,407		9,059,407

	Note		Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		Financial assets at amortised costs		Fair Value through OCI		Other financial liabilities at amortized cost		Total		Total
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
As at December 31, 2018
Financial assets
Quoted equity securities		19		21,876		—		—		—		21,876		3,270
Derivative not designated as hedges – foreign exchange forward contract		19		4,529		—		—		—		4,529		677
Trade and bill receivables		20		—		408,000		6,981,106		—		7,389,106		1,104,483
Other receivables		20		—		137,476		—		—		137,476		20,549
Cash and bank balances		21		—		6,128,522		—		—		6,128,522		916,058
				26,405		6,673,998		6,981,106		—		13,681,509		2,045,037
Financial liabilities
Trade and other payables		26		—		—		—		7,129,860		7,129,860		1,065,734
Loans and borrowings		16(b)		—		—		—		2,016,092		2,016,092		301,355
Other liabilities		16(a)		—		—		—		48		48		7
				—		—		—		9,146,000		9,146,000		1,367,096

Quoted equity securities relates to the Group’s investment in TCL, which is a company listed on the Main Board of the Singapore Exchange and is involved in investment in real estate and marketing & distributing brands in beauty, wellness and lifestyle categories. Fair values of the quoted equity shares are determined by reference to published price quotations in an active market.

Financial assets/liabilities through profit or loss reflect the positive/negative change in fair value of the foreign exchange forward contract that is not designated in hedge relationships, but are, nevertheless, intended to reduce the level of foreign currency risk.

Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities

	January 1, 2017		Cash flows			Foreign exchange movement		Translation reserve			Others			December 31, 2017
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
As at December 31, 2017
Loans and borrowings
- current		894,136		705,109			755		—			—			1,600,000
- non-current		16,270		9,376			879		(184	)		—			26,341
Obligations under finance leases
- current		38		(38	)		—		9			24			33
- non-current		70		—			—		—			(24	)		46
Total liabilities from financing activities		910,514		714,447			1,634		(175	)		—			1,626,420

	January 1, 2018		Cash flows			Foreign exchange movement			Translation reserve		Others			December 31, 2018		December 31, 2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		US$’000
As at December 31, 2018
Loans and borrowings
- current		1,600,000		400,320			694			—		—			2,001,014		299,101
- non-current		26,341		(11,756	)		(305	)		798		—			15,078		2,254
Obligations under finance leases
- current		33		(33	)		—			—		14			14		2
- non-current		46		—			—			2		(14	)		34		5
Total liabilities from financing activities		1,626,420		388,531			389			800		—			2,016,140		301,362

The ‘Others’ column includes the effect of reclassification of non-current portion of loans and borrowings, including obligations under finance leases due to the passage of time.

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Basis of preparation and accounting policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

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Basis of preparation

2.1 Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis except as disclosed in the accounting policy below.

The consolidated financial statements are presented in Renminbi (“RMB”) and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (“RMB’000”) except when otherwise indicated.

Translation of amounts from Renminbi to US Dollar (“USD”) is solely for the convenience of the reader. Translation of amounts from Renminbi to US Dollar has been made at the rate of RMB 6.6901 = US$1.00, the rate quoted by the People’s Bank of China at the close of business on February 28, 2019 and all values are rounded to the nearest thousand (“US$’000”) except when otherwise indicated.

The consolidated financial statements provide comparative information in respect of the previous period. In addition, the Group presents an additional statement of financial position at the beginning of the preceding period when there is a retrospective application of an accounting policy, a retrospective restatement, or a reclassification of items in financial statements. An additional statement of financial position as at January 1, 2017 is presented in these consolidated financial statements due to the retrospective application of accounting policies as a result of the adoption of new accounting standards. See Note 2.4.

Basis of consolidation

2.2 Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (the “Group”) as at December 31, 2018. Control is achieved when the Group is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Specifically, the Group controls an investee if and only if the Group has:

• Power over the investee (i.e. existing rights that give it the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee)

• Exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee

• The ability to use its power over the investee to affect its returns

Generally, there is a presumption that a majority of voting rights results in control. To support this presumption and when the Group has less than a majority of the voting or similar rights of an investee, the Group considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether it has power over an investee, including:

• The contractual arrangement with the other vote holders of the investee

• Rights arising from other contractual arrangements

• The Group’s voting rights and potential voting rights

The Group re-assesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control. Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Group obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Group loses control of the subsidiary. Assets, liabilities, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date the Group gains control until the date the Group ceases to control the subsidiary.

Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) are attributed to the equity holders of the parent of the Group and to the non-controlling interests, even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance. When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with the Group’s accounting policies. All intra-group assets and liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows relating to transactions between members of the Group are eliminated in full on consolidation.

A change in the ownership interest of a subsidiary, without a loss of control, is accounted for as an equity transaction.

If the Group loses control over a subsidiary, it derecognizes the related assets (including goodwill), liabilities, non-controlling interest and other components of equity, while any resultant gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss. Any investment retained is recognized at fair value.

Business combinations and goodwill

(a) Business combinations and goodwill

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the aggregate of the consideration transferred, which is measured at acquisition date fair value and the amount of any non-controlling interests in the acquiree. For each business combination, the Group elects whether to measure the non-controlling interests in the acquiree at fair value or at the proportionate share of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred and included in administrative expenses.

When the Group acquires a business, it assesses the financial assets and liabilities assumed for appropriate classification and designation in accordance with the contractual terms, economic circumstances and pertinent conditions as at the acquisition date. This includes the separation of embedded derivatives in host contracts by the acquiree.

Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the acquirer will be recognised at fair value at the acquisition date. Contingent consideration classified as equity is not remeasured and its subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity. Contingent consideration classified as an asset or liability that is a financial instrument and within the scope of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, is measured at fair value with the changes in fair value recognised in the statement of profit or loss in accordance with IFRS 9. Other contingent consideration that is not within the scope of IFRS 9 is measured at fair value at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss.

Goodwill is initially measured at cost (being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount recognised for non-controlling interests and any previous interest held over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed). If the fair value of the net assets acquired is in excess of the aggregate consideration transferred, the Group re-assesses whether it has correctly identified all of the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed and reviews the procedures used to measure the amounts to be recognised at the acquisition date. If the reassessment still results in an excess of the fair value of net assets acquired over the aggregate consideration transferred, then the gain is recognised in profit or loss.

After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is, from the acquisition date, allocated to each of the Group’s cash-generating units that are expected to benefit from the combination, irrespective of whether other assets or liabilities of the acquiree are assigned to those units.

Where goodwill has been allocated to a cash-generating unit (CGU) and part of the operation within that unit is disposed of, the goodwill associated with the disposed operation is included in the carrying amount of the operation when determining the gain or loss on disposal. Goodwill disposed in these circumstances is measured based on the relative values of the disposed operation and the portion of the cash-generating unit retained.

Investments in associates and joint ventures

(b) Investments in associates and joint ventures

An associate is an entity over which the Group has significant influence. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee, but is not control or joint control over those policies.

A joint venture is a type of joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the joint venture. Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require unanimous consent of the parties sharing control.

The considerations made in determining significant influence or joint control are similar to those necessary to determine control over subsidiaries.

The Group’s investments in its associates and joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method.

Under the equity method, the investment in an associate or a joint venture is initially recognized at cost. The carrying amount of the investment is adjusted to recognize changes in the Group’s share of net assets of the associate or joint venture since the acquisition date. Goodwill relating to the associate or joint venture is included in the carrying amount of the investment and is not tested for impairment separately.

The statement of profit or loss reflects the Group’s share of the results of operations of the associate or joint venture. Any change in OCI of those investees is presented as part of the Group’s OCI. In addition, when there has been a change recognized directly in the equity of the associate or joint venture, the Group recognizes its share of any changes, when applicable, in the statement of changes in equity. Unrealized gains and losses resulting from transactions between the Group and the associate or joint venture are eliminated to the extent of the interest in the associate or joint venture.

The aggregate of the Group’s share of profit or loss of an associate and a joint venture is shown on the face of the statement of profit or loss outside operating profit and represents profit or loss after tax and non-controlling interests in the subsidiaries of the associate or joint venture.

The financial statements of the associate or joint venture are prepared for the same reporting period as the Group. When necessary, adjustments are made to bring the accounting policies in line with those of the Group.

After application of the equity method, the Group determines whether it is necessary to recognize an impairment loss on its investment in its associate or joint venture. At each reporting date, the Group determines whether there is objective evidence that the investment in the associate or joint venture is impaired. If there is such evidence, the Group calculates the amount of impairment as the difference between the recoverable amount of the associate or joint venture and its carrying value, then recognizes the loss within “Share of (loss)/profit of associates and joint ventures, net of tax” in the statement of profit or loss.

Upon loss of significant influence over the associate or joint control over the joint venture, the Group measures and recognizes any retained investment at its fair value. Any difference between the carrying amount of the associate or joint venture upon loss of significant influence or joint control and the fair value of the retained investment and proceeds from disposal is recognized in profit or loss.

Current versus non-current classification

(c) Current versus non-current classification

The Group presents assets and liabilities in statement of financial position based on current/non-current classification. An asset is current when it is:

• Expected to be realized or intended to be sold or consumed in normal operating cycle

• Held primarily for the purpose of trading

• Expected to be realized within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• Cash or cash equivalent unless restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

All other assets are classified as non-current.

A liability is current when:

• It is expected to be settled in normal operating cycle

• It is held primarily for the purpose of trading

• It is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period, or

• There is no unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period

The Group classifies all other liabilities as non-current.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified as non-current assets and liabilities.

Fair value measurement

(d) Fair value measurement

The Group measures financial instruments, such as quoted equity securities, bill receivables and derivatives, at fair value at each balance sheet date. Fair value related disclosures for financial instruments that are measured at fair value are summarized in the following notes:

•	Quoted equity securities	Note 34
•	Bills receivables	Note 34
•	Foreign exchange forward contract	Note 34

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:

• In the principal market for the asset or liability, or

• In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability

The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Group.

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.

The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs.

All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

• Level 1 – Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

• Level 2 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

• Level 3 – Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Group has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy as explained above.

An analysis of fair values of financial instruments and further details as to how they are measured are provided in Note 34.

Foreign currency translation

(e) Foreign currency translation

The Company’s functional currency is US Dollar. The Group’s consolidated financial statements are presented in Renminbi, which is also the functional currency of Yuchai, the largest operating segment of the Group.

Each entity in the Group determines its own functional currency, and items included in the financial statements of each entity are measured using that functional currency.

Transactions and balances

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded by the Group’s entities at their respective functional currency spot rates at the date the transaction first qualifies for recognition.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the functional currency spot rate of exchange at the reporting date.

Differences arising on settlement or translation of monetary items are recognized in profit or loss with the exception of monetary items that are designated as part of the hedge of the Group’s net investment of a foreign operation. These are recognized in OCI until the net investment is disposed of, at which time, the cumulative amount is reclassified to profit or loss. Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those monetary items are also recorded in OCI.

Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. The gain or loss arising on translation of non-monetary items measured at fair value is treated in line with the recognition of gain or loss on change in fair value of the item (i.e., translation differences on items whose fair value gain or loss is recognized in OCI or profit or loss are also recognized in OCI or profit or loss, respectively).

Group companies

On consolidation, the assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into RMB at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date and their statements of profit or loss are translated at average exchange rates during the reporting period. The exchange differences arising on translation for consolidation are recognized in OCI. On disposal of a foreign operation, the component of OCI relating to that particular foreign operation is recognized in profit or loss.

Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the spot rate of exchange at the reporting date.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

(f) Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Revenue is recognized when the Group satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to the customer, which is when the customer obtains control of the good or service. A performance obligation may be satisfied at a point in time or over time. The amount of revenue recognized is the amount allocated to the satisfied performance obligation.

The disclosures of significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions relating to revenue from contracts with customers are provided in Note 3.

Sale of engines

Revenue from sale of engines is recognised when the engines are delivered to the customer and all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied.

The Group considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performance obligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated (e.g. warranties).

Service-type warranty

The Group provides certain warranties for both general repairs and maintenance service as part of the sales of engines. For general repairs, such warranties will be assurance-type warranties which will continue to be accounted for under IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Warranty for maintenance service is a distinct service to the customer in addition to the assurance that the product complies with agreed upon specification. Under IFRS15, the Group accounts for a service-type warranty as a separate performance obligation to which the Group allocates a portion of the transaction price. The portion of the consideration allocated to the service-type warranty is initially recorded as a contract liability and recognised as revenue upon the service rendered.

Variable consideration

The Group provides certain customers with retrospective rebates when the quantity of products purchased during the period exceeds a threshold specified in the contract. To estimate the variable considerations for the expected future rebates, the Group applies the most likely amount method for each individual contract. The Group then applies the requirements on constraining estimates of variable consideration and recognizes a refund liability in “Trade and other payables” for the expected future rebates.

The variable consideration is estimated and is constrained to extent that it is likely probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the associated uncertainty is subsequently resolved.

Sale of completed development properties

Revenue is recognised when control over the property has been transferred to the customer, either over time or at a point in time, depending on the contractual terms and the practices in the legal jurisdictions.

For development properties whereby the Group is restricted contractually from directing the properties for another use as they are being developed and has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognised over time, based on the construction and other costs incurred to date as a proportion of the estimated total construction and other costs to be incurred.

For development properties whereby the Group does not have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, revenue is recognised when the customer obtains control of the asset.

Rendering of services

Revenue from rendering services relates to project management contracts, and hotel room and restaurant operations. Revenue is recognised over the period in which the services are rendered, by reference to completion of the specific transaction assessed on the basis of the actual service provided as a proportion of the total services to be performed.

Interest income

For all financial instruments measured at amortized cost and interest-bearing financial assets classified as available-for-sale, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (“EIR”). EIR is the rate that exactly discounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrument or a shorter period, where appropriate, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or liability. Interest income is included in “Other operating income” in the statement of profit or loss.

Rental income

Rental income arising from operating leases is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease terms and is included in revenue in the statement of profit or loss due to its operating nature.

Dividends

Dividend income is recognized when the Group’s right to receive the payment is established.

Contract balances

Contract assets

The contract assets are costs which have been capitalized and are directly related to a contract, for which resources were used in satisfying the contract and are expected to be recovered.

Trade receivables

A receivable represents the Group’s right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional. Refer to accounting policies of financial assets in section m) financial instruments.

Contract liability

A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Group has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer pays consideration before the Group transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability is recognised when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities are recognised as revenue when the Group performs under the contract.

Assets and liabilities arising from rights of return

Refund liabilities

A refund liability is the obligation to refund some or all of the consideration received (or receivable) from the customer and is measured at the amount the Group ultimately expects it will have to return to the customer. The Group updates its estimates of refund liabilities at the end of each reporting period.

Government grants

(g) Government grants

Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in equal amounts over the expected useful life of the related asset.

Taxes

(h) Taxes

Current income tax

Current income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the taxation authorities. The tax rates and tax laws used to compute the amount are those that are enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date in the countries where the Group operates and generates taxable income.

Current income tax relating to items recognized directly in equity is recognized in equity and not in the statement of profit or loss. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in the tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulations are subject to interpretation and establishes provisions where appropriate.

Deferred tax

Deferred tax is provided using the liability method on temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts for financial reporting purposes at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences, except:

• When the deferred tax liability arises from the initial recognition of goodwill or an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss

• In respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, when the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences can be controlled and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, the carry forward of unused tax credits and any unused tax losses. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized, except:

• When the deferred tax asset relating to the deductible temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss

• In respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates and interests in joint ventures, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be utilized. Unrecognized deferred tax assets are re-assessed at each reporting date and are recognized to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profits will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date.

Deferred tax relating to items recognized outside profit or loss is recognized outside profit or loss. Deferred tax items are recognized in correlation to the underlying transaction either in OCI or directly in equity.

Tax benefits acquired as part of a business combination, but not satisfying the criteria for separate recognition at that date, are recognized subsequently if new information about facts and circumstances change. The adjustment is either treated as a reduction to goodwill (as long as it does not exceed goodwill) if it was incurred during the measurement period or recognized in profit or loss.

The Group offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities which intend either to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously, in each future period in which significant amounts of deferred tax liabilities or assets are expected to be settled or recovered.

Sales tax

Revenues, expenses and assets are recognized net of the amount of sales tax, except:

• When the sales tax incurred on a purchase of assets or services is not recoverable from the taxation authority, in which case, the sales tax is recognized as part of the cost of acquisition of the asset or as part of the expense item, as applicable

• When receivables and payables are stated with the amount of sales tax included

The net amount of sales tax recoverable from, or payable to, the taxation authority is included as part of receivables or payables in the statement of financial position.

Cash dividend and non-cash distribution to equity holders of the parent

(i) Cash dividend and non-cash distribution to equity holders of the parent

The Company recognizes a liability to make cash or non-cash distributions to equity holders of the parent when the distribution is authorized and the distribution is no longer at the discretion of the Company. A distribution is authorized when it is approved by the shareholders. A corresponding amount is recognized directly in equity.

Non-cash distributions are measured at the fair value of the assets to be distributed with fair value measurement recognized directly in equity.

Upon distribution of non-cash asset, any difference between the carrying amount of the liabilities and the carrying amount of the assets distributed is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

Property, plant and equipment

(j) Property, plant and equipment

Construction in progress is stated at cost, net of accumulated impairment losses, if any. Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, if any. Such cost includes the cost of replacing part of the property, plant and equipment and borrowing costs for long-term construction projects if the recognition criteria are met. When significant parts of property, plant and equipment are required to be replaced at intervals, the Group depreciates them separately based on their specific useful lives. Likewise, when a major inspection is performed, its cost is recognized in the carrying amount of the plant and equipment as a replacement if the recognition criteria are satisfied. All other repair and maintenance costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. The present value of the expected cost for the decommissioning of an asset after its use is included in the cost of the respective asset if the recognition criteria for a provision are met.

Freehold land has an unlimited useful life and therefore is not depreciated. Asset under construction included in property, plant and equipment are not depreciated as these assets are not yet ready for intended use. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets as follows:

Freehold buildings	:	50 years
Leasehold land, buildings and improvements	:	Shorter of 15 to 50 years or lease term
Plant and machinery	:	3 to 20 years
Office furniture, fittings and equipment	:	3 to 20 years
Motor and transport vehicles	:	3.5 to 15 years

The carrying values of property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable.

An item of property, plant and equipment and any significant part initially recognized is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on de-recognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit or loss when the asset is derecognized.

The residual values, useful lives and methods of depreciation of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted prospectively, if appropriate.

The Group capitalizes interest with respect to major assets under installation or construction based on the weighted average cost of the Group’s general borrowings and actual interest incurred for specific borrowings. Repairs and maintenance of a routine nature are expensed while those that extend the life of assets are capitalized.

Construction in progress represents factories under construction and machinery and equipment pending installation. All direct costs relating to the acquisition or construction of buildings and machinery and equipment, including interest charges on borrowings, are capitalized as construction in progress.

Investment properties

(k) Investment properties

Investment properties are properties owned by the Group that are held to lease to third parties and earn rentals rather than for use in the production or supply of goods or services, or for administrative purposes, or in the ordinary course of business. Investment properties comprise completed investment properties and properties that are being constructed or developed for future use as investment properties.

Investment properties are initially recognized at cost, including transaction costs and subsequently carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Depreciation is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the investment properties. The estimated useful life is 30 years. Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values of investment properties are reassessed at each reporting date.

Investment properties are derecognized when either they have been disposed of or when they are permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from its disposal. Any gain or loss on the retirement or disposal of an investment property is recognized in profit or loss in the year of retirement or disposal.

Transfers are made to or from investment property only when there is a change in use.

Intangible assets

(l) Intangible assets

Intangible assets acquired separately are measured on initial recognition at cost. The cost of intangible assets acquired in a business combination is their fair value at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangibles, excluding capitalized development costs, are not capitalized and the related expenditure is reflected in profit or loss in the period in which the expenditure is incurred. The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed as either finite or indefinite.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over the useful economic life and assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortization period and the amortization method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life are reviewed at least at the end of each reporting period. Changes in the expected useful life or the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are considered to modify the amortization period or method, as appropriate, and are treated as changes in accounting estimates. The amortization expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognized in the statement of profit or loss in the expense category that is consistent with the function of the intangible assets.

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually, either individually or at the cash-generating unit level. The assessment of indefinite life is reviewed annually to determine whether the indefinite life continues to be supportable. If not, the change in useful life from indefinite to finite is made on a prospective basis.

An intangible asset is derecognized upon disposal (i.e., at the date the recipient obtains control) or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising upon derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in the statement of profit or loss.

Research and development costs

Research costs are expensed as incurred.

Development expenditures on an individual project are recognized as an intangible asset when the Group can demonstrate:

• The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that the asset will be available for use or sale

• Its intention to complete and its ability to use or sell the asset

• How the asset will generate future economic benefits

• The availability of resources to complete the asset

• The ability to measure reliably the expenditure during development

Following initial recognition of the development expenditure as an asset, the asset is carried at cost less any accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization of the asset begins when development is complete and the asset is available for use. Development costs are amortized over the period of expected future benefit. During the period of development, the asset is tested for impairment annually.

Financial instruments

(m) Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

Financial assets

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial assets are recognized when, and only when the entity becomes party to the contractual provision of the instruments.

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss.

Trade receivables are measured at the amount of consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods and services to a customer, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third party, if the trade receivables do not contain a significant financing component at initial recognition.

Subsequent measurement

Investment in debt instruments

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Group’s business model for managing the asset and the contractual cash flow characteristics of the asset. The three measurement categories for classification of debt instruments are:

(i) Amortised cost

Financial assets that are held for the collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represents solely payment of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. Financial assets are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less impairment. Gains and losses are recognized in profit or loss when the assets are derecognized or impaired, and through amortization process.

The Group’s financial assets at amortised cost includes trade and other receivables, and loan to a joint venture.

(ii) Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)

Financial assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the asset’s cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at FVOCI. Financial assets measured at FVOCI are subsequently measured at fair value. Any gains or losses from changes in fair value of the financial assets are recognized in other comprehensive income, except for impairment losses, foreign exchange gains and losses and interest calculated using the effective interest method are recognized in profit or loss. The cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment when the financial asset is de-recognised.

The Group classifies its bill receivables as FVOCI.

(iii) Fair value through profit or loss

Asset that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or FVOCI are measured a fair value through profit or loss. A gain or loss on a debt instrument that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognized in profit or loss in the period in which it arises.

The Group does not have debt instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Investment in equity instruments

On initial recognition of an investment in equity instrument that is not held for trading, the Group may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI. Dividends from such investments are to be recognized in profit or loss when the Group’s right to receive payments is established. For investments in equity instruments which the Group has not elected to present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI, changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss.

The Group has designated its remaining 7.7% shareholding interest in Thakral Corporation Ltd (“TCL”) as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.

Derivatives

Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value on the date a derivative contracts is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period. Changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss.

The Group recognized its fair value changes in foreign exchange forward contract through profit or loss.

De-recognition

A financial asset is de-recognised where the contractual right from the asset has expired. On de-recognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and any cumulative gain or loss that had been recognized in the other comprehensive income is recognized in profit or loss.

Impairment of financial assets

The Group recognizes an allowance for expected credit losses (ECLs) for all debt instruments not held at fair value through profit or loss and financial guarantee contracts. ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at an approximation of the original effective interest rate. The expected cash flows will include cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

ECLs are recognised in two stages. For credit exposure for which there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, ECLs are provided for credit losses that result from default events that are possible within the next 12 months (a 12 month ECL). For those credit exposures for which there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, a loss allowance is recognised for credit losses expected over the remaining life of the exposure irrespective of timing of the default (a life time ECL).

For trade receivable and contract assets, the Group applies a simplified approach in calculating ECLs. Therefore, the Group does not track changes in credit risk, but instead recognises a loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date. The Group has established a provision matrix that is based on its historical credit loss experience adjusted for forward looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment.

For bill receivables at fair value through OCI, the Group assesses the credit risk of the financial institution, which issue the bills, at every reporting date. The Group evaluates whether the bills are considered to have low credit risk using all reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort.

The Group considers a financial asset in default when the aging of contract payment are more than 360 days from the invoice date. However, in certain cases the Group may also consider a financial assets to be in default when internal or external information indicates that the Group is unlikely to receive the outstanding contractual amounts in full before taking into account any credit enhancements held by the Group. A financial asset is written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovering contractual cash flow.

Financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

Financial liabilities are classified, at initial recognition, as financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, loans and borrowings, payables, or as derivatives designated as hedging instruments in an effective hedge, as appropriate.

All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value and, in the case of loans and borrowings and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

The Group’s financial liabilities include trade and other payables, loans and borrowings, and derivative financial instruments.

Subsequent measurement

The measurement of financial liabilities depends on their classification, as described below:

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading.

Financial liabilities are classified as held for trading if they are incurred for the purpose of selling in the near term. This category also includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the Group that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by IFRS 9.

Subsequent to initial recognition, financial liability at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value. Any gains or losses arising from changes in fair value of the financial liabilities are recognised in profit or loss.

Loans and borrowings and payables

After initial recognition, loans and borrowings and payables are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the EIR method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised as well as through the EIR amortisation process.

De-recognition

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as the de-recognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability. The difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the consolidated statement of financial position if there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, to realize the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously.

Inventories

(n) Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Costs incurred in bringing each product to its present location and condition are accounted for as follows:

• Raw materials: purchase cost on a weighted average basis

• Finished goods and work in progress: cost of direct materials and labor and a proportion of manufacturing overheads based on the normal operating capacity, but excluding borrowing costs

Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

Impairment of non-financial assets

(o) Impairment of non-financial assets

The Group assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Group estimates the asset’s recoverable amount. An asset’s recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s or cash-generating unit’s (“CGU”) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use. The recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired and is written down to its recoverable amount.

In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If no such transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other available fair value indicators.

Impairment losses, including impairment on inventories, are recognized in the statement of profit or loss in expense categories consistent with the function of the impaired asset.

For assets excluding goodwill, an assessment is made at each reporting date to determine whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, the Group estimates the asset’s or CGU’s recoverable amount. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used to determine the asset’s recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years. Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit or loss.

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually and when circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired.

Impairment is determined for goodwill by assessing the recoverable amount of each CGU (or group of CGUs) to which the goodwill relates. When the recoverable amount of the CGU is less than its carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized. Impairment losses relating to goodwill cannot be reversed in future periods.

Cash and cash equivalents

(p) Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash at bank and on hand, demand deposits, and short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amount of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

Leases

(q) Leases

The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is based on the substance of the arrangement at the inception of the lease. The arrangement is, or contains, a lease if fulfilment of the arrangement is dependent on the use of a specific asset or assets and the arrangement conveys a right to use the asset or assets, even if that asset is or those assets are not explicitly specified in an arrangement.

Prepaid operating lease

Prepaid operating lease represents payments made to the PRC land bureau for land use rights, which are charged to expense on a straight-line basis over the respective periods of the rights which are in the range of 15 to 50 years.

Group as a lessee

A lease is classified at the inception date as a finance lease or an operating lease. A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the Group is classified as a finance lease.

Finance leases are capitalized at the commencement of the lease at the inception date fair value of the leased property or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are recognized in finance costs in the statement of profit or loss.

A leased asset is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. However, if there is no reasonable certainty that the Group will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term.

An operating lease is a lease other than a finance lease. Operating lease payments are recognized as an operating expense in the statement of profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Group as a lessor

Leases in which the Group does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an asset are classified as operating leases. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized over the lease term on the same basis as rental income.

Borrowing costs

(r) Borrowing costs

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds.

A qualifying asset is one that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale. To the extent that funds are borrowed specifically for the purpose of obtaining the asset, the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization should be determined as the actual borrowing costs incurred less any investment income on the temporary investment of those borrowings. To the extent that funds are borrowed generally and used for the purpose of obtaining the asset, the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalization is by applying a capitalization rate to the expenditures on that asset. The capitalization rate should be the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the enterprise that are outstanding during the period, other than borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining a qualifying asset. The amount of borrowing costs capitalized during a period should not exceed the amount of borrowing costs incurred during that period.

Provisions

(s) Provisions

General

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Group expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the statement of profit or loss net of any reimbursement.

If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are discounted using a current pre-tax rate that reflects, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability. When discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as a finance cost.

Product warranty

The Group recognizes a liability at the time the product is sold, for the estimated future costs relating to the assurance-type warranties, to be incurred under the lower of a warranty period or warranty mileage on various engine models, on which the Group provides free repair and replacement. For on-road applications engines, warranties extend for a duration (generally 12 to 60 months) or mileage (generally 50,000 to 360,000 kilometers), whichever is the lower. For other applications engines, warranties extend for a duration of generally 12 to 28 months or running hours of 1,000 to 3,500 hours, whichever is lower. Provisions for warranty are primarily determined based on historical warranty cost per unit of engines sold adjusted for specific conditions that may arise and the number of engines under warranty at each financial year. If the nature, frequency and average cost of warranty claims change, the accrued liability for product warranty will be adjusted accordingly.

Pensions and other post-employment benefits

(t) Pensions and other post-employment benefits

The Group participates in and makes contributions to the national pension schemes as defined by the laws of the countries in which it has operations. The contributions are at a fixed proportion of the basic salary of the staff. Contributions are recognized as compensation expense in the period in which the related services are performed.

Share-based payments

(u) Share-based payments

Employees (including senior executives) of the Group receive remuneration in the form of share-based payments, whereby employees render services as consideration for equity instruments (“equity-settled transactions”).

Equity-settled transactions

The cost of equity-settled transactions is determined by the fair value at the date when the grant is made using an appropriate valuation model.

That cost is recognized in “staff cost” (Note 8.4), together with a corresponding increase in performance share reserve in equity, over the period in which the performance and/or service conditions are fulfilled (the vesting period). The cumulative expense recognized for equity-settled transactions at each reporting date until the vesting date reflects the extent to which the vesting period has expired and the Group’s best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The expense or credit in the statement of profit or loss for a period represents the movement in cumulative expense recognized as at the beginning and end of that period.

No expense is recognized for awards that do not ultimately vest, except for equity-settled transactions for which vesting is conditional upon a market or non-vesting condition. These are treated as vested irrespective of whether the market or non-vesting condition is satisfied, provided that all other performance and/or service conditions are satisfied.

When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified, the minimum expense recognized is the expense had the terms not been modified, provided the original terms of the award are met. An additional expense, measured as at the date of modification, is recognized for any modification that increases the total fair value of the share-based payment transaction, or is otherwise beneficial to the employee. Where an award is cancelled by the entity or by the counterparty, any remaining element of the fair value of the award is expensed immediately through profit or loss.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share (further details are given in Note 10).

Development properties

(v) Development properties

Development properties are properties acquired or being constructed for sale in the ordinary course of business, rather than to be held for the Group’s own use, rental or capital appreciation.

Development properties are held as other asset and are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

Non-refundable commissions paid to sales or marketing agents on the sale of real estate units are expensed when incurred.

Costs to complete development include cost of land and other direct and related development expenditure, including borrowing costs incurred in developing the properties. Net realizable value of development properties is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, based on market prices at the reporting date and discounted for the time value of money if material, less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

Segment reporting

(w) Segment reporting

For management purposes, the Group is organized into operating segments based on their products and services which are independently managed by the respective segment managers responsible for the performance of the respective segments under their charge. The segment managers report directly to the management of the Company who regularly review the segment results in order to allocate resources to the segments and to assess the segment performance. Additional disclosures on each of these segments are shown in Note 31, including the factors used to identify the reportable segments and the measurement basis of segment information.

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Basis of preparation and accounting policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Statement [LineItems]

Estimated Useful Life of Assets

Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the assets as follows:

Freehold buildings	:	50 years
Leasehold land, buildings and improvements	:	Shorter of 15 to 50 years or lease term
Plant and machinery	:	3 to 20 years
Office furniture, fittings and equipment	:	3 to 20 years
Motor and transport vehicles	:	3.5 to 15 years

Increase (decrease) due to application of IFRS 15 [member]

Statement [LineItems]

Impact on statement of profit or loss (increase/(decrease)

The effect of adopting IFRS 15 is, as follows:

Impact on statement of profit or loss (increase/(decrease)) 

			31.12.2016			31.12.2017
	Adjustment		RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue from contracts with customers		(a)		(21,645	)		(24,623	)
Cost of sales		(a)		(29,912	)		134,349
Gross profit				8,267			(158,972	)
Other income		(b)		—			(115,235	)
Selling, general and administrative cost		(a)		(4,087	)		(162,998	)
Operating profit				12,354			(111,209	)
Income tax expense		(b)		—			(25,995	)
Profit for the year				12,354			(85,214	)
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent		(a)&(b)		9,440			(65,113	)
Non-controlling interests		(a)&(b)		2,914			(20,101	)

Impact on basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) (increase/(decrease) in EPS)

			31.12.2016			31.12.2017
	Adjustment		RMB			RMB
Earnings per share
Basic		(a)&(b)		0.23			(1.60	)
Diluted		(a)&(b)		0.23			(1.60	)
Impact on the consolidated statement of financial position (increase/(decrease)):
			1.1.2017			31.12.2017
	Adjustment		RMB’000			RMB’000
Assets
Intangible asset		(b)		(31,704	)		—
Investments in associate and joint venture		(b)		(73,061	)		—
Deferred tax assets		(b)		(25,995	)		—
Total non-current assets				(130,760	)		—
Trade and other receivables		(b)		50,000			—
Total current assets				50,000			—
Total assets				(80,760	)		—
Equity and liabilities
Contract liabilities		(a)		27,372			34,759
Total non-current liabilities				27,372			34,759
Trade and other payables		(b)		(170,000	)		—
Contract liabilities		(a)		63,870			81,105
Provision for product warranty		(a)		(69,844	)		(98,492	)
Total current liabilities				(175,974	)		(17,387	)
Total liabilities				(148,602	)		17,372
Equity
Retained earnings		(a)&(b)		51,838			(13,275	)
Non-controlling interests		(a)&(b)		16,004			(4,097	)
Total equity				67,842			(17,372	)
Total equity and liabilities				(80,760	)		—

Impact on the consolidated statement of cash flows (increase/(decrease)):

		31.12.2016			31.12.2017
	Adjustment	RMB’000			RMB’000
Profit before tax	(a)&(b)		12,354			(111,209	)
Adjustments:
Gain on disposal of intangible asset	(b)		—			115,235
Profit before tax after adjustments	(a)&(b)		12,354			4,026
Changes in working capital
Decrease in trade and other receivables	(b)		—			50,000
Increase in trade and other payables and contract liabilities	(a)		(12,354	)		(4,026	)
Cash flows from operating activities	(a)&(b)		—			50,000
Net cash flows from operating activities	(a)&(b)		—			50,000
Investing activities
Proceeds from disposal of intangible asset	(b)		—			(50,000	)
Net cash flows from investing activities	(a)&(b)		—			(50,000	)

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Investments in subsidiaries (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Investments accounted for using equity method [abstract]

Details of Significant Subsidiaries of the Group

Details of significant subsidiaries of the Group are as follows:

Name of significant subsidiary	Place of incorporation/ business	Group’s effective equity interest
		31.12.2017		31.12.2018
		%		%
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Co., Ltd	People’s Republic of China		54.9		54.9
Guangxi Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Guangxi Yuchai Equipment Mould Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Guangxi Yulin Hotel Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Jining Yuchai Engine Company Limited	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
Yuchai Remanufacturing Services (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.	People’s Republic of China		76.4		76.4
HL Global Enterprises Limited	Singapore		50.2		50.2

Subsidiary having Non-controlling Interests that are Material to the Group

The Group has the following subsidiary that has non-controlling interests (“NCI”) that are material to the Group.

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018
Proportion of equity interest held by NCI
Yuchai		23.6	%		23.6	%		23.6	%

	31.12.2016 RMB’000		31.12.2017 RMB’000		31.12.2018 RMB’000		31.12.2018 US$’000
	(Restated)		(Restated)
Accumulated balances of material NCI
Yuchai				2,433,117		2,556,644		382,153
Profit allocated to material NCI
Yuchai		212,927		270,452		252,394		37,726
Dividends paid to material NCI
Yuchai		83,677		98,941		135,905		20,314

Summarized Financial Information Including Goodwill on Acquisition and Consolidation Adjustment But Before Intercompany Eliminations of Subsidiaries with Material Non-controlling Interests

Summarized financial information including goodwill on acquisition and consolidation adjustments but before intercompany eliminations of subsidiaries with material non-controlling interests are as follows:

	31.12.2016
	Yuchai RMB’000
	(Restated)
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		13,576,842
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		738,733
Attributable to NCI		212,927
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating		2,329,367
Investing		(293,477	)
Financing		(1,697,173	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		338,717

	31.12.2017
	Yuchai
	RMB’000
	(Restated)
Summarized statement of financial position
Current assets		14,717,316
Non-current assets, excluding goodwill		4,693,931
Goodwill		212,636
Current liabilities		(9,327,449	)
Non-current liabilities		(530,188	)
Net assets		9,766,246
Total equity		9,766,246
Attributable to NCI		2,433,117
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		16,140,621
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		960,359
Attributable to NCI		270,452
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating		1,435,156
Investing		(215,817	)
Financing		221,660
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		1,440,999

	31.12.2018
	Yuchai
	RMB’000			US$’000
Summarized statement of financial position
Current assets		15,498,171			2,316,583
Non-current assets, excluding goodwill		4,925,347			736,214
Goodwill		212,636			31,784
Current liabilities		(9,489,499	)		(1,418,439	)
Non-current liabilities		(828,993	)		(123,913	)
Net assets		10,317,662			1,542,229
Total equity		10,317,662			1,542,229
Attributable to NCI		2,556,644			382,153
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue		16,210,467			2,423,053
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		867,438			129,660
Attributable to NCI		252,394			37,726
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating		701,716			104,889
Investing		(331,416	)		(49,538	)
Financing		(66,975	)		(10,011	)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		303,325			45,340

Assets and Liabilities and Cash Flow Effect of Disposal of Subsidiaries

The value of assets and liabilities of the disposal recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the cash flow effect of the disposals were:

	31.12.2017
	RMB’000
Property, plant and equipment (Note 11)		104,844
Trade receivables and other receivables		3,257
Cash and bank balances		9,153
		117,254
Trade and other payables		(3,737	)
Provision for taxation		(44	)
Deferred taxation		(588	)
Carrying value of net assets		112,885
Gain on disposal:
Total consideration		395,000
Less: Cost of disposal		(47,532	)
Total consideration less cost of disposal		347,468
Net assets derecognized		(112,885	)
Realization of foreign translation reserves upon disposal		(18,468	)
Gain on disposal of the subsidiaries (Note 8.2(a))		216,115
Total consideration less cost of disposal		347,468
Add: Transaction cost unpaid		33,287
Less: Retention sum receivables		(30,000	)
Cash and bank balances of the subsidiaries		(9,153	)
Net cash inflow on disposal of the subsidiaries		341,602

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Investment in associates (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Investments accounted for using equity method [abstract]

Summarized Investment in Associates

The Group’s investment in associates are summarized as below:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Share of profit/(loss) of associates, net of tax		456		(28	)		(59	)		(9	)
			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Carrying amount of investment				2,185			2,130			318

Details of Associates

Details of the associates are as follows:

Name of company	Principal activities	Place of incorporation/ business		Group’s effective equity interest
				31.12.2017		31.12.2018
				%		%
Held by subsidiaries
Sinjori Sdn. Bhd.	Property investment and development		Malaysia		14.0		14.0
Guangxi Yuchai Quan Xing Machinery Co., Ltd. (“Quan Xing”)	Manufacture spare part and sales of auto spare part, diesel engine & spare part, metallic materials, generator & spare part, chemical products (exclude dangerous goods), lubricating oil		People’s Republic of China		15.3		15.3

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Investment in joint ventures (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Investments accounted for using equity method [abstract]

Share of Results of Joint Ventures and Carrying Amount of Investment to Joint Ventures

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Share of (loss)/profit of joint ventures, net of tax:
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd		2,039			17,755			17,612			2,633
Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co., Ltd (i)		(4,465	)		—			—			—
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd.		—			(8,487	)		(6,882	)		(1,029	)
Other joint ventures.		(1,642	)		814			963			144
		(4,068	)		10,082			11,693			1,748
				31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
				RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Carrying amount of investments:
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd					122,235			155,681			23,270
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd					66,513			59,632			8,913
Other joint ventures					7,354			7,499			1,122
					196,102			222,812			33,305

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾ Sales of 60% of the issued ordinary shares in the capital of Copthorne Qingdao Co., Ltd (“Copthorne Qingdao”)

Summary of Value of Asset and Related Reserves of Disposal in Consolidated Financial Statements and Cash Flow Effect of Disposals

The value of asset and related reserves of disposal recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the cash flow effect of the disposals were:

	31.12.2017
	RMB’000
Interest in joint venture, representing asset classified as held for sale		89,381
Gain on disposal:
Total consideration less cost of disposal		182,679
Interest in joint venture derecognized		(89,381	)
Realization of foreign currency translation reserves upon disposal		22,720
Waiver of amount due by joint venture		(8,042	)
Gain on disposal of joint venture (Note 8.2(a))		107,976
Total consideration less cost of disposal, representing net cash inflow on disposal of the joint venture		182,679

Interest in Joint Ventures

The Group has interests in the following joint ventures:

Name of company	Principal activities	Place of incorporation/ business		Group’s effective equity interest
				31.12.2017		31.12.2018
				%		%
Held by subsidiaries
HL Heritage Sdn. Bhd.	Property development and property investment holdings		Malaysia		30.1		30.1
Shanghai Hengshan Equatorial Hotel Management Co., Ltd.	Hotel and property management		People’s Republic of China		24.6		24.6
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd (“Y&C”)	Manufacture and sale of heavy duty diesel engines, spare parts and after-sales services		People’s Republic of China		34.4		34.4
Guangxi Yineng IOT Science & Technology Co., Ltd.	Design, development, management and marketing of an electronic operations management platform		People’s Republic of China		15.3		15.3
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd (“MTU Yuchai Power”)	Manufacture off-road diesel engines		People’s Republic of China		38.2		38.2
Eberspaecher Yuchai Exhaust Technology Co. Ltd (“Eberspaecher Yuchai”) (i)	Application development, production, sales and service on engine exhaust control systems		People’s Republic of China		—		37.4

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  Eberspaecher Yuchai was incorporated on December 5, 2018.

Summarized Financial Information of Joint Ventures and Reconciliation with Carrying Amount of Investment in Consolidated Financial Statements

The summarized financial information of the joint ventures, based on their IFRS financial statements, and reconciliation with the carrying amount of the investment in consolidated financial statements are set out below:

	31.12.2016
	Y & C			Copthorne Qingdao*			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue		553,878			3,674			557,552
Depreciation and amortization		(22,087	)		(2,797	)		(24,884	)
Interest expense		(14,012	)		(1,337	)		(15,349	)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive loss for the year		4,531			(6,664	)		(2,133	)
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		60	%
Group’s share of profit/(loss)		2,039			(3,998	)
Depreciation arising from fair value adjustment during purchase price allocation		—			(467	)
Group’s share of profit/(loss) of significant joint ventures		2,039			(4,465	)		(2,426	)
Group’s share of loss of other joint ventures, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss of other joint ventures								(1,642	)
Group’s share of loss for the year, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss for the year								(4,068	)

* On February 23, 2016, the investment in Copthorne Qingdao was classified as asset held for sale. Accordingly, the information presented includes the results of Copthorne Qingdao only for the period from January 1, 2016 to February 23, 2016.

	31.12.2017
	Y & C			MTU			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Non-current assets		734,270			32,015			766,285
Current assets
- Cash and bank balances		199,925			113,055			312,980
- Others		367,293			22,775			390,068
Total assets		1,301,488			167,845			1,469,333
Non-current liabilities		(13,543	)		—			(13,543	)
Current liabilities
- Loans and borrowings		(13,500	)		—			(13,500	)
- Others		(842,765	)		(34,820	)		(877,585	)
Total liabilities		(869,808	)		(34,820	)		(904,628	)
Equity		431,680			133,025			564,705
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of net assets		194,256			66,513
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(72,021	)		—
Carrying amount of significant joint ventures		122,235			66,513			188,748
Carrying amount of other joint ventures								7,354
Carrying amount of the investment in joint ventures								196,102

	31.12.2017
	Y & C			MTU			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue		1,331,823			—			1,331,823
Depreciation and amortization		(20,831	)		(227	)		(21,058	)
Interest expense		(28,663	)		(343	)		(29,006	)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		55,982			(16,973	)		39,009
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of profit		25,192			(8,487	)
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(7,437	)		—
Group’s share of profit of significant joint ventures		17,755			(8,487	)		9,268
Group’s share of loss of other joint ventures, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss of other joint ventures								814
Group’s share of profit for the year, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive income for the year								10,082

	31.12.2018
	Y & C			MTU			Total			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Non-current assets		755,671			72,342			828,013			123,767
Current assets
- Cash and bank balances		113,061			21,707			134,768			20,145
- Others		646,751			209,022			855,773			127,916
Total assets		1,515,483			303,071			1,818,554			271,828
Non-current liabilities		(46,603	)		—			(46,603	)		(6,966	)
Current liabilities
- Loans and borrowings		(51,534	)		—			(51,534	)		(7,703	)
- Others		(942,306	)		(174,242	)		(1,116,548	)		(166,896	)
Total liabilities		(1,040,443	)		(174,242	)		(1,214,685	)		(181,565	)
Equity		475,040			128,829			603,869			90,263
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of net assets		213,768			64,415
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(58,087	)		(4,783	)
Carrying amount of significant joint ventures		155,681			59,632			215,313			32,183
Carrying amount of other joint ventures								7,499			1,122
Carrying amount of the investment in joint ventures								222,812			33,305

	31.12.2018
	Y & C			MTU			Total			Total
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Revenue		1,443,238			160,580			1,603,818			239,730
Depreciation and amortization		(45,254	)		(3,744	)		(48,998	)		(7,324	)
Interest expense		(24,605	)		(1,689	)		(26,294	)		(3,930	)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		43,359			(4,197	)		39,162			5,854
Proportion of the Group’s ownership		45	%		50	%
Group’s share of profit		19,512			(2,099	)
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(1,900	)		(4,783	)
Group’s share of profit of significant joint ventures		17,612			(6,882	)		10,730			1,604
Group’s share of loss of other joint ventures, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive loss of other joint ventures								963			144
Group’s share of profit for the year, representing the Group’s share of total comprehensive income for the year								11,693			1,748

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Revenue from contracts with customers (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Disaggregation of Group's Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Set out below is the disaggregation of the Group’s revenue from contracts with customers:

	31.12.2018
	Yuchai		HLGE		Total		Total
Segments	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Type of goods or services
Heavy-duty engines		4,934,435		—		4,934,435		737,573
Medium-duty engines		5,537,164		—		5,537,164		827,665
Light-duty engines		2,481,554		—		2,481,554		370,929
Other products and services(i)		3,213,237		—		3,213,237		480,297
Revenue from hospitality operations		44,077		52,781		96,858		14,478
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,210,467		52,781		16,263,248		2,430,942
Geographical markets
People’s Republic of China		16,119,896		—		16,119,896		2,409,515
Other countries		90,571		52,781		143,352		21,427
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,210,467		52,781		16,263,248		2,430,942
Timing of revenue recognition
At a point in time		16,166,390		—		16,166,390		2,416,464
Over time		44,077		52,781		96,858		14,478
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,210,467		52,781		16,263,248		2,430,942

	31.12.2017
	Yuchai		HLGE		Total
Segments	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Type of goods or services
Heavy-duty engines		5,182,930		—		5,182,930
Medium-duty engines		5,620,202		—		5,620,202
Light-duty engines		2,147,728		—		2,147,728
Other products and services(i)		3,148,016		—		3,148,016
Revenue from hospitality operations		41,746		57,197		98,943
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,140,622		57,197		16,197,819
Geographical markets
People’s Republic of China		16,073,461		17,265		16,090,726
Other countries		67,161		39,932		107,093
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,140,622		57,197		16,197,819
Timing of revenue recognition
At a point in time		16,098,876		—		16,098,876
Over time		41,746		57,197		98,943
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,140,622		57,197		16,197,819
	31.12.2016
	Yuchai		HLGE		Total
Segments	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Type of goods or services
Heavy-duty engines		3,813,500		—		3,813,500
Medium-duty engines		5,213,373		—		5,213,373
Light-duty engines		1,724,616		—		1,724,616
Other products and services(i)		2,783,921		—		2,783,921
Revenue from hospitality operations		41,432		66,353		107,785
Total revenue from contract with customers		13,576,842		66,353		13,643,195
Geographical markets
People’s Republic of China		13,436,629		24,005		13,460,634
Other countries		140,213		42,348		182,561
Total revenue from contract with customers		13,576,842		66,353		13,643,195
Timing of revenue recognition
At a point in time		13,535,410		—		13,535,410
Over time		41,432		66,353		107,785
Total revenue from contract with customers		13,576,842		66,353		13,643,195

Note:    

⁽ⁱ⁾  included sales of power generator sets, engine components, service-type maintenance services and others.

Summary of Change in Contract Balances

7.2 Contract balances

	1.1.2017 RMB’000		31.12.2017 RMB’000		31.12.2018 RMB’000		31.12.2018 US$’000
	(Restated)		(Restated)
Trade receivables (Note 20)		241,168		212,104		408,000		60,985
Contract assets (Note 20)		—		—		44,434		6,642
Contract liabilities (Note 28)		213,286		233,329		340,489		50,894
Refund liabilities (Note 26)		755,092		717,955		761,521		113,828

i. Trade receivables are non-interest bearing and are generally on terms of 60 days.

ii. Contract assets are the costs incurred in fulfilling a contract for the development of technology know-how for heavy–duty engines platforms for a joint venture company of the Group. Contract assets will be expensed off when the Group performs the contract.

The transaction prices allocated to the remaining performance obligation pursuant to this contract, committed at the reporting date but not recognised as liabilities amounted to RMB 149.0 million and expected to be realised within next three years upon the completion of services.

iii. The contract liabilities comprise short-term advance from customers and unfulfilled maintenance service. The advance from customers is recognised as revenue upon the delivery of goods, and the contract liability arising from unfulfilled service-type warranty is recognized upon the completion of the maintenance services. According to the business customary practice, the remaining performance obligations (unfulfilled maintenance service) at the year end is expected to be satisfied within 1-3 years.

iv. Refund liabilities arise from sales rebates granted to the Yuchai customers.

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Other income and expenses recognized in statement of profit and loss (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment, investment property and amortization of prepaid operating leases are included in the following captions.

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Cost of sales		322,289		307,102		312,769		46,751
Research and development expenses		56,812		48,291		26,751		3,999
Selling, general and administrative expenses		99,059		88,788		94,365		14,105
		478,160		444,181		433,885		64,855

Summary of Sales Related Shipping and Handling Expenses Not Separately Billed to Customers

Sales related shipping and handling expenses not separately billed to customers are included in the following caption:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Selling, general and administrative expenses		159,023		208,197		211,971		31,684

Summary of Other Operating Income

8.2 (a)    Other operating income

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
			(Restated)
Interest income		56,983		105,421		147,244		22,009
Dividend income from quoted equity securities		943		2,532		1,992		298
Gain on disposal of:
- associate		—		199		—		—
- joint venture (Note 6)		—		107,976		—		—
- property, plant and equipment		—		11,668		8,835		1,321
- subsidiaries (Note 4)		—		216,115		—		—
Government grants		41,515		34,337		32,237		4,819
Fair value gain on quoted equity securities		—		12,768		—		—
Fair value gain on foreign exchange forward contract		—		—		4,529		677
Write-back of trade and other payables		—		29		—		—
Foreign exchange gain, net		—		30,943		1,071		160
Others		18,513		10,129		9,235		1,379
		117,954		532,117		205,143		30,663

Summary of Other Operating Expenses

8.2 (b)    Other operating expenses

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Loss on disposal of:
- property, plant and equipment		14,020		—		—		—
Foreign exchange loss, net		4,006		—		—		—
Fair value loss on quoted equity securities		243		—		3,433		513
Fair value loss on foreign exchange forward contract		140		—		—		—
Goodwill written off		1,131		—		—		—
Others		3,059		22,719		9,030		1,350
		22,599		22,719		12,463		1,863

Summary of Finance Costs

8.3 Finance costs

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Bank term loans		34,477		53,888		71,513		10,689
Corporate bonds		27,581		—		—		—
Bills discounting		13,068		42,179		36,826		5,505
Bank charges		4,552		4,367		4,749		710
Finance lease		5		5		—		—
		79,683		100,439		113,088		16,904

Summary of Staff Costs

8.4 Staff costs

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Wages and salaries		922,847		1,158,320		1,176,465		175,852
Contribution to defined contribution plans		275,703		258,190		296,073		44,255
Executive bonuses		44,921		59,908		57,674		8,621
Staff welfare		81,223		76,392		76,689		11,463
Staff severance cost		12,864		107,732		28,018		4,188
Cost of share-based payment		5,301		1,592		—		—
Others		20,340		1,870		8,441		1,262
		1,363,199		1,664,004		1,643,360		245,641

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Income tax expense (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense in the consolidated statement of profit or loss consists of:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
			(Restated)
Current income tax
- Current year		104,149		197,264			209,448			31,307
- Under/(over) provision in respect of prior years		7,175		(2,867	)		(729	)		(109	)
Deferred tax
- Movement in temporary differences		48,946		(225	)		(2,052	)		(307	)
Consolidated income tax expense reported in the statement of profit or loss		160,270		194,172			206,667			30,891

Reconciliation of Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense reported in the consolidated statement of profit or loss differs from the amount computed by applying the PRC income tax rate of 15% (being tax rate of Yuchai) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 for the following reasons:

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
				(Restated)
Accounting profit before tax		896,232			1,514,028			1,181,067			176,538
Computed tax expense of 15% (2017: 15%, 2016: 15%)		134,435			227,104			177,160			26,481
Adjustments resulting from:
Non-deductible expenses		7,039			21,982			5,146			769
Tax-exempt income		(178	)		(58,324	)		(3,634	)		(543	)
Utilization of deferred tax benefits previously not recognized		(5,010	)		(16,687	)		(5,518	)		(825	)
Deferred tax benefits not recognized		9,045			8,084			2,183			326
Tax credits for research and development expense		(34,482	)		(34,428	)		(22,407	)		(3,349	)
Tax rate differential		25,321			21,061			24,437			3,653
Under/(over) provision in respect of previous years current tax		7,175			(2,867	)		(729	)		(109	)
Withholding tax expense		16,925			29,447			30,029			4,488
Others		—			(1,200	)		—			—
Total		160,270			194,172			206,667			30,891

Summary of Deferred Tax

Deferred tax relates to the following:

	Consolidated statement of financial position									Consolidated statement of profit or loss
	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018			31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
										(Restated)			(Restated)
Deferred tax liabilities
Accelerated tax depreciation		(15,122	)		(27,554	)		(4,119	)		373			(4,601	)		(12,432	)		(1,859	)
Unremitted earnings from overseas source income		—			—			—			(25	)		—			—			—
Interest receivable		(774	)		(2,252	)		(336	)		(1,471	)		679			(1,478	)		(221	)
Derivatives not designated as hedges- foreign exchange forward contract		—			—			—			2,326			—			—			—
PRC withholding tax on dividend income (i)		(100,572	)		(106,922	)		(15,982	)		(16,628	)		(29,031	)		(29,842	)		(4,460	)
		(116,468	)		(136,728	)		(20,437	)		(15,425	)		(32,953	)		(43,752	)		(6,540	)
Deferred tax assets
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		12,319			15,943			2,383			(9,005	)		9,443			3,624			542
Write-down of inventories		17,493			16,060			2,400			(4,421	)		(3,716	)		(1,433	)		(214	)
Allowance for doubtful account receivables		7,376			5,177			774			7,196			(1,964	)		(2,199	)		(329	)
Accruals		204,730			204,554			30,576			(46,350	)		18,778			(186	)		(28	)
Deferred income		51,679			95,499			14,275			10,045			6,743			43,820			6,550
Others		21,793			23,974			3,583			9,014			3,894			2,178			326
		315,390			361,207			53,991			(33,521	)		33,178			45,804			6,847
											(48,946	)		225			2,052			307

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  The movement of PRC withholding tax on dividend income is as follows:

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
At January 1		(103,347	)		(100,572	)		(15,033	)
Provision made to consolidated statement of profit or loss		(29,031	)		(29,842	)		(4,460	)
Utilization		31,806			23,492			3,511
December 31		(100,572	)		(106,922	)		(15,982	)

Classification of the Group's Net Deferred Tax Assets

The following table represents the classification of the Group’s net deferred tax assets:

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Deferred tax assets		315,390			361,207			53,991
Deferred tax liabilities		(116,468	)		(136,728	)		(20,437	)
		198,922			224,479			33,554

Deferred Tax Assets That Have Not Been Recognized

Deferred tax assets have not been recognized in respect of the following items:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Unutilized tax losses		479,410		396,232		59,227
Unutilized capital allowances and investment allowances		107,266		107,588		16,082
Other unrecognized temporary differences relating to asset impairment and deferred grants		230,269		222,868		33,312
		816,945		726,688		108,621

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Earnings per share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Earnings Per Share

The calculation of basic earnings per share is based on:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent		525,177		888,809		695,266		103,925
Weighted average number of ordinary shares		40,016,808		40,764,569		40,858,290		40,858,290

Diluted earnings per share

The weighted average number of ordinary shares adjusted for the effect of unissued ordinary shares under the Share Option Scheme is determined as follows:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018
Weighted average number of shares issued, used in the calculation of basic earnings per share		40,016,808		40,764,569		40,858,290
Diluted effect of share options		—		—		—
Weighted average number of ordinary shares adjusted for effect of dilution		40,016,808		40,764,569		40,858,290

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Property, plant and equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Property, Plant and Equipment

	Freehold land RMB’000		Leasehold land, buildings and improvements RMB’000			Construction in progress RMB’000			Plant and machinery RMB’000			Office furniture, fittings and equipment RMB’000			Motor and transport vehicles RMB’000			Total RMB’000
Cost
At January 1, 2017		13,730		2,351,646			336,151			5,049,756			192,461			114,425			8,058,169
Additions		—		1,109			226,977			7,464			16,763			9,120			261,433
Disposal of subsidiary		—		(107,632	)		—			(35,490	)		(12,473	)		(255	)		(155,850	)
Disposals		—		(3,310	)		—			(10,064	)		(3,718	)		(5,481	)		(22,573	)
Transfers		—		81,486			(280,358	)		198,872			—			—			—
Write-off		—		(2,385	)		(1,674	)		(53,792	)		(15,307	)		(599	)		(73,757	)
Translation difference		263		1,954			—			88			2,228			(74	)		4,459
At December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		13,993		2,322,868			281,096			5,156,834			179,954			117,136			8,071,881
Additions		—		2,971			359,574			12,465			20,671			10,214			405,895
Disposals		—		(2,203	)		(2,258	)		(26,142	)		(4,510	)		(4,917	)		(40,030	)
Transfers		—		16,845			(167,900	)		151,055			—			—			—
Write-off		—		(185	)		(1,056	)		(55,709	)		(3,512	)		(4,843	)		(65,305	)
Translation difference		437		2,249			732			199			485			93			4,195
At December 31, 2018		14,430		2,342,545			470,188			5,238,702			193,088			117,683			8,376,636
Accumulated depreciation and impairment
At January 1, 2017		467		642,286			—			3,089,199			124,831			74,201			3,930,984
Charge for the year		—		78,347			—			325,979			21,202			6,039			431,567
Disposal of subsidiary		—		(26,031	)		—			(15,040	)		(9,695	)		(240	)		(51,006	)
Disposals		—		(1,879	)		—			(10,191	)		(1,798	)		(4,733	)		(18,601	)
Write-off		—		(1,377	)		—			(51,087	)		(15,012	)		(599	)		(68,075	)
Impairment loss		—		—			1,055			19,790			—			—			20,845
Translation difference		17		104			—			62			1,998			(32	)		2,149
At December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		484		691,450			1,055			3,358,712			121,526			74,636			4,247,863
Charge for the year		—		77,783			—			338,132			18,832			6,218			440,965	*
Disposals		—		(1,005	)		—			(26,471	)		(3,582	)		(4,555	)		(35,613	)
Write-off		—		(183	)		(1,055	)		(54,686	)		(3,512	)		(4,604	)		(64,040	)
Impairment loss		—		—			—			30,173			—			—			30,173
Translation difference		15		275			—			124			287			45			746
At December 31, 2018		499		768,320			—			3,645,984			133,551			71,740			4,620,094
Net book value
At December 31, 2017		13,509		1,631,418			280,041			1,798,122			58,428			42,500			3,824,018
At December 31, 2018		13,931		1,574,225			470,188			1,592,718			59,537			45,943			3,756,542
US$’000		2,082		235,307			70,281			238,071			8,899			6,868			561,508

* In 2018, RMB 15.3 million (US$ 2.3 million) (2017: RMB Nil) and RMB 5.4 million (US$ 0.8 million) (2017: RMB Nil) were capitalized as intangible assets and contract assets, respectively.

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Investment property (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Statement [LineItems]

Summary of Investment Property

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Cost
At January 1		31,776			32,944			4,924
Translation difference		1,168			1,028			154
At December 31		32,944			33,972			5,078
Accumulated depreciation
At January 1		24,478			25,510			3,813
Charge for the year		248			884			132
Translation difference		784			813			122
At December 31		25,510			27,207			4,067
Net carrying amount		7,434			6,765			1,011
Fair value		10,557			10,886			1,627
Consolidated statements of profit or loss:
Rental income from an investment property		372			437			65
Direct operating expenses (including repairs, maintenance and depreciation expense) arising from the rental generating property		(508	)		(314	)		(47	)

Investment property [member]

Statement [LineItems]

Summary of Fair Value Measurement of Investment Property

The following table shows information about fair value measurement of the investment property using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

	Valuation techniques	Unobservable input	Inter-relationship between key unobservable inputs and fair value measurement
2018	Market comparison and cost method	Comparable price: -  RMB 156 to RMB 428     (US$23 to US$64) per square foot	The estimated fair value increases with higher comparable price
2017	Market comparison and cost method	Comparable price: -  RMB 151 to RMB 415     per square foot	The estimated fair value increases with higher comparable price

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Prepaid operating leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Prepaid Operating Leases

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Current		12,546		12,546		1,875
Non-current		367,270		354,546		52,996
Total		379,816		367,092		54,871
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Cost
At January 1 and December 31		529,577		529,577		79,158
Accumulated amortization
At January 1		137,395		149,761		22,385
Charge for the year		12,366		12,724		1,902
At December 31		149,761		162,485		24,287
Net carrying amount		379,816		367,092		54,871

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Goodwill (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Goodwill

	RMB’000		US$’000
Cost
At January 1, 2017, December 31, 2017, January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018		218,311		32,632
Accumulated impairment
At January 1, 2017, December 31, 2017, January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018		5,675		848
Net carrying amount
At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018		212,636		31,784

Carrying Amount of Goodwill Allocated to Cash-generating Unit

Carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the cash-generating unit:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Yuchai		212,636		212,636		31,784

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Intangible assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Intangible Assets

	Technology know how		Development costs			Total
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
	(Restated)					(Restated)
Cost
At January 1, 2017, December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		—		136,822			136,822
Addition		—		195,879			195,879
Transfer		136,822		(136,822	)		—
At December 31, 2018		136,822		195,879			332,701
Amortisation and impairment
At January 1, 2017		—		86,700			86,700
Charge to consolidated statement of profit or loss		—		40,000			40,000
At December 31, 2017 and January 1, 2018		—		126,700			126,700
Transfer		126,700		(126,700	)		—
At December 31, 2018		126,700		—			126,700
Net carrying amount
At December 31, 2016		—		50,122			50,122
At December 31, 2017		—		10,122			10,122
At December 31, 2018		10,122		195,879			206,001
US$’000		1,513		29,279			30,792

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Other financial liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Other Financial Liabilities

(a) Other liabilities

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Finance lease liabilities (Note 30)		79		48		7
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Current		33		14		2
Non-current		46		34		5
Total		79		48		7

Summary of Loans and Borrowings

(b) Loans and borrowings

	Effective interest rate		Maturity		31.12.2017
	%				RMB’000
Current
Renminbi denominated loans		3.99		2018		1,600,000
Non-current
Malaysian Ringgit denominated loans		5.95		2020		11,685
Singapore Dollar denominated loans(iii)		1.88		2020		14,656
						26,341

	Effective interest rate		Maturity		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	%				RMB’000		US$’000
Current
Renminbi denominated loans		4.26		2019		1,500,000		224,212
US dollar denominated loans(ii)		3.48		2019		501,014		74,889
						2,001,014		299,101
Non-current
Singapore Dollar denominated loans(iii)		2.84		2020		15,078		2,254

Note:    

(i) All loans balances as stated above do not have a callable feature.

(ii) The loan was secured by the Group’s bill receivables of RMB 524.1 million (US$78.3 million).

(iii) The loans comprise:

Issuer bank	Facility limit		Usage
			RMB’000
December 31, 2017
MUFG Bank Ltd	S$	30 million		14,656
December 31, 2018
MUFG Bank Ltd	S$	30 million		15,078
		US$’000		2,254

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Deferred grants (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Deferred Grants

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
At January 1		337,889			353,647			52,861
Received during the year		50,095			282,388			42,210
Released to consolidated statement of profit or loss		(34,337	)		(28,427	)		(4,249	)
At December 31		353,647			607,608			90,822
Current (Note 26)		22,270			22,082			3,301
Non-current		331,377			585,526			87,521
		353,647			607,608			90,822

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Inventories (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Inventories

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Raw materials		1,188,396		1,243,955		185,940
Work in progress		34,924		30,038		4,490
Finished goods		1,349,425		1,243,871		185,927
Total inventories at the lower of cost and net realizable value		2,572,745		2,517,864		376,357

Analysis of Inventory Reserve Accounts

	31.12.2016			31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Inventories recognized as an expense in cost of sales		9,308,265			11,021,960			11,471,988			1,714,771
Inclusive of the following charge/(credit):
- Inventories written down		48,202			17,492			25,194			3,766
- Reversal of write-down of inventories		(53,373	)		(37,393	)		(33,662	)		(5,032	)

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Other assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Other Non Current Assets

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Current
Development properties		23,833		20,267		3,029
Quoted equity securities(i)		24,714		21,876		3,270
Derivative not designated as hedges – foreign exchange forward contract(iii)		—		4,529		677
		48,547		46,672		6,976

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾ The quoted equity securities are listed on the Singapore Exchange.

⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾ On September 19, 2018, Yuchai entered into a non-deliverable forward foreign exchange contract (“NDF”) with China Construction Bank to purchase US$73.0 million at the forward exchange rate (RMB/US$) of 6.8599 on September 13, 2019. The Group accounted for this NDF at fair value through “other operating income” in the statement of profit or loss.

Summary of Other Current Assets

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Non-current
Deferred expenditure(ii)		303		—		—

Note:

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ The deferred expenditure relate to the legal fees for an option to purchase for sale of lands entered with a buyer in 2016 and was transferred to the profit or loss upon completion of sales in 2018.

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Trade and other receivables (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Trade and Other Receivables

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Current
Trade receivables, gross		255,879			438,586			65,557
Less: expected credit losses		(43,775	)		(30,586	)		(4,572	)
Net trade receivables		212,104			408,000			60,985
Bill receivables (i)		6,819,440			6,981,106			1,043,498
Total (Note 7.2, Note 35)		7,031,544			7,389,106			1,104,483
Amounts receivable:
- associates and joint ventures (trade)		13,180			174			26
- associates and joint ventures (non-trade)		49			56,405			8,431
- related parties (trade)		29,573			32,702			4,888
- related parties (non-trade)		7,703			2,156			322
Staff advances		5,107			5,513			824
Interest receivables		4,345			8,220			1,229
Bills receivable in transit		32,013			8,850			1,323
Retention sums (ii)		30,000			—			—
Others		10,705			23,456			3,506
Loans and receivables (Note 35)		132,675			137,476			20,549
Tax recoverable		177,819			140,316			20,974
Prepayments		73,896			118,389			17,696
Net other receivables		384,390			396,181			59,219
Total trade and other receivables		7,415,934			7,785,287			1,163,702
Non-current
Contract assets		—			44,434			6,642
Other receivables (Note 35):
- associates and joint ventures (non-trade)		620			—			—
Total trade and other receivables		620			44,434			6,642

Note:

(i) As of December 31, 2018, bill receivables include bills issued by joint venture and related parties amounted to RMB 18.1 million (US$2.7 million) (2017: RMB 69.8 million) and RMB 16.8 million (US$2.5 million) (2017: RMB 23.8 million) respectively.

As of December 31, 2018, bill receivables of RMB 558.6 million (US$83.5 million) (2017: RMB Nil) are pledged to secure bank facilities.

(ii) Retention sums relate to money deposits in an escrow account pending finalization of tax payable for the disposal of LKNII. In 2018, the retention sums was transferred to a joint signatory account with the buyer of LKNII pending payment of tax payable for the disposal of LKNII.

Movement in the Allowance for Expected Credit Losses of Trade and Other Receivables

Movement in the allowance for expected credit losses of trade and other receivables is as follows:

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
At January 1		54,634			43,775			6,543
Credit to consolidated statement of profit or loss		(10,854	)		(11,052	)		(1,652	)
Written off		(5	)		(2,137	)		(319	)
At December 31		43,775			30,586			4,572

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Cash and cash equivalents (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Cash and Bank Balances

Long-term bank deposits

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Non-current
Long-term bank deposits (i)		70,000		70,000		10,463
Current
Cash and cash equivalents		5,390,324		5,559,890		831,062
Long-term bank deposits (i)		—		70,000		10,463
Short-term bank deposits (ii)		514,074		356,926		53,352
Restricted cash		54,809		71,706		10,718
		5,959,207		6,058,522		905,595
Cash and bank balances		6,029,207		6,128,522		916,058

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  In 2018, YMMC placed two-year time deposits of RMB 70.0 million (US$10.5 million) (2017: RMB 70.0 million) at annual interest rate range from 2.94% to 3.15% (2017: 2.94% to 3.15%) with banks. These long-term deposits are not considered as cash equivalents.

As at December 31, 2018, the two-year time deposits placed in 2017 has remaining maturity period of less than 12-months. Accordingly, this has been classified as current in 2018.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  Short-term bank deposits relate to bank deposits with initial maturities of more than three months and subject to more than insignificant risk of changes in value upon withdrawal before maturity. The interest rate of these bank deposits as of December 31, 2018 for the Group ranged from 1.40% to 3.90% (2017: 1.01% to 1.97%). These short-term bank deposits are not considered as cash equivalents.

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Issued capital and Preference shares (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Issued Capital and Preference Shares

			31.12.2017		31.12.2018
			thousands		thousands
Issued capital
Authorized shares
Ordinary share of par value US$0.10 each				100,000		100,000
			Number of shares		RMB’000
Ordinary shares issued and fully paid
At January 1, 2017				40,712,100		2,059,076
Issued of shares as dividend payment (Note 23)				99,790		12,897
Issued of shares upon exercised of share options (Note 25)				46,400		9,165
At December 31, 2017 and 2018				40,858,290		2,081,138
US$’000						311,077
	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Special share issued and fully paid
One special share issued and fully paid at US$0.10 per share		*		*		*
Non-redeemable convertible cumulative preference shares		21		—		—

* Less than RMB 1 (US$1)

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Dividends declared and paid (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Dividends Declared and Paid

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Declared and paid during the year
Dividends on ordinary shares:
Final dividend paid in 2018: US$0.73 per share (2017: US$0.90 per share)		248,844		197,353		29,499
Special dividend paid in 2018: US$1.48 per share (2017: US$Nil per share)		—		400,106		59,806
		248,844		597,459		89,305
Dividend paid in cash		235,947		597,459		89,305
Dividend paid in shares (Note 22)		12,897		—		—
		248,844		597,459		89,305

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Reserves (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Statutory Reserves

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Statutory reserve
Statutory general reserve (ii)
At January 1		273,438		275,320		41,154
Transfer from retained earnings		1,882		1,378		206
At December 31		275,320		276,698		41,360
General surplus reserve (iii)
At January 1 and December 31		25,706		25,706		3,842
Total		301,026		302,404		45,202

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  In accordance with the relevant regulations in the PRC, Yuchai and its subsidiaries are required to provide certain statutory reserves which are designated for specific purposes based on the net income reported in the PRC General Accepted Accounting Principles financial statements. The reserves are not distributable in the form of cash dividends.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ In accordance with the relevant regulations in the PRC, a 10% appropriation to the statutory general reserve based on the net income reported in the PRC financial statements is required until the balance reaches 50% of the authorized share capital of Yuchai and its subsidiaries. Statutory general reserve can be used to make good previous years’ losses, if any, and may be converted into share capital by the issue of new shares to shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings, or by increasing the par value of the shares currently held by them, provided that the reserve balance after such issue is not less than 25% of the authorized share capital.

⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾  General surplus reserve is appropriated in accordance with Yuchai’s Articles and resolution of the board of directors. General surplus reserve may be used to offset accumulated losses or increase the registered capital.

Summary of Other Components of Equity

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Other components of equity
Foreign currency translation reserve (i)		(82,939	)		(39,215	)		(5,862	)
Performance shares reserve (ii)		19,758			19,758			2,953
Premium paid for acquisition of non-controlling interests		(11,541	)		(11,541	)		(1,725	)
Fair value reserve (iii)		—			(79,948	)		(11,950	)
Total		(74,722	)		(110,946	)		(16,584	)

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  Foreign currency translation reserve represents exchange differences arising from the translation of the financial statements of foreign operations whose functional currencies are different from that of the Group’s presentation currency.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  Performance shares reserve comprises the cumulative value of employee services received in return for share-based compensation. The amount in the reserve is retained when the option is expired.

⁽ⁱⁱⁱ⁾  Fair value reserve relates to the subsequent measurement of the Group’s bill receivables at fair value through OCI.

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Share-based payment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Expense Recognized for Employee Services Received

The expense recognized for employee services received during the year is shown in the following table:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Expense arising from equity-settled share-based payment transactions		5,301		1,592		—		—
Total expense arising from share-based payment transactions		5,301		1,592		—		—

Number and Weighted Average Exercise Prices ("WAEP") of, and Movements in Share Options

The following table illustrates the number and weighted average exercise prices (“WAEP”) of, and movements in share options during the year:

	Number of share options			WAEP		Number of share options		WAEP
	2017			2017		2018		2018
Outstanding at January 1		530,000		US$	21.11 dollar		470,000	US$	21.11 dollar
Exercised during the year		(46,400	)	US$	21.11 dollar		—	US$	21.11 dollar
Cancelled during the year		(13,600	)	US$	21.11 dollar		—	US$	21.11 dollar
Outstanding at December 31		470,000		US$	21.11 dollar		470,000	US$	21.11 dollar
Exercisable at December 31		470,000		US$	21.11 dollar		470,000	US$	21.11 dollar

Fair Value of Share Options and Assumptions

Fair value of share options and assumptions

Date of grant of options	On July 29, 2014
Fair value at measurement date (US$)	5.70 dollar – 6.74 dollar
Share price (US$)	21.11 dollar
Exercise price (US$)	21.11 dollar
Expected volatility (%)	47.4
Expected option life (years)	3.5 – 5.5
Expected dividends (%)	5.81
Risk-free interest rate (%)	1.4 – 2.0

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Trade and other payables (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Trade and Other Current Payables

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
	(Restated)
Current
Trade payables		2,476,447		2,495,482		373,011
Bills payables (i)		2,700,676		2,065,147		308,687
Other payables		366,604		329,632		49,272
Accrued expenses		125,492		168,235		25,147
Accrued staff costs		622,893		666,641		99,646
Refund liabilities (Note 7.2)		717,955		761,521		113,828
Dividend payable		39,786		43,133		6,447
Amount due to:
- associates and joint ventures (trade)		88,085		262,131		39,182
- associates and joint ventures (non-trade)		14,026		66		10
- related parties (trade)		93,161		145,747		21,786
- related parties (non-trade)		31,515		32,034		4,788
Financial liabilities at amortized cost (Note 35)		7,276,640		6,969,769		1,041,804
Other tax payable		51,387		38,823		5,803
Trade and other payables with liquidity risk (Note 32)		7,328,027		7,008,592		1,047,607
Deferred grants (Note 17)		22,270		22,082		3,301
Advance from customers		387		369		55
Total trade and other payables (current)		7,350,684		7,031,043		1,050,963

⁽ⁱ⁾   As of December 31, 2018, the bills payables include bills payable to joint ventures, associates and other related parties amounted to RMB 131.8 million (US$19.7 million) (2017: RMB 63.6 million), RMB 4.2 million (US$0.6 million) (2017: RMB 8.6 million) and RMB 62.8 million (US$9.4 million) (2017: RMB 114.7 million) respectively.

Summary of Other Non-current Payables

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Non-current
Provision for bonus (i)		148,287		160,091		23,930
Deferred income (ii)		8,060		—		—
Other payables (non-current) (Note 32, Note 35)		156,347		160,091		23,930

⁽ⁱ⁾  The provision is not expected to be settled within next 12 months.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ This relates to progress payments received for sale of lands and was transferred to the profit or loss upon completion of the sale in 2018.

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Provision for product warranty (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Provision for Product Warranty

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
	(Restated)
At January 1		169,006			191,814			28,671
Provision made		249,517			224,582			33,569
Provision utilized		(226,709	)		(249,483	)		(37,291	)
At December 31		191,814			166,913			24,949

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Contract liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Contract Liabilities

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
	(Restated)
Unfulfilled maintenance services		115,864		191,728		28,658
Advance from customer		117,465		148,761		22,236
Total		233,329		340,489		50,894
Current		198,570		286,786		42,867
Non-current		34,759		53,703		8,027
Total contract liabilities (Note 7.2)		233,329		340,489		50,894

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Related party disclosures (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Significant Transactions with Related Parties

The following provides the significant transactions that have been entered into with related parties for the relevant financial year.

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
			(Restated)
Sales of engines and materials
- associates and joint ventures		219,724		412,591		439,106		65,635
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		447,509		455,061		406,422		60,750
Purchase of material, supplies and engines
- associates and joint ventures		308,610		914,211		1,192,322		178,222
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		1,028,358		1,221,421		1,589,638		237,610
Purchase of service
- a joint venture		2,121		2,543		—		—
Hospitality, restaurant, consultancy and other service income charged to
- a joint venture		—		14,241		3,456		517
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		13,634		25,728		24,015		3,590
Rental income
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		5,454		4,483		3,886		581
- a joint venture		—		—		1,937		290
Property management service expenses
- an associates		20,976		—		—		—
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		—		22,212		26,547		3,968
Leasing expenses
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		4,715		8,676		25,705		3,842
General and administrative expenses
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		14,309		20,215		21,607		3,230
- HLA (including its affiliates)		6,887		6,913		6,639		992
Delivery, storage, distribution and handling expenses
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		193,258		210,406		228,195		34,109
Purchases of vehicles and machineries
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates)		—		52,443		6,144		918
Purchases of additional shareholding in a subsidiary from
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates) (i)		—		1,335		—		—
Disposal of shareholding in an associate to
- SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates) (ii)		—		1,833		—		—

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  In June 2017, GYAMC acquired 25% of equity interest in Crankshaft from State Holding Company with a purchase consideration of RMB 1.3 million.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  In August 2017, YEMC disposed its 30% equity interest in Property Management to State Holding Company for a consideration of RMB 1.9 million.

Compensation of Key Management Personnel

Compensation of key management personnel of the Group

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Short-term employee benefits		31,975		40,831		39,703		5,935
Contribution to defined contribution plans		415		385		335		50
Cost of share-based payment		4,387		1,294		—		—
		36,777		42,510		40,038		5,985

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Commitments and contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Operating lease [member]

Statement [LineItems]

Future Minimum Lease Payments

Future minimum rentals payable under non-cancellable operating leases as at December 31 are as follows:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Within 1 year
- related parties		5,578		22,020		3,291
- third parties		14,058		11,238		1,680
After 1 year but within 5 years
- related parties		1,724		51,683		7,725
- third parties		14,003		16,759		2,505
After 5 years
- third parties		—		—		—
		35,363		101,700		15,201

Future Minimum Rentals Receivable Under Non-cancellable Operating Leases

Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases as at December 31 are as follows:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Within 1 year
- related parties		184		1,248		187
- joint venture		—		2,308		345
- third parties		1,438		1,391		208
After 1 year but within 5 years
- related parties		268		1,030		154
- joint venture		—		9,087		1,358
- third parties		2,491		1,463		219
After than 5 years
- related parties		1,310		455		68
- joint venture		—		9,272		1,386
		5,691		26,254		3,925

Finance lease [member]

Statement [LineItems]

Future Minimum Lease Payments

Future minimum lease payments under finance lease together with the present value of the net minimum lease payments are as follows:

	31.12.2017				31.12.2018
	Minimum lease payments		Present value of payments		Minimum lease payments				Present value of payments
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Not later than one year		33		33		14		2		14		2
Later than one year but not later than five years		46		46		34		5		34		5
Total minimum lease payments		79		79		48		7		48		7
Less: Amount representing finance charges		*		*		*		*		*		*
Present value of minimum lease payments		79		79		48		7		48		7

* Less than RMB 1 thousand (US$1 thousand)

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Segment information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Segment Information

Year ended December 31, 2016	Yuchai			HLGE			Corporate			Eliminations/ adjustment			Consolidated financial statements
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue
Total external revenue		13,576,842			66,353			—			—			13,643,195
Results
Interest income		51,235			1,919			10,080			(6,251	)		56,983
Interest expense		(73,028	)		(7,706	)		(648	)		6,251			(75,131	)
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		(3,297	)		—			—			—			(3,297	)
Staff severance costs		(12,864	)		—			—			—			(12,864	)
Depreciation and amortization		(467,177	)		(10,744	)		(239	)		—			(478,160	)
Share of profit/(loss) of associates and joint ventures, net of tax		112			(3,724	)		—			—			(3,612	)
Income tax expense		(141,272	)		(2,281	)		(89	)		(16,628	)(1)		(160,270	)
Segment profit after tax		777,393			(4,548	)		(20,255	)		(16,628	)(1)		735,962

Year ended December 31, 2017	Yuchai			HLGE			Corporate			Eliminations/ adjustment			Consolidated financial statements
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Revenue
Total external revenue		16,140,622			57,197			—			—			16,197,819
Results
Interest income		94,760			1,803			11,833			(2,975	)		105,421
Interest expense		(94,794	)		(3,983	)		(270	)		2,975			(96,072	)
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries		—			216,115			—			—			216,115
Gain on disposal of joint venture		—			107,976			—			—			107,976
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		(20,845	)		—			—			—			(20,845	)
Impairment of technology development cost		(40,000	)		—			—			—			(40,000	)
Staff severance cost		(107,732	)		—			—			—			(107,732	)
Depreciation and amortization		(433,921	)		(9,990	)		(270	)		—			(444,181	)
Share of profit of associates and joint venture		9,255			799			—			—			10,054
Income tax expense		(164,578	)		(461	)		(102	)		(29,031	)(1)		(194,172	)
Segment profit after tax		1,004,019			322,160			22,708			(29,031	)(1)		1,319,856
Total assets		19,623,882			451,096			2,440,532			(1,500,451	)		21,015,059
Total liabilities		(9,857,637	)		(66,920	)		(28,026	)		(100,572	)(2)		(10,053,155	)
Other disclosures
Investment in joint ventures		193,476			2,626			—			—			196,102
Capital expenditure		259,068			975			1,390			—			261,433

Year ended December 31, 2018	Yuchai			HLGE			Corporate			Eliminations/ adjustment			Consolidated financial statements			Consolidated financial statements
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Revenue
Total external revenue		16,210,467			52,781			—			—			16,263,248			2,430,942
Results
Interest income		124,653			4,244			18,347			—			147,244			22,009
Interest expense		(107,609	)		(403	)		(327	)		—			(108,339	)		(16,194	)
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		(30,173	)		—			—			—			(30,173	)		(4,510	)
Staff severance cost		(28,018	)		—			—			—			(28,018	)		(4,188	)
Depreciation and amortization		(428,199	)		(5,355	)		(331	)		—			(433,885	)		(64,855	)
Share of profit of associates and joint venture		10,809			825			—			—			11,634			1,739
Income tax expense		(175,956	)		(820	)		(49	)		(29,842	)(1)		(206,667	)		(30,891	)
Segment profit after tax		1,019,776			4,156			(19,690	)		(29,842	)(1)		974,400			145,647
Total assets		20,636,155			441,040			2,081,220			(1,500,451	)		21,657,964			3,237,315
Total liabilities		(10,318,492	)		(55,404	)		(29,592	)		(106,922	)(2)		(10,510,410	)		(1,571,039	)
Other disclosures
Investment in joint ventures		220,176			2,636			—			—			222,812			33,305
Capital expenditure		403,179			2,643			73			—			405,895			60,671

Note:

⁽¹⁾  This relates mainly to the withholding tax provisions for dividends from Yuchai.

⁽²⁾  Included here are mainly the cumulative withholding tax provision for dividends that are expected to be paid from income earned after December 31, 2007 by Yuchai.

Summary of Geographic Information

Revenue from external customers:

	31.12.2016		31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
People’s Republic of China		13,460,634		16,090,726		16,119,896		2,409,515
Other countries		182,561		107,093		143,352		21,427
		13,643,195		16,197,819		16,263,248		2,430,942

Non-current assets

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
People’s Republic of China		4,524,988		4,665,990		697,447
Other countries		94,779		95,443		14,266
		4,619,767		4,761,433		711,713

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Financial risk management objectives and policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Statement [LineItems]

Summary of Information about Credit Risk on Trade Receivables using Provision Matrix

Set out below is the information about the credit risk exposure on the Group’s trade receivables using a provision matrix:

			Trade receivables
					Days past due
As at December 31, 2017	Total		Current		0 – 90 days		91-180 days		181-365 days		>365 days
	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Estimated total gross carrying amount at default		255,879		99,908		59,967		21,623		30,353		44,028
Expected credit loss		43,775		—		—		—		661		43,114

						Trade receivables
								Days past due
As at December 31, 2018	Total			Contract assets		Current		0 – 90 days			91-180 days		181-365 days			>365 days
	RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000
Expected credit loss rate		6.3	%		—		—		0.1	%		—		6.3	%		75.1	%
Estimated total gross carrying amount at default		483,020			44,434		281,250		47,561			25,862		47,209			36,704
Expected credit loss		30,586			—		—		30			—		2,990			27,566

Maturity Profile of Financial Assets and Liabilities Based on Contractual Undiscounted Payments

The table below summarizes the maturity profile of the Group’s financial assets and liabilities based on contractual undiscounted payments.

	1 year or less		2 to 5 years		More than 5 years		Total
As at December 31, 2017	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Financial assets
Trade and bills receivables		7,075,319		—		—		7,075,319
Other receivables, excluding tax recoverable		132,675		620		—		133,295
Cash and bank balances		6,029,207		—		—		6,029,207
Quoted equity securities		24,714		—		—		24,714
		13,261,915		620		—		13,262,535
Financial liabilities
Loans and borrowings		1,624,539		27,874		—		1,652,413
Trade and other payables (Note 26)		7,328,027		156,347		—		7,484,374
Other liabilities		33		46		—		79
		8,952,599		184,267		—		9,136,866

	1 year or less		2 to 5 years		More than 5 years		Total		Total
As at December 31, 2018	RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Financial assets
Contract assets		—		44,434		—		44,434		6,642
Trade and bills receivables		7,419,692		—		—		7,419,692		1,109,055
Other receivables, excluding tax recoverable		137,476		—		—		137,476		20,549
Cash and bank balances		6,128,522		—		—		6,128,522		916,058
Quoted equity securities		21,876		—		—		21,876		3,270
Derivative not designated as hedges – foreign exchange forward contract		4,529		—		—		4,529		677
		13,712,095		44,434		—		13,756,529		2,056,251
Financial liabilities
Loans and borrowings		2,033,519		15,196		—		2,048,715		306,231
Trade and other payables (Note 26)		7,008,592		160,091		—		7,168,683		1,071,537
Other liabilities		14		34		—		48		7
		9,042,125		175,321		—		9,217,446		1,377,775

Foreign currency risk [Member]

Statement [LineItems]

Exposures to Foreign Currency

The Group’s exposures to foreign currency are as follows:

	31.12.2017
	Singapore Dollar			Euro			US Dollar			Renminbi			Others
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Quoted equity securities		24,714			—			—			—			—
Trade and other receivables		725			—			34,727			469			—
Cash and bank balances		418,875			1,486			16,068			—			498
Financial liabilities		(14,715	)		—			—			—			—
Trade and other payables		(13,748	)		(10,857	)		(5,574	)		(35,505	)		(24	)
Net assets/(liabilities)		415,851			(9,371	)		45,221			(35,036	)		474

	31.12.2018
	Singapore Dollar			Euro			US Dollar			Renminbi			Others
	RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
Quoted equity securities		21,876			—			—			—			—
Trade and other receivables		693			25,827			12,149			675			—
Cash and bank balances		220,268			1,166			28,518			31,662			25
Financial liabilities		(15,126	)		—			(501,014	)		—			—
Trade and other payables		(13,952	)		(17,452	)		(7,060	)		(41,828	)		—
Net assets/(liabilities)		213,759			9,541			(467,407	)		(9,491	)		25
US$’000		31,952			1,426			(69,865	)		(1,419	)		4

Risk Sensitivity Analysis

	Profit before tax
	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Singapore Dollar		41,585			21,376			3,195
Euro		(937	)		954			143
US Dollar		4,522			(46,741	)		(6,987	)
Renminbi		(3,504	)		(949	)		(142	)

Equity price risk [member]

Statement [LineItems]

Risk Sensitivity Analysis

A 10% increase/(decrease) in the underlying prices at the reporting date would increase/(decrease) Group’s profit before tax by the following amount:

	31.12.2017		31.12.2018		31.12.2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
Statement of profit or loss		2,471		2,188		327

XML

Capital management (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Capital Structure

The capital structure of the Group consists of debts (which includes the borrowings and trade and other payables, less cash and bank balances) and equity attributable to equity holders of the parent (comprising issued capital and reserves).

	31.12.2017			31.12.2018			31.12.2018
	RMB’000			RMB’000			US$’000
Loans and borrowings (current and non-current) (Note 16(b))		1,626,341			2,016,092			301,355
Trade and other payables (current and non-current) (Note 26)		7,507,031			7,191,134			1,074,893
Less: Cash and bank balances (Note 21)		(6,029,207	)		(6,128,522	)		(916,058	)
Net debts		3,104,165			3,078,704			460,190
Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent		8,334,287			8,395,849			1,254,966
Total capital and net debts		11,438,452			11,474,553			1,715,156

XML

Fair value measurement (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Fair Value Measurement Hierarchy for Assets and Liabilities

Quantitative disclosures fair value measurement hierarchy for assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2017:

			Fair value measurement using
	Date of valuation				Quoted prices in active markets		Significant observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs
			Total		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Assets measured at fair value
Quoted equity securities:
Quoted equity shares – TCL (Note 19)		December 31, 2017		24,714		24,714		—		—

Quantitative disclosures fair value measurement hierarchy for assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2018:

			Fair value measurement using
	Date of valuation				Quoted prices in active markets		Significant observable inputs		Significant unobservable inputs
			Total		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
Assets measured at fair value
Quoted equity securities:
Quoted equity shares – TCL (Note 19)		December 31, 2018		21,876		21,876		—		—
Derivative financial assets:
Foreign exchange forward contract – USD(i) (Note 19)		December 31, 2018		4,529		—		4,529		—
Debt financial assets(ii):
Bill receivables (Note 20)		December 31, 2018		6,981,106		—		6,981,106		—

Note:

⁽ⁱ⁾  Forward currency contracts are valued using a valuation technique with market observable inputs. The most frequently applied valuation techniques include forward pricing, using present value calculations. The models incorporate various inputs including the foreign exchange spot and forward rates.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾  The fair value of the Group’s debt financial assets is measured based on quoted market interest rates of similar instruments.

XML

Financial assets and financial liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Text block [abstract]

Summary of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

	Note		Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		Financial assets at amortised costs		Other financial liabilities at amortized cost		Total
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000
As at December 31, 2017
Financial assets
Quoted equity securities		19		24,714		—		—		24,714
Trade and bill receivables		20		—		7,031,544		—		7,031,544
Other receivables		20		—		133,295		—		133,295
Cash and bank balances		21		—		6,029,207		—		6,029,207
				24,714		13,194,046		—		13,218,760
Financial liabilities
Trade and other payables		26		—		—		7,432,987		7,432,987
Loans and borrowings		16(b)		—		—		1,626,341		1,626,341
Other liabilities		16(a)		—		—		79		79
				—		—		9,059,407		9,059,407

	Note		Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		Financial assets at amortised costs		Fair Value through OCI		Other financial liabilities at amortized cost		Total		Total
			RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		RMB’000		US$’000
As at December 31, 2018
Financial assets
Quoted equity securities		19		21,876		—		—		—		21,876		3,270
Derivative not designated as hedges – foreign exchange forward contract		19		4,529		—		—		—		4,529		677
Trade and bill receivables		20		—		408,000		6,981,106		—		7,389,106		1,104,483
Other receivables		20		—		137,476		—		—		137,476		20,549
Cash and bank balances		21		—		6,128,522		—		—		6,128,522		916,058
				26,405		6,673,998		6,981,106		—		13,681,509		2,045,037
Financial liabilities
Trade and other payables		26		—		—		—		7,129,860		7,129,860		1,065,734
Loans and borrowings		16(b)		—		—		—		2,016,092		2,016,092		301,355
Other liabilities		16(a)		—		—		—		48		48		7
				—		—		—		9,146,000		9,146,000		1,367,096

Schedule of Changes in Liabilities Arising From Financing Activities

Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities

	January 1, 2017		Cash flows			Foreign exchange movement		Translation reserve			Others			December 31, 2017
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000
As at December 31, 2017
Loans and borrowings
- current		894,136		705,109			755		—			—			1,600,000
- non-current		16,270		9,376			879		(184	)		—			26,341
Obligations under finance leases
- current		38		(38	)		—		9			24			33
- non-current		70		—			—		—			(24	)		46
Total liabilities from financing activities		910,514		714,447			1,634		(175	)		—			1,626,420

	January 1, 2018		Cash flows			Foreign exchange movement			Translation reserve		Others			December 31, 2018		December 31, 2018
	RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000			RMB’000		RMB’000			RMB’000		US$’000
As at December 31, 2018
Loans and borrowings
- current		1,600,000		400,320			694			—		—			2,001,014		299,101
- non-current		26,341		(11,756	)		(305	)		798		—			15,078		2,254
Obligations under finance leases
- current		33		(33	)		—			—		14			14		2
- non-current		46		—			—			2		(14	)		34		5
Total liabilities from financing activities		1,626,420		388,531			389			800		—			2,016,140		301,362

XML

Corporate Information - Additional Information (Detail)					1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2014 shares	Apr. 04, 2012	Jan. 16, 2012 shares	Jan. 13, 2012 shares	Dec. 31, 2013	Dec. 31, 2011	Dec. 31, 2018 Subsidiaries JointVenture Associate shares	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2015 shares
Disclosure of Corporate Information [Line Items]
Number of indirectly owned subsidiaries | Subsidiaries							32
Number of directly owned subsidiaries | Subsidiaries							9
Number of joint ventures | JointVenture							4
Number of associate | Associate							1
HL Global Enterprises Limited [member]
Disclosure of Corporate Information [Line Items]
Ownership interest in subsidiary	50.20%	48.90%	48.10%		50.10%	49.40%	50.20%	50.20%	50.20%
Number of preference shares transferred				24,189,170
Percentage of unconverted preference shares transfer to trustee				100.00%
Conversion of convertible preference shares into ordinary shares			24,189,170
Number of shares purchased in open market	465,000
Number of ordinary shares exercise to consolidation									10
Number of ordinary shares exercised into consolidation									1
Number of ordinary shares held upon completion of consolidation exercise									47,107,707
Foreign Shares Of Yuchai [member]
Disclosure of Corporate Information [Line Items]
Number of wholly owned subsidiaries							6
Percentage of issued share capital held by group							76.41%
Number of shares owned by entity							361,420,150
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Group Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of Corporate Information [Line Items]
Percentage of issued share capital held by group							22.09%
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of Corporate Information [Line Items]
Number of wholly owned subsidiaries | Subsidiaries							28
Ownership interest in subsidiary							54.90%	54.90%
Guangxi Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of Corporate Information [Line Items]
Number of wholly owned subsidiaries | Subsidiaries							2
Ownership interest in subsidiary							76.40%	76.40%

XML

Basis of Preparation and Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands							12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2019 USD ($)	Jan. 01, 2019 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2018 USD ($)	Jan. 01, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) Hours km	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥) Hours km	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)		Feb. 28, 2019	Jan. 01, 2019 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Convenience translation exchange rate per US$1.00													6.6901
Estimated useful lives of the investment properties							30 years	30 years
Percentage of shareholder interest							7.70%	7.70%
Contract liabilities, current					¥ 185,914	[1]	$ 42,867		¥ 198,570	[1]					¥ 286,786
Contract liabilities, non-current					27,372	[1]	8,027		34,759	[1]					¥ 53,703
Other operating income							$ 30,663	¥ 205,143	532,117	[1]	¥ 117,954	[1]
Increase (decrease) due to application of IFRS 15 [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Contract liabilities, current					63,900				81,105		63,870
Contract liabilities, non-current					27,400				34,759		27,372
Decrease in provision for product warranty					(69,800)				(98,500)
Increases (decrease) in retained earnings									(13,300)
Increase (decrease) in non-controlling interests									(4,100)
Decrease in revenue									(24,600)		(21,600)
Decrease in selling, general and distribution expenses									(163,000)		(4,100)
Increase (decrease) in cost of sales									134,300		¥ (29,900)
Other operating income									(115,235)
Decrease in other operating income									(115,200)
Decrease in tax expense									¥ (26,000)
Decrease in intangible assets					(31,700)
Decrease in investment in associate and joint venture					(73,100)
Decrease in deferred tax assets					(26,000)
Increase in other receivables and prepayment					50,000
Decrease in trade and other payables					(170,000)
Increase (decrease) due to application of IFRS 15 [member] | Performance obligations [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Increases (decrease) in retained earnings					(68,200)
Increase (decrease) in non-controlling interests					(21,100)
IFRS 16 [member] | Entering into significant commitments or contingent liabilities [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Right-of-use assets	$ 13,400													¥ 89,400
Lease liabilities	16,200													¥ 108,300
Decrease in prepayment	(300)	¥ (1,900)
Decrease in accrued expense	$ (3,100)	¥ (20,800)
IFRS9 [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Decrease in carrying value of bills receivable			$ 20,500	¥ 137,300
Sale of Engines With Service Type Warranties [member] | Increase (decrease) due to application of IFRS 15 [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Increases (decrease) in retained earnings					(16,300)
Increase (decrease) in non-controlling interests					¥ (5,000)
Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Lease term							15 years	15 years
Bottom of range [member] | On-Road Applications Engines [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Warranty claim period							12 months	12 months
Warranty mileage | km							50,000	50,000
Bottom of range [member] | Other Applications Engines [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Warranty claim period							12 months	12 months
Product warranty running hours | Hours							1,000	1,000
Top of range [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Lease term							50 years	50 years
Top of range [member] | On-Road Applications Engines [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Warranty claim period							60 months	60 months
Warranty mileage | km							360,000	360,000
Top of range [member] | Other Applications Engines [member]
Disclosure of Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Line items]
Warranty claim period							28 months	28 months
Product warranty running hours | Hours							3,500	3,500

[1] Restated

XML

Basis of Preparation and Accounting Policies - Estimated Useful Life of Assets (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Freehold buildings [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Estimated useful life of Property, plant and equipment	50 years
Leasehold land, buildings and improvements [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Estimated useful life of Property, plant and equipment	Shorter of 15 to 50 years or lease term
Bottom of range [member] | Plant and machinery [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Estimated useful life of Property, plant and equipment	3 years
Bottom of range [member] | Office furniture, fittings and equipment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Estimated useful life of Property, plant and equipment	3 years
Bottom of range [member] | Motor and transport vehicles [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Estimated useful life of Property, plant and equipment	3.5 years
Top of range [member] | Plant and machinery [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Estimated useful life of Property, plant and equipment	20 years
Top of range [member] | Office furniture, fittings and equipment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Estimated useful life of Property, plant and equipment	20 years
Top of range [member] | Motor and transport vehicles [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Estimated useful life of Property, plant and equipment	15 years

XML

Basis of preparation and accounting policies - Impact on statement of profit or loss (increase/(decrease) (Detail) ¥ / shares in Units, $ / shares in Units, ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥) ¥ / shares	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥) ¥ / shares		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥) ¥ / shares		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2015 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of initial application of standards or interpretations [line items]
Revenue from contracts with customers	$ 2,430,942	¥ 16,263,248	¥ 16,197,819		¥ 13,643,195
Cost of sales	(1,968,764)	(13,171,227)	(12,841,768)	[1]	(10,670,743)	[1]
Gross profit	462,178	3,092,021	3,356,051	[1]	2,972,452	[1]
Other income	30,663	205,143	532,117	[1]	117,954	[1]
Selling, general and administrative cost	(232,360)	(1,554,512)	(1,652,855)	[1]	(1,500,273)	[1]
Operating profit	191,703	1,282,521	1,604,413	[1]	979,527	[1]
Income tax expense	(30,891)	(206,667)	(194,172)	[1]	(160,270)	[1]
Profit for the year	145,647	974,400	1,319,856	[1]	735,962	[1]
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent	103,925	695,266	888,809	[1]	525,177	[1]
Non-controlling interests	$ 41,722	¥ 279,134	¥ 431,047	[1]	¥ 210,785	[1]
Earnings per share
Basic | (per share)	$ 2.54	¥ 17.02	¥ 21.80	[1]	¥ 13.12	[1]
Diluted | (per share)	$ 2.54	¥ 17.02	¥ 21.80	[1]	¥ 13.12	[1]
Assets
Intangible asset	$ 30,792		¥ 10,122	[1]	¥ 50,122		¥ 206,001	¥ 50,122	[1]
Investments in associate and joint venture	33,623		198,287	[1]			224,942	107,126	[1]
Deferred tax assets	53,991		315,390	[1]			361,207	282,212	[1]
Non-current assets	782,810		5,006,080	[1]			5,237,073	5,167,803	[1]
Trade and other receivables	1,104,483		7,031,544				7,389,106
Total current assets	2,454,505		16,008,979	[1]			16,420,891	13,347,943	[1]
Total assets	3,237,315		21,015,059	[1]			21,657,964	18,515,746	[1]
Equity and liabilities
Contract liabilities	8,027		34,759	[1]			53,703	27,372	[1]
Total non-current liabilities	142,174		665,338	[1]			951,160	612,192	[1]
Trade and other payables	1,050,963		7,350,684	[1]			7,031,043	6,552,999	[1]
Contract liabilities	42,867		198,570	[1]			286,786	185,914	[1]
Provision for product warranty	24,949		191,814	[1]			166,913	169,006	[1]
Current liabilities	1,428,865		9,387,817	[1]			9,559,250	7,849,900	[1]
Total liabilities	1,571,039		10,053,155	[1]			10,510,410	8,462,092	[1]
Equity
Retained earnings	910,681		5,996,120	[1]			6,092,549	5,358,037	[1]
Non-controlling interests	411,310		2,627,617	[1]			2,751,705	2,317,982	[1]
Total equity	1,666,276		10,961,904	[1]	10,053,654	[1]	11,147,554	10,053,654	[1]	¥ 9,485,557
Total equity and liabilities	3,237,315		21,015,059	[1]			¥ 21,657,964	18,515,746	[1]
Profit before tax	176,538	¥ 1,181,067	1,514,028	[1]	896,232	[1]
Adjustments:
Profit before tax after adjustments	230,345	1,541,047	1,592,906	[1]	1,382,483	[1]
Changes in working capital
Increase in trade and other payables and contract liabilities	(34,298)	(229,457)	846,175	[1]	849,134	[1]
Cash flows from operating activities	128,734	861,259	1,623,142	[1]	2,409,108	[1]
Net cash flows from operating activities	100,235	670,601	1,420,167	[1]	2,276,087	[1]
Investing activities
Net cash flows from investing activities	$ (11,956)	¥ (79,992)	76,570	[1]	(572,031)	[1]
Increase (decrease) due to application of IFRS 15 [member]
Disclosure of initial application of standards or interpretations [line items]
Revenue from contracts with customers			(24,623)		(21,645)
Cost of sales			134,349		(29,912)
Gross profit			(158,972)		8,267
Other income			(115,235)
Selling, general and administrative cost			(162,998)		(4,087)
Operating profit			(111,209)		12,354
Income tax expense			(25,995)
Profit for the year			(85,214)		12,354
Attributable to:
Equity holders of the parent			(65,113)		9,440
Non-controlling interests			¥ (20,101)		¥ 2,914
Earnings per share
Basic | ¥ / shares			¥ (1.60)		¥ 0.23
Diluted | ¥ / shares			¥ (1.60)		¥ 0.23
Assets
Intangible asset					¥ (31,704)
Investments in associate and joint venture					(73,061)
Deferred tax assets					(25,995)
Non-current assets					(130,760)
Trade and other receivables					50,000
Total current assets					50,000
Total assets					(80,760)
Equity and liabilities
Contract liabilities			¥ 34,759		27,372			27,400
Total non-current liabilities			34,759		27,372
Trade and other payables					(170,000)
Contract liabilities			81,105		63,870			¥ 63,900
Provision for product warranty			(98,492)		(69,844)
Current liabilities			(17,387)		(175,974)
Total liabilities			17,372		(148,602)
Equity
Retained earnings			(13,275)		51,838
Non-controlling interests			(4,097)		16,004
Total equity			(17,372)		67,842
Total equity and liabilities					(80,760)
Profit before tax			(111,209)		12,354
Adjustments:
Gain on disposal of intangible asset			115,235
Profit before tax after adjustments			4,026		12,354
Changes in working capital
Decrease in trade and other receivables			50,000
Increase in trade and other payables and contract liabilities			(4,026)		¥ (12,354)
Cash flows from operating activities			50,000
Net cash flows from operating activities			50,000
Investing activities
Proceeds from disposal of intangible asset			(50,000)
Net cash flows from investing activities			¥ (50,000)

[1] Restated

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Significant Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of changes in accounting estimates [line items]
Carrying amounts of deferred tax assets	$ 53,991		¥ 315,390	[1]	¥ 361,207	¥ 282,212
Increase in profit if all unrecognized deferred tax asset were recognized	23,900	¥ 160,000	182,700
Carrying amounts of inventory provision	$ 14,000		¥ 106,900		¥ 93,600
Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of changes in accounting estimates [line items]
Cash flows derived from forecasts period	8 years	8 years
Top of range [member]
Disclosure of changes in accounting estimates [line items]
Cash flows derived from forecasts period	15 years	15 years

[1] Restated

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Investments in Subsidiaries - Details of Significant Subsidiaries of the Group (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Lmited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Place of business	People's Republic of China
Group's effective equity interest	76.40%	76.40%
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Place of business	People's Republic of China
Group's effective equity interest	54.90%	54.90%
Guangxi Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Place of business	People's Republic of China
Group's effective equity interest	76.40%	76.40%
Guangxi Yuchai Equipment Mould Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Place of business	People's Republic of China
Group's effective equity interest	76.40%	76.40%
Guangxi Yulin Hotel Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Place of business	People's Republic of China
Group's effective equity interest	76.40%	76.40%
Jining Yuchai Engine Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Place of business	People's Republic of China
Group's effective equity interest	76.40%	76.40%
Yuchai Remanufacturing Services Suzhou Co Ltd [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Place of business	People's Republic of China
Group's effective equity interest	76.40%	76.40%
HL Global Enterprises Limited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Place of incorporation	Singapore
Place of business	Singapore
Group's effective equity interest	50.20%	50.20%

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Investments in Subsidiaries - Subsidiary having Non-controlling Interests that are Material to the Group (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Accumulated balances of material NCI	$ 411,310		¥ 2,627,617	[1]			¥ 2,751,705	¥ 2,317,982
Profit allocated to material NCI	$ 41,722	¥ 279,134	¥ 431,047	[1]	¥ 210,785	[1]
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Lmited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Proportion of equity interest held by NCI	23.60%	23.60%	23.60%		23.60%
Accumulated balances of material NCI	$ 382,153		¥ 2,433,117				¥ 2,556,644
Profit allocated to material NCI	37,726	¥ 252,394	270,452		¥ 212,927
Dividends paid to material NCI	$ 20,314	¥ 135,905	¥ 98,941		¥ 83,677

[1] Restated

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Investments in Subsidiaries - Summarized Financial Information Including Goodwill on Acquisition and Consolidation Adjustment But Before Intercompany Eliminations of Subsidiaries with Material Non-controlling Interests (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]	Dec. 31, 2015 CNY (¥)	[1]
Summarized statement of financial position
Current assets	$ 2,454,505						¥ 16,420,891		¥ 16,008,979	[1]	¥ 13,347,943
Goodwill	31,784						212,636	$ 31,784	212,636	[1]	212,636
Current liabilities	(1,428,865)						(9,559,250)		(9,387,817)	[1]	(7,849,900)
Non-current liabilities	(142,174)						(951,160)		(665,338)	[1]	(612,192)
Total equity	1,666,276				¥ 10,053,654	[1]	11,147,554		10,961,904	[1]	10,053,654		¥ 9,485,557
Attributable to NCI	411,310						2,751,705		2,627,617	[1]	¥ 2,317,982
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue	2,430,942	¥ 16,263,248	¥ 16,197,819	[1]	13,643,195	[1]
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year	157,889	1,056,291	1,243,333	[1]	772,356	[1]
Attributable to NCI	43,700	292,356	416,224	[1]	207,561	[1]
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating	100,235	670,601	1,420,167	[1]	2,276,087	[1]
Investing	(11,956)	(79,992)	76,570	[1]	(572,031)	[1]
Financing	(67,193)	(449,525)	280,862	[1]	(1,553,986)	[1]
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Lmited [member]
Summarized statement of financial position
Current assets	2,316,583						15,498,171		14,717,316
Non-current assets, excluding goodwill	736,214						4,925,347		4,693,931
Goodwill	31,784						212,636		212,636
Current liabilities	(1,418,439)						(9,489,499)		(9,327,449)
Non-current liabilities	(123,913)						(828,993)		(530,188)
Net assets	1,542,229						10,317,662		9,766,246
Total equity	1,542,229						10,317,662		9,766,246
Attributable to NCI	382,153						¥ 2,556,644		¥ 2,433,117
Summarized statement of comprehensive income
Revenue	2,423,053	16,210,467	16,140,621		13,576,842
Profit for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year	129,660	867,438	960,359		738,733
Attributable to NCI	37,726	252,394	270,452		212,927
Summarized statement of cash flows
Operating	104,889	701,716	1,435,156		2,329,367
Investing	(49,538)	(331,416)	(215,817)		(293,477)
Financing	(10,011)	(66,975)	221,660		(1,697,173)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$ 45,340	¥ 303,325	¥ 1,440,999		¥ 338,717

[1] Restated

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Investments in Subsidiaries - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Millions			1 Months Ended						12 Months Ended
		Nov. 22, 2017 CNY (¥)	Nov. 30, 2017 CNY (¥)	Oct. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Jun. 30, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016	Nov. 30, 2016	Sep. 30, 2016 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Cash and cash equivalents subject to local exchange control regulations									¥ 4,710,200		$ 749.6	¥ 5,015,200
Goodwill arising from acquisition written off										¥ 1,131
Additional investment in subsidiaries	[1]								¥ 8,279	¥ 9,076
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Company Limited [member] | Sichuan Yuchai Machinery Industry Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Acquisition of equity interest								47.53%
Additional investment in subsidiaries								¥ 8,900
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Company Limited [member] | Hunan Yuchai Machinery Industry Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Acquisition of equity interest				49.00%
Additional investment in subsidiaries				¥ 6,700
Guangxi Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited [member] | Guangxi Yuchai Crankshaft Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Acquisition of equity interest					25.00%
Additional investment in subsidiaries					¥ 1,300
YC Europe Co. Limited [member] | Yuchai [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Percentage of additional equity interests acquired						32.50%				32.50%
Percentage of ownership interest in joint venture						67.50%	35.00%
Jining Yuchai Engine Company Limited [member] | Yuchai [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Acquisition of equity interest			100.00%
Additional investment in subsidiaries			¥ 300
Percentage of ownership control prior to acquisition			100.00%
HL Global Enterprises Limited [member] | Lkn Investment International Pte Ltd and Shanghai Hutai Real Estate Development Co [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Cash consideration, disposal		¥ 395,000

[1] Restated

XML

Investments in Subsidiaries - Assets and Liabilities and Cash Flow Effect of Disposal of Subsidiaries (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Property, plant and equipment (Note 11)		¥ 3,824,018	[1]	$ 561,508	¥ 3,756,542	¥ 4,127,185
Total assets		21,015,059	[1]	3,237,315	21,657,964	18,515,746
Trade and other payables		(7,507,031)		(1,074,893)	(7,191,134)
Provision for taxation		(46,716)	[1]	(10,983)	(73,480)	(47,667)
Deferred taxation		(116,468)	[1]	$ (20,437)	¥ (136,728)	¥ (115,758)
Gain on disposal:
Total consideration less cost of disposal		(182,679)
Gain on disposal of the subsidiaries (Note 8.2(a))		216,115
Total consideration less cost of disposal		(182,679)
Less: Retention sum receivables		30,000
Net cash inflow on disposal of the subsidiaries	[1]	341,602
Lkn investment international pteltd lknii and lknii wholly owned subsidiary shanghai hutai real estate development co ltd [member]
Disclosure of subsidiaries [line items]
Property, plant and equipment (Note 11)		104,844
Trade receivables and other receivables		3,257
Cash and bank balances		9,153
Total assets		117,254
Trade and other payables		(3,737)
Provision for taxation		(44)
Deferred taxation		(588)
Net assets		112,885
Gain on disposal:
Total consideration		395,000
Less: Cost of disposal		(47,532)
Total consideration less cost of disposal		347,468
Net assets derecognized		(112,885)
Realization of foreign translation reserves upon disposal		(18,468)
Gain on disposal of the subsidiaries (Note 8.2(a))		216,115
Total consideration less cost of disposal		347,468
Add: Transaction cost unpaid		33,287
Less: Retention sum receivables		(30,000)
Cash and bank balances of the subsidiaries		(9,153)
Net cash inflow on disposal of the subsidiaries		¥ 341,602

[1] Restated

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Investment in Associates - Summarized Investment in Associates (Detail) - Associates [member] ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of associates [line items]
Share of profit/(loss) of associates, net of tax	$ (9)	¥ (59)	¥ (28)	¥ 456
Carrying amount of investment	$ 318		¥ 2,185		¥ 2,130

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Investment in Associates - Details of Associates (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Sinjori Sdn Bhd [member]
Disclosure of associates [line items]
Principal activities	Property investment and development
Place of incorporation	Malaysia
Place of business	Malaysia
Group's effective equity interest	14.00%	14.00%
Guangxi Yuchai Quan Xing Machinery Company Ltd [member]
Disclosure of associates [line items]
Principal activities	Manufacture spare part and sales of auto spare part, diesel engine & spare part, metallic materials, generator & spare part, chemical products (exclude dangerous goods), lubricating oil
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Place of business	People's Republic of China
Group's effective equity interest	15.30%	15.30%

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Investment in Joint Ventures - Share of Results of Joint Ventures and Carrying Amount of Investment to Joint Ventures (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Share of (loss)/profit of joint ventures, net of tax	$ 1,748	¥ 11,693	¥ 10,082	¥ (4,068)
Carrying amount of the investment	33,305		196,102		¥ 222,812
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd. [Member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Share of (loss)/profit of joint ventures, net of tax	2,633	17,612	17,755	2,039
Carrying amount of the investment	23,270		122,235		155,681
Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co Ltd [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Share of (loss)/profit of joint ventures, net of tax				(4,465)
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Share of (loss)/profit of joint ventures, net of tax	(1,029)	(6,882)	(8,487)
Carrying amount of the investment	8,913		66,513		59,632
Other Joint Ventures [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Share of (loss)/profit of joint ventures, net of tax	144	¥ 963	814	¥ (1,642)
Carrying amount of the investment	$ 1,122		¥ 7,354		¥ 7,499

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Investment in Joint Ventures - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]	Dec. 31, 2015 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Assets classified as held for sale				¥ 89,400
Foreign translation reserve				22,700
Gain on disposal of joint venture		¥ 107,976	[1]
Share of capital commitment						$ 5,700	¥ 38,000		¥ 30,000
Cash and cash equivalents				¥ 3,653,914	[1]	831,062	5,559,890	$ 805,717	5,390,324	[1]	¥ 3,653,914		¥ 3,474,364
People's Republic of China [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Cash and cash equivalents						4,100	27,300		67,200
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd. [Member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Cash and cash equivalents							113,061		199,925
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd. [Member] | Outstanding bills receivables discounted with banks by retain recourse obligation [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Share of outstanding bills receivables						14,600	98,000		0
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd. [Member] | Outstanding Bills Receivables Endorsed To Suppliers by Retain Recourse Obligation [Member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Share of outstanding bills receivables						200	1,700		23,300
Joint ventures [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Cash and cash equivalents						20,145	134,768		312,980
Share of restricted trade receivables						0	0		6,800
Share of restricted cash						11,200	33,800		80,500
Bills receivables						0	0		12,200
Joint ventures [member] | Letter Of Credit Facilities [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Share of restricted cash						$ 200	¥ 700		¥ 0
Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co Ltd [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Gain on disposal of joint venture		¥ 108,000

[1] Restated

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Investment in Joint Ventures - Summary of Value of Asset and Related Reserves of Disposal in Consolidated Financial Statements and Cash Flow Effect of Disposals (Detail) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Disclosure of disposal of business [abstract]
Interest in joint venture, representing asset classified as held for sale		¥ 89,381
Gain on disposal:
Total consideration less cost of disposal		182,679
Interest in joint venture derecognized		(89,381)
Realization of foreign currency translation reserves upon disposal		22,720
Waiver of amount due by joint venture		(8,042)
Gain on disposal of joint venture (Note 8.2(a))		107,976	[1]
Total consideration less cost of disposal, representing net cash inflow on disposal of the joint venture		¥ 182,679

[1] Restated

XML

Investment in Joint Ventures - Interest in Joint Ventures (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
HL Heritage Sdn Bhd [Member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Principal activities	Property development and property investment holdings
Place of incorporation	Malaysia
Percentage of interest held	30.10%	30.10%
Shanghai Hengshan Equatorial Hotel Management Co., Ltd [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Principal activities	Hotel and property management
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Percentage of interest held	24.60%	24.60%
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd. [Member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Principal activities	Manufacture and sale of heavy duty diesel engines, spare parts and after-sales services
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Percentage of interest held	34.40%	34.40%
Guangxi Yineng IOT Science and Technology Co Ltd [Member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Principal activities	Design, development, management and marketing of an electronic operations management platform
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Percentage of interest held	15.30%	15.30%
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Principal activities	Manufacture off-road diesel engines
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Percentage of interest held	38.20%	38.20%
Eberspaecher Yuchai Exhaust Technology Co Ltd [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Principal activities	Application development, production, sales and service on engine exhaust control systems
Place of incorporation	People's Republic of China
Percentage of interest held	37.40%

XML

Investment in Joint Ventures - Summarized Financial Information of Joint Ventures and Reconciliation with Carrying Amount of Investment in Consolidated Financial Statements (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]	Dec. 31, 2015 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Non-current assets	$ 782,810						¥ 5,237,073		¥ 5,006,080	[1]	¥ 5,167,803
Cash and bank balances	831,062				¥ 3,653,914	[1]	5,559,890	$ 805,717	5,390,324	[1]	3,653,914		¥ 3,474,364
Others	6,976						46,672		48,547	[1]	35,559
Total assets	3,237,315						21,657,964		21,015,059	[1]	18,515,746
Non-current liabilities	(142,174)						(951,160)		(665,338)	[1]	(612,192)
Others	(2)						(14)		(33)	[1]	(178)
Total liabilities	(1,571,039)						(10,510,410)		(10,053,155)	[1]	(8,462,092)
Equity	1,666,276				10,053,654	[1]	11,147,554		10,961,904	[1]	¥ 10,053,654		¥ 9,485,557
Investment in joint ventures	33,305						222,812		196,102
Revenue	2,430,942	¥ 16,263,248	¥ 16,197,819	[1]	13,643,195	[1]
Depreciation and amortization	(64,855)	(433,885)	(444,181)		(478,160)
Interest expense	(16,194)	(108,339)	(96,072)		(75,131)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year	157,889	1,056,291	1,243,333	[1]	772,356	[1]
Group's share of loss for the year, representing the Group's share of total comprehensive loss for the year	$ 1,748	¥ 11,693	¥ 10,082		¥ (4,068)
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd. [Member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Non-current assets							755,671		734,270
Cash and bank balances							113,061		199,925
Others							646,751		367,293
Total assets							1,515,483		1,301,488
Non-current liabilities							(46,603)		(13,543)
Loans and borrowings							(51,534)		(13,500)
Others							(942,306)		(842,765)
Total liabilities							(1,040,443)		(869,808)
Equity							475,040		431,680
Proportion of the Group's ownership	45.00%	45.00%	45.00%		45.00%
Group's share of net assets							213,768		194,256
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture							(58,087)		(72,021)
Investment in joint ventures	$ 23,270						155,681		122,235
Revenue		¥ 1,443,238	¥ 1,331,823		¥ 553,878
Depreciation and amortization		(45,254)	(20,831)		(22,087)
Interest expense		(24,605)	(28,663)		(14,012)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		¥ 43,359	¥ 55,982		¥ 4,531
Proportion of the Group's ownership	45.00%	45.00%	45.00%		45.00%
Group's share of profit		¥ 19,512	¥ 25,192		¥ 2,039
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(1,900)	(7,437)
Group's share of loss for the year, representing the Group's share of total comprehensive loss for the year	$ 2,633	17,612	17,755		2,039
Y & C Engine Co., Ltd. [Member] | Significant Joint Ventures [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Investment in joint ventures							155,681		122,235
Group's share of loss for the year, representing the Group's share of total comprehensive loss for the year		17,612	17,755		¥ 2,039
Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co Ltd [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Proportion of the Group's ownership					60.00%
Revenue					¥ 3,674
Depreciation and amortization					(2,797)
Interest expense					(1,337)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year					¥ (6,664)
Proportion of the Group's ownership					60.00%
Group's share of profit					¥ (3,998)
Depreciation arising from fair value adjustment during purchase price allocation					(467)
Group's share of loss for the year, representing the Group's share of total comprehensive loss for the year					(4,465)
Copthorne Hotel Qingdao Co Ltd [member] | Significant Joint Ventures [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Group's share of loss for the year, representing the Group's share of total comprehensive loss for the year					(4,465)
Joint ventures [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Non-current assets	123,767						828,013		766,285
Cash and bank balances	20,145						134,768		312,980
Others	127,916						855,773		390,068
Total assets	271,828						1,818,554		1,469,333
Non-current liabilities	(6,966)						(46,603)		(13,543)
Loans and borrowings	(7,703)						(51,534)		(13,500)
Others	(166,896)						(1,116,548)		(877,585)
Total liabilities	(181,565)						(1,214,685)		(904,628)
Equity	90,263						603,869		564,705
Investment in joint ventures	33,305						222,812		196,102
Revenue	239,730	1,603,818	1,331,823		557,552
Depreciation and amortization	(7,324)	(48,998)	(21,058)		(24,884)
Interest expense	(3,930)	(26,294)	(29,006)		(15,349)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year	5,854	39,162	39,009		(2,133)
Group's share of loss for the year, representing the Group's share of total comprehensive loss for the year	1,748	11,693	10,082		(4,068)
Joint ventures [member] | Significant Joint Ventures [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Investment in joint ventures	32,183						215,313		188,748
Group's share of loss for the year, representing the Group's share of total comprehensive loss for the year	1,604	10,730	9,268		(2,426)
Joint ventures [member] | Other Joint Ventures [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Investment in joint ventures	1,122						7,499		7,354
Group's share of loss for the year, representing the Group's share of total comprehensive loss for the year	$ 144	¥ 963	¥ 814		¥ (1,642)
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Non-current assets							72,342		32,015
Cash and bank balances							21,707		113,055
Others							209,022		22,775
Total assets							303,071		167,845
Others							(174,242)		(34,820)
Total liabilities							(174,242)		(34,820)
Equity							128,829		133,025
Proportion of the Group's ownership	50.00%	50.00%	50.00%
Group's share of net assets							64,415		66,513
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture							(4,783)
Investment in joint ventures	$ 8,913						59,632		66,513
Revenue		¥ 160,580
Depreciation and amortization		(3,744)	¥ (227)
Interest expense		(1,689)	(343)
Profit/(loss) for the year, representing total comprehensive income for the year		¥ (4,197)	¥ (16,973)
Proportion of the Group's ownership	50.00%	50.00%	50.00%
Group's share of profit		¥ (2,099)	¥ (8,487)
Unrealized profit on transactions with joint venture		(4,783)
Group's share of loss for the year, representing the Group's share of total comprehensive loss for the year	$ (1,029)	(6,882)	(8,487)
MTU Yuchai Power Co., Ltd [member] | Significant Joint Ventures [member]
Disclosure of joint ventures [line items]
Investment in joint ventures							¥ 59,632		¥ 66,513
Group's share of loss for the year, representing the Group's share of total comprehensive loss for the year		¥ (6,882)	¥ (8,487)

[1] Restated

XML

Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Summary of Disaggregation of Group's Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers	$ 2,430,942	¥ 16,263,248	¥ 16,197,819	¥ 13,643,195
At a point in time [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers	2,416,464	16,166,390	16,098,876	13,535,410
Over time [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers	14,478	96,858	98,943	107,785
People's Republic of China [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers	2,409,515	16,119,896	16,090,726	13,460,634
Other countries [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers	21,427	143,352	107,093	182,561
Heavy-duty engines [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers	737,573	4,934,435	5,182,930	3,813,500
Medium-duty engines [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers	827,665	5,537,164	5,620,202	5,213,373
Light-duty engines [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers	370,929	2,481,554	2,147,728	1,724,616
Other Products And Services [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers	480,297	3,213,237	3,148,016	2,783,921
Revenue from hospitality operations [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers	$ 14,478	96,858	98,943	107,785
Yuchai segment [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,210,467	16,140,622	13,576,842
Yuchai segment [member] | At a point in time [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,166,390	16,098,876	13,535,410
Yuchai segment [member] | Over time [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		44,077	41,746	41,432
Yuchai segment [member] | People's Republic of China [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		16,119,896	16,073,461	13,436,629
Yuchai segment [member] | Other countries [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		90,571	67,161	140,213
Yuchai segment [member] | Heavy-duty engines [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		4,934,435	5,182,930	3,813,500
Yuchai segment [member] | Medium-duty engines [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		5,537,164	5,620,202	5,213,373
Yuchai segment [member] | Light-duty engines [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		2,481,554	2,147,728	1,724,616
Yuchai segment [member] | Other Products And Services [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		3,213,237	3,148,016	2,783,921
Yuchai segment [member] | Revenue from hospitality operations [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		44,077	41,746	41,432
HL Global Enterprises Limited segment [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		52,781	57,197	66,353
HL Global Enterprises Limited segment [member] | Over time [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		52,781	57,197	66,353
HL Global Enterprises Limited segment [member] | People's Republic of China [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers			17,265	24,005
HL Global Enterprises Limited segment [member] | Other countries [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		52,781	39,932	42,348
HL Global Enterprises Limited segment [member] | Revenue from hospitality operations [member]
Disclosure of disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers [line items]
Total revenue from contract with customers		¥ 52,781	¥ 57,197	¥ 66,353

XML

Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Summary of Contract Balances (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of contract assets liabilities [abstract]
Trade receivables (Note 20)	$ 60,985	¥ 408,000	¥ 212,104	¥ 241,168
Contract assets (Note 20)	6,642	44,434
Contract liabilities (Note 28)	50,894	340,489	233,329	213,286
Refund liabilities (Note 26)	$ 113,828	¥ 761,521	¥ 717,955	¥ 755,092

XML

Revenue from Contracts with Customers - Summary of Contract Balances (Parenthetical) (Detail) ¥ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of contract assets liabilities [abstract]
Transaction prices allocated to the remaining performance obligation	¥ 149.0
Transaction prices expected to be realised	Three years
Contract performance obligations description	According to the business customary practice, the remaining performance obligations (unfulfilled maintenance service) at the year end is expected to be satisfied within 1-3years.

XML

Other Income and Expenses Recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss - Summary of Depreciation and Amortization (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of income statement [line items]
Depreciation and amortization expenses	$ 64,855	¥ 433,885	¥ 444,181	¥ 478,160
Cost of sales [member]
Disclosure of income statement [line items]
Depreciation and amortization expenses	46,751	312,769	307,102	322,289
Research and development expenses [Member]
Disclosure of income statement [line items]
Depreciation and amortization expenses	3,999	26,751	48,291	56,812
Selling general and administrative expenses [member]
Disclosure of income statement [line items]
Depreciation and amortization expenses	$ 14,105	¥ 94,365	¥ 88,788	¥ 99,059

XML

Other Income and Expenses Recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss - Summary of Sales Related Shipping and Handling Expenses Not Separately Billed to Customers (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Selling general and administrative expenses [member]
Disclosure of income statement [line items]
Selling, general and administrative expenses	$ 31,684	¥ 211,971	¥ 208,197	¥ 159,023

XML

Other Income and Expenses Recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss - Summary of Other Operating Income (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Disclosure Of Information On Income Statement [line items]
Interest income	$ 22,009	¥ 147,244	¥ 105,421		¥ 56,983
Dividend income from quoted equity securities	298	1,992	2,532	[1]	943	[1]
Gain on disposal of joint venture			107,976	[1]
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment	1,321	8,835
Government grants	4,819	32,237			41,515
Fair value gain on foreign exchange forward contract	677	4,529
Write-back of trade and other payables			29	[1]
Foreign exchange gain, net	160	1,071
Others	1,379	9,235			18,513
Other operating income	$ 30,663	¥ 205,143	532,117	[1]	¥ 117,954	[1]
Restated [member]
Disclosure Of Information On Income Statement [line items]
Interest income			105,421
Dividend income from quoted equity securities			2,532
Gain on disposal of associate			199
Gain on disposal of joint venture			107,976
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment			11,668
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries			216,115
Government grants			34,337
Fair value gain on quoted equity securities			12,768
Write-back of trade and other payables			29
Foreign exchange gain, net			30,943
Others			10,129
Other operating income			¥ 532,117

[1] Restated

XML

Other Income and Expenses Recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss - Summary of Other Operating Expenses (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Profit or loss [abstract]
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment					¥ 14,020
Foreign exchange loss, net					4,006
Fair value loss on quoted equity securities	$ 513	¥ 3,433			243
Fair value loss on foreign exchange forward contract					140
Goodwill written off					1,131
Others	1,350	9,030	¥ 22,719		3,059
Other operating expenses	$ 1,863	¥ 12,463	¥ 22,719	[1]	¥ 22,599	[1]

[1] Restated

XML

Other Income and Expenses Recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss - Summary of Finance Costs (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Profit or loss [abstract]
Bank term loans	$ 10,689	¥ 71,513	¥ 53,888		¥ 34,477
Corporate bonds					27,581
Bills discounting	5,505	36,826	42,179		13,068
Bank charges	710	4,749	4,367		4,552
Finance lease			5		5
Finance costs	$ 16,904	¥ 113,088	¥ 100,439	[1]	¥ 79,683	[1]

[1] Restated

XML

Other Income and Expenses Recognized in Statement of Profit and Loss - Summary of Staff Costs (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Profit or loss [abstract]
Wages and salaries	$ 175,852	¥ 1,176,465	¥ 1,158,320		¥ 922,847
Contribution to defined contribution plans	44,255	296,073	258,190		275,703
Executive bonuses	8,621	57,674	59,908		44,921
Staff welfare	11,463	76,689	76,392		81,223
Staff severance cost	4,188	28,018	107,732		12,864
Cost of share-based payment			1,592	[1]	5,301	[1]
Others	1,262	8,441	1,870		20,340
Staff costs	$ 245,641	¥ 1,643,360	¥ 1,664,004		¥ 1,363,199

[1] Restated

XML

Income Tax Expense - Summary of Income Tax Expense (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Current income tax
Current year	$ 31,307	¥ 209,448	¥ 197,264		¥ 104,149
Under/(over) provision in respect of prior years	(109)	(729)	(2,867)		7,175
Deferred tax
Movement in temporary differences	(307)	(2,052)	(225)		48,946
Consolidated income tax expense reported in the statement of profit or loss	$ 30,891	¥ 206,667	¥ 194,172	[1]	¥ 160,270	[1]

[1] Restated

XML

Income Tax Expense - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Major components of tax expense (income) [abstract]
Applicable income tax rate	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%
Percentage of withholding tax	10.00%
Deferred tax liability for withholding tax payable	$ 16.0	¥ 100.6		¥ 106.9
Unrecognized deferred tax liability relating to undistributed earnings	$ 37.3	¥ 228.0		¥ 249.2
Unrecognized tax losses expiration period for subsidiaries that have a history of losses	5 years

XML

Income Tax Expense - Reconciliation of Income Tax Expense (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Reconciliation of accounting profit multiplied by applicable tax rates [abstract]
Accounting profit before tax	$ 176,538	¥ 1,181,067	¥ 1,514,028	[1]	¥ 896,232	[1]
Computed tax expense of 15% (2017: 15%, 2016: 15%)	26,481	177,160	227,104		134,435
Adjustments resulting from:
Non-deductible expenses	769	5,146	21,982		7,039
Tax-exempt income	(543)	(3,634)	(58,324)		(178)
Utilization of deferred tax benefits previously not recognized	(825)	(5,518)	(16,687)		(5,010)
Deferred tax benefits not recognized	326	2,183	8,084		9,045
Tax credits for research and development expense	(3,349)	(22,407)	(34,428)		(34,482)
Tax rate differential	3,653	24,437	21,061		25,321
Under/(over) provision in respect of previous years current tax	(109)	(729)	(2,867)		7,175
Withholding tax expense	4,488	30,029	29,447		16,925
Others			(1,200)
Consolidated income tax expense reported in the statement of profit or loss	$ 30,891	¥ 206,667	¥ 194,172	[1]	¥ 160,270	[1]

[1] Restated

XML

Income Tax Expense - Reconciliation of Income Tax Expense (Parenthetical) (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Reconciliation of accounting profit multiplied by applicable tax rates [abstract]
Applicable income tax rate	15.00%	15.00%	15.00%

XML

Income Tax Expense - Summary of Deferred Tax (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax liabilities	$ (20,437)		¥ (116,468)	[1]		¥ (136,728)	¥ (115,758)
Deferred tax assets	53,991		315,390	[1]		361,207	¥ 282,212
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	307	¥ 2,052	225		¥ (48,946)
Accelerated depreciation [Member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax liabilities	(4,119)		(15,122)			(27,554)
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	(1,859)	(12,432)	(4,601)		373
Unremitted earnings from overseas source income [member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income					(25)
Interest receivable [Member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax liabilities	(336)		(774)			(2,252)
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	(221)	(1,478)	679		(1,471)
Derivatives not designated as hedges - foreign exchange forward contract [Member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income					2,326
PRC withholding tax on dividend income [Member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax liabilities	(15,982)		(100,572)			(106,922)
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	(4,460)	(29,842)	(29,031)		(16,628)
Deferred income tax liabilities [member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax liabilities	(20,437)		(116,468)			(136,728)
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	(6,540)	(43,752)	(32,953)		(15,425)
Impairment of property, plant and equipment [Member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax assets	2,383		12,319			15,943
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	542	3,624	9,443		(9,005)
Write-down of inventories [member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax assets	2,400		17,493			16,060
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	(214)	(1,433)	(3,716)		(4,421)
Allowance for doubtful account receivables [Member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax assets	774		7,376			5,177
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	(329)	(2,199)	(1,964)		7,196
Accruals [member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax assets	30,576		204,730			204,554
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	(28)	(186)	18,778		(46,350)
Deferred income [Member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax assets	14,275		51,679			95,499
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	6,550	43,820	6,743		10,045
Others [Member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax assets	3,583		21,793			23,974
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	326	2,178	3,894		9,014
Deferred Tax Asset [member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Deferred tax assets	53,991		315,390			¥ 361,207
Reconciliation of deferred tax (expense) income	$ 6,847	¥ 45,804	¥ 33,178		¥ (33,521)

[1] Restated

XML

Income Tax Expense - Summary of Deferred Tax (Parenthetical) (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Beginning balance		¥ 198,922
Ending balance	$ 33,554	224,479	¥ 198,922
PRC withholding tax on dividend income [Member]
Disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities [Line Items]
Beginning balance	(15,033)	(100,572)	(103,347)
Provision made to consolidated statement of profit or loss	(4,460)	(29,842)	(29,031)
Utilization	3,511	23,492	31,806
Ending balance	$ (15,982)	¥ (106,922)	¥ (100,572)

XML

Income Tax Expense - Classification of the Group's Net Deferred Tax Assets (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Deferred tax assets and liabilities [abstract]
Deferred tax assets	$ 53,991	¥ 361,207	¥ 315,390	[1]	¥ 282,212
Deferred tax liabilities	(20,437)	(136,728)	(116,468)	[1]	¥ (115,758)
Net deferred tax assets	$ 33,554	¥ 224,479	¥ 198,922

[1] Restated

XML

Income Tax Expense - Deferred Tax Assets That Have Not Been Recognized (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [abstract]
Unutilized tax losses	$ 59,227	¥ 396,232	¥ 479,410
Unutilized capital allowances and investment allowances	16,082	107,588	107,266
Other unrecognized temporary differences relating to asset impairment and deferred grants	33,312	222,868	230,269
Deferred tax assets have not been recognised	$ 108,621	¥ 726,688	¥ 816,945

XML

Earnings Per Share - Summary of Earnings Per Share (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥) shares	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥) shares		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥) shares
Earnings per share [abstract]
Profit attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent	$ 103,925	¥ 695,266	¥ 888,809	[1]	¥ 525,177	[1]
Weighted average number of ordinary shares	40,858,290	40,858,290	40,764,569		40,016,808
Diluted effect of share options	0	0	0		0
Weighted average number of ordinary shares adjusted for effect of dilution	40,858,290	40,858,290	40,764,569		40,016,808

[1] Restated

XML

Earnings Per Share - Additional Information (Detail) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Earnings per share [abstract]
Number of employee share option, anti-dilutive	470,000	470,000	530,000

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment - Summary of Property, Plant and Equipment (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance	[1]		¥ 3,824,018
Charge for the year		$ 62,821	420,277	¥ 431,567	[1]	¥ 465,093	[1]
Impairment loss		4,510	30,173	20,845	[1]	3,297	[1]
Ending balance		561,508	3,756,542	3,824,018	[1]
Cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			8,071,881	8,058,169
Additions			405,895	261,433
Disposal of subsidiary				155,850
Disposals			40,030	22,573
Write-off			65,305	73,757
Translation difference			4,195	4,459
Ending balance			8,376,636	8,071,881		8,058,169
Accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			(4,247,863)	(3,930,984)
Charge for the year			440,965	431,567
Disposal of subsidiary				(51,006)
Disposals			(35,613)	(18,601)
Write-off			(64,040)	(68,075)
Impairment loss			30,173	20,845
Translation difference			(746)	(2,149)
Ending balance			(4,620,094)	(4,247,863)		(3,930,984)
Freehold land [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			13,509
Ending balance		2,082	13,931	13,509
Freehold land [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			13,993	13,730
Translation difference			437	263
Ending balance			14,430	13,993		13,730
Freehold land [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			(484)	(467)
Translation difference			(15)	(17)
Ending balance			(499)	(484)		(467)
Leasehold land, buildings and improvements [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			1,631,418
Ending balance		235,307	1,574,225	1,631,418
Leasehold land, buildings and improvements [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			2,322,868	2,351,646
Additions			2,971	1,109
Disposal of subsidiary				107,632
Disposals			2,203	3,310
Transfers			16,845	81,486
Write-off			185	2,385
Translation difference			2,249	1,954
Ending balance			2,342,545	2,322,868		2,351,646
Leasehold land, buildings and improvements [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			(691,450)	(642,286)
Charge for the year			77,783	78,347
Disposal of subsidiary				(26,031)
Disposals			(1,005)	(1,879)
Write-off			(183)	(1,377)
Translation difference			(275)	(104)
Ending balance			(768,320)	(691,450)		(642,286)
Construction in progress [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			280,041
Ending balance		70,281	470,188	280,041
Construction in progress [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			281,096	336,151
Additions			359,574	226,977
Disposals			2,258
Transfers			(167,900)	(280,358)
Write-off			1,056	1,674
Translation difference			732
Ending balance			470,188	281,096		336,151
Construction in progress [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			(1,055)
Write-off			(1,055)
Impairment loss				1,055
Ending balance				(1,055)
Plant and machinery [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			1,798,122
Ending balance		238,071	1,592,718	1,798,122
Plant and machinery [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			5,156,834	5,049,756
Additions			12,465	7,464
Disposal of subsidiary				35,490
Disposals			26,142	10,064
Transfers			151,055	198,872
Write-off			55,709	53,792
Translation difference			199	88
Ending balance			5,238,702	5,156,834		5,049,756
Plant and machinery [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			(3,358,712)	(3,089,199)
Charge for the year			338,132	325,979
Disposal of subsidiary				(15,040)
Disposals			(26,471)	(10,191)
Write-off			(54,686)	(51,087)
Impairment loss			30,173	19,790
Translation difference			(124)	(62)
Ending balance			(3,645,984)	(3,358,712)		(3,089,199)
Office furniture, fittings and equipment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			58,428
Ending balance		8,899	59,537	58,428
Office furniture, fittings and equipment [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			179,954	192,461
Additions			20,671	16,763
Disposal of subsidiary				12,473
Disposals			4,510	3,718
Write-off			3,512	15,307
Translation difference			485	2,228
Ending balance			193,088	179,954		192,461
Office furniture, fittings and equipment [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			(121,526)	(124,831)
Charge for the year			18,832	21,202
Disposal of subsidiary				(9,695)
Disposals			(3,582)	(1,798)
Write-off			(3,512)	(15,012)
Translation difference			(287)	(1,998)
Ending balance			(133,551)	(121,526)		(124,831)
Motor and transport vehicles [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			42,500
Ending balance		$ 6,868	45,943	42,500
Motor and transport vehicles [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			117,136	114,425
Additions			10,214	9,120
Disposal of subsidiary				255
Disposals			4,917	5,481
Write-off			4,843	599
Translation difference			93	(74)
Ending balance			117,683	117,136		114,425
Motor and transport vehicles [member] | Accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [line items]
Beginning balance			(74,636)	(74,201)
Charge for the year			6,218	6,039
Disposal of subsidiary				(240)
Disposals			(4,555)	(4,733)
Write-off			(4,604)	(599)
Translation difference			(45)	32
Ending balance			¥ (71,740)	¥ (74,636)		¥ (74,201)

[1] Restated

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment - Summary of Property, Plant and Equipment (Parenthetical) (Detail) ¥ in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [abstract]
Depreciation capitalized as intangible assets	$ 2.3	¥ 15.3	¥ 0.0
Depreciation capitalized as contract assets	$ 0.8	¥ 5.4	¥ 0.0

XML

Property, Plant and Equipment - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)	[1]	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of detailed information about property, plant and equipment [abstract]
Impairment loss	$ 4,510	¥ 30,173,000	¥ 20,845,000	[1]	¥ 3,297,000
Property, plant and equipment piedged to secure bank facilities			82,700,000				¥ 0
Carrying value of property, plant and equipment held under finance leases	$ 100		100,000				¥ 100,000
Additions of property, plant and equipment under finance leases		¥ 0	¥ 0

[1] Restated

XML

Investment Property - Summary of Investment Property (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of detailed information about investment property [line items]
Beginning balance	[1]		¥ 7,434
Charge for the year		$ 132	884	¥ 248	[1]	¥ 248	[1]
Ending balance		1,011	6,765	7,434	[1]
Consolidated statements of profit or loss:
Rental income from an investment property		65	437	372
Direct operating expenses (including repairs, maintenance and depreciation expense) arising from the rental generating property		(47)	(314)	(508)
Fair value [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about investment property [line items]
Beginning balance			10,557
Ending balance		1,627	10,886	10,557
Cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about investment property [line items]
Beginning balance		4,924	32,944	31,776
Translation difference		154	1,028	1,168
Ending balance		5,078	33,972	32,944		31,776
Accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about investment property [line items]
Beginning balance		3,813	25,510	24,478
Charge for the year		132	884	248
Translation difference		122	813	784
Ending balance		$ 4,067	¥ 27,207	¥ 25,510		¥ 24,478

[1] Restated

XML

Investment Property - Summary of Fair Value Measurement of Investment Property (Detail) - Market comparison and cost method [member]	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Disclosure of significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurement of assets [line items]
Valuation techniques	Market comparison and cost method	Market comparison and cost method
Unobservable input	Comparable price: - RMB 156 to RMB 428(US$23 to US$64) per square foot	Comparable price: - RMB 151 to RMB 415 per square foot
Inter-relationship between key unobservable inputs and fair value measurement	The estimated fair value increases with higher comparable price	The estimated fair value increases with higher comparable price

XML

Investment Property - Summary of Fair Value Measurement of Investment Property (Parenthetical) (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 ¥ / ft² $ / ft²	Dec. 31, 2017 ¥ / ft²
Renminbi [member] | Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurement of assets [line items]
Comparable price per square foot | ¥ / ft²	156	151
Renminbi [member] | Top of range [member]
Disclosure of significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurement of assets [line items]
Comparable price per square foot | ¥ / ft²	428	415
USD [member] | Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurement of assets [line items]
Comparable price per square foot | $ / ft²	23
USD [member] | Top of range [member]
Disclosure of significant unobservable inputs used in fair value measurement of assets [line items]
Comparable price per square foot | $ / ft²	64

XML

Prepaid Operating Leases - Additional Information (Detail) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Disclosure of detailed information about arrangements involving legal form of lease [line items]
Prepaid operating leases pledged to secure bank facilities	¥ 0	¥ 0
Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about arrangements involving legal form of lease [line items]
Land use rights terms	15 years
Top of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about arrangements involving legal form of lease [line items]
Land use rights terms	50 years

XML

Prepaid Operating Leases - Summary of Prepaid Operating Leases (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of detailed information about arrangements involving legal form of lease [line items]
Beginning balance		¥ 379,816
Current	$ 1,875		¥ 12,546	[1]			¥ 12,546	¥ 12,546
Charge for the year	1,902	12,724	12,366	[1]	¥ 12,819	[1]
Non-current	52,996		367,270	[1]			¥ 354,546	¥ 379,636
Ending balance	54,871	367,092	379,816
Cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about arrangements involving legal form of lease [line items]
Beginning balance	79,158	529,577	529,577
Ending balance	79,158	529,577	529,577		529,577
Accumulated amortization [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about arrangements involving legal form of lease [line items]
Beginning balance	22,385	149,761	137,395
Charge for the year	1,902	12,724	12,366
Ending balance	$ 24,287	¥ 162,485	¥ 149,761		¥ 137,395

[1] Restated

XML

Goodwill - Summary of Goodwill (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 USD ($)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in goodwill [line items]
Beginning balance	$ 31,784	¥ 212,636	[1]	¥ 212,636	[1]
Ending balance	31,784	212,636		212,636	[1]		¥ 212,636	[1]
Cost [member]
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in goodwill [line items]
Beginning balance	32,632	218,311				$ 32,632	218,311
Ending balance	32,632	218,311		218,311
Accumulated impairment [member]
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in goodwill [line items]
Beginning balance	848	5,675				$ 848	¥ 5,675
Ending balance	$ 848	¥ 5,675		¥ 5,675

[1] Restated

XML

Goodwill - Carrying Amount of Goodwill Allocated to Cash-generating Unit (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in goodwill [line items]
Goodwill	$ 31,784	¥ 212,636	$ 31,784	¥ 212,636	[1]	¥ 212,636
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Lmited [member]
Disclosure of reconciliation of changes in goodwill [line items]
Goodwill	$ 31,784	¥ 212,636		¥ 212,636

[1] Restated

XML

Goodwill - Additional Information (Detail) - CNY (¥)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2016	Dec. 31, 2017
Disclosure of information for cash-generating units [line items]
Pre-tax discount rate applied to cash flow projection	26.30%
Impairment on goodwill		¥ 1,131,000
Long term rates used to extrapolate the budget	6.30%		6.50%
Percentage decrease in demand that would result in an impairment	1.00%		2.37%
Pre-tax discount rate that would result in an impairment	14.28%		14.82%
Long term growth rate that would result in an impairment	5.77%		2.98%
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Company Lmited [member]
Disclosure of information for cash-generating units [line items]
Pre-tax discount rate applied to cash flow projection	13.96%		12.84%
Impairment on goodwill	¥ 0

XML

Intangible Assets - Summary of Intangible Assets (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Beginning balance		¥ 10,122	[1]	¥ 50,122
Ending balance	$ 30,792	206,001		10,122	[1]
Technology know how [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Ending balance	1,513	10,122
Intangible assets under development [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Beginning balance		10,122		50,122
Ending balance	$ 29,279	195,879		10,122
Cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Beginning balance		136,822		136,822
Addition		195,879
Ending balance		332,701		136,822
Cost [member] | Technology know how [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Transfer		136,822
Ending balance		136,822
Cost [member] | Intangible assets under development [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Beginning balance		136,822		136,822
Addition		195,879
Transfer		(136,822)
Ending balance		195,879		136,822
Accumulated impairment [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Beginning balance		126,700		86,700
Charge to consolidated statement of profit or loss				40,000
Ending balance		126,700		126,700
Accumulated impairment [member] | Technology know how [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Transfer		126,700
Ending balance		126,700
Accumulated impairment [member] | Intangible assets under development [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Beginning balance		126,700		86,700
Charge to consolidated statement of profit or loss				40,000
Transfer		¥ (126,700)
Ending balance				¥ 126,700

[1] Restated

XML

Intangible Assets - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2015 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2014 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Intangible asset, carrying amount		¥ 10,122,000	[1]	¥ 50,122,000			$ 30,792	¥ 206,001,000	¥ 50,122,000
Impairment charge		¥ 40,000,000
Pre-tax discount rate	13.96%
Estimated revenue growth rate	5.00%
Pre-tax discount rate that would result in an impairment		14.82%					14.28%	14.28%
Increase decrease in impairment charge	¥ 0.033
Estimation of future business projection	The Group used a 11 years forecast which is based on the financial budgets approved by the senior management covering 8 years' period from 2019 to 2026, and a further 3 years of forecast with no terminal value. Management has assessed the useful life of the development costs to be 10 years commencing from 2020, the year which National VI and Tier 4 emission standards are expected to be implemented.
Pre-tax discount rate applied to cash flow projection							26.30%	26.30%
Technology development cost [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Intangible asset, carrying amount							$ 29,300	¥ 195,900,000
Jining Yuchai Engine Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [line items]
Intangible asset, carrying amount		¥ 10,100,000		0
Impairment charge	¥ 0	¥ 40,000,000		¥ 0	¥ 26,700,000	¥ 60,000,000
Expected useful life of intangible assets		Expected useful life of the intangible assets from 15 years to 10 years
Pre-tax discount rate		13.69%
Intangible assets life forecast		10 years
Description of commercial deployment of business		The revised business plan projected 6 years, year 2023 to reach the commercial deployment of the technology. The revenue growth rate is estimated at 15.6% in 2023 and thereafter management assumed no revenue growth from 2024 to 2027.
Estimated revenue growth rate		15.60%
Pre-tax discount rate that would result in an impairment							1.00%	1.00%
Increase decrease in impairment charge		¥ 6,700,000

[1] Restated

XML

Other Financial Liabilities - Summary of Other Financial Liabilities (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Subclassifications of assets, liabilities and equities [abstract]
Finance lease liabilities (Note 30)	$ 7	¥ 48	¥ 79
Current	2	14	33	[1]	¥ 178
Non-current	5	34	46	[1]	¥ 70
Total	$ 7	¥ 48	¥ 79

[1] Restated

XML

Other financial liabilities - Summary of Loans and Borrowings (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Non-current borrowings	$ 2,254	¥ 26,341	[1]	¥ 15,078	¥ 16,270
Current borrowings	$ 299,101	1,600,000	[1]	¥ 2,001,014	¥ 894,136
Non-current borrowings [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Non-current borrowings		¥ 26,341
Non-current borrowings [member] | Malaysian Ringgits [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Effective interest rate		5.95%
Maturity		2020
Non-current borrowings		¥ 11,685
Non-current borrowings [member] | Singapore dollar [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Effective interest rate	2.84%	1.88%		2.84%
Maturity	2020	2020
Non-current borrowings	$ 2,254	¥ 14,656		¥ 15,078
Current borrowings [member] | Renminbi [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Effective interest rate	4.26%	3.99%		4.26%
Maturity	2019	2018
Current borrowings	$ 224,212	¥ 1,600,000		¥ 1,500,000
Current borrowings [member] | USD [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Effective interest rate	3.48%			3.48%
Maturity	2019
Current borrowings	$ 74,889			¥ 501,014
MUFG Bank Ltd [member] | Singapore dollar [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Non-current borrowings	$ 2,254	¥ 14,656		¥ 15,078

[1] Restated

XML

Other financial liabilities - Summary of Loans and Borrowings (Parenthetical) (Detail) ¥ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2018 SGD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 SGD ($)
Current borrowings [member] | USD [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Bill receivables pledged to secured loan		$ 78,300,000	¥ 524.1
MUFG Bank Ltd [member] | Singapore dollar [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Facility limit	$ 30,000,000	$ 0		$ 30,000,000

XML

Other Financial Liabilities - Additional Information (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 SGD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Jun. 01, 2018 SGD ($)	Mar. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Mar. 30, 2017 SGD ($)
DBS Bank Ltd [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Refinancing of uncommitted multi-currency revolving credit facility			$ 30,000,000
Credit facility maturity period	Three years
Ownership interest in the entity, percentage	76.40%
DBS Bank Ltd [member] | Hong Leong Asia Limited [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Ownership interest in the entity, percentage	35.00%
DBS Bank Ltd [member] | Top of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Credit facility with bank	$ 30,000,000
Consolidated tangible net worth ratio	100.00%	100.00%
DBS Bank Ltd [member] | Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Consolidated tangible net worth		$ 350,000,000
Credit facility with MUFG Singapore Branch [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Credit facility maturity period	Three years
Refinancing of unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility					$ 30,000,000
Credit facility with MUFG Singapore Branch [member] | Top of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Consolidated tangible net worth ratio	200.00%	200.00%
Facility limit	$ 30,000,000
Credit facility with MUFG Singapore Branch [member] | Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Consolidated tangible net worth		$ 120,000,000
Sumitomo branch [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Credit facility maturity period	Three years
Refinancing of uncommitted and unsecured multi-currency revolving credit facility				$ 30,000,000
Sumitomo branch [Member] | Top of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Consolidated tangible net worth ratio	200.00%	200.00%
Facility limit		$ 30,000,000
Sumitomo branch [Member] | Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about borrowings [line items]
Consolidated tangible net worth		$ 200,000,000

XML

Deferred Grants - Summary of Deferred Grants (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Subclassifications of assets, liabilities and equities [abstract]
Beginning balance	$ 52,861	¥ 353,647	¥ 337,889
Received during the year	42,210	282,388	50,095
Released to consolidated statement of profit or loss	(4,249)	(28,427)	(34,337)
Ending balance	90,822	¥ 607,608	353,647
Current (Note 26)	3,301		22,270		¥ 22,082
Non-current	$ 87,521		¥ 331,377	[1]	¥ 585,526	¥ 315,950

[1] Restated

XML

Inventories - Summary of Inventories (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Classes of current inventories [abstract]
Raw materials	$ 185,940	¥ 1,243,955	¥ 1,188,396
Work in progress	4,490	30,038	34,924
Finished goods	185,927	1,243,871	1,349,425
Total inventories at the lower of cost and net realizable value	$ 376,357	¥ 2,517,864	¥ 2,572,745	[1]	¥ 1,663,879

[1] Restated

XML

Inventories - Summary of Analysis of Inventory Reserve Accounts (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Write-downs (reversals of write-downs) of inventories [abstract]
Inventories recognized as an expense in cost of sales	$ 1,714,771	¥ 11,471,988	¥ 11,021,960	¥ 9,308,265
Inventories written down	3,766	25,194	17,492	48,202
Reversal of write-down of inventories	$ (5,032)	¥ (33,662)	¥ (37,393)	¥ (53,373)

XML

Other Current Assets - Summary of Other Current Assets (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Miscellaneous current assets [abstract]
Development properties	$ 3,029	¥ 20,267	¥ 23,833
Quoted equity securities	3,270	21,876	24,714
Derivative not designated as hedges - foreign exchange forward contract	677	4,529
Total	$ 6,976	¥ 46,672	¥ 48,547	[1]	¥ 35,559

[1] Restated

XML

Other Current Assets - Summary of Other Non Current Assets (Detail) ¥ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Non-current
Deferred expenditure	¥ 303

XML

Other Current Assets - Summary of Other Current Assets (Parenthetical) (Detail) - Forward contract [member] $ in Millions	Sep. 13, 2019	Sep. 19, 2018 USD ($)
Other Current Assets [line items]
Non-deliverable forward foreign exchange contract		$ 73.0
Exchange rate	6.8599

XML

Trade and Other Receivables - Summary of Trade and Other Receivables (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Current
Trade receivables, gross	$ 65,557	¥ 438,586	¥ 255,879
Less: expected credit losses	(4,572)	(30,586)	(43,775)
Net trade receivables	60,985	408,000	212,104
Bill receivables	1,043,498	6,981,106	6,819,440
Total (Note 7.2, Note 35)	1,104,483	7,389,106	7,031,544
Current receivables from associates and joint ventures (trade)	26	174	13,180
Current receivables from associates and joint ventures (non-trade)	8,431	56,405	49
Current receivables from related parties (trade)	4,888	32,702	29,573
Current receivables from related parties (non-trade)	322	2,156	7,703
Staff advances	824	5,513	5,107
Interest receivables	1,229	8,220	4,345
Bills receivable in transit	1,323	8,850	32,013
Retention sums			30,000
Others	3,506	23,456	10,705
Loans and receivables (Note 35)	20,549	137,476	132,675
Tax recoverable	20,974	140,316	177,819
Prepayments	17,696	118,389	73,896
Net other receivables	59,219	396,181	384,390
Total trade and other receivables	1,163,702	7,785,287	7,415,934	[1]	¥ 7,493,621
Non-current
Contract assets	6,642	44,434
Other receivables (Note 35):
Other receivables - associates and joint ventures (non-trade)			620
Total trade and other receivables	$ 6,642	¥ 44,434	¥ 620

[1] Restated

XML

Trade and Other Receivables - Summary of Trade and Other Receivables (Parenthetical) (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of trade and other receivables [line items]
Bills receivable	$ 1,043,498	¥ 6,981,106	¥ 6,819,440
Secured bank facilities [member]
Disclosure of trade and other receivables [line items]
Bills receivable	83,500	558,600	0
Joint ventures [member]
Disclosure of trade and other receivables [line items]
Bills receivable	2,700	18,100	69,800
Other related parties [member]
Disclosure of trade and other receivables [line items]
Bills receivable	$ 2,500	¥ 16,800	¥ 23,800

XML

Trade and Other Receivables - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of trade and other receivables [line items]
Trade receivables payment terms	60 days
Outstanding bills receivable discounted with banks by retaining recourse obligation	$ 190,200	¥ 1,272,400,000	¥ 1,505,800,000
Outstanding bills receivable endorsed to suppliers with recourse obligation	243,300	1,627,500,000	1,316,100,000
Gross trade receivables	65,557	438,586,000	255,879,000
Unsecured loans [member]
Disclosure of trade and other receivables [line items]
Non-trade receivable due from joint ventures	$ 7,500	¥ 50,000,000	0
Unsecured interest rate	4.35%	4.35%
Dongfeng companies [member]
Disclosure of trade and other receivables [line items]
Gross trade receivables	$ 8,100	¥ 54,100,000	¥ 24,600,000
Top of range [member]
Disclosure of trade and other receivables [line items]
Bills receivables discounted maturity period	12 months

XML

Trade and Other Receivables - Movement in the Allowance for Expected Credit Losses of Trade and Other Receivables (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Reconciliation of changes in allowance account for credit losses of financial assets [abstract]
Beginning balance	$ 6,543	¥ 43,775	¥ 54,634
Credit to consolidated statement of profit or loss	(1,652)	(11,052)	(10,854)
Written off	(319)	(2,137)	(5)
Ending balance	$ 4,572	¥ 30,586	¥ 43,775

XML

Cash and Cash Equivalents - Summary of Cash and Bank Balances (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)	[1]	Dec. 31, 2015 CNY (¥)	[1]
Non-current
Long-term bank deposits	$ 10,463	¥ 70,000		¥ 70,000	[1]
Current
Cash and cash equivalents	831,062	5,559,890	$ 805,717	5,390,324	[1]	¥ 3,653,914		¥ 3,653,914		¥ 3,474,364
Long-term bank deposits	10,463	70,000
Short-term bank deposits	53,352	356,926		514,074	[1]	363,043
Restricted cash	10,718	71,706		54,809	[1]	¥ 36,000
Total	905,595	6,058,522		5,959,207
Cash and bank balances	$ 916,058	¥ 6,128,522		¥ 6,029,207

[1] Restated

XML

Cash and Cash Equivalents - Summary of Cash and Bank Balances (Parenthetical) (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of detailed cash and cash equivalents short term bank deposits current restricted cash and long term bank deposits [line items]
Long-term bank deposits	$ 10,463	¥ 70,000	[1]	¥ 70,000
Long term deposits maturity	12 months
Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of detailed cash and cash equivalents short term bank deposits current restricted cash and long term bank deposits [line items]
Long-term bank deposits	$ 10,500	¥ 70,000		¥ 70,000
Long term deposits maturity	2 years
Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed cash and cash equivalents short term bank deposits current restricted cash and long term bank deposits [line items]
Interest rate short term bank deposit	1.40%	1.01%
Bottom of range [member] | Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of detailed cash and cash equivalents short term bank deposits current restricted cash and long term bank deposits [line items]
Interest rate long term bank deposit	2.94%	2.94%
Top of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed cash and cash equivalents short term bank deposits current restricted cash and long term bank deposits [line items]
Interest rate short term bank deposit	3.90%	1.97%
Top of range [member] | Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Monopoly Development Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of detailed cash and cash equivalents short term bank deposits current restricted cash and long term bank deposits [line items]
Interest rate long term bank deposit	3.15%	3.15%

[1] Restated

XML

Cash and Cash Equivalents - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of detailed cash and cash equivalents short term bank deposits current restricted cash and long term bank deposits [line items]
Long term deposits maturity	12 months	12 months
Restricted cash used as collateral by the banks for the issuance of bills to suppliers	$ 4,700,000		¥ 45.3		¥ 31.6
Restricted money relates to retention money deposited in a joint signatory account with the buyer of subsidiaries	6,000,000		9.5		40.1
Undrawn borrowing facilities	$ 73,700,000		474.4		¥ 492.8
Loan commitment fee incurred | ¥		¥ 0.2	¥ 0.2	¥ 0.4
Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed cash and cash equivalents short term bank deposits current restricted cash and long term bank deposits [line items]
Interest rate on bank deposits	1.30%		0.87%		1.30%
Top of range [member]
Disclosure of detailed cash and cash equivalents short term bank deposits current restricted cash and long term bank deposits [line items]
Interest rate on bank deposits	3.28%		3.28%		3.28%
Loan commitment fee incurred | $	$ 100,000

XML

Issued Capital and Preference Shares - Summary of Issued Capital and Preference Shares (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥) shares		Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥) shares
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Ending balance	$ 311,077	¥ 2,081,138		$ 311,077	¥ 2,081,138	[1]
Ordinary shares issued and fully paid
Beginning balance	40,858,290	40,858,290		40,712,100	40,712,100
Shares issued during the year	0	0		99,790	99,790
Issued of shares upon exercised of share options (Note 25)	0	0		46,400	46,400
Ending balance	40,858,290	40,858,290		40,858,290	40,858,290
Equity
Beginning balance	$ 311,077	¥ 2,081,138	[1]		¥ 2,059,076
Issued of shares as dividend payment (Note 23) | ¥		0			12,897
Issued of shares upon exercised of share options (Note 25) | ¥		0			9,165
Ending balance	$ 311,077	¥ 2,081,138		$ 311,077	¥ 2,081,138	[1]
One special share issued and fully paid at US$0.10 per share	Less than RMB 1 thousand(US$1 thousand)	Less than RMB 1 thousand(US$1 thousand)		Less than RMB 1 thousand(US$1 thousand)	Less than RMB 1 thousand(US$1 thousand)
Non-redeemable convertible cumulative preference shares | ¥					¥ 21
Ordinary shares [member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Ordinary share of par value US$0.10 each	100,000,000	100,000,000			100,000,000

[1] Restated

XML

Issued Capital and Preference Shares - Summary of Issued Capital and Preference Shares (Parenthetical) (Detail)	Dec. 31, 2018 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2018 ¥ / shares	Dec. 31, 2017 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2017 ¥ / shares
Ordinary shares [member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Par value | (per share)	$ 0.10	¥ 0.10	$ 0.10	¥ 0.10

XML

Issued Capital and Preference Shares - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ / shares in Units, $ / shares in Units, ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands				12 Months Ended
	Jul. 13, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jul. 13, 2017 CNY (¥) shares	Jul. 04, 2006 $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥) shares	Dec. 31, 2017 $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2016 $ / shares $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2018 ¥ / shares	Dec. 31, 2017 ¥ / shares	Dec. 31, 2016 $ / shares shares
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Dividend paid per share | $ / shares	$ 0.90			$ 2.21			$ 0.90	$ 0.85
Dividend paid in form of cash	$ 34,700			$ 89,305	¥ 597,459	¥ 235,947
Dividend paid in form of shares	99,790	99,790
Weighted average trading price per share | $ / shares	$ 19.0329
Total value of dividend paid in shares | ¥		¥ 12,900				¥ 12,897
Number of shares issued upon exercise of share options				0	0	46,400
Ordinary shares [member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Issue price per share | (per share)				$ 0.10			$ 0.10		¥ 0.10	¥ 0.10
Ordinary shares [member] | Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Number of special share shall cease to carry any rights in event by HLA						7,290,000
Preference share [member] | HL Global Enterprises Limited [member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
NCCPS issued			197,141,190
Issue price per share | $ / shares			$ 0.02					$ 0.02
Number of shares converted to ordinary shares in subsidiaries capital			197,011,794					28,998
Ordinary share issued pursuant to conversion of NCCPS								2,899			2,899
Issue price per share | $ / shares											$ 0.02
NCCPS conversion ratio				10.00%	10.00%			10.00%
Equity incentive plan [member]
Disclosure of classes of share capital [line items]
Number of shares issued upon exercise of share options						46,400

XML

Dividends Declared and Paid - Summary of Dividends Declared and Paid (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands			12 Months Ended
	Jul. 13, 2017 USD ($)	Jul. 13, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of dividends declared and paid on ordinary capital [line items]
Dividends on ordinary shares			$ 89,305	¥ 597,459	¥ 248,844	¥ 221,549
Dividend paid in cash	$ 34,700		89,305	597,459	235,947
Dividend paid in shares (Note 22)		¥ 12,900			12,897
Final dividend [member]
Disclosure of dividends declared and paid on ordinary capital [line items]
Dividends on ordinary shares			29,499	197,353	¥ 248,844
Special dividend [member]
Disclosure of dividends declared and paid on ordinary capital [line items]
Dividends on ordinary shares			$ 59,806	¥ 400,106

XML

Dividends Declared and Paid - Summary of Dividends Declared and Paid (Parenthetical) (Detail) - $ / shares		12 Months Ended
	Jul. 13, 2017	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017	Dec. 31, 2016
Disclosure of dividends declared and paid on ordinary capital [line items]
Dividends on ordinary shares, per share	$ 0.90	$ 2.21	$ 0.90	$ 0.85
Final dividend [member]
Disclosure of dividends declared and paid on ordinary capital [line items]
Dividends on ordinary shares, per share		0.73	$ 0.90
Special dividend [member]
Disclosure of dividends declared and paid on ordinary capital [line items]
Dividends on ordinary shares, per share		$ 1.48

XML

Reserves - Summary of Statutory Reserves (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of reserves within equity [line items]
Beginning balance	[1]		¥ 301,026
Ending balance		$ 45,202	302,404	¥ 301,026	[1]
Statutory general reserve [member]
Disclosure of reserves within equity [line items]
Beginning balance		41,154	275,320	273,438
Transfer from retained earnings		206	1,378	1,882
Ending balance		41,360	276,698	275,320
General surplus reserve [member]
Disclosure of reserves within equity [line items]
Beginning balance		3,842	25,706	25,706
Ending balance		$ 3,842	¥ 25,706	¥ 25,706

[1] Restated

XML

Reserves - Summary of Statutory Reserves (Parenthetical) (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Disclosure of reserves within equity [line items]
Appropriation of net income to the statutory general reserve	10.00%
Percentage of certain statutory general reserve balance with share capital	50.00%
Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of reserves within equity [line items]
Minimum statutory general reserval balance with share capital	25.00%

XML

Reserves - Summary of Other Components of Equity (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of other components of equity [line items]
Other components of equity	$ 16,584	¥ 110,946	¥ 74,722	[1]	¥ 11,560
Foreign currency translation reserve [member]
Disclosure of other components of equity [line items]
Other components of equity	(5,862)	(39,215)	(82,939)
Performance shares reserves [member]
Disclosure of other components of equity [line items]
Other components of equity	2,953	19,758	19,758
Premium paid for acquisition of non-controlling interests [member]
Disclosure of other components of equity [line items]
Other components of equity	(1,725)	(11,541)	¥ (11,541)
Reserve of gains and losses on financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income [member]
Disclosure of other components of equity [line items]
Other components of equity	$ (11,950)	¥ (79,948)

[1] Restated

XML

Share-based Payment - Additional Information (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) yr	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) yr
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Equity incentive plan period	10 years
Exercise price for options outstanding | $	$ 21.11	$ 21.11
Weighted average remaining contractual life for the share options outstanding | yr	5.6	6.6
One year after date of grant [member] | Top of range [member]
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Share-based payment vesting percentage	33.00%
Two years after date of grant [member] | Top of range [member]
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Share-based payment vesting percentage	66.00%
Three years after date of grant [member] | Top of range [member]
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Share-based payment vesting percentage	100.00%

XML

Share-based Payment - Expense Recognized for Employee Services Received (Detail) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017		Dec. 31, 2016
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [abstract]
Expense arising from equity-settled share-based payment transactions		¥ 1,592		¥ 5,301
Total expense arising from share-based payment transactions		¥ 1,592	[1]	¥ 5,301	[1]

[1] Restated

XML

Share-based Payment - Number and Weighted Average Exercise Prices ("WAEP") of, and Movements in Share Options (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [abstract]
Beginning balance	470,000	530,000
Exercised during the year	0	(46,400)
Cancelled during the year		(13,600)
Ending balance	470,000	470,000
Exercisable at December 31	470,000	470,000
Beginning balance	$ 21.11	$ 21.11
Exercised during the year	21.11	21.11
Cancelled during the year	21.11	21.11
Ending balance	21.11	21.11
Exercisable at December 31	$ 21.11	$ 21.11

XML

Share-based Payment - Fair Value of Share Options and Assumptions (Detail)	Jul. 29, 2014 USD ($) yr
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Share price	$ 21.11
Exercise price	$ 21.11
Expected volatility	47.40%
Expected dividends	5.81%
Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Fair value at measurement date	$ 5.70
Expected option life (years) | yr	3.5
Risk-free interest rate	1.40%
Top of range [member]
Disclosure of terms and conditions of share-based payment arrangement [line items]
Fair value at measurement date	$ 6.74
Expected option life (years) | yr	5.5
Risk-free interest rate	2.00%

XML

Trade and Other Payables - Summary of Trade and Other Current Payables (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Trade and other current payables [abstract]
Trade payables	$ 373,011	¥ 2,495,482	¥ 2,476,447
Bills payables	308,687	2,065,147	2,700,676
Other payables	49,272	329,632	366,604
Accrued expenses	25,147	168,235	125,492
Accrued staff costs	99,646	666,641	622,893
Refund liabilities (Note 7.2)	113,828	761,521	717,955
Dividend payable	6,447	43,133	39,786
Amount due to associates and joint ventures (trade)	39,182	262,131	88,085
Amount due to associates and joint ventures (non-trade)	10	66	14,026
Amount due to related parties (trade)	21,786	145,747	93,161
Amount due to related parties (non-trade)	4,788	32,034	31,515
Financial liabilities at amortized cost (Note 35)	1,041,804	6,969,769	7,276,640
Other tax payable	5,803	38,823	51,387
Trade and other payables with liquidity risk (Note 32)	1,047,607	7,008,592	7,328,027
Deferred grants (Note 17)	3,301	22,082	22,270
Advance from customers	55	369	387
Total trade and other payables (current)	$ 1,050,963	¥ 7,031,043	¥ 7,350,684	[1]	¥ 6,552,999

[1] Restated

XML

Trade and Other Payables - Summary of Trade and Other Current Payables (Parenthetical) (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure Of Detailed Information About Trade And Other Payables [line items]
Bills payable	$ 308,687	¥ 2,065,147	¥ 2,700,676
Joint ventures [member]
Disclosure Of Detailed Information About Trade And Other Payables [line items]
Bills payable	19,700	131,800	63,600
Associates [member]
Disclosure Of Detailed Information About Trade And Other Payables [line items]
Bills payable	600	4,200	8,600
Other related parties [member]
Disclosure Of Detailed Information About Trade And Other Payables [line items]
Bills payable	$ 9,400	¥ 62,800	¥ 114,700

XML

Trade and Other Payables - Summary of Other Non-current Payables (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Trade and other non-current payables [abstract]
Provision for bonus	$ 23,930	¥ 160,091	¥ 148,287
Deferred income			8,060
Other payables (non-current) (Note 32, Note 35)	$ 23,930	¥ 160,091	¥ 156,347	[1]	¥ 136,772

[1] Restated

XML

Trade and Other Payables - Additional Information (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018
Trade and other current payables [abstract]
Trade payables settlement term	60 days
Other current payables settlement term	3 months

XML

Provision for Product Warranty - Summary of Provision for Product Warranty (Detail) - Product warranty provision [member] ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of other provisions [line items]
Beginning balance	$ 28,671	¥ 191,814	¥ 169,006
Provision made	33,569	224,582	249,517
Provision utilized	(37,291)	(249,483)	(226,709)
Ending balance	$ 24,949	¥ 166,913	¥ 191,814

XML

Contract Liabilities - Summary of Contract Liabilities (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of contract liabilities [line items]
Contract liabilities	$ 50,894	¥ 340,489	¥ 233,329		¥ 213,286
Current	42,867	286,786	198,570	[1]	185,914	[1]
Non-current	8,027	53,703	34,759	[1]	¥ 27,372	[1]
Unfulfilled maintenance services [member]
Disclosure of contract liabilities [line items]
Contract liabilities	28,658	191,728	115,864
Advance from customer [member]
Disclosure of contract liabilities [line items]
Contract liabilities	$ 22,236	¥ 148,761	¥ 117,465

[1] Restated

XML

Related Party Disclosures - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥) shares	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥) shares	Dec. 31, 2016 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Hong Leong Asia Limited [member] | Subsidiaries [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Ownership interest in the entity, shares	17,059,154	17,059,154	16,360,845	16,360,845
Ownership interest in the entity, percentage	41.80%	41.80%	40.00%	40.00%
Consultancy fees charged	$ 10	¥ 30	$ 10	¥ 30	$ 10	¥ 30
HL Technology Systems Private Limited [member] | Subsidiaries [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Ownership interest held by controlling shareholder, percent	23.30%	23.30%	23.30%	23.30%
Well Summit Investments Limited [member] | Subsidiaries [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Ownership interest held by controlling shareholder, percent	18.50%	18.50%	16.70%	16.70%
Yulin City Government [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Ownership interest held by non-controlling shareholder with significant influence over the Group	17.20%	17.20%	17.20%	17.20%

XML

Related Party Disclosures - Significant Transactions with Related Parties (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Associates and joint ventures [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Sales of engines and materials	$ 65,635	¥ 439,106	¥ 412,591	¥ 219,724
Purchase of material, supplies and engines	178,222	1,192,322	914,211	308,610
SHC (including its subsidiaries and affiliates) [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Sales of engines and materials	60,750	406,422	455,061	447,509
Purchase of material, supplies and engines	237,610	1,589,638	1,221,421	1,028,358
Hospitality, restaurant, consultancy and other service income	3,590	24,015	25,728	13,634
Rental income	581	3,886	4,483	5,454
Property management service expenses	3,968	26,547	22,212
Leasing expenses	3,842	25,705	8,676	4,715
General and administrative expenses	3,230	21,607	20,215	14,309
Delivery, storage, distribution and handling expenses	34,109	228,195	210,406	193,258
Purchases of vehicles and machineries	918	6,144	52,443
Purchases of additional shareholding in a subsidiary			1,335
Disposal of shareholding in an associate			1,833
Joint ventures [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Purchase of service			2,543	2,121
Hospitality, restaurant, consultancy and other service income	517	3,456	14,241
Rental income	290	1,937
Associates [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Property management service expenses				20,976
Hong Leong Asia Limited [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
General and administrative expenses	$ 992	¥ 6,639	¥ 6,913	¥ 6,887

XML

Related Party Disclosures - Significant Transactions with Related Parties (Parenthetical) (Detail) - CNY (¥) ¥ in Millions	1 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2017	Jun. 30, 2017
Guangxi Yuchai Accessories Manufacturing Company Limited [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Percentage of equity interest acquired		25.00%
Purchase consideration		¥ 1.3
YEMC [member]
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [line items]
Proportion of equity interest	30.00%
Total consideration from disposal	¥ 1.9

XML

Related Party Disclosures - Compensation of Key Management Personnel (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of transactions between related parties [abstract]
Short-term employee benefits	$ 5,935	¥ 39,703	¥ 40,831	¥ 31,975
Contribution to defined contribution plans	50	335	385	415
Cost of share-based payment			1,294	4,387
Total	$ 5,985	¥ 40,038	¥ 42,510	¥ 36,777

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Commitments and Contingencies - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of commitments and contingencies [line items]
Minimum operating lease payments recognized as an expense	$ 7.4	¥ 49.8	¥ 30.7	¥ 30.2
Capital commitments related to property, plant and equipment	115.8		409.5		¥ 774.5
Investments commitments related to interest in joint venture	8.8		0.0		58.8
Irrevocable letter of credits issued	$ 14.0		¥ 1.9		¥ 93.5
Bottom of range [member]
Disclosure of commitments and contingencies [line items]
Average operating lease term	1 year	1 year
Top of range [member]
Disclosure of commitments and contingencies [line items]
Average operating lease term	5 years	5 years

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Commitments and Contingencies - Future Minimum Rentals Payable Under Non-cancellable Operating Leases (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessee [line items]
Future minimum rentals payable under non-cancellable operating leases	$ 15,201	¥ 101,700	¥ 35,363
One year or less [member] | Third parties [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessee [line items]
Future minimum rentals payable under non-cancellable operating leases	1,680	11,238	14,058
One year or less [member] | Related parties [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessee [line items]
Future minimum rentals payable under non-cancellable operating leases	3,291	22,020	5,578
After one year but not more than five years [member] | Third parties [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessee [line items]
Future minimum rentals payable under non-cancellable operating leases	2,505	16,759	14,003
After one year but not more than five years [member] | Related parties [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessee [line items]
Future minimum rentals payable under non-cancellable operating leases	$ 7,725	¥ 51,683	¥ 1,724

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Commitments and Contingencies - Future Minimum Rentals Receivable Under Non-cancellable Operating Leases (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessor [line items]
Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases	$ 3,925	¥ 26,254	¥ 5,691
One year or less [member] | Third parties [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessor [line items]
Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases	208	1,391	1,438
One year or less [member] | Related parties [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessor [line items]
Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases	187	1,248	184
One year or less [member] | Joint ventures [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessor [line items]
Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases	345	2,308
After one year but not more than five years [member] | Third parties [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessor [line items]
Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases	219	1,463	2,491
After one year but not more than five years [member] | Related parties [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessor [line items]
Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases	154	1,030	268
After one year but not more than five years [member] | Joint ventures [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessor [line items]
Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases	1,358	9,087
More than five years [member] | Related parties [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessor [line items]
Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases	68	455	¥ 1,310
More than five years [member] | Joint ventures [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessor [line items]
Future minimum rentals receivable under non-cancellable operating leases	$ 1,386	¥ 9,272

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Commitments and Contingencies - Future Minimum Lease Payments Under Finance Lease Together With Present Value of Net Minimum Lease Payments (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessee [line items]
Minimum lease payments	$ 7	¥ 48	¥ 79
Present value of payments	7	48	79
One year or less [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessee [line items]
Minimum lease payments	2	14	33
Present value of payments	2	14	33
After one year but not more than five years [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessee [line items]
Minimum lease payments	5	34	46
Present value of payments	$ 5	¥ 34	¥ 46

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Commitments and Contingencies - Future Minimum Lease Payments Under Finance Lease Together With Present Value of Net Minimum Lease Payments (Parenthetical) (Detail) - Dec. 31, 2018	USD ($)	CNY (¥)
Top of range [member]
Disclosure of finance lease and operating lease by lessee [line items]
Amount representing finance charges	$ 1,000	¥ 1,000

XML

Segment Information - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) Segments	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥) Segments	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of operating segments [line items]
Number of reportable segments	2	2
Revenue	$ 2,430,942	¥ 16,263,248	¥ 16,197,819	[1]	¥ 13,643,195	[1]
One customer group [member]
Disclosure of operating segments [line items]
Revenue	$ 667,200	¥ 4,463,900	¥ 4,839,600		¥ 3,580,900

[1] Restated

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Segment Information - Summary of Segment Information (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Revenue
Total external revenue	$ 2,430,942	¥ 16,263,248	¥ 16,197,819	[1]	¥ 13,643,195	[1]
Results
Interest income	22,009	147,244	105,421		56,983
Interest expense	(16,194)	(108,339)	(96,072)		(75,131)
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries			216,115
Gain on disposal of joint venture			107,976	[1]
Impairment of property, plant and equipment	(4,510)	(30,173)	(20,845)	[1]	(3,297)	[1]
Impairment of technology development cost			(40,000)
Staff severance cost	(4,188)	(28,018)	(107,732)		(12,864)
Depreciation and amortization	(64,855)	(433,885)	(444,181)		(478,160)
Share of profit/(loss) of associates and joint ventures, net of tax	1,739	11,634	10,054	[1]	(3,612)	[1]
Income tax expense	(30,891)	(206,667)	(194,172)	[1]	(160,270)	[1]
Segment profit after tax	145,647	974,400	1,319,856	[1]	735,962	[1]
Total assets	3,237,315		21,015,059	[1]			¥ 21,657,964	¥ 18,515,746
Total liabilities	(1,571,039)		(10,053,155)	[1]			(10,510,410)	¥ (8,462,092)
Other disclosures
Investment in joint ventures	33,305		196,102				222,812
Capital expenditure	$ 60,671	405,895	261,433
Operating segments [member] | Yuchai segment [member]
Revenue
Total external revenue		16,210,467	16,140,622		13,576,842
Results
Interest income		124,653	94,760		51,235
Interest expense		(107,609)	(94,794)		(73,028)
Impairment of property, plant and equipment		(30,173)	(20,845)		(3,297)
Impairment of technology development cost			(40,000)
Staff severance cost		(28,018)	(107,732)		(12,864)
Depreciation and amortization		(428,199)	(433,921)		(467,177)
Share of profit/(loss) of associates and joint ventures, net of tax		10,809	9,255		112
Income tax expense		(175,956)	(164,578)		(141,272)
Segment profit after tax		1,019,776	1,004,019		777,393
Total assets			19,623,882				20,636,155
Total liabilities			(9,857,637)				(10,318,492)
Other disclosures
Investment in joint ventures			193,476				220,176
Capital expenditure		403,179	259,068
Operating segments [member] | HL Global Enterprises Limited segment [member]
Revenue
Total external revenue		52,781	57,197		66,353
Results
Interest income		4,244	1,803		1,919
Interest expense		(403)	(3,983)		(7,706)
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries			216,115
Gain on disposal of joint venture			107,976
Depreciation and amortization		(5,355)	(9,990)		(10,744)
Share of profit/(loss) of associates and joint ventures, net of tax		825	799		(3,724)
Income tax expense		(820)	(461)		(2,281)
Segment profit after tax		4,156	322,160		(4,548)
Total assets			451,096				441,040
Total liabilities			(66,920)				(55,404)
Other disclosures
Investment in joint ventures			2,626				2,636
Capital expenditure		2,643	975
Operating segments [member] | Corporate segment [member]
Results
Interest income		18,347	11,833		10,080
Interest expense		(327)	(270)		(648)
Depreciation and amortization		(331)	(270)		(239)
Income tax expense		(49)	(102)		(89)
Segment profit after tax		(19,690)	22,708		(20,255)
Total assets			2,440,532				2,081,220
Total liabilities			(28,026)				(29,592)
Other disclosures
Capital expenditure		73	1,390
Elimination of intersegment amounts [member]
Results
Interest income			(2,975)		(6,251)
Interest expense			2,975		6,251
Income tax expense		(29,842)	(29,031)		(16,628)
Segment profit after tax		¥ (29,842)	(29,031)		¥ (16,628)
Total assets			(1,500,451)				(1,500,451)
Total liabilities			¥ (100,572)				¥ (106,922)

[1] Restated

XML

Segment Information - Summary of Geographic Information (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2016 CNY (¥)		Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of geographical areas [line items]
Revenue from external customers	$ 2,430,942	¥ 16,263,248	¥ 16,197,819	[1]	¥ 13,643,195	[1]
Non-current assets	711,713		4,619,767				¥ 4,761,433
People's Republic of China [member]
Disclosure of geographical areas [line items]
Revenue from external customers	2,409,515	16,119,896	16,090,726		13,460,634
Non-current assets	697,447		4,524,988				4,665,990
Other countries [member]
Disclosure of geographical areas [line items]
Revenue from external customers	21,427	¥ 143,352	107,093		¥ 182,561
Non-current assets	$ 14,266		¥ 94,779				¥ 95,443

[1] Restated

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Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies - Additional Information (Detail) ¥ in Millions, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($) Customer	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥) Customer	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥) Customer	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Basis points	0.50%		0.50%	0.50%
Increase decrease in profit before tax on basis of higher lower basis points	$ 3.3	¥ 20.6	¥ 22.0
People's Republic of China [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Number of top customers	20	20	20
People's Republic of China [member] | Top 20 Customers [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Amount owed	$ 17.1		¥ 57.2	¥ 114.2
Percentage of trade receivables excluding bills receivables	26.00%	26.00%	22.40%

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Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies - Exposures to Foreign Currency (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Cash and bank balances	$ 916,058	¥ 6,128,522	¥ 6,029,207
Financial liabilities	(1,367,096)	(9,146,000)	(9,059,407)
Trade and other payables	(1,074,893)	(7,191,134)	(7,507,031)
Foreign currency risk [Member] | Singapore dollar [member]
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Quoted equity securities		21,876	24,714
Trade and other receivables		693	725
Cash and bank balances		220,268	418,875
Financial liabilities		(15,126)	(14,715)
Trade and other payables		(13,952)	(13,748)
Net assets/(liabilities)	31,952	213,759	415,851
Foreign currency risk [Member] | Euro [Member]
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Trade and other receivables		25,827
Cash and bank balances		1,166	1,486
Trade and other payables		(17,452)	(10,857)
Net assets/(liabilities)	1,426	9,541	(9,371)
Foreign currency risk [Member] | USD [member]
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Trade and other receivables		12,149	34,727
Cash and bank balances		28,518	16,068
Financial liabilities		(501,014)
Trade and other payables		(7,060)	(5,574)
Net assets/(liabilities)	(69,865)	(467,407)	45,221
Foreign currency risk [Member] | Renminbi [member]
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Trade and other receivables		675	469
Cash and bank balances		31,662
Trade and other payables		(41,828)	(35,505)
Net assets/(liabilities)	(1,419)	(9,491)	(35,036)
Foreign currency risk [Member] | Others [Member]
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Cash and bank balances		25	498
Trade and other payables			(24)
Net assets/(liabilities)	$ 4	¥ 25	¥ 474

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Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies - Foreign Currency Risk Sensitivity Analysis Assuming 10% Strengthening of Major Currencies against Functional Currency (Detail) - Foreign currency risk [Member] ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Singapore dollar [member]
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Effect on profit before tax	$ 3,195	¥ 21,376	¥ 41,585
Euro [Member]
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Effect on profit before tax	143	954	(937)
USD [member]
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Effect on profit before tax	(6,987)	(46,741)	4,522
Renminbi [member]
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Effect on profit before tax	$ (142)	¥ (949)	¥ (3,504)

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Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies - Equity Price Risk Sensitivity Analysis Assuming 10% Increase/(Decrease) in Underlying Prices (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Equity price risk [member]
Disclosure of nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments [line items]
Effect on profit before tax	$ 327	¥ 2,188	¥ 2,471

XML

Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies - Summary of Information about Credit Risk on Trade Receivables using Provision Matrix (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Financial assets	$ 2,045,037	¥ 13,681,509	¥ 13,218,760
Expected credit loss	$ 4,572	¥ 30,586	43,775
Trade receivables [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Expected credit loss rate	6.30%	6.30%
Expected credit loss		¥ 30,586	43,775
Trade receivables [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Financial assets		483,020	255,879
Trade receivables [member] | Cost [member] | Contract assets [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Financial assets		44,434
Current [member] | Trade receivables [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Financial assets		¥ 281,250	99,908
Days past due 0- 90 days [member] | Trade receivables [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Expected credit loss rate	0.10%	0.10%
Expected credit loss		¥ 30
Days past due 0- 90 days [member] | Trade receivables [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Financial assets		47,561	59,967
Days Past due 91-180 days [member] | Trade receivables [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Financial assets		¥ 25,862	21,623
Days past due 181-365 days [member] | Trade receivables [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Expected credit loss rate	6.30%	6.30%
Expected credit loss		¥ 2,990	661
Days past due 181-365 days [member] | Trade receivables [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Financial assets		¥ 47,209	30,353
Days past due greater than 365 days [member] | Trade receivables [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Expected credit loss rate	75.10%	75.10%
Expected credit loss		¥ 27,566	43,114
Days past due greater than 365 days [member] | Trade receivables [member] | Cost [member]
Disclosure of provision matrix [line items]
Financial assets		¥ 36,704	¥ 44,028

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Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies - Maturity Profile of Financial Assets and Liabilities Based on Contractual Undiscounted Payments (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Financial assets
Contract assets	$ 6,642	¥ 44,434
Cash and bank balances	916,058	6,128,522	¥ 6,029,207
Derivative not designated as hedges - foreign exchange forward contract	677	4,529
Financial assets	2,045,037	13,681,509	13,218,760
Financial liabilities
Trade and other payables (Note 26)	1,074,893	7,191,134	7,507,031
Other liabilities	7	48	79
Financial liabilities	1,367,096	9,146,000	9,059,407
Liquidity risk [member]
Financial assets
Contract assets	6,642	44,434
Trade and bills receivables	1,109,055	7,419,692	7,075,319
Other receivables, excluding tax recoverable	20,549	137,476	133,295
Cash and bank balances	916,058	6,128,522	6,029,207
Quoted equity securities	3,270	21,876	24,714
Derivative not designated as hedges - foreign exchange forward contract	677	4,529
Financial assets	2,056,251	13,756,529	13,262,535
Financial liabilities
Loans and borrowings	306,231	2,048,715	1,652,413
Trade and other payables (Note 26)	1,071,537	7,168,683	7,484,374
Other liabilities	7	48	79
Financial liabilities	$ 1,377,775	9,217,446	9,136,866
Liquidity risk [member] | One year or less [member]
Financial assets
Trade and bills receivables		7,419,692	7,075,319
Other receivables, excluding tax recoverable		137,476	132,675
Cash and bank balances		6,128,522	6,029,207
Quoted equity securities		21,876	24,714
Derivative not designated as hedges - foreign exchange forward contract		4,529
Financial assets		13,712,095	13,261,915
Financial liabilities
Loans and borrowings		2,033,519	1,624,539
Trade and other payables (Note 26)		7,008,592	7,328,027
Other liabilities		14	33
Financial liabilities		9,042,125	8,952,599
Liquidity risk [member] | Two to five years [member]
Financial assets
Contract assets		44,434
Other receivables, excluding tax recoverable			620
Financial assets		44,434	620
Financial liabilities
Loans and borrowings		15,196	27,874
Trade and other payables (Note 26)		160,091	156,347
Other liabilities		34	46
Financial liabilities		¥ 175,321	¥ 184,267

XML

Capital Management - Summary of Capital Structure (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)		Jan. 01, 2017 CNY (¥)	[1]
Disclosure of objectives, policies and processes for managing capital [abstract]
Loans and borrowings (current and non-current) (Note 16(b))	$ 301,355	¥ 2,016,092	¥ 1,626,341
Trade and other payables (current and non-current) (Note 26)	1,074,893	7,191,134	7,507,031
Less: Cash and bank balances (Note 21)	(916,058)	(6,128,522)	(6,029,207)
Net debts	460,190	3,078,704	3,104,165
Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent	1,254,966	8,395,849	8,334,287	[1]	¥ 7,735,672
Total capital and net debts	$ 1,715,156	¥ 11,474,553	¥ 11,438,452

[1] Restated

XML

Fair Value Measurement - Fair Value Measurement Hierarchy for Assets and Liabilities (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets	$ 2,045,037	¥ 13,681,509	¥ 13,218,760
Foreign Exchange Forward Contract [Member] | Derivatives not designated as hedges - foreign exchange forward contract [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets		4,529
Bill receivables [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets		6,981,106
Thakral Corporation Ltd [Member] | Quoted Equity Shares [Member] | Quoted Equity Securities [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets		21,876	24,714
Quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) [Member] | Thakral Corporation Ltd [Member] | Quoted Equity Shares [Member] | Quoted Equity Securities [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets		21,876	¥ 24,714
Significant observable inputs (Level 2) [Member] | Foreign Exchange Forward Contract [Member] | Derivatives not designated as hedges - foreign exchange forward contract [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets		4,529
Significant observable inputs (Level 2) [Member] | Bill receivables [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets		¥ 6,981,106

XML

Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities - Summary of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Other financial liabilities at amortized cost		¥ 9,146,000	¥ 9,059,407
Total	$ 1,367,096	9,146,000	9,059,407
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		26,405	24,714
Financial assets at amortised costs		6,673,998	13,194,046
Fair Value through OCI		6,981,106
Total	2,045,037	13,681,509	13,218,760
Quoted Equity Securities [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		21,876	24,714
Total	3,270	21,876	24,714
Trade and bill receivables [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets at amortised costs		408,000	7,031,544
Fair Value through OCI		6,981,106
Total	1,104,483	7,389,106	7,031,544
Other receivables [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets at amortised costs		137,476	133,295
Total	20,549	137,476	133,295
Cash and bank balances [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets at amortised costs		6,128,522	6,029,207
Total	916,058	6,128,522	6,029,207
Derivatives not designated as hedges - foreign exchange forward contract [Member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		4,529
Total	677	4,529
Trade and other payables [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Other financial liabilities at amortized cost		7,129,860	7,432,987
Total	1,065,734	7,129,860	7,432,987
Loans and borrowings [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Other financial liabilities at amortized cost		2,016,092	1,626,341
Total	301,355	2,016,092	1,626,341
Other Liabilities [member]
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [line items]
Other financial liabilities at amortized cost		48	79
Total	$ 7	¥ 48	¥ 79

XML

Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities - Schedule of Changes in Liabilities Arising From Financing Activities (Detail) ¥ in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2018 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2017 CNY (¥)
Disclosure of reconciliation of liabilities arising from financing activities [line items]
Beginning balance		¥ 1,626,420	¥ 910,514
Cash flows		388,531	714,447
Foreign exchange movement		389	1,634
Translation reserve		800	(175)
Ending balance	$ 301,362	2,016,140	1,626,420
Short-term borrowings [member]
Disclosure of reconciliation of liabilities arising from financing activities [line items]
Beginning balance		1,600,000	894,136
Cash flows		400,320	705,109
Foreign exchange movement		694	755
Ending balance	299,101	2,001,014	1,600,000
Long-term borrowings [member]
Disclosure of reconciliation of liabilities arising from financing activities [line items]
Beginning balance		26,341	16,270
Cash flows		(11,756)	9,376
Foreign exchange movement		(305)	879
Translation reserve		798	(184)
Ending balance	2,254	15,078	26,341
Obligations under finance leases current [member]
Disclosure of reconciliation of liabilities arising from financing activities [line items]
Beginning balance		33	38
Cash flows		(33)	(38)
Translation reserve			9
Other		14	24
Ending balance	2	14	33
Obligations under finance leases noncurrent [member]
Disclosure of reconciliation of liabilities arising from financing activities [line items]
Beginning balance		46	70
Translation reserve		2
Other		(14)	(24)
Ending balance	$ 5	¥ 34	¥ 46