Income Taxes

We compute and apply to ordinary income an estimated annual effective tax rate on a quarterly basis based on current and forecasted business levels and activities, including the mix of domestic and foreign results and enacted tax laws. The estimated annual effective tax rate is updated quarterly based on actual results and updated operating forecasts. Ordinary income refers to income (loss) before income tax expense excluding significant, unusual, or infrequently occurring items. The tax effect of an unusual or infrequently occurring item is recorded in the interim period in which it occurs as a discrete item of tax.

The following tables summarize the provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 and September 30, 2016:



	Predecessor			Successor
	For the Period July 1 Through August 14, 2015			For the Period August 15 Through September 30, 2015			For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
	(Dollars in thousands)
Tax (benefit) expense	$	5,234		$	1,107		$	(1,789	)
Pretax loss	(30,097		)	(4,329		)	(25,890		)
Effective tax rates	(17.4		)%	(25.6		)%	6.9		%


	Predecessor			Successor
	For the Period January 1 Through August 14, 2015			For the Period August 15 Through September 30, 2015			For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
	(Dollars in thousands)
Tax (benefit) expense	$	6,452		$	1,107		$	(7,675	)
Pretax loss	(95,518		)	(4,329		)	(87,847		)
Effective tax rates	(6.8		)%	(25.6		)%	8.7		%

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the effective tax rate differs from the U.S. statutory rate of 35% primarily due to recent losses in foreign jurisdictions where a tax benefit will be recognized, offset by recent losses in the U.S. and Switzerland where we receive no tax benefit due to a full valuation allowance and worldwide earnings from various countries taxed at different rates. The recognition of the valuation allowance does not result in or limit the Company's ability to utilize these tax assets in the future. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 differs from the U.S. statutory rate of 35% primarily due to recent losses in the U.S. and Switzerland where we receive no tax benefit due to a full valuation allowance and worldwide earnings from various countries taxed at different rates.

As of September 30, 2016, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $3.6 million, $3.1 million of which, if recognized, would have a favorable impact on our effective tax rate.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and various state and foreign jurisdictions. All U.S. federal tax years prior to 2013 are generally closed by statute or have been audited and settled with the applicable domestic tax authorities. All other jurisdictions are still open to examination beginning after 2009.

We continue to assess the realization of our deferred tax assets based on determinations of whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax benefits will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. Appropriate consideration is given to all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. Examples of positive evidence would include a strong earnings history, an event or events that would increase our taxable income through a continued reduction of expenses, and tax planning strategies that would indicate an ability to realize deferred tax assets. In circumstances where the significant positive evidence does not outweigh the negative evidence in regards to whether or not a valuation allowance is required, we have established and maintained valuation allowances on those net deferred tax assets.