2.2.0.7falseSummary of Significant Accounting Policies10301 - Disclosure - Summary of Significant Accounting Policiestruefalsefalsefalse1USDfalsefalseUnit12Standardhttp://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217USDiso42170Unit13Dividehttp://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217USDiso4217http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instancesharesxbrli0Unit1Standardhttp://www.xbrl.org/2003/instancesharesxbrli0$53us-gaap_SignificantAccountingPoliciesTextBlockus-gaaptruenadurationNo definition available.falsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalsefalse1falsefalsefalsefalse00<div> <div style="min-width: 708px; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies </h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Use of Estimates </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">The preparation of financial statements requires us to make a number of significant estimates. These include estimates of fair value of certain assets and liabilities, amount and timing of credit losses, prepayment rates, and other estimates that affect the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of certain revenues and expenses during the reported period. It is likely that changes in these estimates (e.g., valuation changes due to supply and demand, credit performance, prepayments, interest rates, or other reasons) will occur in the near term. Our estimates are inherently subjective in nature and actual results could differ from our estimates and the differences could be material. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Fair Value Option </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">We have the option to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities, and commitments at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis. This option is available when we first recognize a financial asset or financial liability or enter into a firm commitment. Subsequent changes in the fair value of assets, liabilities, and commitments where we have elected the fair value option are recorded in the consolidated statements of income (loss). </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Our decision to apply the fair value option for new financial instruments is generally based upon our funding strategy for the specific financial asset acquired. For example, securities that we anticipate funding with equity will generally be accounted for as available-for-sale (AFS) securities. Securities that we anticipate funding with a combination of debt and equity or those financed through the issuance of asset-backed liabilities will generally be accounted for in a consistent manner. Additionally, we may elect to apply the fair value option for financial instruments that may not perform similarly to our traditional real estate investments or are particularly volatile or complex. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 5</i> for further discussion on the fair value option. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Fair Value Measurements </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Our financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured at their estimated fair values in accordance with GAAP. A fair value measurement represents the price at which an orderly transaction would occur between willing market participants at the measurement date. We develop fair values for financial assets or liabilities based on available inputs and pricing that is observed in the marketplace. Examples of market information that we attempt to obtain include the following: </p>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">•</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Quoted prices for the same or similar securities; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">• </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Relevant reports issued by analysts and rating agencies; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">•</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> The current level of interest rates and any directional movements in relevant indices, such as credit risk indices; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">• </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Information about the performance of the underlying mortgage loans, such as delinquency and foreclosure rates, loss experience, and prepayment rates; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">• </td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Indicative prices or yields from broker/dealers; and, </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">•</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Other relevant observable inputs, including nonperformance risk and liquidity premiums. </td></tr></table>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">After considering all available indications of the appropriate rate of return that market participants would require, we consider the reasonableness of the range indicated by the results to determine an estimate that is most representative of fair value. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">The markets for many of the real estate securities that we invest in and issue are generally illiquid. Establishing fair values for illiquid assets and liabilities is inherently subjective and is often dependent upon our estimates and modeling assumptions. If we determine that either the volume and/or level of trading activity for an asset or liability has significantly decreased from normal market conditions, or price quotations or observable inputs are not associated with orderly transactions, the market inputs that we obtain might not be relevant. For example, broker or pricing service quotes might not be relevant if an active market does not exist for the financial asset or liability. The nature of the quote (for example, whether the quote is an indicative price or a binding offer) is also evaluated. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">In circumstances where relevant market inputs cannot be obtained, increased analysis and management judgment are required to estimate fair value. This generally requires us to establish the use of our internal assumptions about future cash flows and appropriate risk-adjusted discount rates. Regardless of the valuation inputs we apply, the objective of fair value measurement is unchanged from what it would be if markets were operating at normal activity levels and/or transactions were orderly; that is, to determine the current exit price. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 5</i> for further discussion on fair value measurements. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Real Estate Loans </h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Residential and Commercial Real Estate Loans — Fair Value </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Residential and commercial real estate loans at fair value are loans where we have elected the fair value option. Coupon interest is recognized as revenue when earned and deemed collectible or until a loan becomes more than 90 days past due. Changes in fair value are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in market valuation adjustments, net. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Residential and Commercial Real Estate Loans — Held-for-Sale </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Residential and commercial real estate loans held-for-sale are loans that we are marketing for sale to third parties. These loans are carried at the lower of their cost or fair value, as measured on an individual basis. If the fair value of a loan held-for-sale is lower than its amortized cost basis, this difference is reported as a negative market valuation adjustment through our consolidated statements of income (loss). Coupon interest for loans held-for-sale is recognized as revenue when earned and deemed collectible or until a loan becomes more than 90 days past due. Gains or losses on the sale of real estate loans are based on the specific identification method. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Residential and Commercial Real Estate Loans — Held-for-Investment </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Real estate loans held-for-investment include residential real estate loans owned and securitized at Sequoia entities and commercial real estate loans owned at Redwood. These loans are carried at their unpaid principal balances adjusted for net unamortized premiums or discounts and net of any allowance for loan losses. Coupon interest is recognized as revenue when earned and deemed collectible or until a loan becomes more than 90 days past due. Interest previously accrued for loans that have become greater than 90 days past due is reserved for in the allowance for loan losses. Cash principal and interest that is advanced from servicers subsequent to a loan becoming greater than 90 days past due is used to reduce the outstanding loan principal balance. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">We use the interest method to determine an effective yield to amortize the premium or discount on real estate loans held-for-investment. For residential loans acquired prior to July 1, 2004, we use coupon interest rates as they change over time and anticipated principal payments to determine periodic amortization. For residential loans acquired after July 1, 2004, we use the initial coupon interest rate of the loans (without regard to future changes in the underlying indices) and anticipated principal payments to determine periodic amortization. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">We reclassify loans held-for-investment to loans held-for-sale if we determine that these loans will be sold to third parties. This may occur, for example, if we exercise our right to call ABS issued by a Sequoia securitization trust and decide to subsequently sell the underlying loans to third parties. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 6</i> for further discussion on real estate loans. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Real Estate Loans — Allowance for Loan Losses </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">For real estate loans classified as held-for-investment, we establish and maintain an allowance for loan losses based on our estimate of credit losses inherent in our loan portfolios at the reporting date. To calculate the allowance for loan losses, we assess inherent losses by determining loss factors (defaults, the timing of defaults, and loss severities upon defaults) that can be specifically applied to each of the consolidated loans or pool of loans. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">We consider the following factors in setting the allowance for loan losses: </p>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">•</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Ongoing analyses of loans, including, but not limited to, the age of loans, underwriting standards, business climate, economic conditions, and other observable data; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">• </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Historical loss rates and past performance of similar loans; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">• </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Relevant environmental factors; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">•</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Relevant market research and publicly available third-party reference loss rates; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">•</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Trends in delinquencies and charge-offs; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">• </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Effects and changes in credit concentrations; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">•</td>
<td style="text-align: left;"> Information supporting a borrower's ability to meet obligations; </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">• </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Ongoing evaluations of fair values of collateral using current appraisals and other valuations; and, </td></tr></table>
<table style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%">
<tr style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; font-weight: normal;"><td> </td>
<td style="text-align: left;">•</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">Discounted cash flow analyses. </td></tr></table>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Once we determine the amount of defaults, the timing of the defaults, and severity of losses upon the defaults, we estimate expected losses for each individual loan or pool of loans over its expected life. We then estimate the timing of these losses and the losses probable to occur over an appropriate loss confirmation period. This period is defined as the range of time between the occurrence of a credit loss (such as the initial deterioration of the borrower's financial condition) and the confirmation of that loss (the actual impairment or charge-off of the loan). The losses expected to occur within the estimated loss confirmation period are the basis of our allowance for loan losses, since we believe these losses exist as of the reported date of the financial statements. We re-evaluate the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses at least quarterly. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">As part of the loss mitigation efforts undertaken by servicers of residential loans owned by Sequoia securitization entities, a growing number of loan modifications have been completed to help make mortgage loans more affordable for certain borrowers. Loan modifications may include, but are not limited to: (i) conversion of a floating rate mortgage loan into a fixed rate mortgage loan; (ii) reduction in the contractual interest rate of a mortgage loan; (iii) forgiveness of a portion of the contractual interest and/or principal amounts owed on a mortgage loan; and, (iv) extension of the contractual maturity of a mortgage loan. We evaluate all loan modifications performed by servicers to determine if they constitute troubled debt restructurings according to GAAP. If a loan is determined to be a troubled debt restructuring, it is removed from the general loan pools used for calculating allowances for loan losses and assessed for impairment on an individual basis based upon any adverse change in the expected future cash flows resulting from the modification. This difference is recorded to the provision for loan losses in the consolidated statements of income (loss). </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 7</i> for further discussion on the allowance for loan losses. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">We do not currently maintain a loan repurchase reserve. We do not originate real estate loans and we believe that risk of loss due to loan repurchases (i.e., due to breach of representations and warranties) would generally be a contingency to the companies from whom we acquired the loans and therefore would be covered by our recourse to those companies. In addition, management is not aware of any outstanding repurchase claims against Redwood that would require the establishment of a loan repurchase reserve. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Real Estate Securities, at Fair Value </h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Trading Securities </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Trading securities include residential, commercial, and collateralized debt obligation (CDO) securities. Trading securities are carried at their estimated fair values. Coupon interest is recognized as interest income when earned and deemed collectible. All changes in fair value are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in market valuation adjustments, net. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">We primarily denote trading securities as those securities where we have adopted the fair value option. We currently account for certain securities at Redwood and all securities at Acacia entities as trading securities, at fair value. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Available-for-Sale Securities </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">AFS securities include certain residential, commercial, and CDO securities. AFS securities are carried at their estimated fair values with cumulative unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated statements of equity. Coupon interest is recognized as interest income when earned and deemed collectible, and the interest method is used to determine an effective yield to amortize purchase premiums, discounts, and fees associated with these securities into income over time. This requires us to project cash flows over the remaining life of each security and make assumptions with regards to interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. We review our cash flow projections on an ongoing basis and monitor these projections based on input and analyses received from external sources, internal models, and our own judgment and experience. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">For an AFS security where its fair value has declined below its amortized cost basis, we evaluate the security for other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI). If we either — (i) intend to sell the impaired security; (ii) will more likely than not be required to the sell the impaired security before it recovers in value; or, (iii) do not expect to recover the impaired security's amortized cost basis even if we do not intend to sell the security — the impairment is deemed an OTTI and we record the entire difference between the security's fair value and its amortized cost in our consolidated statements of income (loss). Conversely, if none of these three conditions are met, we analyze the expected cash flows, or cost recovery of the security, to determine what, if any, OTTI is recognized through our consolidated statements of income (loss). This analysis includes an assessment of any changes in the regulatory and/or economic environment that might affect the performance of the security. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">If we conclude through our analysis that there has been no significant adverse change in our cash flow assumptions for the security, then the impairment is deemed temporary in nature and the associated difference between the security's fair value and its amortized cost basis is recorded as an unrealized loss through accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders' equity. Alternatively, if we conclude that there has been a significant adverse change in our cash flow assumptions for the security, then the impairment is deemed an OTTI and we perform an additional analysis to determine what portion of OTTI, if any, should be recorded through our consolidated statements of income (loss). This analysis entails discounting the security's cash flows to a present value using the prior period yield for the security to determine an "expected recoverable value." The difference between this expected recoverable value and the amortized cost basis of the security is deemed to be the "credit" component of the OTTI that is recorded in our consolidated statements of income (loss). The amortized cost of the security is then adjusted to the expected recoverable value, and the difference between this expected recoverable value and the fair value is deemed to be the "non-credit" component of the OTTI that is recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Future amortization and accretion for the security is computed based upon the new amortized cost basis. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">In the second quarter of 2009, as part of our adoption of new authoritative GAAP that we currently use to evaluate impairments on AFS securities, we evaluated $450 million of previously recorded OTTI on securities still held at April 1, 2009. We determined that $224 million of these OTTI related to securities where we either had the intent to sell or the OTTI did not include a non-credit component. The remaining $226 million of these OTTI related to securities that included a $165 million aggregate credit component and a $61 million aggregate non-credit component (of which $60 million related to Redwood's interest and $1 million related to noncontrolling interest at the Fund). In accordance with the adoption guidance, we recorded a $61 million one-time cumulative-effect adjustment, net of any related tax effects, to reclassify the non-credit component of these OTTI previously recorded through our consolidated statements of income (loss), as was prescribed under previous GAAP. This reclassification increased retained earnings and decreased other comprehensive income (OCI), resulting in zero net impact to reported stockholders' equity and noncontrolling interest. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 8</i> for further discussion on real estate securities. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Other Investments </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Other investments include a guaranteed investment contract (GIC) entered into by an Acacia securitization entity that we consolidate for financial statement purposes. We account for this investment under the fair value option. Changes in fair value are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) through market valuation adjustments, net. Interest income is reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) through interest income, other investments. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 9</i> for further discussion on other investments. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Cash and Cash Equivalents </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Cash and cash equivalents include non-restricted cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. At June 30, 2010, we had minimal concentrations of credit risk arising from cash deposits as more than 97% of our cash and cash equivalents were invested in U.S. Government Treasury Bills or FDIC-insured bank products. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Restricted Cash </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Restricted cash primarily includes principal and interest payments that are collateral for, or payable to, owners of ABS issued by consolidated securitization entities, and cash pledged as collateral on interest rate agreements. Restricted cash may also include cash retained in Acacia or Sequoia securitization entities or in the Fund prior to the purchase of loans or securities, payments on or redemption of outstanding ABS issued, or distributions to limited partners. At June 30, 2010, we did not have any significant concentrations of credit risk arising from restricted cash deposits as more than 98% of our restricted cash was held in custodial accounts, invested in U.S. Government Treasury Bills, or held in FDIC-insured bank products. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Accrued Interest Receivable </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Accrued interest receivable represents interest that is due and payable to us. Cash interest is generally received within thirty days of recording the receivable. For financial assets where we have elected the fair value option, the associated accrued interest on these assets is measured at fair value. For financial assets where we have not elected the fair value option, the associated accrued interest carrying values approximate fair values. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Derivative Financial Instruments </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Derivative financial instruments include contractual interest rate agreements, other hedging instruments, and credit derivatives. All derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets. Derivatives with a positive fair value to us are reported as an asset and derivatives with a negative fair value to us are reported as a liability. We classify each of our derivative financial instruments as either (i) a trading instrument (no hedging designation); or, (ii) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge). </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Changes in fair value of derivatives accounted for as trading instruments, including any associated interest income or expense, are recorded in our consolidated statements of income (loss) through market valuation adjustments, net. Changes in the fair value of derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges, to the extent they are effective, are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders' equity. Interest income or expense and any ineffectiveness associated with these hedging derivatives are recorded as a component of net interest income in our consolidated statements of income (loss). We measure the effective portion of cash flow hedges by comparing the change in fair value of the expected future variable cash flows of the derivative hedging instruments with the change in fair value of the expected future variable cash flows of the hedged liabilities. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">We will discontinue cash flow hedge accounting if (i) we determine that the hedging derivative(s) is no longer expected to be effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the designated hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised; (iii) the derivative is de-designated as a cash flow hedge; or (iv) it is probable that a forecasted transaction associated with the hedged item will not occur by the end of the originally specified time period. To the extent we de-designate a cash flow hedging relationship but the associated hedged item continues to exist, the fair value of the cash flow hedge at the time of de-designation remains in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is amortized using the straight-line method through interest expense over the remaining life of the hedged liability. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Interest Rate Agreements </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Interest rate agreements we currently utilize include interest rate swaps and caps. Interest rate swaps used at Redwood or Acacia are derivative contracts in which (i) one party exchanges a stream of fixed interest payments for another party's stream of variable interest cash flows; or (ii) each party exchanges variable interest cash flows that are referenced to different indices. Interest rate caps are derivative contracts in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each period in which the interest rate exceeds an agreed upon strike price. We enter into interest rate swaps and caps primarily to reduce significant changes in our income or stockholders' equity caused by interest rate volatility. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Other Hedging Instruments </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Other hedging instruments we currently utilize include "To Be Announced" (TBA) contracts, which are forward commitments to purchase agency mortgage-backed securities to be issued in the future. We enter into TBA commitments to offset — to varying degrees — changes in the value of mortgage products in which we have exposure. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Credit Derivatives </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Credit derivatives we currently utilize include credit default swaps (CDS), which are agreements to provide (receive) credit event protection based on a financial index or specific security in exchange for receiving (paying) a fixed-rate fee or premium over the term of the contract. These instruments enable us, or our consolidated securitization entities, to synthetically assume the credit risk of a reference security or index of securities. The estimated fair values of these contracts fluctuate for a variety of reasons, such as the likelihood or occurrence of a qualifying credit event (e.g., an interest shortfall, a failure to pay principal, or a distressed rating downgrade), the market perception of default risk and counterparty risk, and supply and demand changes. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 10</i> for further discussion on derivative financial instruments. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Deferred Tax Assets </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Our deferred tax assets are generated by differences in GAAP and taxable income at our taxable subsidiaries. These differences generally reflect differing accounting treatments for tax and GAAP, such as accounting for discount and premium amortization, credit losses, equity awards, asset impairments, and certain valuation estimates. As a result of these differences, we may recognize taxable income in periods prior to when we recognize income for GAAP. When this occurs, we pay the tax liability and establish a deferred tax asset for GAAP. As the income is subsequently realized in future periods under GAAP, the deferred tax asset is reduced. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Deferred Asset-Backed Securities Issuance Costs </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">ABS issuance costs are expenses associated with the issuance of ABS from the Sequoia securitization entities we sponsor. These expenses typically include underwriting, rating agency, legal, accounting, and other fees. ABS issuance costs associated with liabilities accounted for under the fair value option are expensed as incurred. ABS issuance costs associated with liabilities reported at cost are deferred. Deferred ABS issuance costs are reported on our consolidated balance sheets as deferred charges (an asset) and are amortized as an adjustment to interest expense using the interest method, based upon the actual and estimated repayment schedules of the related ABS issued. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Other Assets </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Other assets include real estate owned (REO), fixed assets, principal receivable, and other prepaid expenses. REO is reported at the lower of cost or fair value. Subsequent declines in the value of an REO property are recorded in our consolidated statements of income (loss) as a component of market valuation adjustments, net. All other assets are reported at cost. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 11</i> for further discussion on other assets. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Short-Term Debt </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Short-term debt can include master repurchase agreements, bank borrowings, and other forms of collateralized borrowings with various commercial banks and investment banks that expire within one year. These facilities may be unsecured or collateralized by loans or securities. In the second quarter of 2010, we incurred short-term debt and intend to use short-term debt as we accumulate loans in the future. We had no short-term debt outstanding at June 30, 2010. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Accrued Interest Payable </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Accrued interest payable represents interest that is due and payable to third parties. Interest is generally paid within one to three months of recording the payable, based upon our remittance requirements. For borrowings where we have elected the fair value option, the associated accrued interest on these liabilities is measured at fair value. For financial liabilities where we have not elected the fair value option, the associated accrued interest carrying values approximate fair values. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Asset Backed Securities Issued — Sequoia and Acacia </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">The majority of the liabilities reported on our consolidated balance sheets represent ABS issued by bankruptcy-remote securitization entities sponsored by Redwood. Sequoia and Acacia assets are held in the custody of trustees. These trustees collect principal and interest payments (less servicing and related fees) from the assets and make corresponding principal and interest payments to the ABS investors. ABS obligations are payable solely from the assets of these entities and are not obligations of Redwood. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Sequoia ABS Issued </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Sequoia ABS issued are carried at their unpaid principal balances net of any unamortized discount or premium. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Acacia ABS Issued </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Acacia ABS issued are accounted for under the fair value option and carried at their estimated fair values. Changes in fair value (gains or losses) are reported in our consolidated statements of income (loss) through market valuation adjustments, net. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 12</i> for further discussion on ABS issued. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Long-Term Debt </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Long-term debt includes trust preferred securities and subordinated notes at Redwood and is carried at its unpaid principal balance. Our long-term debt is unsecured with quarterly interest payments at a floating rate equal to the three-month London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus a margin until it is redeemed in whole or matures at a future date. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 13</i> for further discussion on long-term debt. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Equity </h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Earnings (Loss) Per Common Share </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Basic earnings per share (EPS) is computed by dividing net income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding. Net income allocated to common shareholders represents net income applicable to common shareholders, less income allocated to participating securities (as described below). Diluted earnings per common share is computed by dividing income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding plus amounts representing the dilutive effect of equity awards. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">On January 1, 2009, we adopted new accounting guidance on EPS that defines unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends as participating securities that are included in computing EPS using the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula under which EPS is calculated for common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participating rights in undistributed earnings. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to participating securities and common shares based on their respective rights to receive dividends. Our adoption of this guidance required us to recast previously reported EPS and did not have a significant impact on EPS. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Net unrealized gains and losses on real estate securities available-for-sale and interest rate agreements previously designated as cash flow hedges are reported as components of other comprehensive income (loss) on our consolidated statements of equity and comprehensive income (loss). Net unrealized gains and losses on securities and interest rate agreements held by our taxable subsidiaries that are reported in other comprehensive income (loss) are adjusted for the effects of taxation and may create deferred tax assets or liabilities. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Noncontrolling Interest </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Noncontrolling interest represents the aggregate limited partnership interests in the Fund held by third parties. In accordance with GAAP, the noncontrolling interest of the Fund is shown as a component of equity on our consolidated balance sheets, and the portion of income (loss) allocable to third parties is shown as net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest in our consolidated statements of income (loss). A reconciliation of equity attributable to noncontrolling interest is disclosed in our consolidated statements of equity and comprehensive income (loss). </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Equity Compensation Plans </h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Incentive Plan </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">In May 2010, our shareholders approved an amendment to our previously amended 2002 Redwood Trust, Inc. Incentive Plan (Incentive Plan) for executive officers, employees, and non-employee directors. The amendment provided for an increase in the number of shares available for distribution under the plan. The Incentive Plan authorizes our Board of Directors (or a committee appointed by our Board of Directors) to grant incentive stock options (ISOs), non-qualifying stock options (NQSOs), deferred stock units (DSUs), restricted stock, performance shares, performance units (including cash), stock appreciation rights, limited stock appreciation rights (awards), and dividend equivalent rights (DERs) to eligible recipients other than non-employee directors. These awards generally vest over a four-year period. Non-employee directors are also provided annual awards under the Incentive Plan that generally vest immediately. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">The cost of equity awards is determined in accordance with share-based payment accounting guidance and amortized over the vesting term using an accelerated method for equity awards granted prior to December 1, 2008. For equity awards granted after December 1, 2008, the cost of the awards is amortized over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. Timing differences between the accelerated and straight-line methods of amortization were determined to not be material to our financial statements. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Employee Stock Purchase Plan </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">In May 2009, our stockholders approved an amendment to our 2002 Redwood Trust, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP), to increase the number of shares available under the ESPP. The purpose of the ESPP is to give our employees an opportunity to acquire an equity interest in Redwood through the purchase of shares of common stock at a discount. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase common stock at 85% of its fair value, subject to certain limits. Fair value as defined under the ESPP is the lesser of the closing market price of the common stock on the first day of the calendar year or the first day of the calendar quarter. </p>
<h4 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">Executive Deferred Compensation Plan </h4>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">In May 2002, our Board of Directors approved our 2002 Executive Deferred Compensation Plan (EDCP). The EDCP allows eligible employees and directors to defer portions of current salary and certain other forms of compensation. Redwood matches some deferrals. Compensation deferred under the EDCP is an asset of Redwood and subject to the claims of the general creditors of Redwood. The EDCP allows for the investment of deferrals in either an interest crediting account or DSUs. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 16</i> for further discussion on equity compensation plans. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Taxes </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT we must distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to shareholders (not including taxable income retained in our taxable subsidiaries) within the time frame set forth in the tax code and also meet certain other requirements related to assets, income, and stock ownership. We assess our tax positions for all open tax years and determine whether we have any material unrecognized liabilities in accordance with FASB guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. We record these liabilities to the extent we deem them incurred. We classify interest and penalties on material uncertain tax positions as interest expense and operating expense, respectively, in our consolidated statements of income (loss). </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">See <i>Note 18</i> for further discussion on taxes. </p>
<h3 style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0pt; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: bold italic 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 5pt;">Recent Accounting Pronouncements </h3>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">In April 2010, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2010-18, <i>Effect of a Loan Modification When the Loan Is Part of a Pool That Is Accounted for as a Single Asset — a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force</i>, to clarify the accounting for loan modifications when the loan is part of a pool of loans that is accounted for as a single asset. The new guidance provides that modification of such loans that are accounted for within a pool does not result in the removal of those loans from the pool even if the modification of those loans would otherwise be considered a troubled debt restructuring. The entity would continue to consider whether such pool of assets is impaired if the expected cash flows for the pool change. The amended guidance does not affect the accounting for loans that are not accounted for within pools. Loans accounted for individually continue to be accounted for under the troubled debt restructuring guidance. In addition, the amended guidance allows entities to make a one-time election to terminate accounting for loans in a pool. The amended guidance is effective for a modification of a loan(s) accounted for within a pool occurring in the first interim or annual period ending on or after July 15, 2010. The amended guidance must be applied prospectively, and early application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2010-18 on our consolidated financial statements. </p>
<p style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; text-transform: none; text-indent: 20px; margin: 0pt; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 0pt; font: 10pt/12pt serif; padding-top: 3pt;">In July 2010, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2010-20, <i>Disclosures about the Credit Quality of Financing Receivables and the Allowance for Credit Losses</i>, which amends ASC 310 by requiring more robust and disaggregated disclosures about the credit quality of an entity's financing receivables and its allowance for credit losses. The objective of enhancing these disclosures is to improve financial statement users' understanding of (1) the nature of an entity's credit risk associated with its financing receivables and (2) the entity's assessment of that risk in estimating its allowance for credit losses as well as changes in the allowance and the reasons for those changes. ASU 2010-20 requires disclosures of the portfolio segment and class of financing receivable levels, and focuses on the following: nonaccrual and past due financing receivables, allowance for credit losses related to financing receivables, impaired loans (individually evaluated for impairment), credit quality information, and modification. The amended guidance is effective for public companies in the first interim or annual period ending on or after December 31, 2010. ASU 2010-20 will increase our loan and allowance for loan loss disclosures, but will not have an effect on our consolidated financial statements. </p></div> </div>Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
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