Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Significant Accounting Policies Fair Value Measurements Our consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured at their fair values in accordance with GAAP. A fair value measurement represents the price at which an orderly transaction would occur between willing market participants at the measurement date. We develop fair values for financial assets or liabilities based on available inputs and pricing that is observed in the marketplace. After considering all available indications of the appropriate rate of return that market participants would require, we consider the reasonableness of the range indicated by the results to determine an estimate that is most representative of fair value. See Note 6 for further discussion on fair value measurements. Fair Value Option Under GAAP, we have the option to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities, and commitments at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis. This option is available when we first recognize a financial asset or financial liability or enter into a firm commitment. Subsequent changes in the fair value of assets, liabilities, and commitments where we have elected the fair value option are recorded in our consolidated statements of income (loss). We elect the fair value option for certain residential consumer and investor loans, interest-only (“IO”) and certain subordinate securities, MSRs, servicer advance investments, HEI, and certain of our other investments. We generally elect the fair value option for residential consumer and investor loans that are held-for-sale, due to our intent to sell or securitize the loans in the near-term and for residential investor bridge loans due to their shorter duration. We elect the fair value option for our IO and certain subordinate securities, and MSRs, for which we may hedge market interest rate risk. In addition, we elect the fair value option for the assets and liabilities of our consolidated securitization entities in accordance with GAAP accounting for collateralized financing entities ("CFEs"). See Note 6 for further discussion on the fair value option. Real Estate Loans Residential Consumer Loans We acquire residential consumer loans from third-party originators for subsequent sale to whole loan buyers, securitization or transfer into our Redwood Investments portfolio. Residential consumer loans held-for-sale include loans that we intend to sell to third parties, or including transfers to securitization entities that we plan to sponsor. We generally elect the fair value option for residential consumer loans that we purchase and the changes in fair value for these loans are recurring which are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Mortgage banking activities, net. We record residential consumer loans held-for-investment at consolidated securitization entities at fair value. In accordance with accounting guidance for CFEs, we use the fair value of the ABS issued by these entities (which we determined to be more observable) to determine the fair value of the loans held at these entities. Changes in fair value for these loans and related ABS are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Investment fair value changes, net. See Note 7 for further discussion on residential consumer loans. Residential Investor Loans We originate and purchase residential investor loans, for subsequent securitization, sale, or transfer into our Redwood Investments portfolio. Residential investor loans are loans to investors in single-family and multifamily housing properties, which we classify as either "term" loans (which include loans with maturities that generally range from 3 to 30 years) or "bridge" loans (which include loans with maturities that generally range from 12 to 36 months). Single-family loans are mortgage loans secured by residential real estate (primarily 1-4 unit) that the borrower owns as an investment property. Residential investor bridge loans are mortgage loans which are generally secured by unoccupied residential investor or multifamily real estate that the borrower owns as an investment and that is being renovated, rehabilitated or constructed. We classify residential investor loans as held-for-sale at fair value when we originate or purchase these loans with the intent to transfer the loans to securitization entities or sell the loans to third parties. Changes in fair value are recurring and reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Mortgage banking activities, net. We classify residential investor loans as held-for-investment at fair value if we intend to hold these loans to maturity. Changes in fair value for these loans are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Investment fair value changes, net. In addition, we record residential investor loans held-for-investment at consolidated securitization entities at fair value in accordance with accounting guidance for CFEs, as described in the section above for residential consumer loans. See Note 8 for further discussion on residential investor loans. Interest Income Interest income is accrued on our unsecuritized loans in the period the coupon interest is contractually earned until such time a loan is placed on non-accrual status. A loan is generally placed on non-accrual status when it is probable that all principal and interest due under the contractual terms will not be collected and a loan is past due more than 90 days. Income from non-accrual loans is generally recognized on a cash basis when it is received. At the time a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all accrued but uncollected interest is reversed against interest income and interest subsequently collected is recognized on a cash basis to the extent the loan balance is deemed collectible or until such time the loan qualifies to be placed back on accrual status. Generally, a loan is placed back on accrual status when the loan becomes contractually current or the collection of past due and future payments is reasonably assured, either through reinstatement by the borrower or if there is sufficient estimated net equity in the underlying real estate property. Coupon interest for our securitized loans is recognized as revenue based on amounts expected to be paid to the securities issued by the securitization entities. Real Estate Securities, at Fair Value Our securities primarily consist of mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) collateralized by residential consumer, re-performing ("RPL") and multifamily mortgage loans. We classify our real estate securities as trading or available-for-sale securities. Trading Securities We primarily denote trading securities as those securities where we have adopted the fair value option. Coupon interest is recognized as interest income when earned and deemed collectible. Changes in the fair value of securities designated as trading securities are generally reported in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). Available-for-Sale Securities AFS securities are carried at their fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings (except when an allowance for credit losses is recognized, as discussed below) and reported in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”), a component of stockholders’ equity. Interest income on AFS securities is accrued based on their outstanding principal balance and contractual terms and interest income is recognized based on the security’s effective interest rate. In order to calculate the effective interest rate, we must project cash flows over the remaining life of each security and make assumptions with regards to interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, estimated call dates and other factors. On at least a quarterly basis, we review and, if appropriate, make adjustments to our cash flow projections based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, and our own judgments about interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. Changes in cash flows from those originally projected, or from those estimated at the last evaluation, may result in a prospective change in the yield and interest income recognized on these securities or in the recognition of an allowance for credit losses as discussed below. Credit impairments on our available-for-sale securities are recorded in earnings using an allowance for credit losses, with the allowance limited to the amount by which the security's fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. We evaluate all securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if the impairment is credit-related (resulting in an allowance for credit losses recorded in earnings) or non-credit-related (resulting in an unrealized loss through other comprehensive income). The allowance for credit losses is calculated using a discounted cash flow approach and is measured as the difference between the beneficial interest’s amortized cost and the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected, discounted at the effective interest rate used to accrete the beneficial interest. No allowance is recorded for beneficial interests in an unrealized gain position. See Note 9 for further discussion on real estate securities. HEI We invest in HEI from third-party originators and securities collateralized by third-party HEI. We also originate HEI ourselves through our Aspire platform, some or all of which are retained in our Redwood Investments portfolio. Each HEI provides the investor an option to purchase a percentage ownership interest in the underlying residential property upon the occurrence of specified events. The homeowner's obligations under the HEI are secured by the recording of a lien (typically junior liens) against the property in the form of a deed of trust or a mortgage. Our investments in HEI allow us to share in home price appreciation (or depreciation) of the associated property. We have elected to record these investments at fair value and report changes in their fair value in HEI income, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). In addition, we record HEI held at our consolidated HEI securitization entities at fair value. In accordance with accounting guidance for CFEs, we use the fair value of the ABS issued by these entities (which we determined to be more observable) to determine the fair value of the HEI held at these entities. Changes in fair value of the HEI assets held by these entities and the ABS issued by these entities (including issuance costs and the interest expense component of the ABS issued) are recorded through HEI income, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). See Note 10 for further discussion on HEI. Other Investments Servicer Advance Investments Our servicer advance investments are comprised of outstanding servicer advances receivable, the requirement to purchase all future servicer advances made with respect to a specified pool of residential mortgage loans and a fee component of the related MSR. We have elected to record these investments at fair value. We recognize interest income from our servicer advance investments when earned and deemed collectible and record the income as a component of Other interest income in our consolidated statements of income (loss). Our servicer advance investments are marked-to-market on a recurring basis with changes in the fair value reported in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). See Note 11 for further discussion on our servicer advance investments. Strategic Investments We have made and may make additional strategic investments in companies through our RWT Horizons venture investment strategy or at a corporate level. These investments can take the form of equity or debt and often have conversion features. Depending on the terms of the investments, we may account for these investments under the fair value option, as non-marketable equity securities under the equity method of accounting or the measurement alternative for equity securities without readily determinable fair values. Investments accounted for under the fair value option are carried at fair value with periodic changes in value recorded through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). For non-marketable securities, we utilize the equity method of accounting when we are able to exert significant influence over but do not control the activities of the investee. Under the equity method of accounting, we record our share of earnings or losses from equity-method investments and we assess our investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of our investment might not be recoverable. Income from equity-method investments is recorded in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). Under the measurement alternative, the carrying value of our investment is measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. Adjustments are determined primarily based on a market approach as of the transaction date and are recorded as a component of Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). See Note 11 for further discussion on our strategic investments. Excess MSRs Our excess MSR investments represent the right to receive a portion of mortgage servicing cash flows in excess of amounts paid for the underlying mortgage loans to be serviced. As owners of excess MSRs, we are not required to be a licensed servicer, and we are not required to assume any servicing duties, advance obligations or liabilities associated with the loan pool underlying the MSR. We have elected to record these investments at fair value. We recognize income from excess MSRs when it is earned and deemed collectible and record the income as a component of Other interest income in our consolidated statements of income (loss). Changes in fair value are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Investment fair value changes, net. See Note 6 for further discussion on excess MSRs. MSRs We recognize MSRs through the retention of servicing rights associated with residential mortgage loans that we acquired and subsequently transferred to third parties when the transfer meets the GAAP criteria for sale accounting, or through the direct acquisition of MSRs sold by third parties. We contract with licensed sub-servicers to perform servicing functions for loans associated with our MSRs. We have elected the fair value option for all of our MSRs, and they are initially recognized and subsequently carried at their fair values. Servicing fee income from MSRs is recorded on a cash basis when received. Net servicing income and changes in the fair value of MSRs are reported in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). See Note 6 for further discussion on MSRs. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents include non-restricted cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less and money market fund investments which are generally invested in U.S. government securities and are available to us on a daily basis. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents with major financial institutions. The Company monitors the financial stability of these financial institutions and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk in its cash and cash equivalents at these institutions. Restricted Cash Restricted cash primarily includes cash held at our consolidated Servicing Investment entities, and cash associated with our risk-sharing transactions with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac ("the Agencies"), as well as cash collateral held at Servicing Investment entities, and cash held at consolidated Sequoia, HEI and CAFL Bridge and Term entities for the purpose of distribution to investors and reinvestment. Derivative Financial Instruments Derivative financial instruments we typically utilize include swaps, swaptions, financial futures contracts, and “To Be Announced” (“TBA”) contracts. These derivatives are primarily used to manage interest rate risk associated with our operations. In addition, we enter into certain residential loan purchase commitments (“LPCs”) and interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") that are treated as derivatives for financial reporting purposes. All derivative financial instruments are recorded at their fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. Derivatives with positive fair values to us are reported as assets, and derivatives with negative fair values to us are reported as liabilities. We classify each derivative as either (i) a trading instrument (no specific hedging designation for financial reporting purposes) or (ii) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge). Changes in the fair values of derivatives accounted for as trading instruments, including any associated interest income or expense, are recorded in our consolidated statements of income (loss) through Other income, net if they are used to manage risks associated with our MSR investments, through Mortgage banking activities, net if they are used to manage risks associated with our mortgage banking activities, or through Investment fair value changes, net if they are used to manage risks associated with our investments. Valuation changes related to residential LPCs and IRLCs are included in Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). Changes in the fair values of derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges, to the extent they are effective, are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, a component of equity on our consolidated balance sheets. Interest income or expense, and any ineffectiveness associated with these derivatives, are recorded as a component of net interest income in our consolidated statements of income (loss). We measure the effective portion of cash flow hedges by comparing the change in fair value of the expected future variable cash flows of the derivative hedging instruments with the change in fair value of the expected future variable cash flows of the hedged item. We will discontinue a designated cash flow hedge relationship if (i) we determine that the hedging derivative is no longer expected to be effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the designated hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised; (iii) the derivative is de-designated as a cash flow hedge; or (iv) it is probable that a forecasted transaction associated with the hedged item will not occur by the end of the originally specified time period. To the extent we de-designate or terminate a cash flow hedging relationship and the associated hedged item continues to exist, any unrealized gain or loss of the cash flow hedge at the time of de-designation remains in accumulated other comprehensive income and is amortized using the straight-line method through interest expense over the remaining life of the hedged item. Cash flow activity related to the net settlements of derivatives are reflected within the operating activities section of the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows. Realized gains or losses on the Company's derivative financial instruments are included in the market valuation adjustment line item within the operating activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows. Swaps and Swaptions Interest rate swaps are agreements in which (i) one counterparty exchanges a stream of fixed interest payments for another counterparty’s stream of variable interest cash flows; or (ii) each counterparty exchanges variable interest cash flows that are referenced to different indices. Interest rate swaptions are agreements that provide the owner the right but not the obligation to enter into an underlying interest rate swap with a counterparty in the future. We enter into swaps and swaptions primarily to reduce significant changes in our income or equity caused by interest rate volatility. Certain of these interest rate agreements may be designated as cash flow hedges. TBA Agreements TBA agreements are forward contracts to purchase mortgage-backed securities that will be issued by a U.S. government sponsored enterprise in the future. We purchase or sell these derivatives to offset - to varying degrees - changes in the values of mortgage products for which we have exposure to interest rate volatility. Loan Purchase Commitments We use the term LPCs to refer to agreements with third-party residential loan originators to purchase residential loans at a future date that qualify as a derivative under GAAP. LPCs are recorded at their fair values on our consolidated balance sheets and changes in fair value are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Mortgage banking activities, net. Interest Rate Lock Commitments IRLCs are agreements we have made with third-party borrowers for residential investor loans that will be originated and held for sale. IRLCs qualify as derivatives under GAAP and are recorded at their fair values on our consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Mortgage banking activities, net. See Note 12 for further discussion on derivative financial instruments. Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities Our deferred tax assets/liabilities are generated by temporary differences in GAAP income and taxable income at our taxable REIT subsidiaries. As a result of these differences, we may recognize taxable income in periods prior to when we recognize income for GAAP purposes. When this occurs, we pay the tax liability as required and establish a deferred tax asset. As the income is subsequently realized in future periods for GAAP purposes, the deferred tax asset is reduced. We may also recognize GAAP income in periods prior to when we recognize income for tax purposes. When this occurs, we establish a deferred tax liability. As the income is subsequently realized in future periods for tax purposes, the deferred tax liability is reduced. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We consider historical and projected future taxable income and capital gains as well as tax planning strategies in making this assessment. We determine the extent to which realization of deferred assets is not assured and establish a valuation allowance accordingly. The estimate of net deferred tax assets could change in future periods to the extent that actual or revised estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward periods change from current expectations. Other Assets and Liabilities Goodwill and Intangible Assets Significant judgment is required to estimate the fair value of intangible assets and in assigning their estimated useful lives. The fair value estimates are based on available historical information and on future expectations and assumptions we deem reasonable. We generally use an income-based valuation method to estimate the fair value of intangible assets, which discounts expected future cash flows to present value using estimates and assumptions we deem reasonable. Determining the estimated useful lives of intangible assets also requires judgment. Our assessment as to which intangible assets are deemed to have finite or indefinite lives is based on several factors including economic barriers of entry for the acquired business, retention trends, and our operating plans, among other factors. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis and reviewed for impairment if indicators are present. Additionally, useful lives are evaluated each reporting period to determine if revisions to the remaining periods of amortization are warranted. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. We have elected to make the first day of our fiscal fourth quarter the annual impairment assessment date for goodwill. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If, based on that assessment, we believe it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we measure the fair value of the reporting unit and record a goodwill impairment charge for the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of the goodwill. See Note 14 for further discussion on intangible assets. Agency Risk-Sharing - Assets and Liabilities We have entered into various risk-sharing arrangements with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Under these arrangements, we committed to assume the first 1.00% or 2.25% (depending on the arrangement) of losses realized on reference pools of conforming residential mortgage loans that we acquired and then sold to the Agencies. As part of these risk-sharing arrangements, during the 10-year term of our first Fannie Mae arrangement, we receive monthly cash payments from Fannie Mae based on the monthly outstanding unpaid principal balance of the reference pool of loans, and for our Freddie Mac and our subsequent Fannie Mae arrangements, the Agencies charged us a reduced guarantee fee for the reference loans we delivered to them in exchange for mortgage-backed securities, which we then sold. Under these arrangements we are required to pledge assets to the Agencies to collateralize our risk-sharing commitments to them throughout the terms of the arrangements. These pledged assets are held by a third-party custodian for the benefit of the Agencies. To the extent approved losses are incurred, the custodian will transfer collateral to the Agencies. As a result of these transactions, we recorded restricted cash, “pledged collateral” in the other assets line item, and “guarantee obligations” in the other liabilities line item, on our consolidated balance sheets. In addition, for the first Fannie Mae transaction, we recorded a “guarantee asset” in the other assets line item on our consolidated balance sheets. The guarantee obligations represent our commitments to assume losses under these arrangements. We amortize the guarantee obligations over the 10-year terms of the arrangements based primarily on changes in the outstanding unpaid principal balance of loans in the reference pools, with a portion of the liabilities treated as a credit reserve that is not amortized into income. In addition, each period we assess the need for a separate loss allowance related to these arrangements, based on our estimate of credit losses inherent in the reference pools of loans. Income from cash payments received under the first Fannie Mae risk-sharing arrangement and income related to the amortization of the guarantee obligations of all three arrangements are recorded in Other income, net and market valuation changes of the guarantee asset are recorded in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). Our consolidated balance sheets include assets of the special purpose entities ("SPEs") associated with these risk-sharing arrangements (i.e., the "pledged collateral" referred to above) that can only be used to settle obligations of these SPEs and liabilities of these SPEs for which the creditors of these SPEs (the Agencies) do not have recourse to Redwood Trust, Inc. or its affiliates. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, assets of such SPEs totaled $29 million and $28 million, respectively, and liabilities of such SPEs totaled $3 million and $6 million, respectively. Real Estate Owned ("REO") REO property acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value, and subsequently reported at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value (less estimated cost to sell). Changes in the fair value of an REO property that has a fair value at or below its carrying amount are recorded in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). See Note 14 for further discussion on REO. Lease - Asset and Liabilities We record operating lease liabilities and operating lease right-of-use assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease liabilities are equal to the present value of our remaining lease payments discounted at our incremental borrowing rate and the operating lease right-of-use assets are equal to the operating lease liabilities adjusted for our deferred rent liabilities. As lease payments are made, the operating lease liabilities are reduced to the present value of the remaining lease payments and the operating lease right-of-use assets are reduced by the difference between the lease expense (straight-lined over the lease term) and the theoretical interest expense amount (calculated using the incremental borrowing rate). See Note 18 for further discussion on leases. Payable to Non-Controlling Interests Payable to non-controlling interests includes amounts payable to third parties, representing their interest in our consolidated Servicing Investment and HEI securitization entities. See Note 10 and Note 11 for further discussion of HEI and Other investments, respectively, and Note 14 for further discussion on other assets and other liabilities. Asset-Backed Securities Issued ("ABS") ABS issued represents asset-backed securities issued through our consolidated securitization entities. Assets at these entities are held in the custody of securitization trustees and are not owned by Redwood. These trustees collect principal and interest payments (less servicing and related fees) from the assets in these entities and make corresponding principal and interest payments to the ABS investors. In accordance with accounting guidance for CFEs, we account for the ABS issued under certain of our consolidated entities at fair value, with periodic changes in fair value recorded in Investment fair value changes, net or HEI income, net (for HEI securitizations) on our consolidated statements of income (loss). See Note 16 for further discussion on ABS issued. Debt Obligations Debt obligations under our financing facilities are secured by real estate securities and carried at unpaid principal balance ("UPB") net of any unamortized deferred issuance costs. Interest on these facilities is paid monthly. If the value of the collateral securing those borrowings decreases, we may be subject to margin calls during the period the borrowings are outstanding. In instances where we do not satisfy the margin calls within the required time frame, the counterparty may retain the collateral and pursue any outstanding debt amount from us Convertible notes include unsecured convertible and exchangeable debt that are carried at their UPB net of any unamortized deferred issuance costs. Interest on the notes is payable semiannually until such time the notes mature or are converted or exchanged into shares. If converted or exchanged by a holder, the holder of the notes would receive shares of our common stock. Senior notes and trust preferred securities and subordinated notes are carried at their UPB net of any unamortized deferred issuance costs. This debt is unsecured and interest is paid quarterly until it is redeemed in whole or matures at a future date. See Note 17 for further discussion on our debt obligations. Equity Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Net unrealized gains and losses on real estate securities available-for-sale and interest rate agreements designated as cash flow hedges are reported as components of Accumulated other comprehensive income on our consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity and our consolidated balance sheets. Net unrealized gains and losses on securities and interest rate agreements held by our taxable REIT subsidiaries that are reported in other comprehensive income are adjusted for the effects of taxation and may create deferred tax assets or liabilities. See Note 19 for further discussion on equity. Earnings per Common Share Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding. Net income allocated to common shareholders represents net income less income allocated to participating securities (as described herein). Diluted EPS is computed by dividing income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding plus amounts representing the dilutive effect of share-based payment awards. If the assumed conversion or exchange of convertible or exchangeable debt into common shares is dilutive, diluted EPS is adjusted by adding back the periodic interest expense (net of any tax effects) associated with dilutive convertible or exchangeable debt to net income and adding the shares issued in an assumed conversion or exchange to the diluted weighted average share count. For our convertible debt issued in 2022, if the potential conversion of the debt is dilutive, then the number of shares needed to settle the conversion premium are added to the shares outstanding used to calculate dilutive EPS. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula under which EPS is calculated for common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participating rights in undistributed earnings. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated between participating securities and common shares based on their respective rights to receive dividends or dividend equivalents. GAAP defines vested and unvested share-based payment awards containing non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents as participating securities that are included in computing EPS under the two-class method. See Note 20 for further discussion on EPS. Equity Compensation Plans In 2023, our shareholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Redwood Trust, Inc. Incentive Plan (“Incentive Plan”) for executive officers, employees, and non-employee directors, which, among other things, increased the number of shares available under the Incentive Plan. The Incentive Plan provides for the grant of restricted stock, deferred stock, deferred stock units, performance-based awards (including performance stock units and cash-settled performance stock units), dividend equivalents, stock payments, restricted stock units, cash-settled restricted and deferred stock units, and other types of awards to eligible participants. Long-term incentive awards granted under the Incentive Plan generally vest over a three- or four-year period. Deferred stock units, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards (as well as cash-settled restricted and deferred stock units) have attached dividend equivalent rights, resulting in the payment of dividend equivalents each time we pay a common stock dividend. Non-employee directors are also provided annual awards under the Incentive Plan that generally vest immediately. The cost of the awards is generally amortized over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. We have elected to account for forfeitures on employee equity-based awards, including cash-settled awards, as they occur. Executive Deferred Compensation Plan In 2023, our Board of Directors approved an amendment to our 2002 Executive Deferred Compensation Plan (“EDCP”) to increase the number of shares available to non-employee directors to defer certain cash payments and dividends into DSUs. The EDCP allows eligible employees and directors to defer portions of current salary and certain other forms of compensation. The Company matches some deferrals. Compensation deferred under the EDCP is recorded as a liability on our consolidated balance sheets. The EDCP allows for the investment of deferrals in either an interest crediting account or DSUs. See Note 21 for further discussion on equity compensation plans. Taxes We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT we must distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to shareholders (not including taxable income retained in our taxable REIT subsidiaries) within the time frame set forth in the Internal Revenue Code and also meet certain other requirements related to assets, income, and stock ownership. We assess our tax positions for all open tax years and record tax benefits only if tax positions meet a more-likely-than-not threshold in accordance with GAAP guidance on accounting for uncertain tax positions. We classify interest and penalties on material uncertain tax positions as interest expense and general and administrative expenses, respectively, in our consolidated statements of income (loss). See Note 23 for further discussion on taxes. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." This ASU requires enhanced disclosures primarily about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the year ended 2024, which resulted in additional disclosures and did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. See Note 4 for further discussion on Segment Information. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures." This ASU requires incremental disclosures primarily related to the reconciliation of the statutory income tax rate to the effective income tax rate, as well as income taxes paid. This new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and upon adoption, the guidance can be adopted on a prospective or retrospective basis. We anticipate that the new guidance will result in additional disclosures and plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses." This ASU requires additional disclosures on disaggregated information about certain income statement expense line items including employee compensation, depreciation, amortization and depletion. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. We expect that this new guidance will result in additional disclosures in our consolidated financial statements and plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date. The Company reviewed other recently issued ASUs and determined that they were not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements when adopted or did not have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

Our consolidated financial statements include assets and liabilities that are measured at their fair values in accordance with GAAP. A fair value measurement represents the price at which an orderly transaction would occur between willing market participants at the measurement date.

We develop fair values for financial assets or liabilities based on available inputs and pricing that is observed in the marketplace. After considering all available indications of the appropriate rate of return that market participants would require, we consider the reasonableness of the range indicated by the results to determine an estimate that is most representative of fair value.

Under GAAP, we have the option to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities, and commitments at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis. This option is available when we first recognize a financial asset or financial liability or enter into a firm commitment. Subsequent changes in the fair value of assets, liabilities, and commitments where we have elected the fair value option are recorded in our consolidated statements of income (loss).

We elect the fair value option for certain residential consumer and investor loans, interest-only (“IO”) and certain subordinate securities, MSRs, servicer advance investments, HEI, and certain of our other investments. We generally elect the fair value option for residential consumer and investor loans that are held-for-sale, due to our intent to sell or securitize the loans in the near-term and for residential investor bridge loans due to their shorter duration. We elect the fair value option for our IO and certain subordinate

securities, and MSRs, for which we may hedge market interest rate risk. In addition, we elect the fair value option for the assets and liabilities of our consolidated securitization entities in accordance with GAAP accounting for collateralized financing entities ("CFEs").

Residential consumer loans held-for-sale include loans that we intend to sell to third parties, or including transfers to securitization entities that we plan to sponsor. We generally elect the fair value option for residential consumer loans that we purchase and the changes in fair value for these loans are recurring which are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Mortgage banking activities, net.

We record residential consumer loans held-for-investment at consolidated securitization entities at fair value. In accordance with accounting guidance for CFEs, we use the fair value of the ABS issued by these entities (which we determined to be more observable) to determine the fair value of the loans held at these entities. Changes in fair value for these loans and related ABS are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Investment fair value changes, net.

We originate and purchase residential investor loans, for subsequent securitization, sale, or transfer into our Redwood Investments portfolio. Residential investor loans are loans to investors in single-family and multifamily housing properties, which we classify as either "term" loans (which include loans with maturities that generally range from 3 to 30 years) or "bridge" loans (which include loans with maturities that generally range from 12 to 36 months). Single-family loans are mortgage loans secured by residential real estate (primarily 1-4 unit) that the borrower owns as an investment property. Residential investor bridge loans are mortgage loans which are generally secured by unoccupied residential investor or multifamily real estate that the borrower owns as an investment and that is being renovated, rehabilitated or constructed.

We classify residential investor loans as held-for-sale at fair value when we originate or purchase these loans with the intent to transfer the loans to securitization entities or sell the loans to third parties. Changes in fair value are recurring and reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Mortgage banking activities, net.

We classify residential investor loans as held-for-investment at fair value if we intend to hold these loans to maturity. Changes in fair value for these loans are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Investment fair value changes, net.

Interest income is accrued on our unsecuritized loans in the period the coupon interest is contractually earned until such time a loan is placed on non-accrual status. A loan is generally placed on non-accrual status when it is probable that all principal and interest due under the contractual terms will not be collected and a loan is past due more than 90 days. Income from non-accrual loans is generally recognized on a cash basis when it is received. At the time a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all accrued but uncollected interest is reversed against interest income and interest subsequently collected is recognized on a cash basis to the extent the loan balance is deemed collectible or until such time the loan qualifies to be placed back on accrual status. Generally, a loan is placed back on accrual status when the loan becomes contractually current or the collection of past due and future payments is reasonably assured, either through reinstatement by the borrower or if there is sufficient estimated net equity in the underlying real estate property.

We primarily denote trading securities as those securities where we have adopted the fair value option. Coupon interest is recognized as interest income when earned and deemed collectible. Changes in the fair value of securities designated as trading securities are generally reported in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

AFS securities are carried at their fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings (except when an allowance for credit losses is recognized, as discussed below) and reported in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”), a component of stockholders’ equity.

Interest income on AFS securities is accrued based on their outstanding principal balance and contractual terms and interest income is recognized based on the security’s effective interest rate. In order to calculate the effective interest rate, we must project cash flows over the remaining life of each security and make assumptions with regards to interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, estimated call dates and other factors. On at least a quarterly basis, we review and, if appropriate, make adjustments to our cash flow projections based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, and our own judgments about interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. Changes in cash flows from those originally projected, or from those estimated at the last evaluation, may result in a prospective change in the yield and interest income recognized on these securities or in the recognition of an allowance for credit losses as discussed below.

Credit impairments on our available-for-sale securities are recorded in earnings using an allowance for credit losses, with the allowance limited to the amount by which the security's fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. We evaluate all securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if the impairment is credit-related (resulting in an allowance for credit losses recorded in earnings) or non-credit-related (resulting in an unrealized loss through other comprehensive income). The allowance for credit losses is calculated using a discounted cash flow approach and is measured as the difference between the beneficial interest’s amortized cost and the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected, discounted at the effective interest rate used to accrete the beneficial interest. No allowance is recorded for beneficial interests in an unrealized gain position.

We invest in HEI from third-party originators and securities collateralized by third-party HEI. We also originate HEI ourselves through our Aspire platform, some or all of which are retained in our Redwood Investments portfolio. Each HEI provides the investor an option to purchase a percentage ownership interest in the underlying residential property upon the occurrence of specified events. The homeowner's obligations under the HEI are secured by the recording of a lien (typically junior liens) against the property in the form of a deed of trust or a mortgage. Our investments in HEI allow us to share in home price appreciation (or depreciation) of the associated property. We have elected to record these investments at fair value and report changes in their fair value in HEI income, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

In addition, we record HEI held at our consolidated HEI securitization entities at fair value. In accordance with accounting guidance for CFEs, we use the fair value of the ABS issued by these entities (which we determined to be more observable) to determine the fair value of the HEI held at these entities. Changes in fair value of the HEI assets held by these entities and the ABS issued by these entities (including issuance costs and the interest expense component of the ABS issued) are recorded through HEI income, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

Our servicer advance investments are comprised of outstanding servicer advances receivable, the requirement to purchase all future servicer advances made with respect to a specified pool of residential mortgage loans and a fee component of the related MSR. We have elected to record these investments at fair value. We recognize interest income from our servicer advance investments when earned and deemed collectible and record the income as a component of Other interest income in our consolidated statements of income (loss). Our servicer advance investments are marked-to-market on a recurring basis with changes in the fair value reported in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

We have made and may make additional strategic investments in companies through our RWT Horizons venture investment strategy or at a corporate level. These investments can take the form of equity or debt and often have conversion features. Depending on the terms of the investments, we may account for these investments under the fair value option, as non-marketable equity securities under the equity method of accounting or the measurement alternative for equity securities without readily determinable fair values.

Investments accounted for under the fair value option are carried at fair value with periodic changes in value recorded through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). For non-marketable securities, we utilize the equity method of accounting when we are able to exert significant influence over but do not control the activities of the investee. Under the equity method of accounting, we record our share of earnings or losses from equity-method investments and we assess our investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of our investment might not be recoverable. Income from equity-method investments is recorded in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). Under the measurement alternative, the carrying value of our investment is measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. Adjustments are determined primarily based on a market approach as of the transaction date and are recorded as a component of Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

Our excess MSR investments represent the right to receive a portion of mortgage servicing cash flows in excess of amounts paid for the underlying mortgage loans to be serviced. As owners of excess MSRs, we are not required to be a licensed servicer, and we are not required to assume any servicing duties, advance obligations or liabilities associated with the loan pool underlying the MSR. We have elected to record these investments at fair value. We recognize income from excess MSRs when it is earned and deemed collectible and record the income as a component of Other interest income in our consolidated statements of income (loss). Changes in fair value are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Investment fair value changes, net.

We recognize MSRs through the retention of servicing rights associated with residential mortgage loans that we acquired and subsequently transferred to third parties when the transfer meets the GAAP criteria for sale accounting, or through the direct acquisition of MSRs sold by third parties.

We contract with licensed sub-servicers to perform servicing functions for loans associated with our MSRs. We have elected the fair value option for all of our MSRs, and they are initially recognized and subsequently carried at their fair values. Servicing fee income from MSRs is recorded on a cash basis when received. Net servicing income and changes in the fair value of MSRs are reported in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

Cash and cash equivalents include non-restricted cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less and money market fund investments which are generally invested in U.S. government securities and are available to us on a daily basis. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents with major financial institutions. The Company monitors the financial stability of these financial institutions and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk in its cash and cash equivalents at these institutions.

Restricted cash primarily includes cash held at our consolidated Servicing Investment entities, and cash associated with our risk-sharing transactions with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac ("the Agencies"), as well as cash collateral held at Servicing Investment entities, and cash held at consolidated Sequoia, HEI and CAFL Bridge and Term entities for the purpose of distribution to investors and reinvestment.

Derivative financial instruments we typically utilize include swaps, swaptions, financial futures contracts, and “To Be Announced” (“TBA”) contracts. These derivatives are primarily used to manage interest rate risk associated with our operations. In addition, we enter into certain residential loan purchase commitments (“LPCs”) and interest rate lock commitments ("IRLCs") that are treated as derivatives for financial reporting purposes. All derivative financial instruments are recorded at their fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. Derivatives with positive fair values to us are reported as assets, and derivatives with negative fair values to us are reported as liabilities. We classify each derivative as either (i) a trading instrument (no specific hedging designation for financial reporting purposes) or (ii) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge).

Changes in the fair values of derivatives accounted for as trading instruments, including any associated interest income or expense, are recorded in our consolidated statements of income (loss) through Other income, net if they are used to manage risks associated with our MSR investments, through Mortgage banking activities, net if they are used to manage risks associated with our mortgage banking activities, or through Investment fair value changes, net if they are used to manage risks associated with our investments. Valuation changes related to residential LPCs and IRLCs are included in Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

Changes in the fair values of derivatives accounted for as cash flow hedges, to the extent they are effective, are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, a component of equity on our consolidated balance sheets. Interest income or expense, and any ineffectiveness associated with these derivatives, are recorded as a component of net interest income in our consolidated statements of income (loss). We measure the effective portion of cash flow hedges by comparing the change in fair value of the expected future variable cash flows of the derivative hedging instruments with the change in fair value of the expected future variable cash flows of the hedged item.

We will discontinue a designated cash flow hedge relationship if (i) we determine that the hedging derivative is no longer expected to be effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the designated hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised; (iii) the derivative is de-designated as a cash flow hedge; or (iv) it is probable that a forecasted transaction associated with the hedged item will not occur by the end of the originally specified time period. To the extent we de-designate or terminate a cash flow hedging relationship and the associated hedged item continues to exist, any unrealized gain or loss of the cash flow hedge at the time of de-designation remains in accumulated other comprehensive income and is amortized using the straight-line method through interest expense over the remaining life of the hedged item.

Cash flow activity related to the net settlements of derivatives are reflected within the operating activities section of the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows. Realized gains or losses on the Company's derivative financial instruments are included in the market valuation adjustment line item within the operating activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Interest rate swaps are agreements in which (i) one counterparty exchanges a stream of fixed interest payments for another counterparty’s stream of variable interest cash flows; or (ii) each counterparty exchanges variable interest cash flows that are referenced to different indices. Interest rate swaptions are agreements that provide the owner the right but not the obligation to enter into an underlying interest rate swap with a counterparty in the future. We enter into swaps and swaptions primarily to reduce significant changes in our income or equity caused by interest rate volatility. Certain of these interest rate agreements may be designated as cash flow hedges.

TBA agreements are forward contracts to purchase mortgage-backed securities that will be issued by a U.S. government sponsored enterprise in the future. We purchase or sell these derivatives to offset - to varying degrees - changes in the values of mortgage products for which we have exposure to interest rate volatility.

We use the term LPCs to refer to agreements with third-party residential loan originators to purchase residential loans at a future date that qualify as a derivative under GAAP. LPCs are recorded at their fair values on our consolidated balance sheets and changes in fair value are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Mortgage banking activities, net.

IRLCs are agreements we have made with third-party borrowers for residential investor loans that will be originated and held for sale. IRLCs qualify as derivatives under GAAP and are recorded at their fair values on our consolidated balance sheets. Changes in fair value are recurring and are reported through our consolidated statements of income (loss) in Mortgage banking activities, net.

Our deferred tax assets/liabilities are generated by temporary differences in GAAP income and taxable income at our taxable REIT subsidiaries. As a result of these differences, we may recognize taxable income in periods prior to when we recognize income for GAAP purposes. When this occurs, we pay the tax liability as required and establish a deferred tax asset. As the income is subsequently realized in future periods for GAAP purposes, the deferred tax asset is reduced. We may also recognize GAAP income in periods prior to when we recognize income for tax purposes. When this occurs, we establish a deferred tax liability. As the income is subsequently realized in future periods for tax purposes, the deferred tax liability is reduced.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. We consider historical and projected future taxable income and capital gains as well as tax planning strategies in making this assessment. We determine the extent to which realization of deferred assets is not assured and establish a valuation allowance accordingly. The estimate of net deferred tax assets could change in future periods to the extent that actual or revised estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward periods change from current expectations.

Significant judgment is required to estimate the fair value of intangible assets and in assigning their estimated useful lives. The fair value estimates are based on available historical information and on future expectations and assumptions we deem reasonable. We generally use an income-based valuation method to estimate the fair value of intangible assets, which discounts expected future cash flows to present value using estimates and assumptions we deem reasonable. Determining the estimated useful lives of intangible assets also requires judgment. Our assessment as to which intangible assets are deemed to have finite or indefinite lives is based on several factors including economic barriers of entry for the acquired business, retention trends, and our operating plans, among other factors. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis and reviewed for

impairment if indicators are present. Additionally, useful lives are evaluated each reporting period to determine if revisions to the remaining periods of amortization are warranted. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. We have elected to make the first day of our fiscal fourth quarter the annual impairment assessment date for goodwill. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If, based on that assessment, we believe it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, we measure the fair value of the reporting unit and record a goodwill impairment charge for the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of the goodwill.

We have entered into various risk-sharing arrangements with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Under these arrangements, we committed to assume the first 1.00% or 2.25% (depending on the arrangement) of losses realized on reference pools of conforming residential mortgage loans that we acquired and then sold to the Agencies. As part of these risk-sharing arrangements, during the 10-year term of our first Fannie Mae arrangement, we receive monthly cash payments from Fannie Mae based on the monthly outstanding unpaid principal balance of the reference pool of loans, and for our Freddie Mac and our subsequent Fannie Mae arrangements, the Agencies charged us a reduced guarantee fee for the reference loans we delivered to them in exchange for mortgage-backed securities, which we then sold.

Under these arrangements we are required to pledge assets to the Agencies to collateralize our risk-sharing commitments to them throughout the terms of the arrangements. These pledged assets are held by a third-party custodian for the benefit of the Agencies. To the extent approved losses are incurred, the custodian will transfer collateral to the Agencies. As a result of these transactions, we recorded restricted cash, “pledged collateral” in the other assets line item, and “guarantee obligations” in the other liabilities line item, on our consolidated balance sheets. In addition, for the first Fannie Mae transaction, we recorded a “guarantee asset” in the other assets line item on our consolidated balance sheets.

The guarantee obligations represent our commitments to assume losses under these arrangements. We amortize the guarantee obligations over the 10-year terms of the arrangements based primarily on changes in the outstanding unpaid principal balance of loans in the reference pools, with a portion of the liabilities treated as a credit reserve that is not amortized into income. In addition, each period we assess the need for a separate loss allowance related to these arrangements, based on our estimate of credit losses inherent in the reference pools of loans.

Income from cash payments received under the first Fannie Mae risk-sharing arrangement and income related to the amortization of the guarantee obligations of all three arrangements are recorded in Other income, net and market valuation changes of the guarantee asset are recorded in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

Our consolidated balance sheets include assets of the special purpose entities ("SPEs") associated with these risk-sharing arrangements (i.e., the "pledged collateral" referred to above) that can only be used to settle obligations of these SPEs and liabilities of these SPEs for which the creditors of these SPEs (the Agencies) do not have recourse to Redwood Trust, Inc. or its affiliates. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, assets of such SPEs totaled $29 million and $28 million, respectively, and liabilities of such SPEs totaled $3 million and $6 million, respectively.

REO property acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosure is initially recorded at fair value, and subsequently reported at the lower of its carrying amount or fair value (less estimated cost to sell). Changes in the fair value of an REO property that has a fair value at or below its carrying amount are recorded in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

We record operating lease liabilities and operating lease right-of-use assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease liabilities are equal to the present value of our remaining lease payments discounted at our incremental borrowing rate and the operating lease right-of-use assets are equal to the operating lease liabilities adjusted for our deferred rent liabilities. As lease payments are made, the operating lease liabilities are reduced to the present value of the remaining lease payments and the operating

ABS issued represents asset-backed securities issued through our consolidated securitization entities. Assets at these entities are held in the custody of securitization trustees and are not owned by Redwood. These trustees collect principal and interest payments (less servicing and related fees) from the assets in these entities and make corresponding principal and interest payments to the ABS investors. In accordance with accounting guidance for CFEs, we account for the ABS issued under certain of our consolidated entities at fair value, with periodic changes in fair value recorded in Investment fair value changes, net or HEI income, net (for HEI securitizations) on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

Debt obligations under our financing facilities are secured by real estate securities and carried at unpaid principal balance ("UPB") net of any unamortized deferred issuance costs. Interest on these facilities is paid monthly. If the value of the collateral securing those borrowings decreases, we may be subject to margin calls during the period the borrowings are outstanding. In instances where we do not satisfy the margin calls within the required time frame, the counterparty may retain the collateral and pursue any outstanding debt amount from us

Convertible notes include unsecured convertible and exchangeable debt that are carried at their UPB net of any unamortized deferred issuance costs. Interest on the notes is payable semiannually until such time the notes mature or are converted or exchanged into shares. If converted or exchanged by a holder, the holder of the notes would receive shares of our common stock.

Net unrealized gains and losses on real estate securities available-for-sale and interest rate agreements designated as cash flow hedges are reported as components of Accumulated other comprehensive income on our consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity and our consolidated balance sheets. Net unrealized gains and losses on securities and interest rate agreements held by our taxable REIT subsidiaries that are reported in other comprehensive income are adjusted for the effects of taxation and may create deferred tax assets or liabilities.

Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding. Net income allocated to common shareholders represents net income less income allocated to participating securities (as described herein). Diluted EPS is computed by dividing income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding plus amounts representing the dilutive effect of share-based payment awards. If the

assumed conversion or exchange of convertible or exchangeable debt into common shares is dilutive, diluted EPS is adjusted by adding back the periodic interest expense (net of any tax effects) associated with dilutive convertible or exchangeable debt to net income and adding the shares issued in an assumed conversion or exchange to the diluted weighted average share count. For our convertible debt issued in 2022, if the potential conversion of the debt is dilutive, then the number of shares needed to settle the conversion premium are added to the shares outstanding used to calculate dilutive EPS.

The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula under which EPS is calculated for common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared and participating rights in undistributed earnings. Under this method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated between participating securities and common shares based on their respective rights to receive dividends or dividend equivalents. GAAP defines vested and unvested share-based payment awards containing non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents as participating securities that are included in computing EPS under the two-class method.

In 2023, our shareholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Redwood Trust, Inc. Incentive Plan (“Incentive Plan”) for executive officers, employees, and non-employee directors, which, among other things, increased the number of shares available under the Incentive Plan. The Incentive Plan provides for the grant of restricted stock, deferred stock, deferred stock units, performance-based awards (including performance stock units and cash-settled performance stock units), dividend equivalents, stock payments, restricted stock units, cash-settled restricted and deferred stock units, and other types of awards to eligible participants. Long-term incentive awards granted under the Incentive Plan generally vest over a three- or four-year period. Deferred stock units, restricted stock units, and restricted stock awards (as well as cash-settled restricted and deferred stock units) have attached dividend equivalent rights, resulting in the payment of dividend equivalents each time we pay a common stock dividend. Non-employee directors are also provided annual awards under the Incentive Plan that generally vest immediately. The cost of the awards is generally amortized over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. We have elected to account for forfeitures on employee equity-based awards, including cash-settled awards, as they occur.

In 2023, our Board of Directors approved an amendment to our 2002 Executive Deferred Compensation Plan (“EDCP”) to increase the number of shares available to non-employee directors to defer certain cash payments and dividends into DSUs. The EDCP allows eligible employees and directors to defer portions of current salary and certain other forms of compensation. The Company matches some deferrals. Compensation deferred under the EDCP is recorded as a liability on our consolidated balance sheets. The EDCP allows for the investment of deferrals in either an interest crediting account or DSUs.

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT we must distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to shareholders (not including taxable income retained in our taxable REIT subsidiaries) within the time frame set forth in the Internal Revenue Code and also meet certain other requirements related to assets, income, and stock ownership. We assess our tax positions for all open tax years and record tax benefits only if tax positions meet a more-likely-than-not threshold in accordance with GAAP guidance on accounting for uncertain tax positions. We classify interest and penalties on material uncertain tax positions as interest expense and general and administrative expenses, respectively, in our consolidated statements of income (loss).

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." This ASU requires enhanced disclosures primarily about significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the year ended 2024, which resulted in additional disclosures and did not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures." This ASU requires incremental disclosures primarily related to the reconciliation of the statutory income tax rate to the effective income tax rate, as well as income taxes paid. This new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and upon adoption, the guidance can be adopted on a prospective or retrospective basis. We anticipate that the new guidance will result in additional disclosures and plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses." This ASU requires additional disclosures on disaggregated information about certain income statement expense line items including employee compensation, depreciation, amortization and depletion. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. We expect that this new guidance will result in additional disclosures in our consolidated financial statements and plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date.

The Company reviewed other recently issued ASUs and determined that they were not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements when adopted or did not have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements upon adoption.