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Real Estate Securities
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Real Estate Securities Real Estate Securities
We invest in real estate securities that we create and retain from our Sequoia securitizations or acquire from third parties. The following table presents the fair values of our real estate securities by type at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Table 9.1 – Fair Values of Real Estate Securities by Type
(In Thousands)December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Trading$108,329 $170,619 
Available-for-sale132,146 206,792 
Total Real Estate Securities$240,475 $377,411 
Our real estate securities include mortgage-backed securities, which are presented in accordance with their general position within a securitization structure based on their rights to cash flows. Senior securities are those interests in a securitization that generally have the first right to cash flows and are last in line to absorb losses. Mezzanine securities are interests that are generally subordinate to senior securities in their rights to receive cash flows, and have subordinate securities below them that are first to absorb losses. Subordinate securities are all interests below mezzanine. Exclusive of our re-performing loan securities, nearly all of our residential securities are supported by collateral that was designated as prime at the time of issuance.
Trading Securities
We elected the fair value option for certain securities and classify them as trading securities. Our trading securities include both residential and multifamily mortgage-backed securities, and our residential securities also include securities backed by re-performing loans ("RPL"). The following table presents the fair value of trading securities by position and collateral type at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Table 9.2 – Fair Value of Trading Securities by Position
(In Thousands)December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Senior
Interest-only securities (1)
$28,867 $21,787 
Total Senior28,867 21,787 
Subordinate
RPL securities29,002 65,140 
Multifamily securities5,027 10,549 
Other third-party residential securities45,433 73,143 
Total Subordinate79,462 148,832 
Total Trading Securities$108,329 $170,619 
(1)Includes $26 million and $15 million of Sequoia certificated mortgage servicing rights at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The following table presents the unpaid principal balance of trading securities by position and collateral type at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Table 9.3 – Unpaid Principal Balance of Trading Securities by Position
(In Thousands)December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Senior (1)
$— $— 
Subordinate215,592 235,306 
Total Trading Securities$215,592 $235,306 
(1)Our senior trading securities are comprised of interest-only securities, for which there is no principal balance.
The following table provides the activity of trading securities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Table 9.4 – Trading Securities Activity
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)20222021
Principal balance of securities acquired (1)
$— $50,180 
Principal balance of securities sold (1)
17,716 55,561 
Net market valuation gains (losses) recorded (2)
(34,221)23,583 
(1)For the year ended December 31, 2021, excludes $5 million of securities bought and sold during the same quarter.
(2)Net market valuation gains (losses) on trading securities are recorded through Investment fair value changes, net and Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).
AFS Securities
The following table presents the fair value of our available-for-sale ("AFS") securities by position and collateral type at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Table 9.5 – Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities by Position
(In Thousands)December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Subordinate
Sequoia securities$74,367 $127,542 
Multifamily securities7,647 22,166 
Other third-party residential securities50,132 57,084 
Total Subordinate132,146 206,792 
Total AFS Securities$132,146 $206,792 
The following table provides the activity of available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Table 9.6 – Available-for-Sale Securities Activity
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)20222021
Fair value of securities acquired$10,000 $19,100 
Fair value of securities sold— 4,785 
Principal balance of securities called20,267 27,875 
Net unrealized (losses) gains on AFS securities (1)
(64,704)8,016 
(1)Net unrealized (losses) gains on AFS securities are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets through Accumulated other comprehensive loss.

We often purchase AFS securities at a discount to their outstanding principal balances. To the extent we purchase an AFS security that has a likelihood of incurring a loss, we do not amortize into income the portion of the purchase discount that we do not expect to collect due to the inherent credit risk of the security. We may also expense a portion of our investment in the security to the extent we believe that principal losses will exceed the purchase discount. We designate any amount of unpaid principal balance that we do not expect to receive and thus do not expect to earn or recover as a credit reserve on the security. Any remaining net unamortized discounts or premiums on the security are amortized into income over time using the effective yield method.
At December 31, 2022, we had $4 million of AFS securities with contractual maturities less than five years, $1 million with contractual maturities greater than five years but less than ten years, and the remainder of our AFS securities had contractual maturities greater than ten years.
The following table presents the components of carrying value (which equals fair value) of AFS securities at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Table 9.7 – Carrying Value of AFS Securities
(In Thousands)December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Principal balance$221,933 $242,852 
Credit reserve(28,739)(27,555)
Unamortized discount, net(61,650)(76,023)
Amortized cost131,544 139,274 
Gross unrealized gains16,269 67,815 
Gross unrealized losses(13,127)(297)
CECL allowance(2,540)— 
Carrying Value$132,146 $206,792 

The following table presents the changes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, in unamortized discount and designated credit reserves on residential AFS securities.
Table 9.8 – Changes in Unamortized Discount and Designated Credit Reserves on AFS Securities
Year Ended December 31, 2022Year Ended December 31, 2021
Credit
Reserve		Unamortized
Discount, Net		Credit
Reserve		Unamortized
Discount, Net
(In Thousands)
Beginning balance$27,555 $76,023 $44,967 $95,718 
Amortization of net discount— (11,153)— (23,254)
Realized credit recoveries (losses), net471 — (707)— 
Acquisitions— — 2,825 1,208 
Sales, calls, other(842)(1,665)(1,328)(15,851)
Transfers to (release of) credit reserves, net1,555 (1,555)(18,202)18,202 
Ending Balance$28,739 $61,650 $27,555 $76,023 
AFS Securities with Unrealized Losses
The following table presents the total carrying value (fair value) and unrealized losses of residential AFS securities that were in a gross unrealized loss position at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Table 9.9 – AFS Securities in Gross Unrealized Loss Position by Holding Periods
Less Than 12 Consecutive Months12 Consecutive Months or Longer
Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2022$72,679 $(12,940)$1,414 $(186)
December 31, 20216,827 (251)1,554 (46)
At December 31, 2022, after giving effect to purchases, sales, and extinguishment due to credit losses, our consolidated balance sheet included 79 AFS securities, of which 38 were in an unrealized loss position and one was in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer. At December 31, 2021, our consolidated balance sheet included 85 AFS securities, of which four were in an unrealized loss position and one was in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer.
Evaluating AFS Securities for Credit Losses
Gross unrealized losses on our AFS securities were $13 million at December 31, 2022. We evaluate all securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if the impairment is credit-related (resulting in an allowance for credit losses recorded in earnings) or non-credit-related (resulting in an unrealized loss through other comprehensive income). At December 31, 2022, we did not intend to sell any of our AFS securities that were in an unrealized loss position, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at their maturity. We review our AFS securities that are in an unrealized loss position to identify those securities with losses based on an assessment of changes in expected cash flows for such securities, which considers recent security performance and expected future performance of the underlying collateral.
At December 31, 2022, our current expected credit loss ("CECL") allowance related to our AFS securities was $2.5 million. AFS securities for which an allowance is recognized have experienced, or are expected to experience, adverse cash flow changes. In determining our estimate of cash flows for AFS securities we may consider factors such as structural credit enhancement, past and expected future performance of underlying mortgage loans, including timing of expected future cash flows, which are informed by prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities, delinquency rates, percentage of non-performing loans, FICO scores at loan origination, year of origination, loan-to-value ratios, and geographic concentrations, as well as general market assessments. Changes in our evaluation of these factors impacted the cash flows expected to be collected at the assessment date and were used to determine if there were credit-related adverse changes in cash flows and if so, the amount of credit related losses. Significant judgment is used in both our analysis of the expected cash flows for our AFS securities and any determination of security credit losses.
The table below summarizes the weighted average of the significant credit quality indicators we used for the credit loss allowance on our AFS securities at December 31, 2022.
Table 9.10 – Significant Credit Quality Indicators
December 31, 2022Subordinate Securities
Default rate0.7%
Loss severity20%
The following table details the activity related to the allowance for credit losses for AFS securities held at December 31, 2022.

Table 9.11 – Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Losses
Year EndedYear Ended
(In Thousands)December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Beginning balance allowance for credit losses$— $388 
Additions to allowance for credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded1,726 — 
Additional increases or decreases to the allowance for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period814 (388)
Allowance on purchased financial assets with credit deterioration— — 
Reduction to allowance for securities sold during the period— — 
Reduction to allowance for securities we intend to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell— — 
Write-offs charged against allowance— — 
Recoveries of amounts previously written off— — 
Ending balance of allowance for credit losses$2,540 $— 
Gains and losses from the sale of AFS securities are recorded as Realized gains, net, in our consolidated statements of income (loss). The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of AFS securities for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Table 9.12 – Gross Realized Gains and Losses on AFS Securities
Years Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)202220212020
Gross realized gains - sales$— $1,540 $8,779 
Gross realized gains - calls2,508 15,553 5 
Gross realized losses - sales— — (4,144)
Total Realized Gains on Sales and Calls of AFS Securities, net$2,508 $17,093 $4,640