Basis of Presentation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

The consolidated financial statements presented herein are at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") — as prescribed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) — and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). In the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments have been made to present fairly the financial condition of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and results of operations for all periods presented.

In 2022, we changed the presentation of our Consolidated Balance Sheets to include a new line item "Home equity investments," the balance of which was previously included as a component of the "Other Investments" line item. All applicable prior period amounts presented in this document were conformed to this presentation. Additionally, in 2022, we changed the presentation of our Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) to include a new line item, "Portfolio management costs," for which amounts were previously included in the "General and Administrative expenses" and "Loan acquisition costs" line items. All prior period amounts presented in this document were conformed to this presentation.

Principles of Consolidation

In accordance with GAAP, we determine whether we must consolidate transferred financial assets and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for financial reporting purposes. We currently consolidate the assets and liabilities of certain Sequoia securitization entities issued prior to 2012 ("Legacy Sequoia"), certain entities formed during and after 2012 in connection with the securitization of Redwood Select prime loans and Redwood Choice expanded-prime loans ("Sequoia"), entities formed in connection with the securitization of CoreVest BPL term and bridge loans ("CAFL") and an entity formed in connection with the securitization of home equity investment contracts ("HEIs"). We also consolidate the assets and liabilities of certain Freddie Mac K-Series and Freddie Mac Seasoned Loans Structured Transaction ("SLST") securitizations in which we have invested. Each securitization entity is independent of Redwood and of each other and the assets and liabilities are not owned by and are not legal obligations of Redwood Trust, Inc. Our exposure to these entities is primarily through the financial interests we have purchased or retained, although for certain entities we are exposed to financial risks associated with our role as a sponsor or co-sponsor, servicing administrator, collateral administrator or depositor of these entities or as a result of our having sold assets directly or indirectly to these entities.

For financial reporting purposes, the underlying loans owned at the consolidated Legacy Sequoia, Sequoia and Freddie Mac SLST entities are shown under Residential loans held-for-investment, at fair value, the underlying loans at the consolidated Freddie Mac K-Series entity are shown under Consolidated Agency multifamily loans, at fair value, the underlying BPL term and bridge loans at the consolidated CAFL entities are shown under Business purpose loans held-for-investment, at fair value, and the underlying HEIs at the consolidated HEI securitization entity are shown under Home equity investments, at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. The asset-backed securities (“ABS”) issued to third parties by these entities are shown under ABS issued. In our consolidated statements of income (loss), we record interest income on the loans owned at these entities and interest expense on the ABS issued by these entities as well as fair value changes, other income and expenses associated with these entities' activities. See Note 15 for further discussion on ABS issued.

We also consolidate two partnerships ("Servicing Investment" entities) through which we have invested in servicing-related assets. We maintain an 80% ownership interest in each entity and have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of these partnerships.

See Note 4 for further discussion on principles of consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires us to make a number of significant estimates. These include estimates of fair value of certain assets and liabilities, amounts and timing of credit losses, prepayment rates, and other estimates that affect the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of certain revenues and expenses during the reported periods. It is likely that changes in these estimates (e.g., valuation changes due to supply and demand, credit performance, prepayments, interest rates, or other reasons) will occur in the near term. Our estimates are inherently subjective in nature and actual results could differ from our estimates and the differences could be material.

Acquisitions

Riverbend Funding, LLC

On July 1, 2022, we acquired Riverbend Funding, LLC ("Riverbend"), a private mortgage lender for residential transitional and commercial real estate investors. Aggregate consideration for this acquisition included an initial cash payment of approximately $44 million (with a remaining estimated provisional purchase consideration payable subject to reconciliation and final settlement), and a potential earnout component to be paid contingent on Riverbend generating specified revenues over a threshold amount during the two-year period ending July 1, 2024, up to a maximum potential amount payable of $25.3 million. Based on the terms of the merger agreement, we determined that the earnout component should be accounted for as contingent purchase consideration, which was valued at zero on July 1, 2022.

We accounted for the acquisition of Riverbend under the acquisition method of accounting pursuant to ASC 805. We performed the purchase price allocations and recorded underlying assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values using the information available as of each acquisition date, with the excess of the purchase price allocated to goodwill. The following table summarizes our purchase price allocations related to the acquisition of Riverbend through December 31, 2022.

Table 2.1 – Purchase Price Allocations


(In Thousands)	Riverbend
Acquisition Date	July 1, 2022
Purchase price:
Cash	$	44,126
Provisional consideration payable	153



Total consideration	$	44,279

Allocated to:
Business purpose loans, at fair value	$	59,748
Other investments	2,443
Cash and cash equivalents	3,490

Other assets	12,982
Goodwill	23,373
Intangible assets	13,300

Total assets acquired	115,336

Short-term debt, net	67,423
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	3,634

Total liabilities assumed	71,057
Total net assets acquired	$	44,279

We recognized $1 million of acquisition costs related to our acquisition of Riverbend during the year ended December 31, 2022. These costs primarily related to accounting, consulting, and legal expenses and are included in our General and administrative expenses on our consolidated statements of income (loss).

In connection with the acquisition of Riverbend on July 1, 2022, and of 5 Arches and CoreVest in 2019, we identified and recorded finite-lived intangible assets totaling $13 million, $25 million and $57 million, respectively. The table below presents the amortization period and carrying value of our intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Table 2.2 – Intangible Assets – Activity


	Intangible Assets at Acquisition		Accumulated Amortization at December 31, 2022		Carrying Value at December 31, 2022		Weighted Average Amortization Period (in years)
(Dollars in Thousands)
Borrower network	$	56,300	$	(21,547)	$	34,753	7
Broker network	18,100		(13,877)		4,223		5
Non-compete agreements	11,400		(9,817)		1,583		3
Tradenames	4,400		(4,067)		333		3
Developed technology	1,800		(1,800)		—		2
Loan administration fees on existing loan assets	2,600		(2,600)		—		1
Total	$	94,600	$	(53,708)	$	40,892	6


	Intangible Assets at Acquisition		Accumulated Amortization at December 31, 2021		Carrying Value at December 31, 2021		Weighted Average Amortization Period (in years)
(Dollars in Thousands)
Borrower network	$	45,300	$	(14,291)	$	31,009	7
Broker network	18,100		(10,257)		7,843		5
Non-compete agreements	9,500		(7,597)		1,903		3
Tradenames	4,000		(3,194)		806		3
Developed technology	1,800		(1,800)		—		2
Loan administration fees on existing loan assets	2,600		(2,600)		—		1
Total	$	81,300	$	(39,739)	$	41,561	6

All of our intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded intangible asset amortization expense of $14 million and $15 million, respectively. Estimated future amortization expense is summarized in the table below.

Table 2.3 – Intangible Asset Amortization Expense by Year



(In Thousands)	December 31, 2022
2023	$	12,429
2024	9,412
2025	8,426
2026	6,696
2027	1,571
2028 and thereafter	2,358
Total Future Intangible Asset Amortization	$	40,892

On a quarterly basis, we evaluate our finite-lived intangible assets for impairment indicators and additionally evaluate the useful lives of our intangible assets to determine if revisions to the remaining periods of amortization are warranted. We reviewed our finite-lived intangible assets and determined that the estimated lives were appropriate and that there were no indicators of impairment at December 31, 2022.

We recorded total goodwill of $23 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 as a result of the total consideration exceeding the fair value of the net assets acquired from Riverbend. The goodwill was attributed to the expected business synergies and expansion into new business purpose loan markets, as well as access to the knowledgeable and experienced workforce continuing to provide complementary sourcing of assets for the business. We expect $23 million of this goodwill to be deductible for tax purposes. For reporting purposes, we included the intangible assets and goodwill from these acquisitions within our Business Purpose Mortgage Banking segment.

During the first quarter of 2020, as a result of the deterioration in economic conditions caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic (the "pandemic"), and its impact on our business, we concluded that the fair value of our Business Purpose Mortgage Banking reporting unit was less than its carrying value, including goodwill, and we recorded a non-cash $89 million goodwill impairment expense through Other expenses on our consolidated statements of income (loss). In conjunction with our assessment of goodwill, we also assessed our intangible assets for impairment at March 31, 2020 and determined they were not impaired.

Table 2.4 – Goodwill - Activity


	Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)	2022		2021
Beginning Balance	$	—	$	—
Goodwill recognized from acquisition	23,373		—
Impairment	—		—
Ending Balance	$	23,373	$	—

The potential liability resulting from the contingent consideration arrangement with Riverbend was recorded at its acquisition-date fair value of zero as part of the total consideration for the acquisition of Riverbend. At December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of this contingent liability was zero on our consolidated balance sheets. Our contingent consideration liability is recorded at fair value and periodic changes in the estimated fair value are recorded through Other expenses on our consolidated statements of income (loss). During the year ended December 31, 2022, we did not record any contingent consideration income or expense related to our acquisition of Riverbend. See Note 17 for additional information on our contingent consideration liability.

The following unaudited pro forma financial information presents Net interest income, Non-interest (loss) income, and Net (loss) income of Redwood, as if the acquisition of Riverbend occurred as of January 1, 2021. These pro forma amounts have been adjusted to include the amortization of intangible assets for all periods. The unaudited pro forma financial information is not intended to represent or be indicative of the consolidated financial results of operations that would have been reported if the acquisition had been completed as of January 1, 2021 and should not be taken as indicative of our future consolidated results of operations.

Table 2.5 – Unaudited Pro Forma Financial Information



	Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)	2022		2021
Supplementary pro forma information:
Net interest income	$	159,404	$	151,982
Non-interest (loss) income	(154,934)		405,092
Net (loss) income	(161,599)		322,959