INCOME TAXES

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2022

INCOME TAXES

INCOME TAXES

NOTE 4.    INCOME TAXES

The following table summarizes tax expense and the effective tax rate for our income from continuing operations:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
Income from continuing operations, before income taxes	$	86,512		$	24,704		$	186,341		$	105,797
Provision for income taxes	$	11,639		$	3,657		$	29,795		$	10,817
Effective tax rate		13.5	%		14.8	%		16.0	%		10.2	%

Our effective tax rates differ from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily due to the benefit of earnings in foreign jurisdictions which are subject to lower tax rates, as well as tax credits, partially offset by net U.S. tax on foreign operations. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2022 was lower than the same period in 2021 primarily due to the cumulative year to date impact of increased earnings in 2022 and the resulting mix of earnings by geography. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was higher than the same period in 2021 primarily due to beneficial discrete items occurring in 2021 not recurring in 2022, and by the capitalization and amortization of research and development expenses rather than immediately expensing them starting in 2022 as required by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

Under the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted in December 2017, research and development expenses incurred for tax years beginning after December 31, 2021 must be capitalized and amortized ratably over five or fifteen years for tax purposes. Although Congress is considering legislation that would defer the capitalization and amortization requirement, there is no assurance that the provision will be repealed or otherwise modified. If the requirement is not modified, it may materially increase future cash taxes beginning in 2023.

The Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) and CHIPS and Science Act (“CHIPS Act”) were both enacted in August 2022. The IRA introduced new provisions including a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for certain large corporations that have at least an average of $1 billion adjusted financial statement income over a consecutive three-tax-year period and a 1% excise tax surcharge on stock repurchases. The CHIPS Act provides a variety of incentives associated with investments in domestic semiconductor manufacturing and related activities. Both Acts are applicable for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022 and had no impact to our consolidated financial statements in the nine months ended September 30, 2022.