We evaluate our investments in limited partnerships and similar entities in accordance with applicable consolidation guidance to determine whether each such entity is a VIE. The accounting standards for the consolidation of VIEs require qualitative assessments to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary analysis is based on power and economics. We conclude that we are the primary beneficiary and consolidate the VIE if we have both: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly influence the VIE's economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. Significant judgments and assumptions related to these determinations include, but are not limited to, estimates about the current and future fair values and performance of real estate held by these VIEs and general market conditions. We consolidate Aimco Operating Partnership, a VIE of which we are the primary beneficiary. Through Aimco Operating Partnership, we consolidate all VIEs for which we are the primary beneficiary. Substantially all of our assets and liabilities are those of Aimco Operating Partnership.

Aimco Operating Partnership is the primary beneficiary of, and therefore consolidates, five VIEs that own interests in real estate. Assets of our consolidated VIEs must first be used to settle the liabilities of those VIEs. The consolidated VIEs' creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of Aimco Operating Partnership.

In addition, we have eight unconsolidated VIEs for which we are not the primary beneficiary because we are not their primary decision maker. The eight unconsolidated VIEs include four unconsolidated real estate partnerships that hold four apartment communities in San Diego, California, the Mezzanine Investment, our passive equity investment in IQHQ, and our two unconsolidated investments in land held for development in Miami, Florida and Bethesda, Maryland. Our maximum exposure to loss because of our involvement with the unconsolidated VIEs is limited to the carrying value of their assets.

The details of our consolidated and unconsolidated VIEs, excluding those of Aimco Operating Partnership, are summarized in the table below as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except for VIE count):


	As of December 31, 2023				As of December 31, 2022
	Consolidated		Unconsolidated		Consolidated		Unconsolidated
Count of VIEs	5		8		5		8
Assets
Net real estate	$	466,719	$	—	$	258,529	$	—
Cash and cash equivalents		3,940		—		5,075		—
Restricted Cash		—		—		1,747		—
Mezzanine investment		—		—		—		158,558
Interest rate options		3,253		—		3,900		—
Unconsolidated real estate partnerships		—		23,125		—		15,789
Notes receivable		17,432		—		—		—
Right-of-use lease assets - finance leases		108,992		—		110,269		—
Other assets, net		16,140		59,823		25,623		59,823
Liabilities
Non-recourse property debt, net		—		—		22,689		—
Construction loans, net		201,103		—		40,013		—
Lease liabilities - finance leases		118,697		—		114,625		—
Mezzanine investment - participation sold		—		31,018		—		—
Accrued liabilities and other		35,881		—		26,003		—