Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

(3) Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures its cash equivalents and derivative instruments at fair value. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received on the sale of an asset or that would be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the Company utilizes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The methodology for measuring fair value specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based upon whether the inputs to those valuation techniques reflect assumptions other market participants would use based upon market data obtained from independent sources (observable inputs) or reflect the Company’s own assumptions of market participant valuation (unobservable inputs). As a result, observable and unobservable inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy:

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Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets that are unadjusted and accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities. The Company had no Level 1 securities at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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Level 2 – Quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or financial instruments for which significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. The Company had no Level 2 securities at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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Level 3 – Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Level 3 category included derivatives. The Company did not hold any cash and cash equivalents categorized as Level 3 as of December 31, 2022 or 2021.

Measurement of Fair Value

The Company measures fair value as an exit price using the procedures described below for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value. When available, the Company uses unadjusted quoted market prices to measure fair value and classifies such items within Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon financial models that use, when possible, current market-based or independently-sourced market parameters such as interest rates and currency rates. Items valued using financial generated models are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation. Thus, an item may be classified in Level 3 even though there may be inputs that are readily observable. If quoted market prices are not available, the valuation model used generally depends on the specific asset or liability being valued. The determination of fair value considers various factors including interest rate yield curves and time value underlying the financial instruments.

The fair value of the Company’s derivatives were valued using the Black-Scholes pricing model adjusted for probability assumptions, with all significant inputs, except for the probability and volatility assumptions, derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as stock price and interest rates. The probability and volatility assumptions are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable. These embedded derivatives are included in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The derivatives are included in other long-term liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s Series A Preferred Stock and notes payable are measured at amortized cost using an effective interest rate of 12.6% and 8.7% yield, respectively.

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022:


			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant other Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Derivative liabilities:
Derivative Instruments	$	821,726	$	—	$	—	$	821,726
Total derivative liabilities	$	821,726	$	—	$	—	$	821,726

Total assets and liabilities measured at fair value	$	821,726	$	—	$	—	$	821,726

The derivative liabilities above are classified as other long-term liabilities in the December 31, 2022 consolidated balance sheet.

The following table presents the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2021:


			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant other Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Derivative liabilities:
Derivative Instruments	$	776,623	$	—	$	—	$	776,623
Total derivative liabilities	$	776,623	$	—	$	—	$	776,623

Total assets and liabilities measured at fair value	$	776,623	$	—	$	—	$	776,623

The derivative liabilities above are classified as other long-term liabilities in the December 31, 2021 consolidated balance sheet.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the Company's liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:


	Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Beginning Balance	$	776,623	$	703,747
Total (gain) loss recognized in earnings		45,103		72,876
Ending Balance	$	821,726	$	776,623

Earnings and losses resulting from changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments above are recorded as a component of interest and other expense.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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