In order to conform with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), in preparation of our consolidated financial statements we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and cash equivalents include all cash and liquid investments with an initial maturity of three months or less. The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short term maturity of these investments. We maintain cash and cash equivalents in banking institutions that may exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. We have not realized any losses of such cash investments or accounts and mitigate risk by using nationally recognized banking institutions.

Restricted cash includes cash held in escrow in connection with gross proceeds from the sales of certain industrial properties. These sales proceeds will be disbursed as we exchange into properties under Section 1031 of the Code or will be returned to us after the mandatory time period has expired. The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short term maturity of these investments. For purposes of our consolidated statements of cash flows, changes in restricted cash are aggregated with cash and cash equivalents.

Investment in real estate is carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. We review our properties on a quarterly basis for impairment and provide a provision if impairments exist. To determine if an impairment may exist, we review our properties and identify those that have had either an event of change or event of circumstances warranting further assessment of recoverability (such as a decrease in occupancy, a decline in general market conditions or a change in the expected hold period of an asset or asset group). The judgments regarding the existence of indicators of impairment are based on the operating performance, market conditions, as well as our ability to hold and our intent with regard to each property. If further assessment of recoverability is needed, we estimate the future net cash flows expected to result from the use of the property and its eventual disposition. Estimated future net cash flows are based on estimates of future operating performance and market conditions. If the sum of the expected future net cash flows (undiscounted and without interest charges) is less than the carrying amount of the property or group of properties, we will recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount in which carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property or group of properties. The assessment of fair value requires the use of estimates and assumptions relating to the timing and amounts of cash flow projections, discount rates and terminal capitalization rates.

We generally classify certain properties and related assets and liabilities as held for sale when the sale of an asset has been duly approved by management, a legally enforceable contract has been executed and the buyer's due diligence period, if any, has expired. At such time, the respective assets and liabilities are presented separately on the consolidated balance sheets. Upon held for sale classification, we cease depreciation and value the properties at the lower of depreciated cost or fair value, less costs to dispose.

Interest costs, real estate taxes, compensation costs of development personnel and other directly related costs incurred during construction periods are capitalized and depreciated commencing with the date the property is substantially completed. Upon substantial completion, we reclassify construction in progress to building and tenant improvements. Such costs begin to be capitalized to the development projects from the point we are undergoing activity necessary to get the development ready for its intended use and cease when the development projects are substantially completed and held available for occupancy. Interest is capitalized using the weighted average borrowing rate during the construction period.

Construction expenditures for tenant improvements, leasehold improvements and leasing commissions (inclusive of incentive compensation costs of personnel directly attributable to executed leases) are capitalized and amortized over the terms of each specific lease. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense when incurred. Expenditures for improvements are capitalized.

Upon acquisition of a property, we allocate the purchase price of the property based upon the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, which generally consists of land, buildings, tenant improvements, construction in progress, leasing commissions and lease intangibles including in-place lease assets and above market and below market lease assets and liabilities. We allocate the purchase price to the fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property by valuing the property as if it were vacant. The determination of fair value includes the use of significant assumptions such as land comparables, discount rates, terminal capitalization rates and market rent assumptions. Acquired above and below market lease intangibles are valued based on the present value of the difference between prevailing market rental rates and the in-place rental rates measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the lease for above market leases or the remaining term of the lease plus the term of any below market fixed rate renewal options for below market leases. The value of above and below market lease intangibles, which are included as assets or liabilities in the line item Deferred Leasing Intangibles, Net are amortized as an increase or decrease to rental revenue over the remaining initial lease term, plus the term of any below market fixed rate renewal options of the respective leases.

The purchase price is further allocated to in-place lease values based on an estimate of the lease revenue received during a reasonable lease-up period as if the property was vacant on the date of acquisition. The value of in-place lease intangibles, which are included in the line item Deferred Leasing Intangibles, Net are amortized over the remaining initial lease term (including expected renewal periods) as adjustments to depreciation and other amortization expense. If a tenant fully terminates its lease early, the unamortized portion of the tenant improvements, leasing commissions, above and below market intangibles and the in-place lease value is immediately accelerated and fully amortized on the date of the termination.

As defined by GAAP, a business is an integrated set of activities and assets that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return in the form of dividends, lower costs or other economic benefits directly to investors or other owners, members or participants. Our typical acquisitions consist of properties whereby substantially all the fair value or gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single asset (land, building, construction in progress and in-place leases) and, therefore, will be accounted for as asset acquisitions, which permits the capitalization of transaction costs to the basis of the acquired property.


	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
In-Place Leases	$	15,428	$	18,253
Above Market Leases	1,621		1,948
Below Market Ground Lease Obligation	1,507		1,552
Tenant Relationships	2,760		3,458
Total Included in Total Assets, Net of $24,933 and $24,781 of Accumulated Amortization	$	21,316	$	25,211
Below Market Leases	$	9,252	$	11,064
Total Included in Total Liabilities, Net of $15,040 and $13,849 of Accumulated Amortization	$	9,252	$	11,064

Amortization expense related to in-place leases and tenant relationships was $4,498, $8,201 and $6,303 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Lease revenue increased by $1,442, $1,962 and $1,281 related to net amortization of above and below market leases. We will recognize net amortization expense related to deferred leasing intangibles over the next five years, for properties owned as of December 31, 2021 as follows:

Debt issuance costs include fees and costs incurred to obtain long-term financing. These fees and costs are being amortized over the terms of the respective loans. Unamortized debt issuance costs are written-off when debt is retired before the maturity date. Debt issuance costs are presented as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the respective debt liability, consistent with debt discounts, except for the debt issuance costs related to the unsecured credit facility which are included in the line item Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets, Net on the consolidated balance sheets.

Investment in joint ventures represents a noncontrolling equity interest in two joint ventures. We have determined to account for our investment in the joint ventures under the equity method of accounting, as we do not have a majority voting interest, operational control or financial control. Control is determined using accounting standards related to the consolidation of joint ventures and variable interest entities ("VIEs"). Under the equity method of accounting, our share of earnings or losses of the joint ventures is reflected in income as earned and contributions or distributions increase or decrease our investment in joint ventures as paid or received, respectively. Differences between our carrying value of our investment in the joint ventures and our underlying equity in such joint ventures are amortized and included as an adjustment to our equity in income (loss).

On a periodic basis, management assesses whether there are any indicators that the value of our investment in the joint ventures may be impaired. An investment is impaired only if our estimate of the fair value of the investment is less than the carrying value of the investment, and such decline in value is deemed to be other than temporary. To the extent impairment has occurred, the loss shall be measured as the excess of the carrying value of the investment over the value of the investment.

Limited Partner Units are reported within Partners' Capital in the Operating Partnership's balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 because they are not redeemable for cash or other assets (a) at a fixed or determinable date, (b) at the option of the Unitholder or (c) upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within the control of the Operating Partnership. Redemption can be effectuated, as determined by the General Partner, either by exchanging the Units for shares of common stock of the Company on a one-for-one basis, subject to adjustment, or by paying cash equal to the fair market value of such shares.

The Operating Partnership is the only significant asset of the Company and economic, fiduciary and contractual means align the interests of the Company and the Operating Partnership. The Company's Board of Directors and officers of the Company direct the Company to act when acting in its capacity as sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. Because of this, the Operating Partnership is deemed to have effective control of the form of redemption consideration. As of December 31, 2021, all criteria were met for the Operating Partnership to control the actions or events necessary to issue the maximum number of the Company's common shares required to be delivered upon redemption of all remaining Limited Partner Units.

Through a wholly-owned TRS of the Operating Partnership, we own a 43% interest in a joint venture that is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Our ownership interest in the joint venture is held through a partnership ("Joint Venture II Partnership") with a third party. We concluded that we hold the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the Joint Venture II Partnership. As a result, we consolidate the Joint Venture II Partnership, which holds an aggregate 49% interest in Joint Venture II (as defined in Note 5) and reflect the third party's interest in the joint venture as Noncontrolling Interests within the financial statements of the Company and Operating Partnership. See Note 5.

We lease our properties to tenants under agreements that are classified as leases. We recognize, as rental income, the total minimum lease payments under the leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Generally, under the terms of our leases, the majority of property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, insurance, and other property operating expenses are recovered from our tenants and recognized as tenant recovery revenue in the same period we incur the related expenses. As the timing and straight-line pattern of transfer to the lessee for rental revenue and the associated rental recoveries are the same and our leases qualify as operating leases, we account for the present rental revenue and tenant recovery revenue as a single component under Lease Revenue.

We assess the collectibility of lease receivables (including future minimum rental payments) both at commencement and throughout the lease term. If we conclude that collection of lease payments is not probable at lease commencement, we will recognize lease payments only as they are received. If our assessment of collectibility changes during the lease term, any difference between the revenue that would have been received under the straight-line method and the lease payments that have been collected will be recognized as a current period adjustment to Lease Revenue and revenue will subsequently be accounted for on a cash basis until such time that collection of future rent is deemed probable.

If a lease provides for tenant improvements, we determine whether we or the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements. When we are the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvements funded by the tenant are treated as lease payments which are deferred and amortized as revenue over the lease term. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, we record any tenant improvement allowance funded as a lease inducement and amortize it as a reduction of revenue over the lease term.

Property expenses include real estate taxes, utilities, repairs and maintenance, property insurance as well as the cost of our property management personnel and other costs of managing our properties. We exclude from property expenses certain lessor costs, such as real estate taxes, that the lessor contractually requires the lessee to pay directly to a third party on its behalf. The amounts paid directly to third parties by lessee's for lessor costs are also excluded from lease revenues. Several of our leases require tenants to pay real estate taxes directly to taxing authorities.

We are a lessee on a limited number of ground and office leases and these operating lease agreements are included within Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets ("ROU") and Operating Lease Liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. We elected the practical expedient to combine our lease and related nonlease components for our lessee building leases. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Our variable lease payments consist of nonlease services related to the lease. Variable lease payments are excluded from the ROU assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use information available at lease commencement to estimate an appropriate incremental borrowing rate on a fully-collateralized basis to determine the present value of lease payments. ROU assets also include any future minimum lease payments made and exclude lease incentives. Many of our lessee agreements include options to extend the lease, which we do not include in our minimum lease terms unless they are reasonably certain to be exercised. Rental expense for lease payments related to operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Asset sales are generally recognized when control of the asset being sold is transferred to the buyer. As the assets are sold, their costs and related accumulated depreciation, if any, are derecognized with resulting gains or losses reflected in net income. Estimated future costs to be incurred by us after completion of each sale are accrued and included in the determination of the gain on sales.

When leases contain purchase options, we assess the probability that the tenant will execute the purchase option both at lease commencement or at the time the tenant communicates their intent to execute the purchase option. If we determine the execution of the purchase option is likely, we will account for the lease as a sales-type lease and derecognize the associated real estate assets on our balance sheet and record a gain or loss on sale.

The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of its adjusted taxable income to its stockholders. Management intends to continue to adhere to these requirements and to maintain the Company's REIT status. As a REIT, the Company is entitled to a tax deduction for some or all of the dividends it pays to shareholders. Accordingly, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income taxes as long as it currently distributes to shareholders an amount equal to or in excess of the Company's taxable income. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income taxes and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years.

REIT qualification reduces, but does not eliminate, the amount of state and local taxes we pay. In addition, certain activities that we undertake may be conducted by entities which have elected to be treated as a TRS. TRSs are subject to both federal, state and local income taxes. A benefit or provision has been made for federal, state and local income taxes in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

We use the two-class method of computing earnings per common share or Unit, which is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for common stock and any participating securities according to dividends declared (whether paid or unpaid) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Basic net income per common share or Unit is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders or Unitholders by the weighted average number of common shares or Units outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per common share or Unit is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders or Unitholders by the sum of the weighted average number of common shares or Units outstanding and any dilutive non-participating securities for the period.

During the normal course of business, we have used derivative instruments for the purpose of managing interest rate risk on anticipated offerings of long term debt. Receipts or payments that result from the settlement of derivative instruments used to fix the interest rate on anticipated offerings of senior unsecured notes are amortized over the life of the derivative or the life of the debt and is included in interest expense. Receipts or payments resulting from derivative instruments used to convert floating rate debt to fixed rate debt are recognized as a component of interest expense.

To qualify for hedge accounting, derivative instruments used for risk management purposes must effectively reduce the risk exposure that they are designed to hedge. In addition, at inception of a qualifying cash flow hedging relationship, the underlying transaction or transactions, must be, and are expected to remain, probable of occurring in accordance with our related assertions. We recognize all derivative instruments in the line items Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets, Net or Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities at fair value. Changes in fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated in hedging relationships or that do not meet the criteria of hedge accounting are recognized in earnings. For derivative instruments designated in qualifying cash flow hedging relationships, changes in fair value related to the effective portion of the derivative instruments are recognized in the line item Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), whereas changes in fair value of the ineffective portion are recognized in earnings. If it is determined that a derivative instrument ceases to be highly effective as a hedge, or that it is probable the underlying forecasted transaction will not occur, we discontinue its cash flow hedge accounting prospectively and records the appropriate adjustment to earnings based on the current fair value of the derivative instrument. The credit risks associated with derivative instruments are controlled through the evaluation and monitoring of the creditworthiness of the counterparty. In the event that the counterparty fails to meet the terms of the derivative instruments, our exposure is limited to the fair value of agreements, not the notional amounts.

GAAP establishes a framework for measuring fair value and requires disclosures about fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants. The guidance establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value based on observable and unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are based on market data obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions of pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances. We estimate fair value using available market information and valuation methodologies we believe to be appropriate for these purposes. The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three broad levels:

Our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to their fair value measurement. Considerable judgment and a high degree of subjectivity are involved in developing these estimates and, accordingly, they are not necessarily indicative of amounts that we would realize on disposition.