15.FAIR VALUE

Fair value represents the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Bank used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate the fair value of each type of financial instrument:

Available-for-sale debt securities: Except for the Bank’s private label mortgage backed security and its TRUP investment, the fair value of AFS debt securities is typically determined by matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities, but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities (Level 2 inputs).

The Bank’s private label mortgage backed security remains illiquid, and as such, the Bank classifies this security as a Level 3 security in accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. Based on this determination, the Bank utilized an income valuation model (present value model) approach in determining the fair value of this security.

See in this section of the filing under Footnote 2 “Investment Securities” for additional discussion regarding the Bank’s private label mortgage backed security.

The Company acquired its TRUP investment in 2015 and considered the most recent bid price for the same instrument to approximate market value at December 31, 2019. The Company’s TRUP investment is considered highly illiquid and also valued using Level 3 inputs, as the most recent bid price for this instrument is not always considered generally observable.

Equity securities with readily determinable fair value: Quoted market prices in an active market are available for the Bank’s CRA mutual fund investment and fall within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value of the Company’s Freddie Mac preferred stock is determined by matrix pricing, as described above (Level 2 inputs).

Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value: The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale is determined using quoted secondary market prices. Mortgage loans held for sale are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value: In December 2019, the Bank began offering RCS installment loans with terms ranging from 12 to 60 months to borrowers in multiple states. Balances originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried as “held for sale” on the Bank’s balance sheet, with the intent to sell sixteen days following the Bank’s origination of the loans. Loans originated under this RCS installment loan program are carried at fair value under a fair-value option, with the portfolio marked to market monthly. Fair value for these loans is based on contractual sales terms, Level 3 inputs.

Due to its restart in December 2019, activity for this RCS installment loan program was considered immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2019, with $598,000 in balances held for sale as of December 31, 2019.

Consumer loans held for investment, at fair value: The Bank held $998,000 in consumer loans at fair value through a consumer loan program the Company is currently unwinding. The fair value of these loans was based on the discounted cash flows of the underlying loans, Level 3 inputs.

Mortgage Banking derivatives: Mortgage Banking derivatives used in the ordinary course of business primarily consist of mandatory forward sales contracts (“forward contracts”) and interest rate lock loan commitments. The fair value of the Bank’s derivative instruments is primarily measured by obtaining pricing from broker-dealers recognized to be market participants. The pricing is derived from market observable inputs that can generally be verified and do not typically involve significant judgment by the Bank. Forward contracts and rate-lock loan commitments are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Interest rate swap agreements: Interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company values its interest rate swaps using a third-party valuation service and classifies such valuations as Level 2. Valuations of these interest rate swaps are also received from the relevant dealer counterparty and validated against the Company’s calculations. The Company has considered counterparty credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap assets and has considered its own credit risk in the valuation of its interest rate swap liabilities.

Impaired loans: Collateral-dependent impaired loans generally reflect partial charge-downs to their respective fair value, which is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or BPOs. These appraisals or BPOs may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the process by the independent experts to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Collateral-dependent loans are evaluated quarterly for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.

Premises carried at fair value: Premises and equipment are accounted for at the lower of cost less accumulated depreciation or fair value less estimated costs to sell. The fair value of Bank premises is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches, including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments may be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Other real estate owned: Assets acquired through or instead of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals or BPOs. These appraisals or BPOs may utilize a single approach or a combination of approaches, including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the process by the independent experts to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments may be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Appraisals for collateral-dependent impaired loans, impaired premises and other real estate owned are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Bank. Once the appraisal is received, a member of the Bank’s CCAD reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal, as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources, such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics. On at least an annual basis, the Bank performs a back test of collateral appraisals by comparing actual selling prices on recent collateral sales to the most recent appraisal of such collateral. Back tests are performed for each collateral class, e.g., residential real estate or commercial real estate, and may lead to additional adjustments to the value of unliquidated collateral of similar class.

Mortgage servicing rights: At least quarterly, MSRs are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the MSRs as compared to carrying amount. If the carrying amount of an individual tranche exceeds fair value, impairment is recorded, and the respective individual tranche is carried at fair value. If the carrying amount of an individual tranche does not exceed fair value, impairment is reversed if previously recognized and the carrying value of the individual tranche is based on the amortization method. The valuation model utilizes assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income and can generally be validated against available market data (Level 2). There were no MSR tranches carried at fair value at December 31, 2019 and 2018.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including financial assets and liabilities for which the Bank has elected the fair value option, are summarized below:


	Fair Value Measurements at
	December 31, 2019 Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant
	Active Markets		Other		Significant
	for Identical		Observable		Unobservable		Total
	Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value
Financial assets:
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	$	—	$	134,640	$	—	$	134,640
Private label mortgage backed security		—		—		3,495		3,495
Mortgage backed securities - residential		—		255,847		—		255,847
Collateralized mortgage obligations		—		63,371		—		63,371
Corporate bonds		—		10,002		—		10,002
Trust preferred security		—		—		4,000		4,000
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	—	$	463,860	$	7,495	$	471,355

Equity securities with readily determinable fair value:
Freddie Mac preferred stock	$	—	$	714	$	—	$	714
Community Reinvestment Act mutual fund		2,474		—		—		2,474
Total equity securities with readily determinable fair value	$	2,474	$	714	$	—	$	3,188

Mortgage loans held for sale	$	—	$	19,224	$	—	$	19,224
Consumer loans held for sale		—		—		598		598
Consumer loans held for investment		—		—		998		998
Rate lock loan commitments		—		789		—		789
Interest rate swap agreements		—		5,062		—		5,062

Financial liabilities:
Mandatory forward contracts	$	—	$	131	$	—	$	131
Interest rate swap agreements		—		5,166		—		5,166


	Fair Value Measurements at
	December 31, 2018 Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant
	Active Markets		Other		Significant
	for Identical		Observable		Unobservable		Total
	Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value
Financial assets:
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and U.S. Government agencies	$	—	$	216,873	$	—	$	216,873
Private label mortgage backed security		—		—		3,712		3,712
Mortgage backed securities - residential		—		169,209		—		169,209
Collateralized mortgage obligations		—		72,811		—		72,811
Corporate bonds		—		9,058		—		9,058
Trust preferred security		—		—		4,075		4,075
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	—	$	467,951	$	7,787	$	475,738

Equity securities with readily determinable fair value:
Freddie Mac preferred stock	$	—	$	410	$	—	$	410
Community Reinvestment Act mutual fund		2,396		—		—		2,396
Total equity securities with readily determinable fair value	$	2,396	$	410	$	—	$	2,806

Mortgage loans held for sale	$	—	$	8,971	$	—	$	8,971
Consumer loans held for investment		—		—		1,922		1,922
Rate lock loan commitments		—		356		—		356
Interest rate swap agreements		—		1,264		—		1,264

Financial liabilities:
Mandatory forward contracts	$	—	$	262	$	—	$	262
Interest rate swap agreements		—		1,149		—		1,149

All transfers between levels are generally recognized at the end of each quarter. There were no transfers into or out of Level 1, 2 or 3 assets during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Bank’s Private Label Mortgage Backed Security measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the periods ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017:

Private Label Mortgage Backed Security




Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)	2019		2018		2017

Balance, beginning of period	$	3,712	$	4,449	$	4,777
Total gains or losses included in earnings:
Net change in unrealized gain		(79)		(20)		298
Recovery of actual losses previously recorded		151		152		—
Principal paydowns		(289)		(869)		(626)
Balance, end of period	$	3,495	$	3,712	$	4,449

The fair value of the Bank’s single private label mortgage backed security is supported by analysis prepared by an independent third party. The third party’s approach to determining fair value involved several steps: 1) detailed collateral analysis of the underlying mortgages, including consideration of geographic location, original loan-to-value and the weighted average FICO score of the borrowers; 2) collateral performance projections for each pool of mortgages underlying the security (probability of default, severity of default, and prepayment probabilities) and 3) discounted cash flow modeling.

The significant unobservable inputs in the fair value measurement of the Bank’s single private label mortgage backed security are prepayment rates, probability of default and loss severity in the event of default. Significant fluctuations in any of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly different fair value measurement.

The following tables present quantitative information about recurring Level 3 fair value measurements at December 31, 2019 and 2018:


	Fair		Valuation
December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands)	Value		Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Range

Private label mortgage backed security	$	3,495	Discounted cash flow	(1) Constant prepayment rate	2.3% - 5.0%

				(2) Probability of default	1.8% - 6.3%

				(3) Loss severity	50% - 75%


	Fair		Valuation
December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands)	Value		Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Range

Private label mortgage backed security	$	3,712	Discounted cash flow	(1) Constant prepayment rate	6.5% - 8.9%

				(2) Probability of default	1.8% - 4.7%

				(3) Loss severity	50% - 75%

Trust Preferred Security

The Company invested in its TRUP in November 2015. The following table presents a reconciliation of the Company’s TRUP measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ending December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017:


Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)	2019		2018		2017

Balance, beginning of period	$	4,075	$	3,600	$	3,200
Total gains or losses included in earnings:
Discount accretion		42		40		44
Net change in unrealized gain		(117)		435		356
Balance, end of period	$	4,000	$	4,075	$	3,600

The fair value of the Company’s TRUP investment is based on the most recent bid price for this instrument, as provided by a third-party broker.

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

The Bank has elected the fair value option for mortgage loans held for sale. These loans are intended for sale and the Bank believes that the fair value is the best indicator of the resolution of these loans. Interest income is recorded based on the contractual terms of the loan and in accordance with Bank policy for such instruments. None of these loans were past due 90-days-or-more nor on nonaccrual as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the aggregate fair value, contractual balance (including accrued interest), and unrealized gain was as follows:


December 31, (in thousands)	2019		2018

Aggregate fair value	$	19,224	$	8,971
Contractual balance		18,690		8,676
Unrealized gain		534		295

The total amount of gains and losses from changes in fair value of mortgage loans held for sale included in earnings for 2019, 2018, and 2017 are presented in the following table:




Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)	2019		2018		2017

Interest income	$	697	$	402	$	346
Change in fair value		239		203		(1)
Total included in earnings	$	936	$	605	$	345

Consumer Loans Held for Sale

The Company initiated its RCS installment loan program in December 2019 and held $598,000 of these loans for sale at December 31, 2019. Disclosure of fair value inputs has been omitted for this immaterial level of loan volume.

Consumer Loans Held for Investment

The Company held $998,000 and $1.9 million in RCS installment loans for investment at December 31, 2019 and 2018 through a program the Company is in the process of unwinding. Disclosure of fair value inputs has been omitted for this immaterial level of loan volume.

Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are summarized below:


	Fair Value Measurements at
	December 31, 2019 Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant
	Active Markets		Other		Significant
	for Identical		Observable		Unobservable		Total
	Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value

Impaired loans:
Residential real estate:
Owner occupied	$	—	$	—	$	3,598	$	3,598
Nonowner occupied		—		—		14		14
Commercial real estate		—		—		3,276		3,276
Commercial & industrial		—		—		1,562		1,562
Home equity		—		—		470		470
Total impaired loans*	$	—	$	—	$	8,920	$	8,920

Premises	$	—	$	—	$	836	$	836


	Fair Value Measurements at
	December 31, 2018 Using:
	Quoted Prices in		Significant
	Active Markets		Other		Significant
	for Identical		Observable		Unobservable		Total
	Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair
(in thousands)	(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Value

Consumer loans held for sale	$	—	$	—	$	1,249	$	1,249

Impaired loans:
Residential real estate:
Owner occupied	$	—	$	—	$	4,708	$	4,708
Nonowner occupied		—		—		1,007		1,007
Commercial real estate		—		—		1,255		1,255
Commercial & industrial		—		—		609		609
Home equity		—		—		356		356
Total impaired loans*	$	—	$	—	$	7,935	$	7,935

Premises	$	—	$	—	$	1,694	$	1,694

* The difference between the carrying value and the fair value of impaired loans measured at fair value is reconciled in a subsequent table of this Footnote.

The following tables present quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2019 and 2018:


					Range
	Fair		Valuation	Unobservable	(Weighted
December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands)	Value		Technique	Inputs	Average)

Impaired loans - residential real estate owner occupied	$	3,598	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	0% - 58% (12%)

Impaired loans - residential real estate nonowner occupied	$	14	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	5% (5%)

Impaired loans - commercial real estate	$	3,276	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	1% - 10% (4%)

Impaired loans - commercial & industrial	$	1,562	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	3% - 50% (37%)

Impaired loans - home equity	$	470	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	2% (2%)

Premises	$	836	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	39% - 77% (55%)


					Range
	Fair		Valuation	Unobservable	(Weighted
December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands)	Value		Technique	Inputs	Average)

Consumer loans held for sale	$	1,249	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	6% (6%)

Impaired loans - residential real estate owner occupied	$	4,708	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	0% - 67% (9%)

Impaired loans - residential real estate nonowner occupied	$	1,007	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	0% - 27% (15%)

Impaired loans - commercial real estate	$	123	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	21% (21%)

Impaired loans - commercial real estate	$	1,132	Income approach	Adjustments for differences between net operating income expectations	17% (17%)

Impaired loans - commercial & industrial	$	609	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	3% (3%)

Impaired loans - home equity	$	356	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	0% - 22% (8%)

Premises	$	1,694	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments determined for differences between comparable sales	27% - 72% (40%)

Impaired Loans

Collateral-dependent impaired loans are generally measured for impairment using the fair value for reasonable disposition of the underlying collateral. The Bank’s practice is to obtain new or updated appraisals or BPOs on the loans subject to the initial impairment review and then to evaluate the need for an update to this value on an as-necessary or possibly annual basis thereafter (depending on the market conditions impacting the value of the collateral). The Bank may discount the valuation amount as necessary for selling costs and past due real estate taxes. If a new or updated appraisal or BPO is not available at the time of a loan’s impairment review, the Bank may apply a discount to the existing value of an old valuation to reflect the property’s current estimated value if it is believed to have deteriorated in either: (i) the physical or economic aspects of the subject property or (ii) material changes in market conditions. The impairment review generally results in a partial charge-off of the loan if fair value less selling costs are below the loan’s carrying value. Impaired loans that are collateral dependent are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy when impairment is determined using the fair value method.

Impaired collateral-dependent loans are as follows:


December 31, (in thousands)	2019		2018

Carrying amount of loans measured at fair value	$	7,729	$	7,380
Estimated selling costs considered in carrying amount		1,193		913
Valuation allowance		(2)		(358)
Total fair value	$	8,920	$	7,935


Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)	2019		2018		2017

Provisions on collateral-dependent, impaired loans	$	3,039	$	1,629	$	169

Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned, which is carried at the lower of cost or fair value, is periodically assessed for impairment based on fair value at the reporting date. Fair value is determined from external appraisals or BPOs using judgments and estimates of external professionals. Many of these inputs are not observable and, accordingly, these measurements are classified as Level 3.

Details of other real estate owned carrying value and write downs follow:



December 31, (in thousands)	2019		2018		2017

Other real estate owned carried at fair value	$	—	$	—	$	83
Other real estate owned carried at cost		113		160		32
Total carrying value of other real estate owned	$	113	$	160	$	115
Other real estate owned write-downs during the years ended	$	—	$	—	$	155

Premises

The Company’s Traditional Banking segment classified two of its former banking centers as held for sale as of December 31, 2019, with one additional banking center classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2018 and sold during 2019. Impairment charges are recorded when the value of a piece of property is reappraised or reassessed below the property’s then-carrying value. Impairment charges related to these properties were as follows:


Years Ended December 31, (in thousands)	2019		2018		2017

Impairment charges on premises	$	256	$	482	$	1,175

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments, at December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:


			Fair Value Measurements at
			December 31, 2019:
									Total
	Carrying								Fair
(in thousands)	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value

Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	385,303	$	385,303	$	—	$	—	$	385,303
Available-for-sale debt securities		471,355		—		463,860		7,495		471,355
Held-to-maturity debt securities		62,531		—		63,156		—		63,156
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values		3,188		2,474		714		—		3,188
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value		19,224		—		19,224		—		19,224
Consumer loans held for sale, at fair value		598		—		—		598		598
Consumer loans held for sale, at the lower of cost or fair value		11,646		—		—		11,646		11,646
Loans, net		4,389,800		—		—		4,381,396		4,381,396
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		30,831		—		—		—		NA
Accrued interest receivable		12,937		—		12,937		—		12,937
Rate lock loan commitments		789		—		789		—		789
Interest rate swap agreements		5,062		—		5,062		—		5,062

Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	1,033,379		—	$	1,033,379		—	$	1,033,379
Transaction deposits		2,018,687		—		2,018,687		—		2,018,687
Time deposits		733,942		—		737,733		—		737,733
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings		167,617		—		167,617		—		167,617
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		750,000		—		749,667		—		749,667
Subordinated note		41,240		—		32,587		—		32,587
Accrued interest payable		2,802		—		2,802		—		2,802
Mandatory forward contracts		131		—		131		—		131
Interest rate swap agreements		5,166		—		5,166		—		5,166

NA - Not applicable


			Fair Value Measurements at
			December 31, 2018:
									Total
	Carrying								Fair
(in thousands)	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value

Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	351,474	$	351,474	$	—	$	—	$	351,474
Available-for-sale debt securities		475,738		—		467,951		7,787		475,738
Held-to-maturity debt securities		65,227		—		64,858		—		64,858
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values		2,806		2,396		410		—		2,806
Mortgage loans held for sale, at fair value		8,971		—		8,971		—		8,971
Consumer loans held for sale, at the lower of cost or fair value		12,838		—		—		12,838		12,838
Loans, net		4,103,552		—		—		4,062,457		4,062,457
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		32,067		—		—		—		NA
Accrued interest receivable		13,942		—		13,942		—		13,942
Rate lock loan commitments		356		—		356		—		356
Interest rate swap agreements		1,264		—		1,264		—		1,264

Liabilities:
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	1,003,969		—	$	1,003,969		—	$	1,003,969
Transaction deposits		2,035,701		—		2,035,701		—		2,035,701
Time deposits		416,475		—		412,477		—		412,477
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings		182,990		—		182,990		—		182,990
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		810,000		—		804,251		—		804,251
Subordinated note		41,240		—		33,724		—		33,724
Accrued interest payable		1,084		—		1,084		—		1,084
Mandatory forward contracts		262		—		262		—		262
Interest rate swap agreements		1,149		—		1,149		—		1,149

NA - Not applicable