Allowance for Loan Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments

Allowance for Loan Losses

The Company has an established methodology to determine the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses that assesses the risks and losses inherent in the loan portfolio. At a minimum, the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is reviewed by management on a quarterly basis. For purposes of determining the allowance for loan losses, the Company has segmented the loans in its portfolio by loan type. Loans are segmented into the following pools: SBA 7(a), commercial, residential mortgages, and consumer loans. Certain portfolio segments are further broken down into classes based on the associated risks within those segments and the type of collateral underlying each loan. Commercial loans are divided into the following five classes: commercial real estate, commercial real estate construction, unsecured business line of credit, commercial other, and SBA 504. Consumer loans are divided into two classes as follows: home equity and other.

The standardized methodology used to assess the adequacy of the allowance includes the allocation of specific and general reserves. The same standard methodology is used, regardless of loan type. Specific reserves are made to individual impaired loans and troubled debt restructurings (see Note 1 for additional information on this term). The general reserve is set based upon a representative average historical net charge-off rate adjusted for the following environmental factors: delinquency and impairment trends, charge-off and recovery trends, changes in the volume of restructured loans, volume and loan term trends, changes in risk and underwriting policy trends, staffing and experience changes, national and local economic trends, industry conditions and credit concentration changes. Within the five-year historical net charge-off rate, the Company weights the past three years more because it believes they are more indicative of future losses. All of the environmental factors are ranked and assigned a basis points value based on the following scale: low, low moderate, moderate, high moderate and high risk. Each environmental factor is evaluated separately for each class of loans and risk weighted based on its individual characteristics.

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For SBA 7(a) and commercial loans, the estimate of loss based on pools of loans with similar characteristics is made through the use of a standardized loan grading system that is applied on an individual loan level and updated on a continuous basis. The loan grading system incorporates reviews of the financial performance of the borrower, including cash flow, debt-service coverage ratio, earnings power, debt level and equity position, in conjunction with an assessment of the borrower's industry and future prospects. It also incorporates analysis of the type of collateral and the relative loan to value ratio.

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For residential mortgage and consumer loans, the estimate of loss is based on pools of loans with similar characteristics. Factors such as credit score, delinquency status and type of collateral are evaluated. Factors are updated frequently to capture the recent behavioral characteristics of the subject portfolios, as well as any changes in loss mitigation or credit origination strategies, and adjustments to the reserve factors are made as needed.

According to the Company’s policy, a loss (“charge-off”) is to be recognized and charged to the allowance for loan losses as soon as a loan is recognized as uncollectable. All credits which are 90 days past due must be analyzed for the Company’s ability to collect on the credit. Once a loss is known to exist, the charge-off approval process is immediately expedited. This charge-off policy is followed for all loan types.

The allocated allowance is the total of identified specific and general reserves by loan category. The allocation is not necessarily indicative of the categories in which future losses may occur. The total allowance is available to absorb losses from any segment of the portfolio. An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in methodologies for estimating allocated and general reserves in the portfolio.

The following tables detail the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the past three years:



	For the year ended December 31, 2019
(In thousands)	SBA held for investment			Commercial			Residential			Consumer			Unallocated		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,655		$	8,705		$	3,900		$	1,228		$	—	$	15,488
Charge-offs	(535		)	(501		)	(205		)	(1		)			(1,242		)
Recoveries	23			16			—			10					49
Net (charge-offs) recoveries	(512		)	(485		)	(205		)	9			—		(1,193		)
Provision (credit) for loan losses charged to expense	(64		)	1,502			559			103			—		2,100
Balance, end of period	$	1,079		$	9,722		$	4,254		$	1,340		$	—	$	16,395



	For the year ended December 31, 2018
(In thousands)	SBA held for investment			Commercial			Residential		Consumer			Unallocated		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,471		$	7,825		$	3,130	$	1,130		$	—	$	13,556
Charge-offs	(354		)	(10		)	—		(22		)	—		(386		)
Recoveries	72			30			13		153			—		268
Net (charge-offs) recoveries	(282		)	20			13		131			—		(118		)
Provision (credit) for loan losses charged to expense	466			860			757		(33		)	—		2,050
Balance, end of period	$	1,655		$	8,705		$	3,900	$	1,228		$	—	$	15,488



	For the year ended December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	SBA held for investment			Commercial			Residential			Consumer			Unallocated			Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,576		$	7,302		$	2,593		$	925		$	183		$	12,579
Charge-offs	(293		)	(227		)	(55		)	(336		)	—			(911		)
Recoveries	121			102			12			3			—			238
Net charge-offs	(172		)	(125		)	(43		)	(333		)	—			(673		)
Provision (credit) for loan losses charged to expense	67			648			580			538			(183		)	1,650
Balance, end of period	$	1,471		$	7,825		$	3,130		$	1,130		$	—		$	13,556

The following tables present loans and their related allowance for loan losses, by portfolio segment, as of December 31^st for the past two years:



	December 31, 2019
(In thousands)	SBA held for investment		Commercial		Residential		Consumer		Total
Allowance for loan losses ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	41	$	373	$	—	$	—	$	414
Collectively evaluated for impairment	1,038		9,349		4,254		1,340		15,981
Total	$	1,079	$	9,722	$	4,254	$	1,340	$	16,395
Loan ending balances:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	1,105	$	1,234	$	—	$	—	$	2,339
Collectively evaluated for impairment	34,662		763,798		467,706		143,524		1,409,690
Total	$	35,767	$	765,032	$	467,706	$	143,524	$	1,412,029



	December 31, 2018
(In thousands)	SBA held for investment		Commercial		Residential		Consumer		Total
Allowance for loan losses ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	540	$	127	$	—	$	—	$	667
Collectively evaluated for impairment	1,115		8,578		3,900		1,228		14,821
Total	$	1,655	$	8,705	$	3,900	$	1,228	$	15,488
Loan ending balances:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	1,471	$	1,821	$	—	$	—	$	3,292
Collectively evaluated for impairment	37,862		692,281		436,056		123,904		1,290,103
Total	$	39,333	$	694,102	$	436,056	$	123,904	$	1,293,395

Changes in Methodology:

The Company did not make any changes to its allowance for loan losses methodology in the current period.

Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments

In addition to the allowance for loan losses, the Company maintains a reserve for unfunded loan commitments at a level that management believes is adequate to absorb estimated probable losses. Adjustments to the reserve are made through other expense and applied to the reserve which is classified as other liabilities. At December 31, 2019, a $273 thousand commitment reserve was reported on the balance sheet as an “other liability”, compared to a $290 thousand commitment reserve at December 31, 2018. There were no losses on unfunded loan commitments during 2019 or 2018.