Fair Value

Fair Value Measurement

The Company follows FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures,” which requires additional disclosures about the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value. Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company uses various methods including market, income and cost approaches. Based on these approaches, the Company often utilizes certain assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and/or the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated, or generally unobservable inputs. The Company utilizes techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value will be classified and disclosed as follows:

Level 1 Inputs


•	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.


•	Generally, this includes debt and equity securities and derivative contracts that are traded in an active exchange market (i.e. New York Stock Exchange), as well as certain U.S. Treasury, U.S. Government and sponsored entity agency mortgage-backed securities that are highly liquid and are actively traded in over-the-counter markets.

Level 2 Inputs


•	Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets.


•	Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets.


•	Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for the term of the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, credit risks, prepayment speeds or volatilities) or “market corroborated inputs.”


•	Generally, this includes U.S. Government and sponsored entity mortgage-backed securities, corporate debt securities and derivative contracts.

Level 3 Inputs


•	Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable (i.e. supported by little or no market activity) and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.


•	These assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

Securities Available for Sale

The fair value of available for sale ("AFS") securities is the market value based on quoted market prices, when available, or market prices provided by recognized broker dealers (Level 1). If listed prices or quotes are not available, fair value is based upon quoted market prices for similar or identical assets or other observable inputs (Level 2) or externally developed models that use unobservable inputs due to limited or no market activity of the instrument (Level 3).

As of September 30, 2018, the fair value of the Company's AFS securities portfolio was $46.9 million. Approximately 58 percent of the portfolio was made up of residential mortgage-backed securities, which had a fair value of $27.3 million at September 30, 2018. Approximately $26.9 million of the residential mortgage-backed securities are guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMA"), the Federal National Mortgage Association ("FNMA") or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC"). The underlying loans for these securities are residential mortgages that are geographically dispersed throughout the United States.

All of the Company’s AFS securities were classified as Level 2 assets at September 30, 2018. The valuation of AFS securities using Level 2 inputs was primarily determined using the market approach, which uses quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and all other relevant information. It includes model pricing, defined as valuing securities based upon their relationship with other benchmark securities.

Equity Securities

The fair value of equity securities is the market value based on quoted market prices, when available, or market prices provided by recognized broker dealers (Level 1). If listed prices or quotes are not available, fair value is based upon quoted market prices for similar or identical assets or other observable inputs (Level 2) or externally developed models that use unobservable inputs due to limited or no market activity of the instrument (Level 3).

As of September 30, 2018, the fair value of the Company's equity securities portfolio was $1.2 million.

All of the Company’s equity securities were classified as Level 2 assets at September 30, 2018. The valuation of securities using Level 2 inputs was primarily determined using the market approach, which uses quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and all other relevant information.

There were no changes in the inputs or methodologies used to determine fair value during the period ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the periods ended December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017.

The tables below present the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:



	Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2018 Using
(In thousands)	Assets/Liabilities Measured at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Measured on a recurring basis:
Assets:
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	5,577	$	—	$	5,577	$	—
State and political subdivisions	4,659		—		4,659		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities	27,325		—		27,325		—
Corporate and other securities	9,313		—		9,313		—
Total securities available for sale	$	46,874	$	—	$	46,874	$	—

Equity securities	1,200		—		1,200		—
Total equity securities	$	1,200	$	—	$	1,200	$	—

Interest rate swap agreements	2,066		—		2,066		—
Total swap agreements	$	2,066	$	—	$	2,066	$	—

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 Using
(In thousands)	Assets/Liabilities Measured at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Measured on a recurring basis:
Assets:
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Government sponsored entities	$	5,691	$	—	$	5,691	$	—
State and political subdivisions	5,192		—		5,192		—
Residential mortgage-backed securities	31,878		—		31,878		—
Corporate and other securities	10,732		—		10,732		—
Total securities available for sale (1)	$	53,493	$	—	$	53,493	$	—

Interest rate swap agreements	1,407		—		1,407		—
Total swap agreements	$	1,407	$	—	$	1,407	$	—


(1)	Securities available for sale at December 31, 2017, include equity securities of $1.2 million.

Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain assets and liabilities are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

Appraisal Policy

All appraisals must be performed in accordance with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice ("USPAP"). Appraisals are certified to the Company and performed by appraisers on the Company’s approved list of appraisers. Evaluations are completed by a person independent of Company management. The content of the appraisal depends on the complexity of the property. Appraisals are completed on a “retail value” and an “as is value”.

The Company requires current real estate appraisals on all loans that become OREO or in-substance foreclosure, loans that are classified substandard, doubtful or loss, or loans that are over $100 thousand and nonperforming. Prior to each balance sheet date, the Company values impaired collateral-dependent loans and OREO based upon a third party appraisal, broker's price opinion, drive by appraisal, automated valuation model, updated market evaluation, or a combination of these methods. The amount is discounted for the decline in market real estate values (for original appraisals), for any known damage or repair costs, and for selling and closing costs. The amount of the discount ranges from 10 to 25 percent and is dependent upon the method used to determine the original value. The original appraisal is generally used when a loan is first determined to be impaired. When applying the discount, the Company takes into consideration when the appraisal was performed, the collateral’s location, the type of collateral, any known damage to the property and the type of business. Subsequent to entering impaired status and the Company determining that there is a collateral shortfall, the Company will generally, depending on the type of collateral, order a third party appraisal, broker's price opinion, automated valuation model or updated market evaluation. After receiving the third party results, the Company will discount the value 8 to 10 percent for selling and closing costs.

OREO

The fair value of OREO is determined using appraisals, which may be discounted based on management’s review and changes in market conditions (Level 3 Inputs).

Impaired Collateral-Dependent Loans

The fair value of impaired collateral-dependent loans is derived in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 310, “Receivables.” Fair value is determined based on the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral. Partially charged-off loans are measured for impairment based upon an appraisal for collateral-dependent loans. When an updated appraisal is received for a nonperforming loan, the value on the appraisal is discounted in the manner discussed above. If there is a deficiency in the value after the Company applies these discounts, management applies a specific reserve and the loan remains in nonaccrual status. The receipt of an updated appraisal would not qualify as a reason to put a loan back into accruing status. The Company removes loans from nonaccrual status generally when the borrower makes nine months of contractual payments and demonstrates the ability to service the debt going forward. Charge-offs are determined based upon the loss that management believes the Company will incur after evaluating collateral for impairment based upon the valuation methods described above and the ability of the borrower to pay any deficiency.

The valuation allowance for impaired loans is included in the allowance for loan losses in the consolidated balance sheets. At September 30, 2018, the valuation allowance for impaired loans was $447 thousand, an increase of $115 thousand from $332 thousand at December 31, 2017.

The following tables present the assets and liabilities subject to fair value adjustments (impairment) on a non-recurring basis carried on the balance sheet by caption and by level within the hierarchy (as described above):



	Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2018 Using
(In thousands)	Assets/Liabilities Measured at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Net Provision (Credit) During Period
Measured on a non-recurring basis:
Financial assets:
OREO	$	56	$	—	$	—	$	56	$	(196	)
Impaired collateral-dependent loans	2,765		—		—		2,765		(84		)

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 Using
(In thousands)	Assets/Liabilities Measured at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Net Provision (Credit) During Period
Measured on a non-recurring basis:
Financial assets:
OREO	$	426	$	—	$	—	$	426	$	(299	)
Impaired collateral-dependent loans	1,126		—		—		1,126		(52		)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FASB ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments,” requires the disclosure of the estimated fair value of certain financial instruments, including those financial instruments for which the Company did not elect the fair value option. These estimated fair values as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 have been determined using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. Considerable judgment is required to interpret market data to develop estimates of fair value. The estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of amounts the Company could realize in a current market exchange. The use of alternative market assumptions and estimation methodologies could have had a material effect on these estimates of fair value. The methodology for estimating the fair value of financial assets and liabilities that are measured on a recurring or nonrecurring basis are discussed above. The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of other financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value:

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For these short-term instruments, the carrying value is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Securities

The fair value of securities is based upon quoted market prices for similar or identical assets or other observable inputs (Level 2) or externally developed models that use unobservable inputs due to limited or no market activity of the instrument (Level 3).

SBA Loans Held for Sale

The fair value of SBA loans held for sale is estimated by using a market approach that includes significant other observable inputs.

Loans

The fair value of loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current market rates that reflect the interest rate risk inherent in the loan, except for previously discussed impaired loans.

FHLB Stock

Federal Home Loan Bank stock is carried at cost. Carrying value approximates fair value based on the redemption provisions of the issues.

Servicing Assets

Servicing assets do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. The Company estimates the fair value of servicing assets using discounted cash flow models incorporating numerous assumptions from the perspective of a market participant including market discount rates and prepayment speeds.

Accrued Interest

The carrying amounts of accrued interest approximate fair value.

OREO

The fair value of OREO is determined using appraisals, which may be discounted based on management’s review and changes in market conditions (Level 3 Inputs).

Deposit Liabilities

The fair value of demand deposits and savings accounts is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e. carrying value). The fair value of fixed-maturity certificates of deposit is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using current market rates.

Borrowed Funds and Subordinated Debentures

The fair value of borrowings is estimated by discounting the projected future cash flows using current market rates.

Standby Letters of Credit

At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Bank had standby letters of credit outstanding of $5.6 million. The fair value of these commitments is nominal.

The table below presents the carrying amount and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments presented as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:



		September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Fair value level	Carrying amount		Estimated fair value		Carrying amount		Estimated fair value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	Level 1	$	144,556	$	144,556	$	150,254	$	150,254
Securities (1)	Level 2	63,399		63,090		69,800		69,839
SBA loans held for sale	Level 2	13,029		14,220		22,810		25,568
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses (2)	Level 2	1,255,287		1,234,657		1,134,308		1,133,739
FHLB stock	Level 2	9,445		9,445		12,863		12,863
Servicing assets	Level 3	2,135		2,135		1,800		1,800
Accrued interest receivable	Level 2	6,412		6,412		5,447		5,447
OREO	Level 3	56		56		426		426
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	Level 2	1,219,473		1,215,309		1,043,137		1,041,111
Borrowed funds and subordinated debentures	Level 2	190,310		188,243		285,310		284,117
Accrued interest payable	Level 2	506		506		436		436


(1)	Includes held to maturity (“HTM”) corporate securities that are considered Level 3. These securities had book values of $3.6 million and $3.7 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, with market values of $3.4 million and $3.5 million.


(2)	Includes collateral-dependent impaired loans that are considered Level 3 and reported separately in the tables under the “Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis” heading. Collateral-dependent impaired loans, net of specific reserves totaled $2.8 thousand and $1.1 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.