Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are as follows:



	International			North America		Total
	(In thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2013	$	142,918		$	133,681	$	276,599
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes	4,359			—		4,359
Other	756			—		756
Balance at December 31, 2013	148,033			133,681		281,714
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes	(15,409		)	—		(15,409		)
Acquisition	1,282			—		1,282
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	133,906		$	133,681	$	267,587

We perform our annual impairment analysis of goodwill as of June 30 each year or more often if there are indicators of impairment present. We test each of our reporting units for goodwill impairment. Our reporting units are the same as our operating divisions and reportable segments. The goodwill impairment test requires a two-step process. The first step consists of comparing the estimated fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, then it is not considered impaired and no further analysis is required. If step one indicates that the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then impairment potentially exists and the second step is performed to measure the amount of goodwill impairment. Goodwill impairment exists when the estimated implied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill is less than its carrying value.

We compared the carrying values of our International and North America reporting units to their estimated fair values at June 30, 2014. We estimated the fair value of each reporting unit based on a weighting of both the income approach and the market approach. The discounted cash flows for each reporting unit serve as the primary basis for the income approach, and were based on discrete financial forecasts developed by management. Cash flows beyond the discrete forecast period of five years were estimated using the perpetuity growth method calculation. The annual average revenue growth rates forecasted for our reporting units for the first five years of our projections were approximately 3%. We have projected a minor amount of operating profit margin improvement based on expected margin benefits from certain internal initiatives. The terminal value was calculated assuming projected growth rates of 3% after five years, which reflects our estimate of minimum long-term growth in IT spending. The income approach valuations also included each reporting unit’s estimated weighted average cost of capital, which were 14.5% and 15% for International and North America, respectively. The market approach applied pricing multiples derived from publicly-traded companies that are comparable to the respective reporting units to determine their values. For our International and North America reporting units, we used enterprise value/EBITDA multiples of 7 and 6, respectively, in order to value each of our reporting units under the market approach. In addition, the fair value under the market approach included a control premium of 33%. The control premium was determined based on a review of comparative market transactions. Publicly-available information regarding our market capitalization was also considered in assessing the reasonableness of the cumulative fair values of our reporting units.

As a result of the first step of our goodwill impairment test as of June 30, 2014, we estimated that the fair values for our International and North America reporting units exceeded their carrying amounts by 21% and 59%, respectively, thus no impairment was indicated. As of June 30, 2014, we updated our cash flow forecasts and our other assumptions used to calculate the estimated fair value of our reporting units to account for our beliefs and expectations of the current business environment. While we believe our estimates are appropriate based on our view of current business trends, no assurance can be provided that impairment charges will not be required in the future.

For the quarter ended December 31, 2014, we reviewed for indicators of impairment and believed that the sustained decline in our share price warranted an interim test for goodwill impairment for our reporting units. We compared the carrying values of our International and North America reporting units to their estimated fair values at December 31, 2014. We estimated the fair value of each reporting unit based on a weighting of both the income approach and the market approach. We used similar methodologies as during our annual impairment test date of June 30, 2014, and updated our business and valuation assumptions for the income and market approach. The discounted cash flow method (income approach) incorporates various Level 3 inputs including projected revenue growth rates, earnings margins, and the present value, based on the discount rate and terminal growth rate, of forecasted cash flows. The annual average revenue growth rates forecasted for our reporting units for the first five years of our projections were approximately 3%. Again, we projected a minor amount of operating profit margin improvement based on expected margin benefits from certain internal initiatives. The terminal value was calculated assuming projected growth rates of 3% after five years, which reflects our estimate of minimum long-term growth in IT spending. The income approach valuations also included each reporting unit’s estimated weighted average cost of capital, which were 16% and 14.5% for International and North America, respectively. The market approach applied pricing multiples derived from publicly-traded companies that are comparable to the respective reporting units to determine their values. For our International and North America reporting units, we used enterprise value/EBITDA multiples of approximately 8 and 6, respectively in order to value each of our reporting units under the market approach. In addition, the fair value under the market approach included a control premium of 30%. The control premium was determined based on a review of comparative market transactions. Publicly-available information regarding our market capitalization was also considered in assessing the reasonableness of the cumulative fair values of our reporting units.

As a result of the first step of our interim goodwill impairment test as of December 31, 2014, we estimated that the fair values for our International and North America reporting units exceeded their carrying amounts by 28% and 86%, respectively, thus no impairment was indicated. We updated our cash flow forecasts and our other assumptions used to calculate the estimated fair value of our reporting units to account for our beliefs and expectations of the current business environment. While we believe our estimates are appropriate based on our view of current business trends, no assurance can be provided that impairment charges will not be required in the future.