Income Taxes (Notes)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2019

Income taxes recorded for the periods ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, were estimated using the discrete method. Income taxes are based on our financial results through the end of the period, as well as the related change in the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. We are unable to estimate the annual effective tax rate with sufficient precision for purposes of the effective tax rate method, which requires us to consider a projection of full-year income and the expected change in the valuation allowance. The estimated annual effective tax rate method was not reliable due to its sensitivity to small changes to forecasted annual pre-tax earnings and the effect of our valuation allowance, which create results with significant variations in the customary relationship between income tax expense and pre-tax income for the interim periods. As a result, we determined that using the discrete method is more appropriate than using the annual effective tax rate method.

During the first nine months of 2018, we reduced our valuation allowance and recorded an income tax benefit of $5.3 as a result of changes to the tax net operating loss carryover rules included in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 that allow us to use certain indefinite-lived deferred tax liabilities as a source of future income to realize deferred tax assets.