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Description of Business
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Description of Business DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
FARO Technologies, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively “FARO,” the “Company,” “us,” “we” or “our”) design, develop, manufacture, market and support software driven, three-dimensional (“3D”) measurement and imaging solutions. This technology permits high-precision 3D measurement, imaging and comparison of parts and complex structures within production and quality assurance processes. Our devices are used for inspection of components and assemblies, rapid prototyping, reverse engineering, documenting large volume or structures in 3D, surveying and construction, as well as for investigation and reconstruction of accident sites or crime scenes. We sell the majority of our products through a direct sales force across a broad number of customers in a range of manufacturing, industrial, architecture, surveying, building information modeling, construction, public safety forensics, cultural heritage, and other applications. Our FaroArm®, FARO ScanArm®, FARO Laser TrackerTM, FARO Laser Projector, and their companion CAM2®, BuildIT, and BuildIT Projector software solutions, provide for Computer-Aided Design (“CAD”) based inspection, factory-level statistical process control, high-density surveying, and laser-guided assembly and production. Together, these products integrate the measurement, quality inspection, and reverse engineering functions with CAD and 3D software to improve productivity, enhance product quality, and decrease rework and scrap in the manufacturing process, mainly supporting applications in the automotive, aerospace, metal and machine fabrication and other industrial manufacturing markets. Our FARO Focus and FARO ScanPlan, and their companion FARO SCENE, BuildIT, FARO As-BuiltTM, and FARO Zone public safety forensics software offerings, are utilized for a wide variety of 3D modeling, documentation and high-density surveying applications primarily in the architecture, engineering and construction and public safety markets. Our FARO ScanArm® and its companion SCENE software also enable a fully digital workflow used to capture real world geometry for the purpose of empowering design, enabling innovation, and speeding up the design cycle.
Since the fourth quarter of 2016 to the fourth quarter of 2019, we had operated in five verticals—3D Manufacturing, Construction Building Information Modeling (“Construction BIM”), Public Safety Forensics, 3D Design and Photonics—and had three reporting segments—3D Manufacturing, Construction BIM and Emerging Verticals. As discussed in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the third quarter of 2019, our new management team, led by our new Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), formulated and began to implement a new comprehensive strategic plan for our business. As part of our strategic planning process, we identified areas of our business that needed enhanced focus or change in order to improve our efficiency and cost structure. In the fourth quarter of 2019, we reassessed and redefined our go-to-market strategy, refocused our marketing engagement with our customers and re-evaluated our hardware product portfolio. In the second quarter of 2020, we disposed of our Photonics business and 3D Design related assets obtained from our acquisition of Opto-Tech SRL and its subsidiary Open Technologies SRL (collectively, “Open Technologies”).
As part of our new strategic plan, and based on the recommendation of our CEO, who is also our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), in the fourth quarter of 2019, we eliminated our vertical structure and began reorganizing the Company into a functional structure. Our executive leadership team is now comprised of functional leaders in areas such as sales, marketing, operations, research and development and general and administrative, and resources are allocated to each function at a consolidated unit level. We no longer have separate business units, or segment managers or vertical leaders who report to the CODM with respect to operations, operating results or planning for levels or components below the total Company level. Instead, our CODM now allocates resources and evaluates performance on a Company-wide basis. Based on these changes, commencing with the fourth quarter of 2019, we are now reporting as one reporting segment that develops, manufactures, markets, supports and sells CAD-based quality assurance products integrated with CAD-based inspection and statistical process control software and 3D documentation systems. Our reporting segment sells into a variety of end markets, including automotive, aerospace, metal and machine fabrication, architecture, engineering, construction and public safety.
Reclassification and Related Changes to Presentation
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements to conform to the current period presentation:
•Selling and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses are now being reported in the accompanying statements of operations together in one line as Selling, general and administrative. Previously, those expenses were reported as two separate line items under operating expenses. Amounts related to selling, general and administrative expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 have been reclassified throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect this reclassification of selling, general and administrative expenses and to conform to the current period presentation, as set forth in the following table;
•Software maintenance revenue is now being reported in the accompanying statements of operations as a component of product sales. Previously, these revenues were reported in service sales. Amounts related to software maintenance revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 have been reclassified throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect this reclassification of software maintenance revenue and to conform to the current period presentation, as set forth in the following table; and
•Software maintenance cost of sales is now being reported in the accompanying statements of operations as a component of product cost of sales. Previously, these cost of sales was reported in service cost of sales. Amounts related to software maintenance cost of sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 have been reclassified throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to reflect this reclassification of software maintenance cost of sales and to conform to the current period presentation, as set forth in the following table.

For the three months ended, September 30, 2019
As ReportedSelling, General and Administrative AdjustmentSoftware Maintenance and Other AdjustmentsAs Adjusted
Sales
Product$63,641 $— $3,147 $66,788 
Service26,875 — (3,147)23,728 
Total sales$90,516 $— $— $90,516 
Cost of Sales
Product$26,495 $— $591 $27,086 
Service13,249 — (591)12,658 
Total cost of sales$39,744 $— $— $39,744 
Operating Expenses
Selling, general and administrative$— $45,880 $— $45,880 
Selling and marketing30,218 (30,218)— — 
General and administrative15,662 (15,662)— — 
Research and development10,783 — — 10,783 
Total operating expenses$56,663 $— $— $56,663 
For the nine months ended, September 30, 2019
As Reported
Selling, General and Administrative Adjustment
Software Maintenance and Other AdjustmentsAs Adjusted
Sales
Product$200,434 $— $8,977 $209,411 
Service77,190 — (8,977)68,213 
Total sales$277,624 $— $— $277,624 
Cost of Sales
Product$83,632 $— $1,910 $85,542 
Service39,461 — (1,910)37,551 
Total cost of sales$123,093 $— $— $123,093 
Operating Expenses
Selling, general and administrative$— $131,909 $— $131,909 
Selling and marketing87,438 (87,438)— — 
General and administrative44,471 (44,471)— — 
Research and development33,048 — — 33,048 
Total operating expenses$164,957 $— $— $164,957 

The following table summarizes total stock-based compensation expense for each of the line items on our condensed consolidated statement of operations:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
September 30, 2020September 30, 2019September 30, 2020September 30, 2019
Cost of Sales
Product$39 $170 $234 $482 
Service88 100 257 288 
Total cost of sales$127 $270 $491 $770 
Operating Expenses
Selling, general and administrative$1,527 $2,745 $4,666 $7,052 
Research and development430 372 1,271 881 
Total operating expenses$1,957 $3,117 $5,937 $7,933 
COVID-19 and Impact On Our Business
Our business is significantly vulnerable to the economic effects of pandemics and other public health crises, including the ongoing novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) outbreak that has surfaced in virtually every country of our global operating footprint. During the second and third quarter of 2020, we experienced a significant decline in the demand for our products and services across all of our served markets as a result of the impact of the spread of COVID-19. Although COVID-19 has negatively impacted demand for our products and services overall, the global pandemic also has provided us with the opportunity to adapt to a virtual environment and to capitalize on our existing virtual sales demonstration infrastructure which we have had in place for several years. There has been an increase in the attendance of our virtual training and product information seminars as our customers take advantage of the opportunity to remotely participate and to better understand the capabilities of our products and software offerings.
We continue to assess the ongoing impact of COVID-19 on our business results and remain committed to taking actions to address the health and safety of our employees and customers, as well as the negative effects from demand disruption and production impacts, including, but not limited to, the following:
•Operating our business with a focus on our employee health and safety, which includes minimizing travel, remote work policies, maintaining employee distancing and enhanced sanitation of all of our facilities;
•Monitoring of our liquidity, reduction of supply flows into our manufacturing facilities, disciplined inventory management, and scrutinization of our capital expenditures; and
•Continuously reviewing our financial strategy to strengthen financial flexibility in these volatile financial markets.
We continue to maintain a strong capital structure with a cash balance of $163.6 million and no debt as of September 30, 2020. We believe that our liquidity position is adequate to meet our projected needs in the reasonably foreseeable future.
Future developments, such as the potential resurgence of COVID-19 in countries that have begun to recover from the early impact of the pandemic and actions taken by governments in response to future resurgence, are highly uncertain. Therefore, the Company is not able to predict the extent to which the COVID-19 outbreak continues to impact the Company’s results of operations and financial conditions. See Item 1A, Risk Factors, included in Part II of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for an additional discussion of risks related to COVID-19.