Intangbile assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

The gross carrying amount of intangible assets not subject to amortization and intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows (in thousands):


	December 31, 2022		January 1, 2022
Indefinite Lived Intangible Assets
Trade names	$	51,639	$	53,133
	51,639		53,133
Finite Lived Intangible Assets:
Collection routes	781,286		337,399
Permits	557,083		475,520
Non-compete agreements	695		645
Trade names	76,549		65,675
Royalty, product development, patents, consulting, land use rights and leasehold	20,971		25,899
	1,436,584		905,138
Accumulated Amortization:
Collection routes	(196,108)		(169,984)
Permits	(368,005)		(336,020)
Non-compete agreements	(563)		(441)
Trade names	(53,486)		(46,028)
Royalty, product development, patents, consulting, land use rights and leasehold	(4,939)		(7,997)
	(623,101)		(560,470)
Total Intangible assets, less accumulated amortization	$	865,122	$	397,801

Gross intangible collection routes, permits, trade names, non-compete agreements and other intangibles changed due to acquisitions and additions of approximately $588.1 million and the remaining change is due to foreign exchange impact, impairments and retirements. Amortization expense for the three years ended December 31, 2022, January 1, 2022 and January 2, 2021, was approximately $88.7 million, $67.4 million and $74.0 million, respectively. Amortization expense for the next five fiscal years is estimated to be $103.5 million, $84.1 million, $76.4 million, $66.6 million and $63.9 million.