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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes:
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated investments, and current and deferred income tax expense (benefit) are composed of the following (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Income before income taxes and equity in net income of unconsolidated investments:
Domestic$201,266 $(461,897)$952,799 
Foreign(1,965,091)708,635 1,480,645 
Total$(1,763,825)$246,738 $2,433,444 
Current income tax expense (benefit):
Federal$212,542 $(54,250)$33,230 
State(450)(3,395)4,965 
Foreign105,399 387,045 259,054 
Total$317,491 $329,400 $297,249 
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
Federal$(172,464)$(8,545)$84,054 
State1,523 (4,154)(3,511)
Foreign(59,465)113,576 12,796 
Total$(230,406)$100,877 $93,339 
Total income tax expense$87,085 $430,277 $390,588 
The reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to the effective income tax rate is as follows:
% of Income Before Income Taxes
202420232022
Federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit— (2.8)— 
Change in valuation allowance(a)
(26.0)98.8 (3.9)
Impact of foreign earnings, net(b)
3.3 7.7 (0.1)
Global intangible low tax inclusion— 4.2 0.3 
Foreign-derived intangible income— — (3.0)
Section 162(m) limitation(0.3)4.4 0.3 
Subpart F income(0.3)(1.9)0.2 
Stock-based compensation— (3.9)(0.3)
Depletion0.3 (2.4)(0.2)
U.S. federal return to provision0.1 (6.1)(0.4)
Revaluation of unrecognized tax benefits/reserve requirements(c)
(2.1)39.1 2.3 
Legal accrual— 18.6 — 
Other items, net(0.9)(2.3)(0.1)
Effective income tax rate(4.9)%174.4 %16.1 %
(a)Due to the Company being in a three-year cumulative loss position in China as of December 31, 2023, and Australia as of December 31, 2024, the year ended December 31, 2024 includes a valuation allowance of $271.0 million on current year losses in certain Chinese entities and the establishment of a valuation of $254.9 million on current year losses in the Company’s Australian entities. In addition, the year ended December 31, 2024 includes benefits of $70.1 million due to the release of a foreign valuation allowance due to changes in expected profitability.
(b)Our statutory rate is decreased by our share of the income of JBC, a Free Zones company under the laws of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The applicable provisions of the Jordanian law, and applicable regulations thereunder, do not have a termination provision and the exemption is indefinite. As a Free Zones company, JBC is not subject to income taxes on the profits of products exported from
Jordan, and currently, substantially all of the profits are from exports. This resulted in a rate benefit of 1.2%, 20.1%, and 3.2% for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively.
(c)    The year ended December 31, 2024 includes a $37.0 million expense recorded for a current year tax reserve related to an uncertain tax position in Chile.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31,
20242023
Deferred tax assets:
Accrued employee benefits$32,993 $31,917 
Operating loss carryovers1,841,399 1,316,916 
Pensions17,148 23,527 
Inventory reserves27,974 83,136 
Tax credit carryovers11,228 1,431 
Capitalized research and development41,938 36,929 
Lease liability53,968 35,977 
Other62,406 30,611 
Gross deferred tax assets2,089,054 1,560,444 
Valuation allowance(1,736,456)(1,349,924)
Deferred tax assets352,598 210,520 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation(456,231)(541,245)
Intangibles(49,676)(54,413)
Right of use asset(48,951)(30,336)
Outside basis difference(51,971)(56,214)
Other(50,190)(64,309)
Deferred tax liabilities(657,019)(746,517)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(304,421)$(535,997)
Classification in the consolidated balance sheets:
Noncurrent deferred tax assets$53,608 $22,433 
Noncurrent deferred tax liabilities(358,029)(558,430)
Net deferred tax liabilities$(304,421)$(535,997)
Changes in the balance of our deferred tax asset valuation allowance are as follows (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Balance at January 1$(1,349,924)$(1,087,505)$(1,276,305)
Additions(519,169)(262,469)(5,810)
Deductions132,637 50 194,610 
Balance at December 31$(1,736,456)$(1,349,924)$(1,087,505)
At December 31, 2024, we had approximately $11.3 million of domestic credits available to offset future payments of income taxes, expiring in varying amounts between 2025 and 2029. We have established valuation allowances for $0.1 million of those domestic credits since we believe that it is more likely than not that the related deferred tax assets will not be realized. We believe that sufficient taxable income will be generated during the carryover period in order to utilize the other remaining credit carryovers.
At December 31, 2024, we have on a pre-tax basis, domestic federal and state net operating losses of $1.1 billion, which have pre-tax valuation allowances of $13.8 million established. $0.5 billion of these domestic net operating losses expire between 2025 and 2041 and $0.6 billion have no expiration date. In addition, we have on a pre-tax basis $6.7 billion of foreign net operating losses, which have pre-tax valuation allowances for $6.6 billion established. $636.4 million of these foreign net
operating losses expire in 2028, $1.3 billion expire in 2029, $2.6 billion expire in 2035, $203.2 million expire in 2036, $19.3 million expire in 2037 and $1.8 billion have an indefinite life. We have established valuation allowances for these deferred tax assets since we believe that it is more likely than not that the related deferred tax assets will not be realized. For the same reason, we established pre-tax valuation allowances of $215.3 million and $15.3 million for other state and foreign deferred tax assets, respectively, unrelated to net operating losses. The realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent on the generation of sufficient taxable income in the appropriate tax jurisdictions. Although realization is not assured, we believe it is more likely than not that the remaining deferred tax assets will be realized. However, the amount considered realizable could be reduced if estimates of future taxable income change.
As of December 31, 2024, we have not recorded taxes on approximately $12.2 billion of cumulative undistributed earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries and joint ventures. The TCJA imposed a mandatory transition tax on accumulated foreign earnings and generally eliminated U.S. taxes on foreign subsidiary distribution with the exception of foreign withholding taxes and other foreign local tax. We generally do not provide for taxes related to our undistributed earnings because such earnings either would not be taxable when remitted or they are considered to be indefinitely reinvested. If in the foreseeable future, we can no longer demonstrate that these earnings are indefinitely reinvested, a deferred tax liability will be recognized. A determination of the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these undistributed earnings is not practicable due to the complexity and variety of assumptions necessary based on the manner in which the undistributed earnings would be repatriated.
Liabilities related to uncertain tax positions were $259.6 million and $220.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, inclusive of interest and penalties of $71.0 million and $42.0 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and are reported in Other noncurrent liabilities as provided in Note 14, “Other Noncurrent Liabilities.” These liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were reduced by $74.8 million and $73.0 million, respectively, for offsetting benefits from the corresponding effects of potential transfer pricing adjustments, state and local income taxes, and rate arbitrage related to foreign structure. These offsetting benefits are recorded in Other assets as provided in Note 9, “Other Assets.” The resulting net liability of $113.8 million, excluding interest and penalties, as of December 31, 2024 would favorably affect earnings if recognized and released, as would the net liability of $105.6 million, excluding interest and penalties, have as of December 31, 2023.
The liabilities related to uncertain tax positions, exclusive of interest, were $188.8 million and $178.8 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The following is a reconciliation of our total gross liability related to uncertain tax positions for 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202420232022
Balance at January 1$178,785 $72,162 $20,717 
Additions for tax positions related to prior years31 6,216 1,673 
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years— — — 
Additions for tax positions related to current year10,989 101,179 50,531 
Lapses in statutes of limitations/settlements(1,038)(770)(995)
Foreign currency translation adjustment59 (2)236 
Balance at December 31$188,826 $178,785 $72,162 
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Due to the statute of limitations, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax audits by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for years prior to 2021. Due to the statute of limitations, we also are no longer subject to U.S. state income tax audits prior to 2018.
With respect to jurisdictions outside the U.S., several audits are in process. We have audits ongoing for the years 2014 through 2023 related to Belgium, Canada, Chile, China and Germany, some of which are for entities that have since been divested.
While we believe we have adequately provided for all tax positions, amounts asserted by taxing authorities could be greater than our accrued position. Accordingly, additional provisions on federal and foreign tax-related matters could be recorded in the future as revised estimates are made or the underlying matters are settled or otherwise resolved.
Since the timing of resolutions and/or closure of tax audits is uncertain, it is difficult to predict with certainty the range of reasonably possible significant increases or decreases in the liability related to uncertain tax positions that may occur within the next twelve months.