Investments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Investments

Investments

Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities

Details regarding communities acquired in 2024, 2023 and 2022, are summarized in the following table (dollars in thousands):

Community name	Location	Number of communities	Apartment homes	Purchase price		Commercial square feet
Avalon at Pier 121	Lewisville, TX	1	300	$	62,100	—
Avalon Perimeter Park	Morrisville, NC	1	262	66,500		—
Avalon Cherry Hills	Englewood, CO	1	306	95,000		—
AVA Balboa Park	San Diego, CA	1	100	51,000		1,700
Avalon Townhomes at Bee Cave	Bee Cave, TX	1	126	49,000		—
Avalon Lowry	Denver, CO	1	347	136,500		—
Total 2024 acquisitions		6	1,441	$	460,100	1,700
Total 2023 acquisitions		3	1,131	$	277,200	—
Total 2022 acquisitions		4	1,313	$	536,200	16,000

The Company accounted for these purchases as asset acquisitions and recorded the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including identifiable intangibles, at their relative fair values based on the purchase price and acquisition costs incurred. The Company uses third-party pricing or internal models for the value of the land, a valuation model for the value of the building, and an internal model to determine the fair value of the remaining real estate assets and in-place leases. Given the heterogeneous nature of multifamily real estate, the fair values for the land, building, real estate assets and in-place leases incorporated significant unobservable inputs and therefore are considered to be Level 3 prices within the fair value hierarchy.

Structured Investment Program

The Company operates a Structured Investment Program (the "SIP"), an investment platform through which the Company provides mezzanine loans or preferred equity to third-party multifamily developers. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had seven commitments to fund up to $191,585,000 in the aggregate. The Company's investment commitments have a weighted average rate of return of 11.5% and a weighted average initial maturity date of December 2026. At December 31, 2024, the Company had funded $186,549,000 of these commitments. The Company recognized interest income of $16,022,000 and $6,189,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, from the SIP. The Company recognized no interest income during the year ended December 31, 2022 from the SIP. Interest income and any change in the expected credit loss are

included as a component of income from unconsolidated investments, on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The Company evaluates each SIP commitment to determine the classification as a loan or an investment in a real estate development project. As of December 31, 2024, all of the SIP commitments are classified as loans. The Company includes amounts outstanding under the SIP as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company evaluates the credit risk for each commitment on an ongoing basis, estimating the reserve for credit losses using relevant available information from internal and external sources. Market-based historical credit loss data provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, with adjustments, if necessary, for differences in current commitment-specific risk characteristics, such as the amount of equity capital provided by a borrower, amount of senior debt secured by the project, nature of the real estate being developed or other factors.

Unconsolidated Investments

The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated entities under the equity method of accounting, NAV, or under the measurement alternative, as discussed in Note 1, "Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies," under Principles of Consolidation. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had investments in five unconsolidated entities with real estate holdings, with ownership interest percentages ranging from 20.0% to 50.0%, coupled with other unconsolidated investments including property technology and environmentally focused companies and investment management funds. The significant accounting policies of the unconsolidated investments are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects. Certain of these investments are subject to various buy‑sell provisions or other rights which are customary in real estate joint venture agreements. The Company and its partners in these entities may initiate these provisions to either sell the Company's interest or acquire the interest from the Company's partner. The Company is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the unconsolidated communities below and is the management agent subject to the terms of management agreements for all communities except for Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC, which is managed by a third party.

The following presents the Company's activities in unconsolidated investments for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Archstone Multifamily Partners AC LP (the "U.S. Fund")—The Company acquired its interest in the U.S. Fund as part of the Archstone Acquisition in 2013 (as defined in Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities," of the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 in the Company's Form 10-K filed February 22, 2019). The Company was the general partner of the U.S. Fund and had a 28.6% combined general partner and limited partner equity interest. During 2022, the U.S. Fund sold its final three communities and the Company's proportionate share of the gains in accordance with GAAP was $38,144,000. In conjunction with achieving a threshold return under provisions of the U.S. Fund, the Company received incentive distributions for its promoted interest. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized income of $1,519,000 and $4,690,000, respectively, for its promoted interest, which is included in income from unconsolidated investments on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. During 2023, the Company completed the dissolution of the U.S. Fund.

Archstone Multifamily Partners AC JV LP (the "AC JV")—The Company had a 20.0% equity interest in the AC JV, and acquired its interest as part of the Archstone Acquisition. During 2022, the Company completed the dissolution of the AC JV.

Legacy JV—As part of the Archstone Acquisition the Company entered into a limited liability company agreement with Equity Residential, through which it assumed obligations of Archstone in the form of preferred interests, some of which are governed by tax protection arrangements (the "Legacy JV"). The Company has a 40.0% interest in the Legacy JV. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Legacy JV redeemed certain of the preferred interests and paid accrued dividends, for which the Company contributed $1,320,000, $940,000 and $860,000, respectively. At December 31, 2024, the remaining preferred interests had an aggregate liquidation value of $32,817,000, the Company's 40.0% share of which was included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

NYTA MF Investors LLC ("NYC Joint Venture")—During 2018, the Company contributed five wholly-owned communities containing an aggregate of 1,301 apartment homes and 58,000 square feet of commercial space, located in New York City, NY, to a newly formed joint venture with the intent to own and operate the communities. The Company retained a 20.0% equity interest in the venture with the partners sharing in returns in accordance with their ownership interests. NYC Joint Venture has outstanding $394,734,000 fixed rate mortgage loans that are payable by the venture. The Company has not guaranteed the debt of NYC Joint Venture, nor does the Company have any obligation to fund this debt should NYC Joint Venture be unable to do so. At December 31, 2024, the Company has an equity investment of $53,678,000 (net of distributions) in the NYC Joint Venture.

MVP I, LLC—During 2004, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement with an unrelated third-party to develop Avalon at Mission Bay II, an apartment community located in San Francisco, CA, which completed construction during 2006 and contains 313 apartment homes. The Company has a 25.0% equity interest in the venture. MVP I, LLC has an outstanding $103,000,000 fixed rate mortgage loan that is payable by the venture. The Company has not guaranteed the debt of MVP I, LLC, nor does the Company have any obligation to fund this debt should MVP I, LLC be unable to do so. The Company has fully recovered its basis as of December 31, 2024.

Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC ("Brandywine")— The Company acquired its interest in Brandywine as part of the Archstone Acquisition. Brandywine owns a 305 apartment home community located in Washington, D.C. Brandywine is comprised of five members who hold various interests in the joint venture, with the Company having a 28.7% equity interest in Brandywine. Brandywine had an outstanding $18,368,000 fixed rate mortgage loan that is payable by the venture. The Company has not guaranteed the debt of Brandywine, nor does the Company have any obligation to fund this debt should Brandywine be unable to do so. At December 31, 2024, the Company had an equity investment of $13,924,000 (net of distributions) in Brandywine.

Avalon Alderwood MF Member, LLC—During 2019, the Company entered into a joint venture to develop, own, and operate Avalon Alderwood Place, an apartment community located in Lynnwood, WA, which completed construction during 2022 and contains 328 apartment homes. The Company has a 50.0% interest in the venture and, as of December 31, 2024, the Company has a total equity investment of $50,926,000. The venture is a VIE, though the Company is not the primary beneficiary because it shares control with its venture partner. The Company and its venture partner share decision making authority for all significant aspects of the venture's activities including, but not limited to, changes in the ownership or capital structure, and the operating budget.

Arts District Joint Venture—During 2020, the Company entered into a joint venture to develop, own, and operate AVA Arts District, an apartment community located in Los Angeles, CA, which completed construction in the current year and contains 475 apartment homes and 57,000 square feet of commercial space. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has a 25.0% interest in the venture, and excluding costs incurred in excess of equity in the underlying net assets of the venture, has an equity investment of $29,932,000. The venture has drawn $155,968,000 of $167,147,000 maximum borrowing capacity of the construction loan as of December 31, 2024. The Company has provided the lender a payment guarantee for 30% of the venture's construction loan maximum borrowing capacity of $167,147,000. Any amounts payable under the 30% construction loan guarantee by the Company are obligations of the venture partners in proportion to their ownership interest, and in the event the Company is obligated to perform under its construction loan guarantee, its joint venture partner is obligated to reimburse the Company for 75% of amounts paid. The venture is an unconsolidated VIE as the Company is not the primary beneficiary due to shared control and decision making with its venture partner. The Company and its venture partner share decision making authority for all significant aspects of the venture's activities including, but not limited to, changes in the ownership, changes to the development plan or budget, and major operating decisions including annual business plans.

Property Technology and Environmental Investments—The Company has invested $58,122,000 in various property technology and environmentally focused companies directly and indirectly through investment management funds. The Company’s interest in each individual investment is minor such that the Company does not have influence over operating or financial policies of the investments. In addition, as of December 31, 2024, the Company has $62,494,000 in outstanding equity commitments, with the timing and amount for these commitments to be fulfilled dependent on if, and when, investment opportunities are identified by the respective funds. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized realized and unrealized gains of $33,137,000, $4,161,000 and $8,315,000, respectively, related to these investments, which was reported as a component of income from unconsolidated investments on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.