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Investments
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]  
Investments Investments
Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities

The following real estate acquisitions occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Community nameLocationPeriodApartment homesPurchase price
Avalon at Pier 121Lewisville, TXQ2 2024300$62,100 
Avalon Perimeter ParkMorrisville, NCQ3 2024262$66,500 
Avalon Cherry Hills Englewood, COQ3 2024306$95,000 
AVA Balboa ParkSan Diego, CAQ3 2024100$51,000 
The Company accounted for these purchases as asset acquisitions and recorded the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including identifiable intangibles, at their relative fair values based on the purchase price and acquisition costs incurred. The Company uses third-party pricing or internal models for the value of the land, a valuation model for the value of the building, and an internal model to determine the fair value of the remaining real estate assets and in-place leases. Given the heterogeneous nature of multifamily real estate, the fair values for the land, real estate assets and in-place leases incorporated significant unobservable inputs and therefore are considered to be Level 3 prices within the fair value hierarchy.

Structured Investment Program

The Company operates a Structured Investment Program (the “SIP”), an investment platform through which the Company provides mezzanine loans or preferred equity to third-party multifamily developers. As of September 30, 2024, the Company had seven commitments to fund up to $191,585,000 in the aggregate. The Company's investment commitments have a weighted average rate of return of 11.5% and a weighted average initial maturity date of December 2026. At September 30, 2024, the Company had funded $162,373,000 of these commitments. The Company recognized interest income of $4,657,000 and $1,752,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $11,773,000 and $3,864,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, from the SIP. Interest income and any change in the expected credit loss are included as a component of income from unconsolidated investments, on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The Company evaluates each SIP commitment to determine the classification as a loan or an investment in a real estate development project. As of September 30, 2024, all of the SIP commitments are classified as loans. The Company includes amounts outstanding under the SIP as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company evaluates the credit risk for each commitment on an ongoing basis, estimating the reserve for credit losses using relevant available information from internal and external sources. Market-based historical credit loss data provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, with adjustments, if necessary, for differences in current commitment-specific risk characteristics, such as the amount of equity capital provided by a borrower, nature of the real estate being developed or other factors.

Unconsolidated Investments

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had investments in five unconsolidated entities with real estate holdings, with ownership interest percentages ranging from 20.0% to 50.0%, coupled with other unconsolidated investments including property technology and environmentally focused companies and investment management funds. For the Arts District joint venture, which owns an apartment community that completed development during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and in which the Company has an ownership interest of 25.0%, the Company has provided the lender a payment guarantee for 30% of the venture's construction loan maximum borrowing capacity, on behalf of the venture. At September 30, 2024, the construction loan had an outstanding balance of $152,240,000 and maximum borrowing capacity of $167,147,000. Any amounts payable under the 30% construction loan guarantee by the Company are obligations of the venture partners in proportion to their ownership interest, and in the event the Company is obligated to perform under its construction loan guarantee, its joint venture partner is obligated to reimburse the Company for 75% of amounts paid.

The Company accounts for its unconsolidated investments under the equity method of accounting, net asset value or under the measurement alternative with the carrying amount of the investment adjusted to fair value when there is an observable transaction for the same or similar investment of the same issuer indicating a change in fair value. The significant accounting policies of the unconsolidated investments are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects. Certain of these investments are subject to various buy‑sell provisions or other rights which are customary in real estate joint venture agreements. The Company and its partners in these entities may initiate these provisions to either sell the Company's interest or acquire the interest from the Company's partner.
Expensed Transaction, Development and Other Pursuit Costs

The Company capitalizes costs associated with its development activities to the basis of land held when future development is probable ("Development Rights"), or if the Company has either not yet acquired the land or if the project is subject to a leasehold interest, the costs are capitalized as deferred development costs. Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. If the Company determines a Development Right is no longer probable, the Company recognizes any necessary expense to write down its basis in the Development Right. The Company assesses its portfolio of land held for development as well as for investment for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to either the development of, or the expected holding period for, the land. The Company expensed costs related to development pursuits not yet considered probable for development and other development related activity, in the amounts of $1,573,000 and $18,959,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $7,235,000 and $23,212,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These costs are included in expensed transaction, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The amounts for 2023 include write-offs of $17,111,000 related to three Development Rights in Northern and Southern California and the Mid-Atlantic that the Company determined are no longer probable. These costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.

Long-Lived Assets Casualty Loss

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized charges of $2,935,000 for the property damage to certain of the Company's communities, reported as casualty and impairment loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $3,499,000 and $8,550,000, respectively, for the property damage to certain of the Company's communities, reported as casualty and impairment loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The charge for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, relates to flooding and water damage at communities in California from extensive rainfall and a fire at a community in New Jersey. The charge for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, relates to damage to certain communities in the Northeast and California regions from severe weather.