10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018

Commission file number 1-12672

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland	77-0404318
(State or other jurisdiction of	(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)	Identification No.)

Ballston Tower

671 N. Glebe Rd, Suite 800

Arlington, Virginia  22203

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(703) 329-6300

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code) 

(Former name, if changed since last report) 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve (12) months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past ninety (90) days.

Yes ý                    No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ý                    No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x	Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) o	Smaller reporting company o
Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Yes o                    No ý

APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE ISSUERS

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock as of the latest practicable date:

138,218,728 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, were outstanding as of July 31, 2018.

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

		PAGE
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF JUNE 30, 2018 (UNAUDITED) AND DECEMBER 31, 2017	1
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED) FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018 AND 2017	2
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018 AND 2017	3
	NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)	5
ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		25
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK		48
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES		48
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS		48
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS		49
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS		50
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES		50
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES		50
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION		50
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS		51
SIGNATURES		53

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

	6/30/2018			12/31/2017
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Real estate:
Land and improvements	$	4,188,479		$	4,237,318
Buildings and improvements	15,686,169			15,708,666
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	648,858			615,288
	20,523,506			20,561,272
Less accumulated depreciation	(4,459,341		)	(4,218,379		)
Net operating real estate	16,064,165			16,342,893
Construction in progress, including land	1,525,123			1,306,300
Land held for development	130,802			68,364
Real estate assets held for sale, net	140,507			—
Total real estate, net	17,860,597			17,717,557
Cash and cash equivalents	101,565			67,088
Cash in escrow	248,332			134,818
Resident security deposits	34,474			32,686
Investments in unconsolidated real estate entities	165,421			163,475
Deferred development costs	41,617			45,819
Prepaid expenses and other assets	219,002			253,378
Total assets	$	18,671,008		$	18,414,821
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Unsecured notes, net	$	6,152,243		$	5,852,764
Variable rate unsecured credit facility	—			—
Mortgage notes payable, net	1,419,035			1,476,706
Dividends payable	203,472			196,094
Payables for construction	92,798			85,377
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	285,658			308,189
Accrued interest payable	51,506			43,116
Resident security deposits	61,505			58,473
Liabilities related to real estate assets held for sale	596			—
Total liabilities	8,266,813			8,020,719
Commitments and contingencies
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	6,007			6,056
Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; $25 liquidation preference; 50,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; zero shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	—			—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 280,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 138,218,259 and 138,094,154 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	1,382			1,381
Additional paid-in capital	10,240,447			10,235,475
Accumulated earnings less dividends	179,066			188,609
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(22,707		)	(37,419		)
Total equity	10,398,188			10,388,046
Total liabilities and equity	$	18,671,008		$	18,414,821

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

1

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

	For the three months ended					For the six months ended
	6/30/2018		6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Revenue:
Rental and other income	$	568,285	$	529,414		$	1,128,191		$	1,050,539
Management, development and other fees	954		1,098			1,841			2,298
Total revenue	569,239		530,512			1,130,032			1,052,837
Expenses:
Operating expenses, excluding property taxes	131,759		126,687			263,784			249,730
Property taxes	59,994		53,566			119,891			106,497
Interest expense, net	56,585		50,102			111,698			99,397
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	642		24,162			1,039			24,162
Depreciation expense	156,685		141,439			315,743			282,060
General and administrative expense	14,444		13,947			28,108			27,153
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	889		570			1,689			1,298
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	—		—			(58		)	11,688
Total expenses	420,998		410,473			841,894			801,985
Income before equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, gain on sale of communities and other real estate, and income taxes	148,241		120,039			288,138			250,852
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	789		1,146			2,529			17,819
Gain on sale of communities	105,201		44,067			105,201			132,016
Gain on other real estate transactions, net	370		—			323			366
Income before income taxes	254,601		165,252			396,191			401,053
Income tax expense	58		58			58			78
Net income	254,543		165,194			396,133			400,975
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	119		31			172			125
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662	$	165,225		$	396,305		$	401,100
Other comprehensive income:
(Loss) gain on cash flow hedges	—		(16,158		)	11,499			(16,013		)
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	1,455		1,781			3,213			3,534
Comprehensive income	$	256,117	$	150,848		$	411,017		$	388,621
Earnings per common share - basic:
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	1.84	$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91
Earnings per common share - diluted:
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	1.84	$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91
Dividends per common share	$	1.47	$	1.42		$	2.94		$	2.84

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands)

	For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	396,133		$	400,975
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation expense	315,743			282,060
Amortization of deferred financing costs	4,042			3,873
Amortization of debt discount (premium)	849			(6,454		)
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	1,039			24,162
Amortization of stock-based compensation	10,127			9,658
Equity in loss (income) of, and return on, unconsolidated real estate entities and noncontrolling interests, net of eliminations	3,143			(4,473		)
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	(58		)	11,688
Abandonment of development pursuits	725			388
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	3,213			3,534
Gain on sale of real estate assets	(105,524		)	(141,079		)
Increase in resident security deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets	(3,875		)	(13,174		)
(Decrease) increase in accrued expenses, other liabilities and accrued interest payable	(260		)	4,498
Net cash provided by operating activities	625,297			575,656
Cash flows from investing activities:
Development/redevelopment of real estate assets including land acquisitions and deferred development costs	(604,540		)	(495,868		)
Capital expenditures - existing real estate assets	(37,081		)	(22,415		)
Capital expenditures - non-real estate assets	(1,896		)	(6,334		)
Proceeds from sale of real estate, net of selling costs	299,226			270,481
Insurance proceeds for property damage claims	58			6,192
Mortgage note receivable lending	(2,291		)	(11,069		)
Mortgage note receivable payment	27,511			—
Increase (decrease) in payables for construction	7,421			(6,463		)
Distributions from unconsolidated real estate entities	2,013			21,852
Investments in unconsolidated real estate entities	(7,102		)	(10,100		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(316,681		)	(253,724		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Issuance of common stock, net	833			110,033
Dividends paid	(399,070		)	(380,723		)
Net borrowings under unsecured credit facility	—			105,000
Issuance of mortgage notes payable	—			185,100
Repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties	(59,314		)	(1,287,048		)
Issuance of unsecured notes	299,442			948,616
Payment of deferred financing costs	(3,345		)	(11,466		)
Payment of capital lease obligation	(535		)	(18,422		)
Receipts for termination of forward interest rate swaps	12,598			391
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation	(10,524		)	(10,441		)
Distributions to DownREIT partnership unitholders	(22		)	(21		)
Contributions from joint venture and profit-sharing partners	—			1,038
Distributions to joint venture and profit-sharing partners	(208		)	(213		)
Preferred interest obligation redemption and dividends	(480		)	(600		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(160,625		)	(358,756		)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	147,991			(36,824		)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	201,906			329,977
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	349,897		$	293,153
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of amount capitalized	$	95,204		$	102,624

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (dollars in thousands):

	For the six months ended
	6/30/2018		6/30/2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	101,565	$	53,477
Cash in escrow	248,332		239,676
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	$	349,897	$	293,153

Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:

During the six months ended June 30, 2018:

• As described in Note 4, "Equity," 186,382 shares of common stock were issued as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 88,297 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares, and the remaining 98,085 shares valued at $15,837,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 1,135 shares valued at $190,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 67,854 shares valued at $10,524,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 4,434 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $648,000 previously issued in connection with employee compensation were canceled upon forfeiture.

• Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $203,472,000.

• The Company recorded an increase of $354,000 in redeemable noncontrolling interest with a corresponding decrease to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units.  For further discussion of the nature and valuation of these items, see Note 10, "Fair Value."

• The Company reclassified $3,213,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedge accounting activity.

During the six months ended June 30, 2017:

• The Company issued 201,314 shares of common stock as part of the Company's stock-based compensation plans, of which 128,482 shares related to the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares, and the remaining 72,832 shares valued at $13,079,000 were issued in connection with new stock grants; 1,828 shares valued at $331,000 were issued through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan; 59,019 shares valued at $10,496,000 were withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities; and 2,211 restricted shares with an aggregate value of $381,000 previously issued in connection with employee compensation were canceled upon forfeiture.

• Common stock dividends declared but not paid totaled $196,079,000.

• The Company recorded an increase of $397,000 in redeemable noncontrolling interest with a corresponding decrease to accumulated earnings less dividends to adjust the redemption value associated with the put options held by joint venture partners and DownREIT partnership units.

• The Company recorded an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $674,000 and an increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities of $1,612,000, and a corresponding adjustment to other comprehensive income, and reclassified $3,534,000 of cash flow hedge losses from other comprehensive income to interest expense, net, to record the impact of the Company's derivative and hedge accounting activity.

• As discussed in Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities," the Company recognized a non-cash charge of $16,361,000 to write-off the net book value of the fixed assets destroyed by the fire that occurred in February 2017 at the Company's Avalon Maplewood Development Community ("Maplewood").

4

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(unaudited)  

1.  Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Basis of Presentation

AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries), is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the "Code"). The Company focuses on the development, redevelopment, acquisition, ownership and operation of multifamily communities primarily in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California.

At June 30, 2018, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 268 operating apartment communities containing 77,995 apartment homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 16 communities containing 6,536 apartment homes were under redevelopment. In addition, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 19 communities under development that are expected to contain an aggregate of 6,048 apartment homes when completed. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 25 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 8,511 apartment homes.

The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading.  In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included.

Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common shareholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per share ("EPS"). Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per share on a diluted basis. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

5

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Basic and diluted shares outstanding
Weighted average common shares - basic	137,840,045			137,580,677			137,802,461			137,326,204
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding	7,500			7,500			7,500			7,500
Effect of dilutive securities	367,465			584,974			374,334			519,921
Weighted average common shares - diluted	138,215,010			138,173,151			138,184,295			137,853,625
Calculation of Earnings per Share - basic
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662		$	165,225		$	396,305		$	401,100
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares	(727		)	(468		)	(1,167		)	(1,122		)
Net income attributable to common stockholders, adjusted	$	253,935		$	164,757		$	395,138		$	399,978
Weighted average common shares - basic	137,840,045			137,580,677			137,802,461			137,326,204
Earnings per common share - basic	$	1.84		$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91
Calculation of Earnings per Share - diluted
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662		$	165,225		$	396,305		$	401,100
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships	11			10			22			21
Adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,673		$	165,235		$	396,327		$	401,121
Weighted average common shares - diluted	138,215,010			138,173,151			138,184,295			137,853,625
Earnings per common share - diluted	$	1.84		$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91

All options to purchase shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, "Hedging Derivatives") for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivative transactions for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, both at inception and on an on-going basis. Hedge ineffectiveness is reported as a component of interest expense, net. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair value of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The Company does not present or disclose the fair value of Hedging Derivatives on a net basis. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net.  For the Hedging Derivative positions that the Company has determined qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company has recorded the cumulative changes in the fair value of Hedging Derivatives in other comprehensive loss.  Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that the Company has determined qualified as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding debt being hedged. See Note 10, "Fair Value," for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.

Legal and Other Contingencies

Edgewater Casualty Loss

In January 2015, a fire occurred at the Company's Avalon at Edgewater apartment community located in Edgewater, New Jersey ("Edgewater"). Edgewater consisted of two residential buildings. One building, containing 240 apartment homes, was destroyed and is currently being reconstructed. The second building, containing 168 apartment homes, suffered minimal damage and has been repaired.

6

In conjunction with legal matters associated with the Edgewater casualty loss, the Company has established protocols for processing claims from third parties who suffered losses as a result of the fire, and many third parties have contacted the Company's insurance carrier and settled their claims. See Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of the lawsuits associated with the Edgewater casualty loss.

Three class action lawsuits have been filed against the Company on behalf of occupants of the destroyed building and consolidated in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Company has agreed with class counsel to the terms of a settlement which provides a claims process (with agreed upon protocols for instructing the adjuster as to how to evaluate claims) and, if needed, an arbitration process to determine damage amounts to be paid to individual claimants covered by the class settlement. In July 2017 the District Court granted final approval of the settlement and all claims have been submitted to the independent claims adjuster. A total of 66 units (consisting of residents who did not previously settle their claims and who did not opt out of the class settlement) are included in the class action settlement and bound by its terms. However, only 44 units submitted claims. The independent claims adjuster is currently reviewing the claims submitted; the submitted claims total approximately $6,900,000 but, based on the Company's review of the initial determinations made by the adjuster on a number of claims, the Company believes that the total amount actually awarded will be significantly less. To date, the claims adjuster has completed his evaluation of 25 of these claims and it is expected that the evaluation of the remaining claims should be completed within the next two months. A fourth class action, being heard in the same federal court, was filed against the Company on behalf of residents of the second Edgewater building that suffered minimal damage. In addition to the class action lawsuits described above, 18 of the 19 lawsuits representing approximately 143 individual plaintiffs filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey Bergen County - Law Division were previously scheduled for trial on January 2, 2018. In advance of this date, the Company was able to resolve all of these claims in principle which included approximately 50 units. The Company previously resolved litigated claims with another 10 units. There is currently one remaining lawsuit which was recently filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Bergen County - Law Division on behalf of one apartment unit. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses to the extent of damages claimed in that suit. There are also seven subrogation lawsuits that have been filed against the Company by insurers of Edgewater residents who obtained renters insurance; it is the Company's position that in the majority of the applicable leases the residents waived subrogation rights. One of these lawsuits has been dismissed on that basis, two have been amicably resolved in principle and the other four have been consolidated and are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The District Court denied the Company's motions seeking dismissal on this basis. The Company will reassess the viability of this defense after conducting additional discovery.

Having settled many third party claims through the insurance claims process, the Company currently believes that any potential remaining liability to third parties (including any potential liability to third parties determined in accordance with the class settlement described above) will not be material to the Company and will in any event be substantially covered by the Company's insurance policies. However, the Company can give no assurances in this regard and continues to evaluate this matter. See Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of the casualty gains and losses and lawsuits associated with the Edgewater casualty loss.

Other Matters

The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings unrelated to the Edgewater casualty loss that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate

The Company accounts for acquisitions of investments in real estate in accordance with the authoritative guidance for the initial measurement, which first requires that the Company determine if the real estate investment is the acquisition of an asset or a business combination. Under either model, the Company must identify and determine the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes various sources, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed. For a business combination, the Company records the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair value of each respective item. For an asset acquisition, the allocation of the purchase price is based on the relative fair value of the net assets. The Company expenses all applicable acquisition costs for a business combination and capitalizes all applicable acquisition costs for an asset acquisition. The Company expects that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be viewed as asset acquisitions.

7

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' notes to financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity and segment classification.

Revenue and Gain Recognition

As of January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the modified retrospective approach, which applies the new standard to contracts that are not completed as of the date of adoption. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized in accordance with the transfer of goods and services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled for those goods and services. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from residential and retail rental income and other lease income, which are scoped out from this standard and included in the current lease accounting framework, and will be accounted for under ASU 2016-02, Leases, discussed under Recently Issued Accounting Standards below. Revenue streams that are scoped into ASU 2014-09 include:

• Management fees - The Company has investment interests in real estate joint ventures, for which the Company may manage (i) the venture, (ii) the associated operating communities owned by the ventures and/or (iii) the development or redevelopment of those operating communities. For these activities, the Company receives asset management, property management, development and/or redevelopment fee revenue. The performance obligation is the management of the venture, community or other defined task such as the development or redevelopment of the community. While the individual activities that comprise the performance obligation of the management fees can vary day to day, the nature of the overall performance obligation to provide management service is the same and considered by the Company to be a series of services that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer and the same method to measure progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenue for fees as earned on a monthly basis and has concluded this is appropriate under the new standard.

• Rental and non-rental related income - The Company recognizes revenue for new rental related income not included as components of a lease, such as reservation and application fees, as well as for non-rental related income, as earned, and has concluded this is appropriate under the new standard.

• Gains or losses on sales of real estate - The Company accounts for the sale of real estate assets and any related gain recognition in accordance with the accounting guidance applicable to sales of real estate, which establishes standards for recognition of profit on all real estate sales transactions, other than retail land sales. The Company recognizes the sale, and associated gain or loss from the disposition, provided that the earnings process is complete and the Company does not have significant continuing involvement. Subsequent to the adoption of the new standard, a gain or loss is recognized when the criteria for an asset to be derecognized are met, which include when (i) a contract exists and (ii) the buyer obtained control of the nonfinancial asset that was sold. As a result, the Company may recognize a gain on a real estate disposition transaction that previously did not qualify as a sale or for full profit recognition due to the timing of the transfer of control or certain forms of continuing involvement. In addition, subsequent to the adoption of the new standard, a gain or loss recognized on the sale of a nonfinancial asset to an unconsolidated entity will be recognized at 100%, and not the Company’s proportionate ownership percentage.

The Company concluded that the adoption of the new standard did not require an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.

The following table provides details of the Company’s revenue streams disaggregated by the Company’s reportable operating segments, further discussed in Note 7, “Segment Reporting,” for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Segment information for total revenue has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of June 30, 2018, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities," (dollars in thousands):

8

	For the three months ended
	Established Communities		Other Stabilized Communities		Development/ Redevelopment Communities		Non- allocated (1)		Total
For the period ended June 30, 2018
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	954	$	954
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	2,730		1,437		521		—		4,688
Total non-lease revenue (3)	2,730		1,437		521		954		5,642
Lease income (4)	417,827		67,531		71,461		—		556,819
Total revenue	$	420,557	$	68,968	$	71,982	$	954	$	562,461
For the period ended June 30, 2017
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,098	$	1,098
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	2,804		1,440		330		—		4,574
Total non-lease revenue (3)	2,804		1,440		330		1,098		5,672
Lease income (4)	407,284		47,858		54,560		—		509,702
Total revenue	$	410,088	$	49,298	$	54,890	$	1,098	$	515,374

	For the six months ended
	Established Communities		Other Stabilized Communities		Development/ Redevelopment Communities		Non- allocated (1)		Total
For the period ended June 30, 2018
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,841	$	1,841
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	5,120		3,233		926		—		9,279
Total non-lease revenue (3)	5,120		3,233		926		1,841		11,120
Lease income (4)	831,210		133,470		138,991		—		1,103,671
Total revenue	$	836,330	$	136,703	$	139,917	$	1,841	$	1,114,791
For the period ended June 30, 2017
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,298	$	2,298
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	5,124		3,088		646		—		8,858
Total non-lease revenue (3)	5,124		3,088		646		2,298		11,156
Lease income (4)	810,973		89,871		107,639		—		1,008,483
Total revenue	$	816,097	$	92,959	$	108,285	$	2,298	$	1,019,639

__________________________________

(1) Revenue represents third-party management, asset management and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(2) Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, including but not limited to, apartment hold fees and application fees, as well as revenue streams not related to leasing activities, including but not limited to, vendor revenue sharing, building advertising, vending and dry cleaning revenue.

(3) Represents all revenue accounted for under ASC 2014-09.

(4) Amounts include all revenue streams derived from residential and retail rental income and other lease income, which are scoped out from ASC 2014-09 and accounted for under the lease accounting framework.

Due to the nature and timing of the Company’s identified revenue streams, there are no material amounts of outstanding or unsatisfied performance obligations as of June 30, 2018.

9

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This ASU expands hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. This update also simplifies the application of hedge accounting guidance and eases the administrative burden of hedge documentation requirements and assessing hedge effectiveness. The Company adopted the guidance as of January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. This ASU (i) clarifies the scope of the nonfinancial asset guidance and the derecognition of certain businesses and nonprofit activities, (ii) eliminates the exception in the financial asset guidance for transfers of investments (including equity method investments) in real estate entities and supersedes the guidance in the Exchanges of a Nonfinancial Asset for a Noncontrolling Ownership Interest and (iii) provides guidance on the accounting of partial sales of nonfinancial assets and contributions of nonfinancial assets to a joint venture or other noncontrolled investee. The new standard allows for either a retrospective or modified retrospective approach. The Company adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, applying the provisions to open contracts as of the date of adoption. See "Revenue and Gain Recognition" above for additional discussion of the impact of adopting the guidance.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, amending the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. The guidance will be effective in the first quarter of 2019 and allows for early adoption. The new standard requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. ASU 2016-02 provides for transition relief, which includes not electing to (i) reassess whether any expired or existing contract is a lease or contains a lease, (ii) reassess the lease classification of any expired or existing leases and (iii) expense any capitalized initial direct costs for any existing leases. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU 2018-01 which provides further transition relief by including an option to not evaluate land easements that exist or have expired prior to the date of adoption under ASC 842. The Company anticipates adoption of the standard to have a material impact on its financial position resulting from the recognition of the right to use asset and corresponding lease obligation for its long-term ground leases, currently accounted for as operating leases. The Company will continue to assess the impact of the new standard.

Change in Accounting Principle

As of October 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. The guidance requires statements of cash flows to explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents, and was adopted retrospectively. The prior period amounts that have been impacted by the new guidance and retrospectively adjusted include (i) an increase in cash in operating escrows (cash provided by operating activities), (ii) an increase in cash in deposit escrows (cash used in investing activities) and (iii) repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties (cash used in financing activities), located on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following tables present the impact of the change in accounting principle to the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

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	6/30/2017 (as previously reported)			Impact of ASU 2016-18			6/30/2017 (as adjusted and currently reported)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	562,360		$	13,296		$	575,656
Net cash used in investing activities	(366,614		)	112,890			(253,724		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(357,263		)	(1,493		)	(358,756		)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents	(161,517		)	161,517			—
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	—			(36,824		)	(36,824		)
Cash, cash equivalents, beginning of period	214,994			(214,994		)	—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	—			329,977			329,977
Cash, cash equivalents, end of period	$	53,477		—			—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period				$	239,676		$	293,153

2.  Interest Capitalized

The Company capitalizes interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets. Capitalized interest associated with the Company's development or redevelopment activities totaled $14,567,000 and $17,279,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $27,731,000 and $35,100,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

3.  Mortgage Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility

The Company's mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, variable rate unsecured term loans ("Term Loans") and Credit Facility, as defined below, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized below.  The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, as shown in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands) (see Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities").

	6/30/2018		12/31/2017
Fixed rate unsecured notes (1)	$	5,650,000	$	5,350,000
Variable rate unsecured notes (1)	300,000		300,000
Term Loans (1)	250,000		250,000
Fixed rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2)	535,869		593,987
Variable rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2)	909,568		910,326
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Term Loans	7,645,437		7,404,313
Credit Facility	—		—
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, Term Loans and Credit Facility	$	7,645,437	$	7,404,313

_____________________________________

(1) Balances at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 exclude $10,666 and $10,850, respectively, of debt discount, and $37,091 and $36,386, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in unsecured notes, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Balances at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 exclude $16,271 and $16,351, respectively, of debt discount, and $10,131 and $11,256, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in mortgage notes payable on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following debt activity occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2018:

• In February 2018, the Company repaid $15,174,000 principal amount of 6.60% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Oaks West in advance of its scheduled maturity date, incurring a charge of $426,000, consisting of a prepayment penalty of $152,000 and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of $274,000.

• In February 2018, the Company repaid $11,038,000 principal amount of 4.61% fixed rate debt secured by AVA Pasadena at par in advance of its scheduled maturity date.

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• In March 2018, the Company issued $300,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under its existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $296,210,000. The notes mature in April 2048 and were issued at a 4.35% interest rate. The effective interest rate of the notes for the first 10 years is 3.97%, including the impact of an interest rate hedge and offering costs, and for the remainder of the term the effective interest rate will be 4.39%.

• In April 2018, the Company repaid $13,380,000 principal amount of 3.06% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Andover at par at its scheduled maturity date.

• In June 2018, the Company repaid $15,295,000 principal amount of 6.90% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Orchards in advance of its scheduled maturity date, incurring a charge of $635,000, consisting of a prepayment penalty of $282,000 and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of $353,000.

At June 30, 2018, the Company has a $1,500,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility with a syndicate of banks (the "Credit Facility") which matures in April 2020. The Company may extend the maturity for up to nine months, provided the Company is not in default and upon payment of a $1,500,000 extension fee. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), rating levels achieved on the Company's unsecured notes and on a maturity schedule selected by the Company. The current stated pricing is LIBOR plus 0.825% per annum (2.92% at June 30, 2018), assuming a one month borrowing rate. The annual facility fee is 0.125% (or approximately $1,875,000 annually based on the $1,500,000,000 facility size and based on the Company's current credit rating).

The Company had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility and had $42,652,000 and $47,315,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced the borrowing capacity as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

In the aggregate, secured notes payable mature at various dates from August 2018 through July 2066, and are secured by certain apartment communities (with a net carrying value of $2,210,958,000, excluding communities classified as held for sale, as of June 30, 2018).

As of June 30, 2018, the Company has guaranteed a wholly-owned subsidiary's $100,000,000 secured note payable that is consolidated for financial reporting purposes. The weighted average interest rate of the Company's fixed rate secured notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) was 3.8% and 4.0% at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The weighted average interest rate of the Company's variable rate secured notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) including the effect of certain financing related fees, was both 3.2% at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Scheduled payments and maturities of secured notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding at June 30, 2018 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

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Year	Secured notes payments		Secured notes maturities		Unsecured notes maturities		Stated interest rate of unsecured notes
2018	3,568		51,449		—		N/A
2019	3,824		114,722		—		N/A
2020	2,682		140,430		250,000		6.100	%
					400,000		3.625	%
2021	2,549		27,843		250,000		3.950	%
					300,000		LIBOR + 0.43%
2022	2,723		—		450,000		2.950	%
					100,000		LIBOR + .90%
2023	2,899		—		350,000		4.200	%
					250,000		2.850	%
2024	3,077		—		300,000		3.500	%
					150,000		LIBOR + 1.50%
2025	3,268		84,835		525,000		3.450	%
					300,000		3.500	%
2026	3,485		—		475,000		2.950	%
					300,000		2.900	%
2027	2,973		185,100		400,000		3.350	%
Thereafter	127,593		682,417		350,000		3.900	%
					300,000		4.150	%
					450,000		3.200	%
					300,000		4.350	%
	$	158,641	$	1,286,796	$	6,200,000

The Company was in compliance at June 30, 2018 with customary financial and other covenants under the Credit Facility, the Term Loans and the Company's fixed rate unsecured notes.

4.  Equity

The following summarizes the changes in equity for the six months ended June 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Common stock		Additional paid-in capital			Accumulated earnings less dividends			Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	1,381	$	10,235,475		$	188,609		$	(37,419	)	$	10,388,046
Net income attributable to common stockholders	—		—			396,305			—			396,305
Gain on cash flow hedges, net	—		—			—			11,499			11,499
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	—		—			—			3,213			3,213
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest	—		—			(354		)	—			(354		)
Dividends declared to common stockholders	—		—			(406,638		)	—			(406,638		)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings	1		(11,659		)	1,144			—			(10,514		)
Amortization of deferred compensation	—		16,631			—			—			16,631
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	1,382	$	10,240,447		$	179,066		$	(22,707	)	$	10,398,188

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company's charter had authorized for issuance a total of 280,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock.

13

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company:

i. issued 2,263 shares of common stock in connection with stock options exercised;

ii. issued 1,135 common shares through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan;

iii. issued 186,382 common shares in connection with restricted stock grants and the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares;

iv. withheld 67,854 common shares to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities;

v. issued 6,613 common shares through the Employee Stock Purchase Plan; and

vi. canceled 4,434 common shares of restricted stock upon forfeiture.

Any deferred compensation related to the Company's stock option, restricted stock and performance award grants during the six months ended June 30, 2018 is not reflected on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2018, and will not be reflected until recognized as compensation cost.

In December 2015, the Company commenced a fourth continuous equity program ("CEP IV") under which the Company may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of its common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company, including market conditions, the trading price of the Company's common stock and determinations by the Company of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company. In conjunction with CEP IV, the Company engaged sales agents who will receive compensation of up to 2.0% of the gross sales price for shares sold. The Company expects that, if entered into, it will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates specified by the Company on or prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement, in which case the Company will expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the relevant forward sale price. However, the Company may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, the Company will pay the relevant forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 2.0% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. As of June 30, 2018, there are no outstanding forward sales agreements. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company had no sales under the program. As of June 30, 2018, the Company had $892,915,000 of shares remaining authorized for issuance under this program.

5.  Investments in Real Estate Entities

Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Entities

As of June 30, 2018, the Company had investments in five unconsolidated real estate entities with ownership interest percentages ranging from 20.0% to 31.3%, excluding development joint ventures and joint ventures formed with Equity Residential as part of the Archstone acquisition. The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated real estate entities under the equity method of accounting. The significant accounting policies of the Company's unconsolidated real estate entities are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects.

The Company has an equity interest of 31.3% in AvalonBay Value Added Fund II, L.P. ("Fund II"), and upon achievement of a threshold return, the Company has a right to incentive distributions for its promoted interest based on the current returns earned by Fund II, which currently represents 40.0% of further Fund II distributions, which is in addition to its proportionate share of the remaining 60.0% of distributions. During 2017, Fund II sold its final apartment communities. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized income of $925,000 for its promoted interest, which is reported as a component of equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The following is a combined summary of the financial position of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above as of the dates presented (dollars in thousands):

14

	6/30/2018		12/31/2017
	(unaudited)		(unaudited)
Assets:
Real estate, net	$	684,423	$	695,077
Other assets	35,006		39,976
Total assets	$	719,429	$	735,053
Liabilities and partners' capital:
Mortgage notes payable, net and credit facility	$	521,950	$	523,815
Other liabilities	11,857		10,540
Partners' capital	185,622		200,698
Total liabilities and partners' capital	$	719,429	$	735,053

The following is a combined summary of the operating results of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
Rental and other income	$	21,916		$	26,789		$	43,717		$	55,432
Operating and other expenses	(8,104		)	(9,914		)	(16,409		)	(21,009		)
Gain on sale of communities	—			—			—			29,447
Interest expense, net	(5,571		)	(6,600		)	(11,189		)	(13,548		)
Depreciation expense	(5,894		)	(6,795		)	(11,774		)	(14,122		)
Net income	$	2,347		$	3,480		$	4,345		$	36,200

In conjunction with the formation of North Point II JV, LP ("AVA North Point") and the acquisition of Archstone Multifamily Partners AC LP (the "U.S. Fund"), Multifamily Partners AC JV LP (the "AC JV") and Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC ("Brandywine"), the Company incurred costs in excess of its equity in the underlying net assets of the respective investments. These costs represent $34,702,000 and $35,402,000 at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, of the Company's respective investment balances. These amounts are being amortized over the lives of the underlying assets as a component of equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities

In conjunction with the development of Avalon Brooklyn Bay, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement to construct a mixed-use building that contains rental apartments, for-sale residential condominium units and related common elements. The Company owns a 70.0% interest in the venture, which represents a 100% interest in the rental apartments, and the venture partner owns the remaining 30.0% interest, which represents a 100% interest in the for-sale residential condominium units. The Company is responsible for the development and construction of the structure, and provided a loan to the venture partner for the venture partner's share of costs. The development of Avalon Brooklyn Bay was completed during the six months ended June 30, 2018. The Company has a receivable from the venture partner in the form of a variable rate mortgage note, secured by the remaining for-sale residential condominium units, in the amount of $19,813,000 as of June 30, 2018, for outstanding principal and interest, net of repayments, and $44,831,000 as of December 31, 2017, for outstanding principal and interest. These amounts are reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognizes interest income on the accrual basis. Beginning in 2018, the mortgage note is being repaid by the venture partner with the proceeds the venture partner receives from the sales of the residential condominium units. The venture is considered a VIE, and the Company consolidates its interest in the rental apartments and common areas.

15

Expensed Acquisition, Development and Other Pursuit Costs and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company capitalizes pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new development opportunities for which the Company currently believes future development is probable ("Development Rights"). Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Initial pre-development costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development by the Company no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are expensed. The Company expensed costs related to the abandonment of Development Rights and costs for pursuits where development is not yet considered probable, as well as costs incurred in pursuing the acquisition or disposition of assets for which such acquisition and disposition activity did not occur, in the amounts of $889,000 and $570,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1,689,000 and $1,298,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These costs are included in expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Abandoned pursuit costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.

The Company evaluates its real estate and other long-lived assets for impairment when potential indicators of impairment exist. Such assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a property or long-lived asset may not be recoverable, the Company assesses its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the property or long-lived asset to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, the Company recognizes an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the property or long-lived asset. Based on periodic tests of recoverability of long-lived assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not recognize any impairment losses for wholly-owned operating real estate assets, and did not record any impairment losses other than those related to the impairment on land held for investment and casualty gains and losses from property damage, as discussed below.

The Company assesses its portfolio of land held for both development and investment for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to either the development of, or the expected holding period for, the land. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $9,350,000 relating to a land parcel which the Company had acquired for development in 2004 and sold during 2017. This charge was determined as the excess of the Company's carrying basis over the expected sale price for the parcel, and is included in casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The Company evaluates its unconsolidated investments for other than temporary impairment, considering both the extent and amount by which the carrying value of the investment exceeds the fair value, and the Company's intent and ability to hold the investment to recover its carrying value. The Company also evaluates its proportionate share of any impairment of assets held by unconsolidated investments. There were no other than temporary impairment losses recognized by any of the Company's investments in unconsolidated real estate entities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Casualty Gains and Losses

During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded a casualty loss of $19,481,000 composed of a charge of $16,361,000 to write-off the net book value of the fixed assets destroyed in the Maplewood casualty loss, and an accrual for demolition and additional incident expenses of $3,120,000. The casualty loss was partially offset by $17,143,000 of property damage insurance proceeds, of which $1,647,000 and $6,192,000 were received during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017. The net casualty loss of $2,338,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is included in casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

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6.  Real Estate Disposition Activities

The following real estate sales occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2018:

• In May 2018, the Company sold Avalon Blue Hills and Avalon Canton at Blue Hills, located in Randolph, MA, and Canton, MA, respectively, containing an aggregate of 472 apartment homes for $131,250,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $57,666,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• In May 2018, the Company sold Eaves North Quincy, located in Quincy, MA, containing 224 apartment homes for $64,250,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $18,055,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• In June 2018, the Company sold Avalon Anaheim Stadium, located in Anaheim, CA, containing 251 apartment homes for $111,600,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $29,490,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The sale of Avalon Anaheim Stadium is anticipated to be part of a tax deferred exchange under which the Company has restricted the cash proceeds in an escrow account, classified as cash in escrow on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

At June 30, 2018, the Company had one community that qualified as held for sale.

7.  Segment Reporting

The Company's reportable operating segments include Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, and Development/Redevelopment Communities.  Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change.

In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment.

The Company's segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of assessing each segment's performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use net operating income ("NOI") as the primary financial measure for Established Communities and Other Stabilized Communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, investments and investment management expenses, expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense, casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net, gain on sale of communities, gain on other real estate transactions, net and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income.

A reconciliation of NOI to net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

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	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Net income	$	254,543		$	165,194		$	396,133		$	400,975
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income	18,913			16,423			36,996			32,720
Investments and investment management expense	1,529			1,455			3,172			2,776
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	889			570			1,689			1,298
Interest expense, net	56,585			50,102			111,698			99,397
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	642			24,162			1,039			24,162
General and administrative expense	14,444			13,947			28,108			27,153
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	(789		)	(1,146		)	(2,529		)	(17,819		)
Depreciation expense	156,685			141,439			315,743			282,060
Income tax expense	58			58			58			78
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	—			—			(58		)	11,688
Gain on sale of communities	(105,201		)	(44,067		)	(105,201		)	(132,016		)
Gain on other real estate transactions, net	(370		)	—			(323		)	(366		)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(4,442		)	(9,727		)	(9,900		)	(21,493		)
Net operating income	$	393,486		$	358,410		$	776,625		$	710,613

The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	$	6,778		$	15,138		$	15,241		$	33,198
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(2,336		)	(5,411		)	(5,341		)	(11,705		)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	$	4,442		$	9,727		$	9,900		$	21,493

The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion.  While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget.

The following table provides details of the Company's segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at January 1, 2018. Segment information for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of June 30, 2018, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."

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	For the three months ended				For the six months ended
	Total revenue		NOI		Total revenue		NOI		Gross real estate (1)
For the period ended June 30, 2018
Established
New England	$	58,571	$	38,354	$	116,480	$	75,997	$	1,977,465
Metro NY/NJ	105,246		72,913		209,342		144,835		3,726,001
Mid-Atlantic	60,192		41,759		119,351		82,826		2,236,706
Pacific Northwest	21,352		15,234		42,594		30,072		726,279
Northern California	91,487		70,342		181,913		139,400		2,978,830
Southern California	83,709		60,473		166,650		119,867		2,845,699
Total Established	420,557		299,075		836,330		592,997		14,490,980
Other Stabilized	68,968		47,264		136,703		92,650		2,833,892
Development / Redevelopment	71,982		47,147		139,917		90,978		4,625,227
Land Held for Development	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		130,802
Non-allocated (2)	954		N/A		1,841		N/A		98,530
Total	$	562,461	$	393,486	$	1,114,791	$	776,625	$	22,179,431
For the period ended June 30, 2017
Established
New England	$	57,137	$	36,762	$	113,483	$	73,733	$	1,962,635
Metro NY/NJ	103,694		72,027		206,077		143,323		3,612,725
Mid-Atlantic	59,104		40,331		117,819		81,314		2,225,022
Pacific Northwest	20,825		15,010		41,302		29,940		722,654
Northern California	89,133		68,608		177,517		136,437		2,961,569
Southern California	80,195		57,999		159,899		116,309		2,832,453
Total Established	410,088		290,737		816,097		581,056		14,317,058
Other Stabilized	49,298		32,019		92,959		59,438		2,400,217
Development / Redevelopment	54,890		35,654		108,285		70,119		3,634,897
Land Held for Development	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		86,016
Non-allocated (2)	1,098		N/A		2,298		N/A		94,277
Real estate disposed or held for sale (3)									556,331
Total	$	515,374	$	358,410	$	1,019,639	$	710,613	$	21,088,796

__________________________________

(1) Does not include gross real estate assets held for sale of $167,247 and $15,271 as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(2) Revenue represents third-party management, asset management and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(3) Represents real estate sold or held for sale during the period of June 30, 2017 to June 30, 2018, which is not allocated to a reportable segment.

8.  Stock-Based Compensation Plans

As part of its long term compensation plans, the Company has granted stock options, performance awards and restricted stock. Detail of the outstanding awards and activity is presented below.

Information with respect to stock options granted under the Company's 1994 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "1994 Plan") and its Second Amended and Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2009 Plan") for the six months ended June 30, 2018, is as follows:

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	2009 Plan shares	Weighted average exercise price per share		1994 Plan shares		Weighted average exercise price per share
Options Outstanding, December 31, 2017	149,973	$	126.77	7,778		$	48.60
Exercised	—	—		(2,263	)	48.60
Granted (1)	6,995	161.10		—		—
Forfeited	—	—		—		—
Options Outstanding, June 30, 2018	156,968	$	128.30	5,515		$	48.60
Options Exercisable, June 30, 2018	149,973	$	126.77	5,515		$	48.60

__________________________________

(1) Options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2018, are a result of recipient elections to receive a portion of earned performance awards and time-vesting restricted stock in the form of stock options.

Information with respect to performance awards granted is as follows:

	Performance awards		Weighted average grant date fair value per award
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	251,770		$	155.25
Granted (1)	100,501		155.31
Change in awards based on performance (2)	5,990		148.79
Converted to restricted stock or options	(88,477	)	148.79
Forfeited	(2,309	)	158.52
Outstanding at June 30, 2018	267,475		$	157.24

__________________________________

(1) The amount of restricted stock that ultimately may be earned is based on the total shareholder return metrics related to the Company's common stock for 61,746 performance awards and financial metrics related to operating performance and leverage metrics of the Company for 38,755 performance awards.

(2) Represents the change in the number of performance awards earned based on actual performance achievement for the performance period.

The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the portion of the performance awards granted in 2018 for which achievement will be determined by using total shareholder return measures. The assumptions used are as follows:

	2018
Dividend yield	3.7%
Estimated volatility over the life of the plan (1)	11.8% - 18.7%
Risk free rate	1.86% - 2.46%
Estimated performance award value based on total shareholder return measure	$151.67

__________________________________

(1) Estimated volatility over the life of the plan is using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility.

For the portion of the performance awards granted in 2018 for which achievement will be determined by using financial metrics, the compensation cost was based on the grant date fair value of $161.10, and the Company's estimate of corporate achievement for the financial metrics.

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Information with respect to restricted stock granted is as follows:

	Restricted stock shares		Restricted stock shares weighted average grant date fair value per share		Restricted stock shares converted from performance awards
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	133,633		$	172.33	233,928
Granted - restricted stock shares	98,085		161.46		88,297
Vested - restricted stock shares	(65,604	)	171.41		(112,230	)
Forfeited	(3,677	)	166.79		(757	)
Outstanding at June 30, 2018	162,437		$	166.26	209,238

Total employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in income was $9,843,000 and $8,950,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and total capitalized stock-based compensation cost was $5,490,000 and $4,979,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At June 30, 2018, there was a total unrecognized compensation cost of $41,742,000 for unvested restricted stock and performance awards and $28,000 for unvested stock options, which does not include forfeitures, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.9 years and 0.2 years, respectively.

9.  Related Party Arrangements

Unconsolidated Entities

The Company manages unconsolidated real estate entities for which it receives asset management, property management, development and redevelopment fee revenue. From these entities, the Company earned fees of $954,000 and $1,098,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1,841,000 and $2,298,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In addition, the Company has outstanding receivables associated with its property and construction management role of $2,374,000 and $2,449,000 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Director Compensation

The Company recorded non-employee director compensation expense relating to restricted stock grants and deferred stock awards in the amount of $357,000 and $388,000 in the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $746,000 and $759,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense. Deferred compensation relating to these restricted stock grants and deferred stock awards to non-employee directors was $1,284,000 and $525,000 on June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

10.  Fair Value

Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company uses interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements to manage its interest rate risk. These instruments are carried at fair value in the Company's financial statements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of counterparty nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of its net position with a given counterparty, as well as any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees. The Company minimizes its credit risk on these transactions by dealing with major, creditworthy financial institutions which have an A or better credit rating by the Standard & Poor's Ratings Group. As part of its on-going control procedures, the Company monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and the exposure of the Company to any single entity, thus reducing credit risk concentration. The Company believes the likelihood of realizing losses from counterparty nonperformance is remote. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, such as interest rate, term to maturity and volatility, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. As of June 30, 2018, the Company assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined it is not significant.  As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

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The following table summarizes the consolidated derivative positions at June 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Non-designated Hedges			Cash Flow Hedges
Notional balance	$	687,005		$	34,600
Weighted average interest rate (1)	3.2		%	4.3		%
Weighted average swapped/capped interest rate	6.5		%	5.9		%
Earliest maturity date	Aug 2018			Apr 2019
Latest maturity date	Sep 2022			Apr 2019

____________________________________

(1) Represents the weighted average interest rate on the hedged debt.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, in conjunction with the Company's March 2018 unsecured note issuance, the Company settled $300,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the forecasted issuance of the unsecured notes, receiving a payment of $12,598,000. The Company has deferred the effective portion of the fair value change of these swaps in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and will recognize the impact as a component of interest expense, net, over the next 10 years. As of June 30, 2018, the Company has no outstanding forward interest rate swap agreements.

Excluding derivatives executed to hedge secured debt on communities classified as held for sale, the Company had one derivative designated as a cash flow hedge and 14 derivatives not designated as hedges at June 30, 2018. Fair value changes for derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were not material. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company deferred $11,499,000 of gains for cash flow hedges reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

The following table summarizes the deferred losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of interest expense, net (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended				For the six months ended
	6/30/2018		6/30/2017		6/30/2018		6/30/2017
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	$	1,455	$	1,781	$	3,213	$	3,534

The Company anticipates reclassifying approximately $5,752,000 of net hedging losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings within the next 12 months to offset the variability of cash flows of the hedged item during this period. The Company did not have any derivatives designated as fair value hedges as of June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The Company provided redemption options (the "Puts") that allow joint venture partners of the Company to require the Company to purchase their interests in the investment at a guaranteed minimum amount related to three ventures. The Puts are payable in cash. The Company determines the fair value of the Puts based on unobservable inputs considering the assumptions that market participants would make in pricing the obligations, applying a guaranteed rate of return to the joint venture partners' net capital contribution balances as of period end. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs, the valuations are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company issued units of limited partnership interest in DownREITs which provide the DownREIT limited partners the ability to present all or some of their units for redemption for cash as determined by the partnership agreement. Under the DownREIT agreements, for each limited partnership unit, the limited partner is entitled to receive cash in the amount equal to the fair value of the Company's common stock on or about the date of redemption.  In lieu of cash redemption, the Company may elect to exchange such units for an equal number of shares of the Company's common stock. The limited partnership units in the DownREITs are valued using the market price of the Company's common stock, a Level 1 price under the fair value hierarchy.

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Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalent balances are held with various financial institutions within accounts designed to preserve principal. The Company monitors credit ratings of these financial institutions and the concentration of cash and cash equivalent balances with any one financial institution and believes the likelihood of realizing material losses related to cash and cash equivalent balances is remote.  Cash and cash equivalents are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values and are Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

Other Financial Instruments

Rents and other receivables and prepaid expenses, accounts and construction payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values.

The Company values its unsecured notes using quoted market prices, a Level 1 price within the fair value hierarchy. The Company values its notes payable and outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Term Loans using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the instrument, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The process also considers credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the Company's nonperformance risk. The Company has concluded that the value of its notes payable and amounts outstanding under its Credit Facility and Term Loans are Level 2 prices as the majority of the inputs used to value its positions fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Financial Instruments Measured/Disclosed at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables summarize the classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments measured/disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

	6/30/2018
Description	Total Fair Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1)			Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non-Designated Hedges
Interest Rate Caps	$	7		$	—		$	7		$	—
Puts	(3,245		)	—			—			(3,245		)
DownREIT units	(1,289		)	(1,289		)	—			—
Indebtedness
Unsecured notes	(5,507,899		)	(5,507,899		)	—			—
Secured notes payable and variable rate unsecured indebtedness	(1,759,546		)	—			(1,759,546		)	—
Total	$	(7,271,972	)	$	(5,509,188	)	$	(1,759,539	)	$	(3,245	)

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	12/31/2017
Description	Total Fair Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1)			Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non-Designated Hedges
Interest Rate Caps	$	2		$	—		$	2		$	—
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest Rate Swaps - Assets	2,270			—			2,270			—
Interest Rate Swaps - Liabilities	(1,171		)	—			(1,171		)	—
Puts	(3,245		)	—			—			(3,245		)
DownREIT units	(1,338		)	(1,338		)	—			—
Indebtedness
Unsecured notes	(5,446,604		)	(5,446,604		)	—			—
Secured notes payable and variable rate unsecured indebtedness	(1,849,851		)	—			(1,849,851		)	—
Total	$	(7,299,937	)	$	(5,447,942	)	$	(1,848,750	)	$	(3,245	)

11.  Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-Q was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.

In August 2018, the Company repaid $51,449,000 of variable rate debt secured by Avalon Calabasas at par at its maturity date.

As of August 3, 2018, the Company has $136,000,000 outstanding under the Credit Facility.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A") is intended to help provide an understanding of our business, financial condition and results of operations. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report. This report, including the following MD&A, contains forward-looking statements regarding future events or trends that should be read in conjunction with the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" included in this report.  Actual results or developments could differ materially from those projected in such statements as a result of the factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" as well as the risk factors described in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (the "Form 10-K").

Capitalized terms used without definition have the meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Executive Overview

Business Description

We develop, redevelop, acquire, own and operate multifamily apartment communities primarily in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California. We focus on leading metropolitan areas that we believe are characterized by growing employment in high wage sectors of the economy, lower housing affordability and a diverse and vibrant quality of life. We believe these market characteristics offer the opportunity for superior risk-adjusted returns on apartment community investments relative to other markets that do not have these characteristics. We believe that the Denver, Colorado, and Southeast Florida markets share these characteristics, and we are pursuing opportunities to invest in these markets through acquisitions and developments. We seek to create long-term shareholder value by accessing capital on cost effective terms; deploying that capital to develop, redevelop and acquire apartment communities in our selected markets; operating apartment communities; and selling communities when they no longer meet our long-term investment strategy or when pricing is attractive.

Our strategic vision is to be the leading apartment company in select U.S. markets, providing a range of distinctive living experiences that customers value. We pursue this vision by targeting what we believe are among the best markets and submarkets, leveraging our strategic capabilities in market research and consumer insight and being disciplined in our capital allocation and balance sheet management. Our communities are predominately upscale and generally command among the highest rents in their markets. However, we also pursue the ownership and operation of apartment communities that target a variety of customer segments and price points, consistent with our goal of offering a broad range of products and services. We regularly evaluate the allocation of our investments by the amount of invested capital and by product type within our individual markets.

Second Quarter2018 Highlights

• Net income attributable to common stockholders for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $254,662,000, an increase of $89,437,000, or 54.1%, as compared to the prior year period. The increase is primarily due to an increase in real estate sales and related gains in the current year period, increased NOI across the portfolio and a loss on extinguishment of debt in the prior year period, partially offset by an increase in depreciation and interest expense.

• Established Communities NOI for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $299,075,000, an increase of $8,338,000, or 2.9%, over the prior year period. This increase was driven by an increase in rental revenue of 2.5%, partially offset by an increase in operating expenses of 1.8% compared to the prior year period.

At June 30, 2018, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in 19 communities under construction, which are expected to contain 6,048 apartment homes with a projected total capitalized cost of $2,819,000,000, including the total projected capitalized cost for one community being developed within an unconsolidated joint venture in which we own a 55.0% interest. In addition, as of June 30, 2018, we held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which we expect to develop an additional 25 apartment communities that, if developed as expected, will contain 8,511 apartment homes, and will be developed for an aggregate total capitalized cost of $3,531,000,000.

During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we sold four wholly-owned operating communities containing an aggregate of 947 apartment homes for an aggregate sales price of $307,100,000, and our aggregate gain in accordance with GAAP was $105,201,000.

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We expect to be able to meet our reasonably foreseeable liquidity needs, as they arise, through a combination of one or more of the following sources: existing cash on hand; operating cash flows; borrowings under our Credit Facility; secured debt; the issuance of corporate securities (which could include unsecured debt, preferred equity and/or common equity); the sale of apartment communities; or through the formation of joint ventures. See the discussion under "Liquidity and Capital Resources".

Communities Overview

Our real estate investments consist primarily of current operating apartment communities, communities in various stages of development ("Development Communities") and Development Rights (as defined below).  Our current operating communities are further distinguished as Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, Lease-Up Communities, Redevelopment Communities and Unconsolidated Communities. While we generally establish the classification of communities on an annual basis, we intend to update the classification of communities during the calendar year to the extent that our plans with regard to the disposition or redevelopment of a community change during the year. The following is a description of each category:

Current Communities are categorized as Established, Other Stabilized, Lease-Up, Redevelopment, or Unconsolidated according to the following attributes:

• Established Communities (also known as Same Store Communities) are consolidated communities where a comparison of operating results from the prior year to the current year is meaningful, as these communities were owned and had stabilized occupancy as of the beginning of the respective prior year period. For the six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Established Communities are communities that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes, had stabilized occupancy as of January 1, 2017, are not conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities and are not held for sale or planned for disposition within the current year. A community is considered to have stabilized occupancy at the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development or redevelopment.

• Other Stabilized Communities are all other completed consolidated communities that have stabilized occupancy, as defined above, as of the beginning of the current calendar year. Other Stabilized Communities do not include communities that are conducting or planning to conduct substantial redevelopment activities within the current year. 

• Lease-Up Communities are consolidated communities where construction has been complete for less than one year and where physical occupancy has not reached 95%.

• Redevelopment Communities are consolidated communities where substantial redevelopment is in progress or is planned to begin during the current year.  Redevelopment is considered substantial when capital invested during the reconstruction effort is expected to exceed the lesser of $5,000,000 or 10% of the community's pre-redevelopment basis and is expected to have a material impact on the operations of the community, including occupancy levels and future rental rates.

• Unconsolidated Communities are communities that we have an indirect ownership interest in through our investment interest in an unconsolidated joint venture.

Development Communities are communities that are under construction and for which a certificate or certificates of occupancy for the entire community have not been received.  These communities may be partially complete and operating.

Development Rights are development opportunities in the early phase of the development process where we either have an option to acquire land or enter into a leasehold interest, where we are the buyer under a long-term conditional contract to purchase land, where we control the land through a ground lease or own land to develop a new community, or where we are the designated developer in a public-private partnership. We capitalize related pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new developments for which we currently believe future development is probable.

We currently lease our corporate headquarters located in Arlington, Virginia, as well as our other regional and administrative offices under operating leases.

26

As of June 30, 2018, communities that we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in were classified as follows:

	Number of communities	Number of apartment homes
Current Communities
Established Communities:
New England	34	8,145
Metro NY/NJ	40	11,690
Mid-Atlantic	27	9,465
Pacific Northwest	14	3,256
Northern California	36	10,798
Southern California	46	12,697
Total Established	197	56,051
Other Stabilized Communities:
New England	5	1,141
Metro NY/NJ	6	1,303
Mid-Atlantic	7	2,666
Pacific Northwest	2	860
Northern California	3	751
Southern California	8	2,153
Expansion Markets	2	622
Non Core	3	1,014
Total Other Stabilized	36	10,510
Lease-Up Communities	8	2,282
Redevelopment Communities (1)	16	6,536
Unconsolidated Communities	11	2,616
Total Current Communities	268	77,995
Development Communities (2)	19	6,048
Total Communities	287	84,043
Development Rights	25	8,511

_________________________

(1) Redevelopment Communities includes the reconstruction of the building destroyed in the Edgewater casualty loss. Due to the nature of this reconstruction, the 240 apartment homes we expect the new building to contain upon completion are not included in the apartment home count presented, and will be included upon completion.

(2) Development Communities includes AVA North Point, expected to contain 265 apartment homes, which is being developed within an unconsolidated joint venture.

27

Results of Operations

Our year-over-year operating performance is primarily affected by both overall and individual geographic market conditions and apartment fundamentals and is reflected in changes in NOI of our Established Communities; NOI derived from acquisitions and development completions; the loss of NOI related to disposed communities; and capital market and financing activity.  A comparison of our operating results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended									For the six months ended
	6/30/2018		6/30/2017		$ Change			% Change		6/30/2018			6/30/2017		$ Change			% Change
Revenue:
Rental and other income	$	568,285	$	529,414	$	38,871		7.3	%	$	1,128,191		$	1,050,539	$	77,652		7.4	%
Management, development and other fees	954		1,098		(144		)	(13.1	)%	1,841			2,298		(457		)	(19.9	)%
Total revenue	569,239		530,512		38,727			7.3	%	1,130,032			1,052,837		77,195			7.3	%
Expenses:
Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes	110,351		107,702		2,649			2.5	%	221,758			211,934		9,824			4.6	%
Property taxes	59,994		53,566		6,428			12.0	%	119,891			106,497		13,394			12.6	%
Total community operating expenses	170,345		161,268		9,077			5.6	%	341,649			318,431		23,218			7.3	%
Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses	19,879		17,530		2,349			13.4	%	38,854			35,020		3,834			10.9	%
Investments and investment management expense	1,529		1,455		74			5.1	%	3,172			2,776		396			14.3	%
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	889		570		319			56.0	%	1,689			1,298		391			30.1	%
Interest expense, net	56,585		50,102		6,483			12.9	%	111,698			99,397		12,301			12.4	%
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	642		24,162		(23,520		)	(97.3	)%	1,039			24,162		(23,123		)	(95.7	)%
Depreciation expense	156,685		141,439		15,246			10.8	%	315,743			282,060		33,683			11.9	%
General and administrative expense	14,444		13,947		497			3.6	%	28,108			27,153		955			3.5	%
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	—		—		—			—	%	(58		)	11,688		(11,746		)	N/A (1)
Total other expenses	250,653		249,205		1,448			0.6	%	500,245			483,554		16,691			3.5	%
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	789		1,146		(357		)	(31.2	)%	2,529			17,819		(15,290		)	(85.8	)%
Gain on sale of communities	105,201		44,067		61,134			138.7	%	105,201			132,016		(26,815		)	(20.3	)%
Gain on other real estate transactions, net	370		—		370			100.0	%	323			366		(43		)	(11.7	)%
Income before income taxes	254,601		165,252		89,349			54.1	%	396,191			401,053		(4,862		)	(1.2	)%
Income tax expense	58		58		—			—	%	58			78		(20		)	(25.6	)%
Net income	254,543		165,194		89,349			54.1	%	396,133			400,975		(4,842		)	(1.2	)%
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	119		31		88			283.9	%	172			125		47			37.6	%
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662	$	165,225	$	89,437		54.1	%	$	396,305		$	401,100	$	(4,795	)	(1.2	)%

_________________________

(1) Percent change is not meaningful.

28

Net income attributable to common stockholders increased $89,437,000, or 54.1%, to $254,662,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and decreased $4,795,000, or 1.2%, to $396,305,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 as compared to the prior year periods. The increase for the three months ended June 30, 2018 is primarily due to an increase in real estate sales and related gains in the current year period, increased NOI across the portfolio and a loss on extinguishment of debt in the prior year period, partially offset by increases in depreciation and interest expense. The decrease for the six months ended June 30, 2018 is primarily due to a decrease in real estate sales and related gains, coupled with increases in depreciation and interest expense, partially offset by increased NOI across the portfolio, a loss on extinguishment of debt and a net casualty and impairment loss in the prior year period.

NOI is considered by management to be an important and appropriate supplemental performance measure to net income because it helps both investors and management to understand the core operations of a community or communities prior to the allocation of any corporate-level or financing-related costs.  NOI reflects the operating performance of a community and allows for an easier comparison of the operating performance of individual assets or groups of assets. In addition, because prospective buyers of real estate have different financing and overhead structures, with varying marginal impact to overhead as a result of acquiring real estate, NOI is considered by many in the real estate industry to be a useful measure for determining the value of a real estate asset or group of assets. We define NOI as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, investments and investment management expenses, expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense, casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net, gain on sale of communities, gain on other real estate transactions, net and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale.

NOI does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income as an indication of our performance. NOI should also not be considered an alternative to net cash flow from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity, nor is NOI indicative of cash available to fund cash needs.  Reconciliations of NOI for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 to net income for each period are as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Net income	$	254,543		$	165,194		$	396,133		$	400,975
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income	18,913			16,423			36,996			32,720
Investments and investment management expense	1,529			1,455			3,172			2,776
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	889			570			1,689			1,298
Interest expense, net	56,585			50,102			111,698			99,397
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	642			24,162			1,039			24,162
General and administrative expense	14,444			13,947			28,108			27,153
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	(789		)	(1,146		)	(2,529		)	(17,819		)
Depreciation expense	156,685			141,439			315,743			282,060
Income tax expense	58			58			58			78
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	—			—			(58		)	11,688
Gain on sale of real estate assets	(105,201		)	(44,067		)	(105,201		)	(132,016		)
Gain on other real estate transactions, net	(370		)	—			(323		)	(366		)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(4,442		)	(9,727		)	(9,900		)	(21,493		)
Net operating income	$	393,486		$	358,410		$	776,625		$	710,613

29

The NOI changes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the prior year periods, consist of changes in the following categories (unaudited, dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended		For the six months ended
	6/30/2018		6/30/2018
Established Communities	$	8,338	$	11,941
Other Stabilized Communities	15,245		33,212
Development and Redevelopment Communities	11,493		20,859
Total	$	35,076	$	66,012

Rental and other income increased in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the prior year periods due to additional rental income generated from newly developed, acquired and existing operating communities and an increase in rental rates at our Established Communities, discussed below.

Consolidated Communities — The weighted average number of occupied apartment homes increased to 72,694 apartment homes for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to 69,159 homes for the prior year period. The weighted average monthly revenue per occupied apartment home increased to $2,584 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to $2,530 in the prior year period.

Established Communities — Rental revenue increased $20,112,000, or 2.5%, for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the prior year period due to an increase in average rental rates of 2.4% to $2,584 per apartment home and an increase in economic occupancy of 0.1% to 96.2%. Economic occupancy takes into account the fact that apartment homes of different sizes and locations within a community have different economic impacts on a community's gross revenue.  Economic occupancy is defined as gross potential revenue less vacancy loss, as a percentage of gross potential revenue. Gross potential revenue is determined by valuing occupied homes at leased rates and vacant homes at market rents.

The Metro New York/New Jersey region accounted for 25.0% of Established Community rental revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 1.6% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 1.6% to $3,105 per apartment home, and economic occupancy remained consistent at 96.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We expect operating conditions in the Metro New York/New Jersey region to remain bifurcated between New York City and surrounding suburban submarkets for the remainder of 2018. We believe elevated levels of new apartment deliveries in New York City are limiting our ability to increase rental rates, while surrounding suburban submarkets are more insulated from this new competition.

The Northern California region accounted for 21.7% of Established Community rental revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 2.5% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 2.1% to $2,899 per apartment home, and economic occupancy increased 0.4% to 96.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We expect improving job and income growth in Northern California to support rental rate growth in the second half of 2018.

The Southern California region accounted for 19.9% of Established Community rental revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 4.2% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 4.0% to $2,273 per apartment home, and economic occupancy increased 0.2% to 96.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We believe stable job and improving income growth will support favorable operating conditions in Southern California for the remainder of 2018.

The Mid-Atlantic region accounted for 14.3% of Established Community rental revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 1.3% compared to the prior year period.  Average rental rates increased 1.3% to $2,190 per apartment home, and economic occupancy remained consistent at 95.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We believe elevated levels of new apartment deliveries in the Mid-Atlantic region will continue to limit our ability to increase rental rates in 2018.

30

The New England region accounted for 14.0% of Established Community rental revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 2.6% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 2.9% to $2,491 per apartment home, and were partially offset by a 0.3% decrease in economic occupancy to 95.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We expect the operating environment in New England to remain more favorable in the suburban submarkets than in the urban submarkets due to higher levels of new apartment deliveries in the urban submarkets.

The Pacific Northwest region accounted for 5.1% of Established Community rental revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2018, and experienced an increase in rental revenue of 3.0% compared to the prior year period. Average rental rates increased 3.0% to $2,263 per apartment home, and economic occupancy remained consistent at 96.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the prior year period. We believe accelerating levels of new apartment deliveries in the Pacific Northwest will limit our ability to increase rental rates in the second half of 2018.

Management, development and other fees decreased $144,000, or 13.1%, and $457,000, or 19.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, as compared to the prior year periods. The decreases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are primarily due to lower property and asset management fees earned as a result of dispositions from Fund II and the U.S. Fund during the prior year.

Direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes increased $2,649,000, or 2.5%, and $9,824,000, or 4.6%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities.

For Established Communities, direct property operating expenses, excluding property taxes, decreased $479,000, or 0.6%, and increased $2,759,000, or 1.8%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The decrease for the three months ended June 30, 2018 is primarily due to decreased land lease expense from the purchase in December 2017 of land previously subject to a ground lease and lower property insurance costs. The increase for the six months ended June 30, 2018 is primarily due to increased compensation expense, utility costs and property insurance, partially offset by decreased land lease expense as described above.

Property taxes increased $6,428,000, or 12.0%, and $13,394,000, or 12.6%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities, coupled with increased assessments across our portfolio and successful appeals in the prior year periods.

For Established Communities, property taxes increased $2,611,000, or 6.6%, and $5,532,000, or 7.1%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are primarily due to increased assessments in the current year periods and successful appeals in the prior year periods. For communities in California, property tax changes are determined by the change in the California Consumer Price Index, with increases limited by law (Proposition 13). We evaluate property tax increases internally and also engage third-party consultants to assist in our evaluations. We appeal property tax increases when appropriate.

Corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses increased $2,349,000, or 13.4%, and $3,834,000, or 10.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are primarily due to advocacy contributions, spending on corporate initiatives and increased compensation related costs in the current year period.

Interest expense, net increased $6,483,000, or 12.9%, and $12,301,000, or 12.4%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. This category includes interest costs offset by capitalized interest pertaining to development and redevelopment activity, amortization of premium/discount on debt, and interest income. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are primarily due to a decrease in amounts of interest capitalized and an increase in outstanding unsecured indebtedness, partially offset by a decrease in secured indebtedness.

31

Loss on extinguishment of debt, net reflects prepayment penalties, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and premiums from our debt repurchase and retirement activity, and payments to acquire our outstanding debt at amounts above or below the carrying basis of the debt acquired. The loss of $24,162,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 was primarily due to prepayment penalties of $33,515,000 and the non-cash write-off of deferred financing costs of $1,450,000 associated with the repayment of $556,313,000 aggregate principal amount of fixed rate mortgage notes secured by 12 wholly-owned operating communities in advance of their May 2019 maturity dates. This was partially offset by a gain of $10,839,000, primarily composed of the write-off of unamortized premium on the repayment of $670,590,000 principal amount of fixed rate mortgage notes secured by 11 wholly-owned operating communities in advance of their November 2017 maturity dates.

Depreciation expense increased $15,246,000, or 10.8%, and $33,683,000, or 11.9%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods, primarily due to the addition of newly developed and acquired apartment communities.

General and administrative expense increased $497,000, or 3.6%, and $955,000, or 3.5%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The increases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are primarily due to an increase in compensation related expenses, legal costs and related professional fees, partially offset by decreased sales and use tax expense.

Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net for the six months ended June 30, 2017consists of an impairment charge recognized for a land parcel we had acquired for development in 2004 and sold in July 2017, as well as the casualty loss at our Avalon Maplewood Development Community ("Maplewood"), which was partially offset by insurance proceeds.

Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities decreased $357,000, or 31.2%, and $15,290,000, or 85.8%, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, compared to the prior year periods. The decrease for the six months ended June 30, 2018 is primarily due to gains on the sale of communities in various ventures and the recognition of income for the Company's promoted interest from Fund II in the prior year period.

Gain on sale of communities increased for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and decreased for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the prior year periods. The amount of gain realized in a given period depends on many factors, including the number of communities sold, the size and carrying value of the communities sold and the market conditions in the local area.

32

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Consistent with the definition adopted by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts® ("NAREIT"), we calculate Funds from Operations Attributable to Common Stockholders ("FFO") as net income or loss attributable to common stockholders computed in accordance with GAAP, adjusted for:

• gains or losses on sales of previously depreciated operating communities;

• cumulative effect of change in accounting principle;

• impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate assets;

• write-downs of investments in affiliates due to a decrease in the value of depreciable real estate assets held by those affiliates;

• depreciation of real estate assets; and

• adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.

FFO and FFO adjusted for non-core items, or "Core FFO," as defined below, are generally considered by management to be appropriate supplemental measures of our operating and financial performance. In calculating FFO, we exclude gains or losses related to dispositions of previously depreciated property and exclude real estate depreciation, which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar condition based on historical cost accounting and useful life estimates. FFO can help one compare the operating performance of a real estate company between periods or as compared to different companies. By further adjusting for items that are not considered part of our core business operations, Core FFO allows one to compare the core operating performance of the Company between periods. We believe that in order to understand our operating results, FFO and Core FFO should be examined with net income as presented in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

We calculate Core FFO as FFO, adjusted for:

• joint venture gains, costs, and promoted interests;

• casualty and impairment losses or gains, net;

• gains or losses from early extinguishment of consolidated borrowings;

• abandoned pursuits;

• business interruption insurance proceeds and the related lost NOI that is covered by the business interruption insurance proceeds;

• property and casualty insurance proceeds and legal settlements;

• gains or losses on sales of assets not subject to depreciation;

• advocacy contributions, representing payments to promote our business interests;

• hedge ineffectiveness;

• severance related costs;

• expensed acquisition costs related to business combinations; and

• other non-core items.

FFO and Core FFO do not represent net income in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net income, which remains the primary measure, as an indication of our performance. In addition, FFO and Core FFO as calculated by other REITs may not be comparable to our calculations of FFO and Core FFO.

The following is a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to FFO attributable to common stockholders and to Core FFO attributable to common stockholders (unaudited, dollars in thousands, except per share amounts):

33

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662		$	165,225		$	396,305		$	401,100
Depreciation - real estate assets, including joint venture adjustments	156,289			141,128			314,772			282,085
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	11			10			22			21
Gain on sale of unconsolidated entities holding previously depreciated real estate	—			—			—			(8,697		)
Gain on sale of previously depreciated real estate	(105,201		)	(44,067		)	(105,201		)	(132,016		)
FFO attributable to common stockholders	305,761			262,296			605,898			542,493
Adjusting items:
Joint venture losses	7			115			7			381
Joint venture promote (1)	—			—			(925		)	(6,765		)
Impairment loss on real estate (2)	—			—			—			9,350
Casualty (gain) loss, net on real estate (3)	—			—			(58		)	2,338
Lost NOI from casualty losses covered by business interruption insurance (4)	832			2,062			1,730			3,867
Loss on extinguishment of consolidated debt	642			24,162			1,039			24,162
Advocacy contributions	303			—			606			—
Hedge ineffectiveness	—			(753		)	—			(753		)
Severance related costs	132			11			502			135
Development pursuit and other write-offs, net	243			412			570			835
Gain on other real estate transactions, net	(370		)	—			(323		)	(366		)
Legal settlements	67			84			367			84
Core FFO attributable to common stockholders	$	307,617		$	288,389		$	609,413		$	575,761
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted	138,215,010			138,173,151			138,184,295			137,853,625
EPS per common share - diluted	$	1.84		$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91
FFO per common share - diluted	$	2.21		$	1.90		$	4.38		$	3.94
Core FFO per common share - diluted	$	2.23		$	2.09		$	4.41		$	4.18

_________________________

(1) Amounts represent our promoted interest in Fund II.

(2) Amount for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is composed of an impairment charge for a land parcel we had acquired for development in 2004 and sold in July 2017.

(3) Amount for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is composed of $19,481 for the Maplewood casualty loss, partially offset by $17,143 of property damage insurance proceeds.

(4) Amounts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 relate to the Maplewood casualty loss in Q1 2017, for which the Company recognized $3,495 in business interruption insurance proceeds in Q3 2017. Amounts for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, primarily relate to the Edgewater casualty loss, for which we received $20,306 in business interruption insurance proceeds in Q1 2016.

FFO and Core FFO also do not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should not be considered an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities, as determined by GAAP, as a measure of liquidity. Additionally, it is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs.

34

A presentation of GAAP based cash flow metrics is as follows (unaudited, dollars in thousands) and a discussion of "Liquidity and Capital Resources" can be found later in this report:

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017 (1)			6/30/2018			6/30/2017 (1)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	309,384		$	275,761		$	625,297		$	575,656
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	$	2,599		$	(144,844	)	$	(316,681	)	$	(253,724	)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(233,493	)	$	(206,484	)	$	(160,625	)	$	(358,756	)

_________________________

(1) Amounts for 2017 reflect retrospective adjustments to the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows discussed in Note 1, "Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, Change in Accounting Principle," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We employ a disciplined approach to our liquidity and capital management. When we source capital, we take into account both our view of the most cost effective alternative available and our desire to maintain a balance sheet that provides us with flexibility. Our principal short-term liquidity needs are to fund:

• development and redevelopment activity in which we are currently engaged;

• the minimum dividend payments on our common stock required to maintain our REIT qualification under the Code;

• debt service and principal payments either at maturity or opportunistically before maturity; and

• normal recurring operating expenses and corporate overhead expenses.

Factors affecting our liquidity and capital resources are our cash flows from operations, financing activities and investing activities (including dispositions) as well as general economic and market conditions. Operating cash flow has historically been determined by: (i) the number of apartment homes currently owned, (ii) rental rates, (iii) occupancy levels and (iv) operating expenses with respect to apartment homes. The timing and type of capital markets activity in which we engage, as well as our plans for development, redevelopment, acquisition and disposition activity, are affected by changes in the capital markets environment, such as changes in interest rates or the availability of cost-effective capital. We regularly review our liquidity needs, the adequacy of cash flows from operations and other expected liquidity sources to meet these needs.

We had cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash of $349,897,000 at June 30, 2018, an increase of $147,991,000 from $201,906,000 at December 31, 2017. As presented in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows included elsewhere in this report, the following discussion relates to changes in cash due to operating, investing and financing activities.

Operating Activities — Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $625,297,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 from $575,656,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The change was driven primarily by increased NOI from existing, acquired and newly developed communities.

Investing Activities — Net cash used in investing activities totaled $316,681,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The net cash used was primarily due to:

• investment of $604,540,000 in the development and redevelopment of communities; and

• capital expenditures of $38,977,000 for our operating communities and non-real estate assets.

These amounts are partially offset by proceeds from dispositions of $299,226,000, of which $110,896,000 is held in escrow related to an anticipated tax deferred exchange.

Financing Activities — Net cash used in financing activities totaled $160,625,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018.  The net cash used was primarily due to:

• payment of cash dividends in the amount of $399,070,000; and

• the repayment of mortgage notes payable in the amount of $59,314,000.

35

These amount are partially offset by proceeds from the issuance of unsecured notes in the amount of $299,442,000, less deferred financing costs for the issuance activity of $3,345,000.

Variable Rate Unsecured Credit Facility

We have a $1,500,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility with a syndicate of banks (the "Credit Facility") which matures in April 2020. We may extend the maturity for up to nine months, provided we are not in default and upon payment of a $1,500,000 extension fee. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), rating levels achieved on our unsecured notes and on a maturity schedule selected by us. The current stated pricing is LIBOR plus 0.825% per annum (2.91% at July 31, 2018), assuming a one month borrowing rate. The annual facility fee is 0.125% (or approximately $1,875,000 annually based on the $1,500,000,000 facility size and based on our current credit rating).

We had $194,000,000 outstanding under the Credit Facility and had $42,608,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced our borrowing capacity as of July 31, 2018.

Financial Covenants

We are subject to financial and other covenants contained in the Credit Facility, the Term Loans and the indentures under which our unsecured notes were issued. The principal financial covenants include the following:

• limitations on the amount of total and secured debt in relation to our overall capital structure;

• limitations on the amount of our unsecured debt relative to the undepreciated basis of real estate assets that are not encumbered by property-specific financing; and

• minimum levels of debt service coverage.

We were in compliance with these covenants at June 30, 2018.

In addition, our secured borrowings may include yield maintenance, defeasance, or prepayment penalty provisions, which would result in us incurring an additional charge in the event of a full or partial prepayment of outstanding principal before the scheduled maturity. These provisions in our secured borrowings are generally consistent with other similar types of debt instruments issued during the same time period in which our borrowings were originated.

Continuous Equity Offering Program

In December 2015, we commenced a fourth continuous equity program ("CEP IV") under which we may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of our common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined, including market conditions, the trading price of our common stock and determinations of the appropriate sources of funding. In conjunction with CEP IV, we engaged sales agents who will receive compensation of up to 2.0% of the gross sales price for shares sold. We expect that, if entered into, we will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement, in which case we will expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the relevant forward sale price. However, we may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, we will pay the relevant forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 2.0% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. As of July 31, 2018, there are no outstanding forward sales agreements. As of July 31, 2018, we had $892,915,000 of shares remaining authorized for issuance under this program.

Forward Interest Rate Swap Agreements

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, in conjunction with our March 2018 unsecured note issuance, we settled $300,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the forecasted issuance of the unsecured notes, receiving a payment of $12,598,000. As of June 30, 2018, we have no outstanding forward interest rate swap agreements.

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Future Financing and Capital Needs — Debt Maturities

One of our principal long-term liquidity needs is the repayment of long-term debt at maturity.  For both our unsecured and secured notes, a portion of the principal of these notes may be repaid prior to maturity. Early retirement of our unsecured or secured notes could result in gains or losses on extinguishment. If we do not have funds on hand sufficient to repay our indebtedness as it becomes due, it will be necessary for us to refinance or otherwise provide liquidity to satisfy the debt at maturity. This refinancing may be accomplished by uncollateralized private or public debt offerings, equity issuances, additional debt financing that is secured by mortgages on individual communities or groups of communities or borrowings under our Credit Facility. Although we believe we will have the capacity to meet our currently anticipated liquidity needs, we cannot assure you that additional debt financing or debt or equity offerings will be available or, if available, that they will be on terms we consider satisfactory.

The following debt activity occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2018:

• In February 2018, we repaid $15,174,000 principal amount of 6.60% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Oaks West in advance of its scheduled maturity date, incurring a charge of $426,000, consisting of a prepayment penalty of $152,000 and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of $274,000.

• In February 2018, we repaid $11,038,000 principal amount of 4.61% fixed rate debt secured by AVA Pasadena at par in advance of its scheduled maturity date.

• In March 2018, we issued $300,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under our existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $296,210,000. The notes mature in April 2048 and were issued at a 4.35% interest rate. The effective interest rate of the notes for the first 10 years is 3.97%, including the impact of an interest rate hedge and offering costs, and for the remainder of the term the effective interest rate will be 4.39%.

• In April 2018, we repaid $13,380,000 principal amount of 3.06% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Andover at par at its scheduled maturity date.

• In June 2018, we repaid $15,295,000 principal amount of 6.90% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Orchards in advance of its scheduled maturity date, incurring a charge of $635,000, consisting of a prepayment penalty of $282,000 and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of $353,000.

In August 2018, we repaid $51,449,000 of variable rate debt secured by Avalon Calabasas at par at its maturity date. In addition, we had net borrowings of $136,000,000 on our Credit Facility, a portion of which was used to repay this indebtedness.

The following table details our consolidated debt maturities for the next five years, excluding our Credit Facility and amounts outstanding related to communities classified as held for sale, for debt outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands). We are not directly or indirectly (as borrower or guarantor) obligated in any material respect to pay principal or interest on the indebtedness of any unconsolidated entities in which we have an equity or other interest.

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	All-In interest rate (1)		Principal maturity date		Balance Outstanding (2)				Scheduled Maturities
Community					12/31/2017		6/30/2018		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		Thereafter
Tax-exempt bonds
Fixed rate
Avalon Oaks West	7.55	%	Apr-2043	(3)	$	15,213	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Avalon at Chestnut Hill	6.16	%	Oct-2047		38,097		37,833		272		566		596		629		663		35,107
Avalon Westbury	3.81	%	Nov-2036	(4)	62,200		62,200		—		—		—		—		—		62,200
					115,510		100,033		272		566		596		629		663		97,307
Variable rate
Eaves Mission Viejo	2.31	%	Jun-2025	(5)	7,635		7,635		—		—		—		—		—		7,635
AVA Nob Hill	2.25	%	Jun-2025	(5)	20,800		20,800		—		—		—		—		—		20,800
Avalon Campbell	2.58	%	Jun-2025	(5)	38,800		38,800		—		—		—		—		—		38,800
Eaves Pacifica	2.62	%	Jun-2025	(5)	17,600		17,600		—		—		—		—		—		17,600
Avalon Bowery Place I	4.19	%	Nov-2037	(5)	93,800		93,800		—		—		—		—		—		93,800
Avalon Acton	3.05	%	Jul-2040	(5)	45,000		45,000		—		—		—		—		—		45,000
Avalon Morningside Park	3.25	%	May-2046	(4)	100,000		100,000		—		—		—		345		405		99,250
Avalon Clinton North	3.20	%	Nov-2038	(5)	147,000		147,000		—		—		—		—		—		147,000
Avalon Clinton South	3.20	%	Nov-2038	(5)	121,500		121,500		—		—		—		—		—		121,500
Avalon Midtown West	3.11	%	May-2029	(5)	100,500		100,500		—		—		—		—		—		100,500
Avalon San Bruno I	3.09	%	Dec-2037	(5)	64,450		64,450		—		—		—		—		—		64,450
Avalon Calabasas	2.68	%	Apr-2028	(5)	44,410		44,410		—		—		—		—		—		44,410
					801,495		801,495		—		—		—		345		405		800,745
Conventional loans
Fixed rate
$250 million unsecured notes	6.19	%	Mar-2020		250,000		250,000		—		—		250,000		—		—		—
$250 million unsecured notes	4.04	%	Jan-2021		250,000		250,000		—		—		—		250,000		—		—
$450 million unsecured notes	4.30	%	Sep-2022		450,000		450,000		—		—		—		—		450,000		—
$250 million unsecured notes	3.00	%	Mar-2023		250,000		250,000		—		—		—		—		—		250,000
$400 million unsecured notes	3.78	%	Oct-2020		400,000		400,000		—		—		400,000		—		—		—
$350 million unsecured notes	4.30	%	Dec-2023		350,000		350,000		—		—		—		—		—		350,000
$300 million unsecured notes	3.66	%	Nov-2024		300,000		300,000		—		—		—		—		—		300,000
$525 million unsecured notes	3.55	%	Jun-2025		525,000		525,000		—		—		—		—		—		525,000
$300 million unsecured notes	3.62	%	Nov-2025		300,000		300,000		—		—		—		—		—		300,000
$475 million unsecured notes	3.35	%	May-2026		475,000		475,000		—		—		—		—		—		475,000
$300 million unsecured notes	3.01	%	Oct-2026		300,000		300,000		—		—		—		—		—		300,000
$350 million unsecured notes	3.95	%	Oct-2046		350,000		350,000		—		—		—		—		—		350,000
$400 million unsecured notes	3.50	%	May-2027		400,000		400,000		—		—		—		—		—		400,000
$300 million unsecured notes	4.09	%	Jul-2047		300,000		300,000		—		—		—		—		—		300,000
$450 million unsecured notes	3.32	%	Jan-2028		450,000		450,000		—		—		—		—		—		450,000
$300 million unsecured notes	3.97	%	Apr-2048		—		300,000		—		—		—		—		—		300,000
Avalon Orchards	7.80	%	Jul-2033	(3)	15,579		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Avalon Walnut Creek	4.00	%	Jul-2066		3,557		3,557		—		—		—		—		—		3,557
AVA Pasadena	4.06	%	Jun-2018	(3)	11,073		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Eaves Los Feliz	3.68	%	Jun-2027		41,400		41,400		—		—		—		—		—		41,400
Eaves Woodland Hills	3.67	%	Jun-2027		111,500		111,500		—		—		—		—		—		111,500
Avalon Russett	3.77	%	Jun-2027		32,200		32,200		—		—		—		—		—		32,200
Avalon San Bruno II	3.85	%	Apr-2021		29,533		29,267		269		564		591		27,843		—		—
Avalon Westbury	4.88	%	Nov-2036	(4)	16,450		15,780		687		1,430		1,495		1,575		1,655		8,938
Avalon San Bruno III	3.18	%	Jun-2020		53,315		52,705		615		1,264		50,826		—		—		—
Avalon Andover	3.28	%	Apr-2018	(6)	13,498		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Avalon Natick	3.15	%	Apr-2019		13,831		13,658		176		13,482		—		—		—		—
Avalon Hoboken	3.55	%	Dec-2020		67,904		67,904		—		—		67,904		—		—		—
Avalon Columbia Pike	3.24	%	Nov-2019		68,637		67,865		780		67,085		—		—		—		—
					5,828,477		6,085,836		2,527		83,825		770,816		279,418		451,655		4,497,595

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	All-In interest rate (1)		Principal maturity date		Balance Outstanding (2)				Scheduled Maturities
Community					12/31/2017		6/30/2018		2018		2019		2020		2021		2022		Thereafter
Variable rate
Avalon Calabasas	2.40	%	Aug-2018	(5)(7)	52,092		51,773		51,773		—		—		—		—		—
Avalon Natick	4.27	%	Apr-2019	(5)	35,039		34,600		445		34,155		—		—		—		—
Archstone Lexington	3.68	%	Oct-2020		21,700		21,700		—		—		21,700		—		—		—
Term Loan - $100 million	3.07	%	Feb-2022		100,000		100,000		—		—		—		—		100,000		—
Term Loan - $150 million	3.61	%	Feb-2024		150,000		150,000		—		—		—		—		—		150,000
$300 million unsecured notes	2.34	%	Jan-2021		300,000		300,000		—		—		—		300,000		—		—
					658,831		658,073		52,218		34,155		21,700		300,000		100,000		150,000
Total indebtedness - excluding Credit Facility					$	7,404,313	$	7,645,437	$	55,017	$	118,546	$	793,112	$	580,392	$	552,723	$	5,545,647

_________________________

(1) Rates are given as of June 30, 2018 and include credit enhancement fees, facility fees, trustees' fees, the impact of interest rate hedges, offering costs, mark to market amortization and other fees.

(2) Balances outstanding represent total amounts due at maturity, and exclude deferred financing costs and debt discount for the unsecured notes of $47,757 and $47,236 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and deferred financing costs and debt discount associated with secured notes of $26,402 and $27,607 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, as reflected on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets included elsewhere in this report.

(3) During 2018, we repaid this borrowing in advance of its scheduled maturity date.

(4) Maturity date reflects the contractual maturity of the underlying bond. There is also an associated earlier credit enhancement maturity date.

(5) Financed by variable rate debt, but interest rate is capped through an interest rate protection agreement.

(6) During 2018, we repaid this borrowing at par at its scheduled maturity date.

(7) In August 2018, we repaid this borrowing at par at its scheduled maturity date.

Future Financing and Capital Needs — Portfolio and Capital Markets Activity

During the remainder of 2018, we expect to meet our liquidity needs from one or more of a variety of internal and external sources, which may include (i) real estate dispositions, (ii) cash balances on hand as well as cash generated from our operating activities, (iii) borrowing capacity under our Credit Facility and (iv) secured and unsecured debt financings. Additional sources of liquidity in 2018 may include the issuance of common and preferred equity. Our ability to obtain additional financing will depend on a variety of factors, such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the real estate industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as the perception of lenders regarding our long or short-term financial prospects.

Before beginning new construction or reconstruction activity, including activity related to communities owned by unconsolidated joint ventures, we intend to plan adequate financing to complete these undertakings, although we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such financing. In the event that financing cannot be obtained, we may have to abandon Development Rights, write off associated pre-development costs that were capitalized and/or forego reconstruction activity. In such instances, we will not realize the increased revenues and earnings that we expected from such Development Rights or reconstruction activity and significant losses could be incurred.

From time to time we use joint ventures to hold or develop individual real estate assets. We generally employ joint ventures primarily to mitigate asset concentration or market risk and secondarily as a source of liquidity. We may also use joint ventures related to mixed-use land development opportunities and new markets where our partners bring development and operational expertise and/or experience to the venture. Each joint venture or partnership agreement has been individually negotiated, and our ability to operate and/or dispose of a community in our sole discretion may be limited to varying degrees depending on the terms of the joint venture or partnership agreement. We cannot assure you that we will achieve our objectives through joint ventures.

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In evaluating our allocation of capital within our markets, we sell assets that do not meet our long-term investment criteria or when capital and real estate markets allow us to realize a portion of the value created over our ownership periods and redeploy the proceeds from those sales to develop and redevelop communities. Because the proceeds from the sale of communities may not be immediately redeployed into revenue generating assets that we develop, redevelop or acquire, the immediate effect of a sale of a community for a gain is to increase net income, but reduce future total revenues, total expenses and NOI until such time as the proceeds have been redeployed into revenue generating assets. We believe that the temporary absence of future cash flows from communities sold will not have a material impact on our ability to fund future liquidity and capital resource needs.

Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Unconsolidated Investments

As of June 30, 2018, we had investments in unconsolidated real estate accounted for under the equity method of accounting shown in the following table, excluding development joint ventures, Fund II, which sold its final apartment community in 2017, and joint ventures formed with Equity Residential as part of the Archstone acquisition. Refer to Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities," of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report, which includes information on the aggregate assets, liabilities and equity, as well as operating results, and our proportionate share of their operating results. For ventures holding operating apartment communities as of June 30, 2018, detail of the real estate and associated funding underlying our unconsolidated investments is presented in the following table (dollars in thousands).

	Company  ownership percentage		# of Apartment homes	Total capitalized cost (1)		Debt (2)
									Interest rate (3)		Maturity date
Unconsolidated Real Estate Investments						Amount		Type
U.S. Fund
1. Avalon Studio 4121 - Studio City, CA			149	$	57,084	$	28,610	Fixed	3.34	%	Nov 2022
2. Avalon Marina Bay - Marina del Rey, CA (4)			205	77,187		51,300		Fixed	1.56	%	Dec 2020
3. Avalon Venice on Rose - Venice, CA			70	57,395		28,733		Fixed	3.28	%	Jun 2020
4. Avalon Station 250 - Dedham, MA			285	97,212		55,750		Fixed	3.73	%	Sep 2022
5. Avalon Grosvenor Tower - Bethesda, MD			237	80,121		43,211		Fixed	3.74	%	Sep 2022
6. Avalon Kirkland at Carillon - Kirkland, WA			131	60,723		28,085		Fixed	3.75	%	Feb 2019
Total U.S. Fund	28.6	%	1,077	429,722		235,689			3.16	%
AC JV
1. Avalon North Point - Cambridge, MA (5)			426	188,280		111,653		Fixed	6.00	%	Aug 2021
2. Avalon Woodland Park - Herndon, VA (5)			392	86,509		50,647		Fixed	6.00	%	Aug 2021
3. Avalon North Point Lofts - Cambridge, MA			103	26,805		—		N/A	N/A		N/A
Total AC JV	20.0	%	921	301,594		162,300			6.00	%
Other Operating Joint Ventures
1. MVP I, LLC	25.0	%	313	125,166		103,000		Fixed	3.24	%	Jul 2025
2. Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC	28.7	%	305	19,570		22,480		Fixed	3.40	%	Jun 2028
Total Other Joint Ventures			618	144,736		125,480			3.27	%
Total Unconsolidated Investments			2,616	$	876,052	$	523,469		4.07	%

_____________________________

(1) Represents total capitalized cost as of June 30, 2018.

(2) We have not guaranteed the debt of unconsolidated investees and bear no responsibility for the repayment.

(3) Represents weighted average rate on outstanding debt as of June 30, 2018.

(4) Borrowing on this community is a variable rate loan which has been converted to a fixed rate borrowing with an interest rate swap.

(5) Borrowing is comprised of loans made by the equity investors in the venture in proportion to their equity interests.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In addition to our investment interests in consolidated and unconsolidated real estate entities, we have certain off-balance sheet arrangements with the entities in which we invest.  Additional discussion of these entities can be found in Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities," of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report.

We have not guaranteed the debt of our unconsolidated real estate entities, as referenced in the table above, nor do we have any obligation to fund this debt should the unconsolidated real estate entities be unable to do so. In the future, in the event the unconsolidated real estate entities were unable to meet their obligations under a loan, we cannot predict at this time whether we would provide any voluntary support, or take any other action, as any such action would depend on a variety of factors, including the amount of support required and the possibility that such support could enhance the return of the unconsolidated real estate entities and/or our returns by providing time for performance to improve.

There are no other material lines of credit, side agreements, financial guarantees or any other derivative financial instruments related to or between our unconsolidated real estate entities and us. In evaluating our capital structure and overall leverage, management takes into consideration our proportionate share of the indebtedness of unconsolidated entities in which we have an interest.

Contractual Obligations

We currently have contractual obligations consisting primarily of long-term debt obligations and lease obligations for certain land parcels and regional and administrative office space. As of June 30, 2018, other than as discussed in this Form 10-Q, there have been no other material changes in our scheduled contractual obligations as disclosed in our Form 10-K.

Development Communities

As of June 30, 2018, we owned or held a direct or indirect interest in 19 Development Communities under construction. We expect these Development Communities, when completed, to add a total of 6,048 apartment homes to our portfolio for a total capitalized cost, including land acquisition costs, of approximately $2,819,000,000, including the total projected capitalized cost for one community being developed within an unconsolidated joint venture in which we own a 55.0% interest. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for construction completion or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually or in the aggregate. You should carefully review Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K for a discussion of the risks associated with development activity.

The following table presents a summary of the Development Communities. We hold a fee simple ownership interest in these communities (directly or through a wholly-owned subsidiary) unless otherwise noted in the table.

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		Number of apartment homes	Projected total capitalized cost (1) ($ millions)		Construction start	Initial  projected occupancy (2)	Estimated completion	Estimated stabilized operations (3)
1.	Avalon Dogpatch San Francisco, CA	326	203		Q4 2015	Q3 2017	Q3 2018	Q4 2018
2.	AVA North Point (4) Cambridge, MA	265	114		Q2 2016	Q1 2018	Q3 2018	Q1 2019
3.	Avalon Boonton Boonton, NJ	350	91		Q3 2016	Q2 2019	Q1 2020	Q3 2020
4.	15 West 61st Street (5) New York, NY	172	604		Q4 2016	Q2 2019	Q4 2019	Q2 2020
5.	Avalon Belltown Towers (5) Seattle, WA	275	147		Q4 2016	Q3 2019	Q4 2019	Q2 2020
6.	Avalon Public Market Emeryville, CA	289	149		Q4 2016	Q1 2019	Q3 2019	Q1 2020
7.	Avalon Teaneck Teaneck, NJ	248	73		Q4 2016	Q3 2019	Q1 2020	Q3 2020
8.	AVA Hollywood (5) Hollywood, CA	695	365		Q4 2016	Q2 2019	Q2 2020	Q4 2020
9.	AVA Esterra Park Redmond, WA	323	91		Q2 2017	Q4 2018	Q3 2019	Q1 2020
10.	Avalon at the Hingham Shipyard II Hingham, MA	190	64		Q2 2017	Q4 2018	Q2 2019	Q4 2019
11.	Avalon Piscataway Piscataway, NJ	360	89		Q2 2017	Q3 2018	Q2 2019	Q4 2019
12.	Avalon Sudbury Sudbury, MA	250	85		Q3 2017	Q2 2018	Q1 2019	Q3 2019
13.	Avalon Towson Towson, MD	371	114		Q4 2017	Q1 2020	Q4 2020	Q2 2021
14.	Avalon Yonkers Yonkers, NY	590	188		Q4 2017	Q4 2019	Q2 2021	Q3 2021
15.	Avalon Walnut Creek II Walnut Creek, CA	200	93		Q4 2017	Q3 2019	Q1 2020	Q2 2020
16.	Avalon North Creek Bothell, WA	316	84		Q4 2017	Q2 2019	Q1 2020	Q3 2020
17	Avalon Saugus (5) Saugus, MA	280	93		Q2 2018	Q3 2019	Q1 2020	Q3 2020
18.	Avalon Doral Doral, FL	350	111		Q2 2018	Q1 2020	Q3 2020	Q1 2021
19.	Avalon Norwood Norwood, MA	198	61		Q2 2018	Q3 2019	Q1 2020	Q3 2020
	Total	6,048	$	2,819

_________________________________

(1) Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs projected to be or actually incurred to develop the respective Development Community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees.  Projected total capitalized cost for communities identified as having joint venture ownership, either during construction or upon construction completion, represents the total projected joint venture contribution amount.

(2) Initial projected occupancy dates are estimates. There can be no assurance that we will pursue to completion any or all of these proposed developments.

(3) Stabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of development.

(4) We are developing this project within an unconsolidated joint venture that was formed in July 2016, in which we own a 55.0% interest. The projected total capitalized cost above represents the total cost for the venture.

(5) Development communities containing at least 10,000 square feet of retail space include 15 West 61st Street (67,000 square feet), Avalon Belltown Towers (11,000 square feet), AVA Hollywood (19,000 square feet) and Avalon Saugus (23,000 square feet).

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During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we completed the development of the following communities:

		Number of apartment homes	Total capitalized  cost (1) ($ millions)		Approximate rentable area (sq. ft.)	Total capitalized cost per sq. ft.
1.	AVA Wheaton Wheaton, MD	319	$	76	268,953	$	283
2.	Avalon Maplewood (2) Maplewood, NJ	235	65		209,628	$	310
	Total	554	$	141

__________________________________

(1) Total capitalized cost is as of June 30, 2018. We generally anticipate incurring additional costs associated with these communities that are customary for new developments.

(2) In February 2017, a fire occurred at Maplewood. See Note 5, "Investments in Real Estate Entities - Casualty Gains and Losses," in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion related to the Maplewood casualty loss.

We anticipate commencing the construction of five apartment communities during the balance of 2018, which, if completed as expected, will contain 1,728 apartment homes and be constructed for a total capitalized cost of $638,000,000.

Redevelopment Communities

As of June 30, 2018, there were 16 communities under active redevelopment. We expect the total capitalized cost to redevelop these communities to be $341,000,000, excluding costs incurred prior to redevelopment. We have found that the cost to redevelop an existing apartment community is more difficult to budget and estimate than the cost to develop a new community. Accordingly, we expect that actual costs may vary from our budget by a wider range than for a new Development Community. We cannot assure you that we will meet our schedule for reconstruction completion or for attaining restabilized operations, or that we will meet our budgeted costs, either individually or in the aggregate. We anticipate maintaining or increasing our current level of redevelopment activity related to communities in our current operating portfolio for the remainder of 2018. You should carefully review Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K for a discussion of the risks associated with redevelopment activity.

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The following presents a summary of these Redevelopment Communities:

		Number of apartment homes	Projected total capitalized cost (1) ($ millions)		Reconstruction start	Estimated reconstruction completion	Estimated restabilized operations (2)
1.	AVA Toluca Hills Los Angeles, CA	1,151	$	79	Q1 2017	Q2 2019	Q4 2019
2.	Avalon Prudential Center II Boston, MA	266	19		Q1 2017	Q4 2019	Q2 2020
3.	Avalon Midtown West New York, NY	550	30		Q1 2017	Q2 2019	Q4 2019
4.	Avalon at Edgewater II (3) Edgewater, NJ	240	60		Q2 2017	Q1 2019	Q3 2019
5.	Avalon at Florham Park Florham Park, NJ	270	13		Q3 2017	Q4 2018	Q2 2019
6.	AVA Van Ness Washington, D.C.	269	20		Q3 2017	Q1 2019	Q3 2019
7.	Avalon Ballston Square Arlington, VA	714	25		Q4 2017	Q3 2019	Q1 2020
8.	Eaves Los Feliz Los Angeles, CA	263	6		Q1 2018	Q4 2018	Q2 2019
9.	Eaves Seal Beach Seal Beach, CA	549	11		Q1 2018	Q4 2018	Q2 2019
10.	Avalon Walnut Ridge II Walnut Creek, CA	360	7		Q1 2018	Q4 2018	Q2 2019
11.	Eaves Redmond Campus Redmond, WA	422	17		Q1 2018	Q1 2019	Q3 2019
12.	Eaves Fairfax Towers Falls Church, VA	415	6		Q1 2018	Q2 2019	Q4 2019
13.	Avalon at Newton Highlands Newton, MA	294	12		Q1 2018	Q4 2018	Q2 2019
14.	Avalon Prudential Center I Boston, MA	243	18		Q1 2018	Q1 2020	Q3 2020
15.	Avalon Court Melville, NY	494	8		Q1 2018	Q3 2018	Q1 2019
16.	Avalon Studio City Studio City, CA	276	10		Q2 2018	Q1 2019	Q3 2019
	Total	6,776	$	341

____________________________________

(1) Projected total capitalized cost does not include capitalized costs incurred prior to redevelopment.

(2) Estimated restabilized operations is defined as the earlier of (i) attainment of 95% or greater physical occupancy or (ii) the one-year anniversary of completion of redevelopment.

(3) Redevelopment Communities includes the reconstruction of the building destroyed in the Edgewater casualty loss. Due to the nature of this reconstruction, the 240 apartment homes that we expect the new building to contain upon completion are not included in the apartment home count presented elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, and will be included upon completion.

Development Rights

At June 30, 2018, we had $130,802,000 in acquisition and related capitalized costs for direct interests in land parcels we own, and $41,617,000 in capitalized costs (including legal fees, design fees and related overhead costs) related to Development Rights for which we control the land parcel, typically through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the land. Collectively, the land held for development and associated costs for deferred development rights relate to 25 Development Rights for which we expect to develop new apartment communities in the future. The cumulative capitalized costs for land held for development as of June 30, 2018 includes $103,696,000 in original land acquisition costs. The Development Rights range from those beginning design and architectural planning to those that have completed site plans and drawings and can begin construction almost immediately. We estimate that the successful completion of all of these communities would ultimately add approximately 8,511 apartment homes to our portfolio. Substantially all of these apartment homes will offer features like those offered by the communities we currently own.

44

For 19 Development Rights, we control the land through a conditional agreement or option to purchase or lease the parcel. While we generally prefer to hold Development Rights through conditional agreements or options to acquire land, for four Development Rights we either currently own the land, have an ownership interest in a joint venture that owns the land or have executed a long term land lease for the parcel of land on which a community would be built if we proceeded with development. During the next 12 months we expect to commence construction of apartment communities on three of the Development Rights for which we currently own the land, with a carrying basis of $115,714,000. In addition, two Development Rights are additional development phases of existing stabilized operating communities we own, and will be constructed on land currently associated with those operating communities.

The properties comprising the Development Rights are in different stages of the due diligence and regulatory approval process.  The decisions as to which of the Development Rights to invest in, if any, or to continue to pursue once an investment in a Development Right is made, are business judgments that we make after we perform financial, demographic and other analyses.  In the event that we do not proceed with a Development Right, we generally would not recover any of the capitalized costs incurred in the pursuit of those communities, unless we were to recover amounts in connection with the sale of land; however, we cannot guarantee a recovery.  Pre-development costs incurred in the pursuit of Development Rights for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred.  In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are charged to expense. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we incurred a charge of approximately $2,174,000 for development pursuits that were not yet probable of future development at the time incurred, or for pursuits that we determined were no longer probable to be developed.

You should carefully review Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of our Form 10-K for a discussion of the risks associated with Development Rights.

The following presents a summary of the Development Rights as of June 30, 2018:

Market	Number of rights	Estimated number of homes	Projected total capitalized cost ($ millions) (1)
New England	4	902	$	353
Metro NY/NJ	9	3,434	1,368
Mid-Atlantic	3	1,058	300
Pacific Northwest	1	293	101
Northern California	5	1,543	828
Southern California	3	1,281	581
Total	25	8,511	$	3,531

____________________________________

(1) Projected total capitalized cost includes all capitalized costs incurred to date (if any) and projected to be incurred to develop the respective community, determined in accordance with GAAP, including land acquisition costs, construction costs, real estate taxes, capitalized interest and loan fees, permits, professional fees, allocated development overhead and other regulatory fees.

Inflation and Deflation

Substantially all of our apartment leases are for a term of one year or less. In an inflationary environment, this may allow us to realize increased rents upon renewal of existing leases or the beginning of new leases. Short-term leases generally minimize our risk from the adverse effects of inflation, although these leases generally permit residents to leave at the end of the lease term and therefore expose us to the effect of a decline in market rents. Similarly, in a deflationary rent environment, we may be exposed to declining rents more quickly under these shorter-term leases.

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Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-Q contains "forward-looking statements" as that term is defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.  You can identify forward-looking statements by our use of the words "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "assume," "project," "plan," "may," "shall," "will" and other similar expressions in this Form 10-Q, that predict or indicate future events and trends and that do not report historical matters.  These statements include, among other things, statements regarding our intent, belief or expectations with respect to:

• our potential development, redevelopment, acquisition or disposition of communities;

• the timing and cost of completion of apartment communities under construction, reconstruction, development or redevelopment;

• the timing of lease-up, occupancy and stabilization of apartment communities;

• the pursuit of land on which we are considering future development;

• the anticipated operating performance of our communities;

• cost, yield, revenue, NOI and earnings estimates;

• our declaration or payment of dividends;

• our joint venture and discretionary fund activities;

• our policies regarding investments, indebtedness, acquisitions, dispositions, financings and other matters;

• our qualification as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code;

• the real estate markets in Northern and Southern California and markets in selected states in the Mid-Atlantic, New England, Metro New York/New Jersey and Pacific Northwest regions of the United States and in general;

• the availability of debt and equity financing;

• interest rates;

• general economic conditions including the potential impacts from current economic conditions;

• trends affecting our financial condition or results of operations; and

• the impact of legal proceedings relating to the Edgewater casualty loss and related matters, including liability to third parties resulting therefrom.

We cannot assure the future results or outcome of the matters described in these statements; rather, these statements merely reflect our current expectations of the approximate outcomes of the matters discussed. We do not undertake a duty to update these forward-looking statements, and therefore they may not represent our estimates and assumptions after the date of this report. You should not rely on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control.  These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should carefully review the discussion under Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this report, for further discussion of risks associated with forward-looking statements.

Some of the factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:

• we may fail to secure development opportunities due to an inability to reach agreements with third-parties to obtain land at attractive prices or to obtain desired zoning and other local approvals;

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• we may abandon or defer development opportunities for a number of reasons, including changes in local market conditions which make development less desirable, increases in costs of development, increases in the cost of capital or lack of capital availability, resulting in losses;

• construction costs of a community may exceed our original estimates;

• we may not complete construction and lease-up of communities under development or redevelopment on schedule, resulting in increased interest costs and construction costs and a decrease in our expected rental revenues;

• occupancy rates and market rents may be adversely affected by competition and local economic and market conditions which are beyond our control;

• financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all, and our cash flows from operations and access to cost effective capital may be insufficient for the development of our pipeline which could limit our pursuit of opportunities;

• our cash flows may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest, and we may be unable to refinance existing indebtedness or the terms of such refinancing may not be as favorable as the terms of existing indebtedness;

• we may be unsuccessful in our management of the U.S. Fund, the AC JV or the REIT vehicles that are used with each respective joint venture;

• we may be unsuccessful in managing changes in our portfolio composition; and

• our expectations, estimates and assumptions as of the date of this filing regarding the outcome of investigations and/or legal proceedings resulting from the Edgewater casualty loss are subject to change.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions had been different, or different assumptions were made, it is possible that different accounting policies would have been applied, resulting in different financial results or a different presentation of our financial statements.  Our critical accounting policies consist primarily of the following: (i) principles of consolidation, (ii) cost capitalization, (iii) abandoned pursuit costs and asset impairment, (iv) REIT status and (v) acquisition of investments in real estate. Additionally, as discussed in this Form 10-Q in Note 1, "Organization, Basis and Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Revenue and Gain Recognition," to the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, as of January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. There were no material changes to our critical accounting policies resulting from the adoption of this new standard. Our critical accounting policies and estimates have not changed materially from the discussion of our significant accounting policies found in Management's Discussion and Analysis and Results of Operations in our Form 10-K.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

There have been no material changes to our exposures to market risk since December 31, 2017.

ITEM 4. CONTROL AND PROCEDURES

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures. 

The Company carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's management, including the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2018. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms.

We continue to review and document our disclosure controls and procedures, including our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business.

(b) Changes in internal controls over financial reporting.

As of January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company implemented internal controls related to the revenue recognition process, but there were no significant changes to the internal control over financial reporting due to the adoption of this new standard.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As discussed in this Form 10-Q in Note 1, "Organization, Basis and Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies - Legal and Other Contingencies," to the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, in January 2015, a fire occurred at the Company's Avalon at Edgewater apartment community in Edgewater, NJ. The Company believes that the fire was caused by sparks from a torch used during repairs being performed by a Company employee who was not a licensed plumber. The Company has since revised its maintenance policies to require that non-flame tools be used for plumbing repairs where possible or, where not possible inside the building envelope, that a qualified third party vendor perform the work in accordance with the Company's policies.

The Company has established protocols for processing claims from third parties who suffered losses as a result of the fire, and many third parties have contacted the Company's insurance carrier and settled their claims. Through the date of this Form 10-Q, of the 229 occupied apartments destroyed in the fire, the residents of approximately 95 units have settled claims with the Company's insurer through this claims process.

Three class action lawsuits have been filed against the Company on behalf of occupants of the destroyed building and consolidated in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Company has agreed with class counsel to the terms of a settlement which provides a claims process (with agreed upon protocols for instructing the adjuster as to how to evaluate claims) and, if needed, an arbitration process to determine damage amounts to be paid to individual claimants covered by the class settlement. In July 2017 the District Court granted final approval of the class action settlement and all claims have been submitted to the independent claims adjuster. A total of 66 units (consisting of residents who did not previously settle their claims and who did not opt out of the class settlement) are included in the class action settlement and bound by its terms. However, only 44 units submitted claims. The independent claims adjuster is currently reviewing the claims submitted; the submitted claims total approximately $6,900,000 but, based on the Company's review of initial determinations made by the adjuster on a number of claims, the Company believes that the total amount actually awarded will be significantly less. To date, the claims adjuster completed his evaluation of 25 of these claims and it is expected that the evaluation of the remaining claims should be completed within the next two months. A fourth class

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action, being heard in the same federal court, was filed against the Company on behalf of residents of the second Edgewater building that suffered minimal damage. In addition to the class action lawsuits described above, 18 of the 19 lawsuits representing approximately 143 individual plaintiffs filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey Bergen County - Law Division were previously scheduled for trial on January 2, 2018. In advance of this date, the Company was able to resolve all of these claims in principle which included approximately 50 units. The Company previously resolved litigated claims with another 10 units. There is currently one remaining lawsuit which was recently filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Bergen County - Law Division on behalf of one apartment unit. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses to the extent of damages claimed in that suit. There are also seven subrogation lawsuits that have been filed against the Company by insurers of Edgewater residents who obtained renters insurance; it is the Company's position that in the majority of the applicable leases the residents waived subrogation rights. One of these lawsuits has been dismissed on that basis, two have been amicably resolved in principle and the other four have been consolidated and are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The District Court denied the Company's motions seeking dismissal on this basis. The Company will reassess the viability of this defense after conducting additional discovery.

Having settled many third party claims through the insurance claims process, the Company currently believes that any potential remaining liability to third parties (including any potential liability to third parties determined in accordance with the class settlement described above) will not be material to the Company and will in any event be substantially covered by the Company's insurance policies. However, the Company can give no assurances in this regard and continues to evaluate this matter.

The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings unrelated to the Edgewater casualty loss that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 1A.  RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results discussed in our Form 10-K in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors." The risks described in our Form 10-K are not the only risks that could affect the Company.  Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results in the future.  There have been no material changes to our risk factors since December 31, 2017.

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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Period	(a) Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	(b) Average Price Paid  Per Share		(c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	(d) Maximum Dollar Amount that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (in thousands) (2)
April 1 - April 30, 2018	34	$	161.84	—	$	200,000
May 1 - May 31, 2018	103	$	162.85	—	$	200,000
June 1 - June 30, 2018	108	$	167.82	—	$	200,000

___________________________________

(1) Reflects shares surrendered to the Company in connection with exercise of stock options as payment of exercise price, as well as for taxes associated with the vesting of restricted share grants.

(2) As disclosed in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, represents amounts outstanding under the Company's $500,000,000 Stock Repurchase Program. There is no scheduled expiration date to this program.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.        MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5.        OTHER INFORMATION

None.

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ITEM 6.        EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.		Description
3(i).1	—	Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Articles of Incorporation of the Company, dated as of June 4, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
3(i).2	—	Articles of Amendment, dated as of October 2, 1998. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).2 to Form 10-K of the Company filed March 1, 2007.)
3(i).3	—	Articles of Amendment, dated as of May 22, 2013. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(i).3 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 22, 2013.)
3(ii).1	—	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as adopted by the Board of Directors on November 12, 2015. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(ii).1 to Form 10-K of the Company filed February 26, 2016.)
3(ii).2	—	Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, as adopted by the Board of Directors on February 16, 2017. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K of the Company filed February 21, 2017.)
3(ii).3	—	Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, dated November 9, 2017. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Form 8-K of the Company filed November 13, 2017.)
4.1	—	Indenture for Senior Debt Securities, dated as of January 16, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.2	—	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of January 20, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.3	—	Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 7, 1998, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.4	—	Amended and Restated Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of July 10, 2000, between the Company and State Street Bank and Trust Company, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.5	—	Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 18, 2006, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-139839), filed January 8, 2007.)
4.6	—	Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 21, 2014, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K of the Company filed November 21, 2014.)
4.7	—	Indenture for Debt Securities, dated as of February 23, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registration Statement on Form S-3 of the Company (File No. 333-223183), filed February 23, 2018.)
4.8	—	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to Form 10-Q of the Company filed May 4, 2018,)
4.9	—	Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 29, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Form 8-K of the Company filed May 29, 2018.)
4.10	—	Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan of the Company. (Incorporated by reference to the prospectus contained in the Registration Statement on Form S-3DPOS of the Company (File No. 333-87063), filed February 23, 2018.)

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12.1	—	Statements re: Computation of Ratios. (Filed herewith.)
31.1	—	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer). (Filed herewith.)
31.2	—	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Financial Officer). (Filed herewith.)
32	—	Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer). (Furnished herewith.)
101	—	XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from AvalonBay Communities, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2018, formatted in XBRL: (i) condensed consolidated balance sheets, (ii) condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income, (iii) condensed consolidated statements of cash flows and (iv) notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.
Date:	August 3, 2018	/s/ Timothy J. Naughton
		Timothy J. Naughton
		Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date:	August 3, 2018	/s/ Kevin P. O'Shea
		Kevin P. O'Shea
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

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EX-12.1

Exhibit 12.1

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.

RATIOS OF EARNINGS TO COMBINED FIXED CHARGES AND PREFERRED STOCK DIVIDENDS

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018		Year Ended December 31,  2017		Year Ended December 31,  2016		Year Ended December 31,  2015		Year Ended December 31,  2014 (1)
Income from continuing operations before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	$	396,191	$	876,801	$	1,034,013	$	743,216	$	668,516
(Plus):
Equity in income of unconsolidated entities, net of distributions received	3,286		29,226		60,103		84,764		71,781
Amortization of capitalized interest (2)	15,425		29,927		27,779		25,150		22,489
Earnings before fixed charges	$	414,902	$	935,954	$	1,121,895	$	853,130	$	762,786
(Plus) Fixed charges:
Portion of rents representative of the interest factor	$	3,880	$	8,338	$	8,483	$	7,790	$	7,504
Interest expense	111,698		199,661		187,510		175,615		180,618
Interest capitalized	27,731		64,420		78,872		79,834		69,961
Preferred dividend	—		—		—		—		—
Total fixed charges (3)	$	143,309	$	272,419	$	274,865	$	263,239	$	258,083
(Less):
Interest capitalized	27,731		64,420		78,872		79,834		69,961
Preferred dividend	—		—		—		—		—
Noncontrolling interest in income of a subsidiary that has not incurred fixed charges	—		—		—		—		14,132
Earnings (4)	$	530,480	$	1,143,953	$	1,317,888	$	1,036,535	$	936,776
Ratio (4 divided by 3)	3.70		4.20		4.79		3.94		3.63

AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES, INC.

RATIOS OF EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES

	Six Months Ended June 30, 2018		Year Ended December 31,  2017		Year Ended December 31,  2016		Year Ended December 31,  2015		Year Ended December 31,  2014 (1)
Income from continuing operations before cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	$	396,191	$	876,801	$	1,034,013	$	743,216	$	668,516
(Plus):
Equity in income of unconsolidated entities, net of distributions received	3,286		29,226		60,103		84,764		71,781
Amortization of capitalized interest (2)	15,425		29,927		27,779		25,150		22,489
Earnings before fixed charges	$	414,902	$	935,954	$	1,121,895	$	853,130	$	762,786
(Plus) Fixed charges:
Portion of rents representative of the interest factor	$	3,880	$	8,338	$	8,483	$	7,790	$	7,504
Interest expense	111,698		199,661		187,510		175,615		180,618
Interest capitalized	27,731		64,420		78,872		79,834		69,961
Total fixed charges (3)	$	143,309	$	272,419	$	274,865	$	263,239	$	258,083
(Less):
Interest capitalized	27,731		64,420		78,872		79,834		69,961
Noncontrolling interest in income of a subsidiary that has not incurred fixed charges	—		—		—		—		14,132
Earnings (4)	$	530,480	$	1,143,953	$	1,317,888	$	1,036,535	$	936,776
Ratio (4 divided by 3)	3.70		4.20		4.79		3.94		3.63

(1) The results of operations for 2014 have been adjusted to remove the Company's earnings classified as discontinued operations.

(2) Represents an estimate of capitalized interest costs based on the Company’s established depreciation policy and an analysis of interest costs capitalized since 1998 (the year in which AvalonBay was formed).

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Timothy J. Naughton, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of AvalonBay Communities, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

 Date: August 3, 2018

/s/ Timothy J. Naughton

Timothy J. Naughton

Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President

(Principal Executive Officer)

1

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Kevin P. O'Shea, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of AvalonBay Communities, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 3, 2018

/s/ Kevin P. O'Shea

Kevin P. O'Shea

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

1

EX-32

Exhibit 32

CERTIFICATION

The undersigned officers of AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the “Company”) hereby certify that the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q to which this certification is attached (the “Report”), as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof, fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: August 3, 2018

/s/ Timothy J. Naughton

Timothy J. Naughton

Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President

(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Kevin P. O'Shea

Kevin P. O'Shea

Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)

This certification is being furnished and not filed, and shall not be incorporated into any document for any purpose, under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or the Securities Act of 1933.

1

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jul. 31, 2018
Document and Entity Information
Entity Registrant Name	AVALONBAY COMMUNITIES INC
Entity Central Index Key	0000915912
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Document Type	10-Q
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2018
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2018
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		138,218,728

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Real estate:
Land and improvements	$ 4,188,479	$ 4,237,318
Buildings and improvements	15,686,169	15,708,666
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	648,858	615,288
Gross operating real estate	20,523,506	20,561,272
Less accumulated depreciation	(4,459,341)	(4,218,379)
Net operating real estate	16,064,165	16,342,893
Construction in progress, including land	1,525,123	1,306,300
Land held for development	130,802	68,364
Real estate assets held for sale, net	140,507	0
Total real estate, net	17,860,597	17,717,557
Cash and cash equivalents	101,565	67,088
Cash in escrow	248,332	134,818
Resident security deposits	34,474	32,686
Investments in unconsolidated real estate entities	165,421	163,475
Deferred development costs	41,617	45,819
Prepaid expenses and other assets	219,002	253,378
Total assets	18,671,008	18,414,821
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Unsecured notes, net	6,152,243	5,852,764
Variable rate unsecured credit facility	0	0
Mortgage notes payable, net	1,419,035	1,476,706
Dividends payable	203,472	196,094
Payables for construction	92,798	85,377
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	285,658	308,189
Accrued interest payable	51,506	43,116
Resident security deposits	61,505	58,473
Liabilities related to real estate assets held for sale	596	0
Total liabilities	8,266,813	8,020,719
Commitments and contingencies
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	6,007	6,056
Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; $25 liquidation preference; 50,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; zero shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	0	0
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 280,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 138,218,259 and 138,094,154 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	1,382	1,381
Additional paid-in capital	10,240,447	10,235,475
Accumulated earnings less dividends	179,066	188,609
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(22,707)	(37,419)
Total equity	10,398,188	10,388,046
Total liabilities and equity	$ 18,671,008	$ 18,414,821

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, liquidation preference (in dollars per share)	$ 25	$ 25
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	50,000,000	50,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	280,000,000	280,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	138,218,259	138,094,154
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	138,218,259	138,094,154

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Revenue:
Rental and other income	$ 568,285	$ 529,414	$ 1,128,191	$ 1,050,539
Total revenue	569,239	530,512	1,130,032	1,052,837
Expenses:
Operating expenses, excluding property taxes	131,759	126,687	263,784	249,730
Property taxes	59,994	53,566	119,891	106,497
Interest expense, net	56,585	50,102	111,698	99,397
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	642	24,162	1,039	24,162
Depreciation expense	156,685	141,439	315,743	282,060
General and administrative expense	14,444	13,947	28,108	27,153
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	889	570	1,689	1,298
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	0	0	58	(11,688)
Total expenses	420,998	410,473	841,894	801,985
Income before equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, gain on sale of communities and other real estate, and income taxes	148,241	120,039	288,138	250,852
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	789	1,146	2,529	17,819
Gain on sale of communities	105,201	44,067	105,201	132,016
Gain on other real estate transactions, net	370	0	323	366
Income before income taxes	254,601	165,252	396,191	401,053
Income tax expense	58	58	58	78
Net income	254,543	165,194	396,133	400,975
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	119	31	172	125
Net income attributable to common stockholders	254,662	165,225	396,305	401,100
Other comprehensive income:
(Loss) gain on cash flow hedges	0	(16,158)	11,499	(16,013)
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	1,455	1,781	3,213	3,534
Comprehensive income	$ 256,117	$ 150,848	$ 411,017	$ 388,621
Earnings per common share - basic:
Net income attributable to common stockholders (in dollars per share)	$ 1.84	$ 1.20	$ 2.87	$ 2.91
Earnings per common share - diluted:
Net income attributable to common stockholders (in dollars per share)	1.84	1.20	2.87	2.91
Dividends per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.47	$ 1.42	$ 2.94	$ 2.84
Management, development and other fees
Revenue:
Management, development and other fees	$ 954	$ 1,098	$ 1,841	$ 2,298

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 396,133	$ 400,975
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation expense	315,743	282,060
Amortization of deferred financing costs	4,042	3,873
Amortization of debt discount (premium)	849	(6,454)
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	1,039	24,162
Amortization of stock-based compensation	10,127	9,658
Equity in loss (income) of, and return on, unconsolidated real estate entities and noncontrolling interests, net of eliminations	3,143	(4,473)
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	(58)	11,688
Abandonment of development pursuits	725	388
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	3,213	3,534
Gain on sale of real estate assets	(105,524)	(141,079)
Increase in resident security deposits, prepaid expenses and other assets	(3,875)	(13,174)
(Decrease) increase in accrued expenses, other liabilities and accrued interest payable	(260)	4,498
Net cash provided by operating activities	625,297	575,656
Cash flows from investing activities:
Development/redevelopment of real estate assets including land acquisitions and deferred development costs	(604,540)	(495,868)
Capital expenditures - existing real estate assets	(37,081)	(22,415)
Capital expenditures - non-real estate assets	(1,896)	(6,334)
Proceeds from sale of real estate, net of selling costs	299,226	270,481
Insurance proceeds for property damage claims	58	6,192
Mortgage note receivable lending	(2,291)	(11,069)
Mortgage note receivable payment	27,511	0
Increase (decrease) in payables for construction	7,421	(6,463)
Distributions from unconsolidated real estate entities	2,013	21,852
Investments in unconsolidated real estate entities	(7,102)	(10,100)
Net cash used in investing activities	(316,681)	(253,724)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Issuance of common stock, net	833	110,033
Dividends paid	(399,070)	(380,723)
Proceeds from Unsecured Lines of Credit	0	105,000
Proceeds from Notes Payable	0	185,100
Repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties	(59,314)	(1,287,048)
Issuance of unsecured notes	299,442	948,616
Payment of deferred financing costs	(3,345)	(11,466)
Payment of capital lease obligation	(535)	(18,422)
Receipts for termination of forward interest rate swaps	12,598	391
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation	(10,524)	(10,441)
Distributions to DownREIT partnership unitholders	(22)	(21)
Contributions from joint venture and profit-sharing partners	0	1,038
Distributions to joint venture and profit-sharing partners	(208)	(213)
Preferred interest obligation redemption and dividends	(480)	(600)
Net cash used in financing activities	(160,625)	(358,756)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	147,991	(36,824)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	201,906	329,977
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	349,897	293,153
Cash paid during the period for interest, net of amount capitalized	95,204	102,624
Supplemental Cash Flow Information [Abstract]
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	$ 201,906	$ 329,977

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities
Common stock issued through the dividend reinvestment plan (in shares)			1,135	1,828
Common stock issued through the dividend reinvestment plan			$ 190	$ 331
Number of shares withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities (in shares)			67,854	59,019
Shares withheld to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities, value			$ 10,524	$ 10,496
Stock issued during period, shares, share-based compensation, forfeited (in shares)			4,434
Stock issued during period, value, share-based compensation, forfeited			$ 648	381
Dividends declared but not paid	$ 203,472	$ 196,079	203,472	196,079	$ 196,094
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest			(354)
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	(1,455)	(1,781)	(3,213)	(3,534)
Increase (decrease) in prepaid expense and other assets				674
Increase in accrued expenses, other liabilities and accrued interest payable				1,612
Net operating real estate	$ 16,064,165		$ 16,064,165		$ 16,342,893
Avalon Maplewood
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities
Net operating real estate		$ 16,361		$ 16,361
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Converted From Performance Shares
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities
Equity instruments granted (in shares)			186,382	201,314
Restricted Stock Converted From Performance Shares
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities
Equity instruments granted (in shares)			88,297	128,482
Restricted stock
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities
Equity instruments granted (in shares)			98,085	72,832
Fair value of shares issued			$ 15,837	$ 13,079
Stock issued during period, shares, share-based compensation, forfeited (in shares)			4,434	2,211
Accumulated earnings less dividends
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest			$ (354)	$ 397

XML

Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Basis of Presentation

AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries), is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the "Code"). The Company focuses on the development, redevelopment, acquisition, ownership and operation of multifamily communities primarily in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California.

At June 30, 2018, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 268 operating apartment communities containing 77,995 apartment homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 16 communities containing 6,536 apartment homes were under redevelopment. In addition, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 19 communities under development that are expected to contain an aggregate of 6,048 apartment homes when completed. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 25 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 8,511 apartment homes.

The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading.  In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included.

Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common shareholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per share ("EPS"). Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per share on a diluted basis. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Basic and diluted shares outstanding
Weighted average common shares - basic	137,840,045			137,580,677			137,802,461			137,326,204
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding	7,500			7,500			7,500			7,500
Effect of dilutive securities	367,465			584,974			374,334			519,921
Weighted average common shares - diluted	138,215,010			138,173,151			138,184,295			137,853,625
Calculation of Earnings per Share - basic
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662		$	165,225		$	396,305		$	401,100
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares	(727		)	(468		)	(1,167		)	(1,122		)
Net income attributable to common stockholders, adjusted	$	253,935		$	164,757		$	395,138		$	399,978
Weighted average common shares - basic	137,840,045			137,580,677			137,802,461			137,326,204
Earnings per common share - basic	$	1.84		$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91
Calculation of Earnings per Share - diluted
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662		$	165,225		$	396,305		$	401,100
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships	11			10			22			21
Adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,673		$	165,235		$	396,327		$	401,121
Weighted average common shares - diluted	138,215,010			138,173,151			138,184,295			137,853,625
Earnings per common share - diluted	$	1.84		$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91

All options to purchase shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, "Hedging Derivatives") for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivative transactions for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, both at inception and on an on-going basis. Hedge ineffectiveness is reported as a component of interest expense, net. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair value of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The Company does not present or disclose the fair value of Hedging Derivatives on a net basis. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net.  For the Hedging Derivative positions that the Company has determined qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company has recorded the cumulative changes in the fair value of Hedging Derivatives in other comprehensive loss.  Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that the Company has determined qualified as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding debt being hedged. See Note 10, "Fair Value," for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.

Legal and Other Contingencies

Edgewater Casualty Loss

In January 2015, a fire occurred at the Company's Avalon at Edgewater apartment community located in Edgewater, New Jersey ("Edgewater"). Edgewater consisted of two residential buildings. One building, containing 240 apartment homes, was destroyed and is currently being reconstructed. The second building, containing 168 apartment homes, suffered minimal damage and has been repaired.

In conjunction with legal matters associated with the Edgewater casualty loss, the Company has established protocols for processing claims from third parties who suffered losses as a result of the fire, and many third parties have contacted the Company's insurance carrier and settled their claims. See Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of the lawsuits associated with the Edgewater casualty loss.

Three class action lawsuits have been filed against the Company on behalf of occupants of the destroyed building and consolidated in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Company has agreed with class counsel to the terms of a settlement which provides a claims process (with agreed upon protocols for instructing the adjuster as to how to evaluate claims) and, if needed, an arbitration process to determine damage amounts to be paid to individual claimants covered by the class settlement. In July 2017 the District Court granted final approval of the settlement and all claims have been submitted to the independent claims adjuster. A total of 66 units (consisting of residents who did not previously settle their claims and who did not opt out of the class settlement) are included in the class action settlement and bound by its terms. However, only 44 units submitted claims. The independent claims adjuster is currently reviewing the claims submitted; the submitted claims total approximately $6,900,000 but, based on the Company's review of the initial determinations made by the adjuster on a number of claims, the Company believes that the total amount actually awarded will be significantly less. To date, the claims adjuster has completed his evaluation of 25 of these claims and it is expected that the evaluation of the remaining claims should be completed within the next two months. A fourth class action, being heard in the same federal court, was filed against the Company on behalf of residents of the second Edgewater building that suffered minimal damage. In addition to the class action lawsuits described above, 18 of the 19 lawsuits representing approximately 143 individual plaintiffs filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey Bergen County - Law Division were previously scheduled for trial on January 2, 2018. In advance of this date, the Company was able to resolve all of these claims in principle which included approximately 50 units. The Company previously resolved litigated claims with another 10 units. There is currently one remaining lawsuit which was recently filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Bergen County - Law Division on behalf of one apartment unit. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses to the extent of damages claimed in that suit. There are also seven subrogation lawsuits that have been filed against the Company by insurers of Edgewater residents who obtained renters insurance; it is the Company's position that in the majority of the applicable leases the residents waived subrogation rights. One of these lawsuits has been dismissed on that basis, two have been amicably resolved in principle and the other four have been consolidated and are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The District Court denied the Company's motions seeking dismissal on this basis. The Company will reassess the viability of this defense after conducting additional discovery.

Having settled many third party claims through the insurance claims process, the Company currently believes that any potential remaining liability to third parties (including any potential liability to third parties determined in accordance with the class settlement described above) will not be material to the Company and will in any event be substantially covered by the Company's insurance policies. However, the Company can give no assurances in this regard and continues to evaluate this matter. See Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of the casualty gains and losses and lawsuits associated with the Edgewater casualty loss.

Other Matters

The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings unrelated to the Edgewater casualty loss that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate

The Company accounts for acquisitions of investments in real estate in accordance with the authoritative guidance for the initial measurement, which first requires that the Company determine if the real estate investment is the acquisition of an asset or a business combination. Under either model, the Company must identify and determine the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes various sources, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed. For a business combination, the Company records the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair value of each respective item. For an asset acquisition, the allocation of the purchase price is based on the relative fair value of the net assets. The Company expenses all applicable acquisition costs for a business combination and capitalizes all applicable acquisition costs for an asset acquisition. The Company expects that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be viewed as asset acquisitions.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' notes to financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity and segment classification.

Revenue and Gain Recognition

As of January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the modified retrospective approach, which applies the new standard to contracts that are not completed as of the date of adoption. Under the new standard, revenue is recognized in accordance with the transfer of goods and services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled for those goods and services. The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from residential and retail rental income and other lease income, which are scoped out from this standard and included in the current lease accounting framework, and will be accounted for under ASU 2016-02, Leases, discussed under Recently Issued Accounting Standards below. Revenue streams that are scoped into ASU 2014-09 include:

• Management fees - The Company has investment interests in real estate joint ventures, for which the Company may manage (i) the venture, (ii) the associated operating communities owned by the ventures and/or (iii) the development or redevelopment of those operating communities. For these activities, the Company receives asset management, property management, development and/or redevelopment fee revenue. The performance obligation is the management of the venture, community or other defined task such as the development or redevelopment of the community. While the individual activities that comprise the performance obligation of the management fees can vary day to day, the nature of the overall performance obligation to provide management service is the same and considered by the Company to be a series of services that have the same pattern of transfer to the customer and the same method to measure progress toward satisfaction of the performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenue for fees as earned on a monthly basis and has concluded this is appropriate under the new standard.

• Rental and non-rental related income - The Company recognizes revenue for new rental related income not included as components of a lease, such as reservation and application fees, as well as for non-rental related income, as earned, and has concluded this is appropriate under the new standard.

• Gains or losses on sales of real estate - The Company accounts for the sale of real estate assets and any related gain recognition in accordance with the accounting guidance applicable to sales of real estate, which establishes standards for recognition of profit on all real estate sales transactions, other than retail land sales. The Company recognizes the sale, and associated gain or loss from the disposition, provided that the earnings process is complete and the Company does not have significant continuing involvement. Subsequent to the adoption of the new standard, a gain or loss is recognized when the criteria for an asset to be derecognized are met, which include when (i) a contract exists and (ii) the buyer obtained control of the nonfinancial asset that was sold. As a result, the Company may recognize a gain on a real estate disposition transaction that previously did not qualify as a sale or for full profit recognition due to the timing of the transfer of control or certain forms of continuing involvement. In addition, subsequent to the adoption of the new standard, a gain or loss recognized on the sale of a nonfinancial asset to an unconsolidated entity will be recognized at 100%, and not the Company’s proportionate ownership percentage.

The Company concluded that the adoption of the new standard did not require an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.

The following table provides details of the Company’s revenue streams disaggregated by the Company’s reportable operating segments, further discussed in Note 7, “Segment Reporting,” for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Segment information for total revenue has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of June 30, 2018, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities," (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended
	Established Communities		Other Stabilized Communities		Development/ Redevelopment Communities		Non- allocated (1)		Total
For the period ended June 30, 2018
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	954	$	954
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	2,730		1,437		521		—		4,688
Total non-lease revenue (3)	2,730		1,437		521		954		5,642
Lease income (4)	417,827		67,531		71,461		—		556,819
Total revenue	$	420,557	$	68,968	$	71,982	$	954	$	562,461
For the period ended June 30, 2017
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,098	$	1,098
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	2,804		1,440		330		—		4,574
Total non-lease revenue (3)	2,804		1,440		330		1,098		5,672
Lease income (4)	407,284		47,858		54,560		—		509,702
Total revenue	$	410,088	$	49,298	$	54,890	$	1,098	$	515,374

	For the six months ended
	Established Communities		Other Stabilized Communities		Development/ Redevelopment Communities		Non- allocated (1)		Total
For the period ended June 30, 2018
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,841	$	1,841
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	5,120		3,233		926		—		9,279
Total non-lease revenue (3)	5,120		3,233		926		1,841		11,120
Lease income (4)	831,210		133,470		138,991		—		1,103,671
Total revenue	$	836,330	$	136,703	$	139,917	$	1,841	$	1,114,791
For the period ended June 30, 2017
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,298	$	2,298
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	5,124		3,088		646		—		8,858
Total non-lease revenue (3)	5,124		3,088		646		2,298		11,156
Lease income (4)	810,973		89,871		107,639		—		1,008,483
Total revenue	$	816,097	$	92,959	$	108,285	$	2,298	$	1,019,639

__________________________________

(1) Revenue represents third-party management, asset management and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(2) Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, including but not limited to, apartment hold fees and application fees, as well as revenue streams not related to leasing activities, including but not limited to, vendor revenue sharing, building advertising, vending and dry cleaning revenue.

(3) Represents all revenue accounted for under ASC 2014-09.

(4) Amounts include all revenue streams derived from residential and retail rental income and other lease income, which are scoped out from ASC 2014-09 and accounted for under the lease accounting framework.

Due to the nature and timing of the Company’s identified revenue streams, there are no material amounts of outstanding or unsatisfied performance obligations as of June 30, 2018.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This ASU expands hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. This update also simplifies the application of hedge accounting guidance and eases the administrative burden of hedge documentation requirements and assessing hedge effectiveness. The Company adopted the guidance as of January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. This ASU (i) clarifies the scope of the nonfinancial asset guidance and the derecognition of certain businesses and nonprofit activities, (ii) eliminates the exception in the financial asset guidance for transfers of investments (including equity method investments) in real estate entities and supersedes the guidance in the Exchanges of a Nonfinancial Asset for a Noncontrolling Ownership Interest and (iii) provides guidance on the accounting of partial sales of nonfinancial assets and contributions of nonfinancial assets to a joint venture or other noncontrolled investee. The new standard allows for either a retrospective or modified retrospective approach. The Company adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, applying the provisions to open contracts as of the date of adoption. See "Revenue and Gain Recognition" above for additional discussion of the impact of adopting the guidance.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, amending the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. The guidance will be effective in the first quarter of 2019 and allows for early adoption. The new standard requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. ASU 2016-02 provides for transition relief, which includes not electing to (i) reassess whether any expired or existing contract is a lease or contains a lease, (ii) reassess the lease classification of any expired or existing leases and (iii) expense any capitalized initial direct costs for any existing leases. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU 2018-01 which provides further transition relief by including an option to not evaluate land easements that exist or have expired prior to the date of adoption under ASC 842. The Company anticipates adoption of the standard to have a material impact on its financial position resulting from the recognition of the right to use asset and corresponding lease obligation for its long-term ground leases, currently accounted for as operating leases. The Company will continue to assess the impact of the new standard.

Change in Accounting Principle

As of October 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. The guidance requires statements of cash flows to explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents, and was adopted retrospectively. The prior period amounts that have been impacted by the new guidance and retrospectively adjusted include (i) an increase in cash in operating escrows (cash provided by operating activities), (ii) an increase in cash in deposit escrows (cash used in investing activities) and (iii) repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties (cash used in financing activities), located on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following tables present the impact of the change in accounting principle to the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	6/30/2017 (as previously reported)			Impact of ASU 2016-18			6/30/2017 (as adjusted and currently reported)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	562,360		$	13,296		$	575,656
Net cash used in investing activities	(366,614		)	112,890			(253,724		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(357,263		)	(1,493		)	(358,756		)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents	(161,517		)	161,517			—
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	—			(36,824		)	(36,824		)
Cash, cash equivalents, beginning of period	214,994			(214,994		)	—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	—			329,977			329,977
Cash, cash equivalents, end of period	$	53,477		—			—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period				$	239,676		$	293,153

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Interest Capitalized

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Interest Capitalized

Interest Capitalized

Interest Capitalized

The Company capitalizes interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets. Capitalized interest associated with the Company's development or redevelopment activities totaled $14,567,000 and $17,279,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $27,731,000 and $35,100,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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Mortgage Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility

Mortgage Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility

The Company's mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, variable rate unsecured term loans ("Term Loans") and Credit Facility, as defined below, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized below.  The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, as shown in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands) (see Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities").

	6/30/2018		12/31/2017
Fixed rate unsecured notes (1)	$	5,650,000	$	5,350,000
Variable rate unsecured notes (1)	300,000		300,000
Term Loans (1)	250,000		250,000
Fixed rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2)	535,869		593,987
Variable rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2)	909,568		910,326
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Term Loans	7,645,437		7,404,313
Credit Facility	—		—
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, Term Loans and Credit Facility	$	7,645,437	$	7,404,313

_____________________________________

(1) Balances at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 exclude $10,666 and $10,850, respectively, of debt discount, and $37,091 and $36,386, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in unsecured notes, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Balances at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 exclude $16,271 and $16,351, respectively, of debt discount, and $10,131 and $11,256, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in mortgage notes payable on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following debt activity occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2018:

• In February 2018, the Company repaid $15,174,000 principal amount of 6.60% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Oaks West in advance of its scheduled maturity date, incurring a charge of $426,000, consisting of a prepayment penalty of $152,000 and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of $274,000.

• In February 2018, the Company repaid $11,038,000 principal amount of 4.61% fixed rate debt secured by AVA Pasadena at par in advance of its scheduled maturity date.

• In March 2018, the Company issued $300,000,000 principal amount of unsecured notes in a public offering under its existing shelf registration statement for net proceeds of approximately $296,210,000. The notes mature in April 2048 and were issued at a 4.35% interest rate. The effective interest rate of the notes for the first 10 years is 3.97%, including the impact of an interest rate hedge and offering costs, and for the remainder of the term the effective interest rate will be 4.39%.

• In April 2018, the Company repaid $13,380,000 principal amount of 3.06% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Andover at par at its scheduled maturity date.

• In June 2018, the Company repaid $15,295,000 principal amount of 6.90% fixed rate debt secured by Avalon Orchards in advance of its scheduled maturity date, incurring a charge of $635,000, consisting of a prepayment penalty of $282,000 and the non-cash write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs of $353,000.

At June 30, 2018, the Company has a $1,500,000,000 revolving variable rate unsecured credit facility with a syndicate of banks (the "Credit Facility") which matures in April 2020. The Company may extend the maturity for up to nine months, provided the Company is not in default and upon payment of a $1,500,000 extension fee. The Credit Facility bears interest at varying levels based on the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), rating levels achieved on the Company's unsecured notes and on a maturity schedule selected by the Company. The current stated pricing is LIBOR plus 0.825% per annum (2.92% at June 30, 2018), assuming a one month borrowing rate. The annual facility fee is 0.125% (or approximately $1,875,000 annually based on the $1,500,000,000 facility size and based on the Company's current credit rating).

The Company had no borrowings outstanding under the Credit Facility and had $42,652,000 and $47,315,000 outstanding in letters of credit that reduced the borrowing capacity as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

In the aggregate, secured notes payable mature at various dates from August 2018 through July 2066, and are secured by certain apartment communities (with a net carrying value of $2,210,958,000, excluding communities classified as held for sale, as of June 30, 2018).

As of June 30, 2018, the Company has guaranteed a wholly-owned subsidiary's $100,000,000 secured note payable that is consolidated for financial reporting purposes. The weighted average interest rate of the Company's fixed rate secured notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) was 3.8% and 4.0% at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The weighted average interest rate of the Company's variable rate secured notes payable (conventional and tax-exempt) including the effect of certain financing related fees, was both 3.2% at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Scheduled payments and maturities of secured notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding at June 30, 2018 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year	Secured notes payments		Secured notes maturities		Unsecured notes maturities		Stated interest rate of unsecured notes
2018	3,568		51,449		—		N/A
2019	3,824		114,722		—		N/A
2020	2,682		140,430		250,000		6.100	%
					400,000		3.625	%
2021	2,549		27,843		250,000		3.950	%
					300,000		LIBOR + 0.43%
2022	2,723		—		450,000		2.950	%
					100,000		LIBOR + .90%
2023	2,899		—		350,000		4.200	%
					250,000		2.850	%
2024	3,077		—		300,000		3.500	%
					150,000		LIBOR + 1.50%
2025	3,268		84,835		525,000		3.450	%
					300,000		3.500	%
2026	3,485		—		475,000		2.950	%
					300,000		2.900	%
2027	2,973		185,100		400,000		3.350	%
Thereafter	127,593		682,417		350,000		3.900	%
					300,000		4.150	%
					450,000		3.200	%
					300,000		4.350	%
	$	158,641	$	1,286,796	$	6,200,000

The Company was in compliance at June 30, 2018 with customary financial and other covenants under the Credit Facility, the Term Loans and the Company's fixed rate unsecured notes.

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Equity

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Equity

Equity

The following summarizes the changes in equity for the six months ended June 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Common stock		Additional paid-in capital			Accumulated earnings less dividends			Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	1,381	$	10,235,475		$	188,609		$	(37,419	)	$	10,388,046
Net income attributable to common stockholders	—		—			396,305			—			396,305
Gain on cash flow hedges, net	—		—			—			11,499			11,499
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	—		—			—			3,213			3,213
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest	—		—			(354		)	—			(354		)
Dividends declared to common stockholders	—		—			(406,638		)	—			(406,638		)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings	1		(11,659		)	1,144			—			(10,514		)
Amortization of deferred compensation	—		16,631			—			—			16,631
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	1,382	$	10,240,447		$	179,066		$	(22,707	)	$	10,398,188

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company's charter had authorized for issuance a total of 280,000,000 shares of common stock and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company:

i. issued 2,263 shares of common stock in connection with stock options exercised;

ii. issued 1,135 common shares through the Company's dividend reinvestment plan;

iii. issued 186,382 common shares in connection with restricted stock grants and the conversion of performance awards to restricted shares;

iv. withheld 67,854 common shares to satisfy employees' tax withholding and other liabilities;

v. issued 6,613 common shares through the Employee Stock Purchase Plan; and

vi. canceled 4,434 common shares of restricted stock upon forfeiture.

Any deferred compensation related to the Company's stock option, restricted stock and performance award grants during the six months ended June 30, 2018 is not reflected on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2018, and will not be reflected until recognized as compensation cost.

In December 2015, the Company commenced a fourth continuous equity program ("CEP IV") under which the Company may sell (and/or enter into forward sale agreements for the sale of) up to $1,000,000,000 of its common stock from time to time. Actual sales will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company, including market conditions, the trading price of the Company's common stock and determinations by the Company of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company. In conjunction with CEP IV, the Company engaged sales agents who will receive compensation of up to 2.0% of the gross sales price for shares sold. The Company expects that, if entered into, it will physically settle each forward sale agreement on one or more dates specified by the Company on or prior to the maturity date of that particular forward sale agreement, in which case the Company will expect to receive aggregate net cash proceeds at settlement equal to the number of shares underlying the particular forward agreement multiplied by the relevant forward sale price. However, the Company may also elect to cash settle or net share settle a forward sale agreement. In connection with each forward sale agreement, the Company will pay the relevant forward seller, in the form of a reduced initial forward sale price, a commission of up to 2.0% of the sales prices of all borrowed shares of common stock sold. As of June 30, 2018, there are no outstanding forward sales agreements. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company had no sales under the program. As of June 30, 2018, the Company had $892,915,000 of shares remaining authorized for issuance under this program.

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Investments in Real Estate Entities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Investments in Real Estate Entities

Investments in Real Estate Entities

Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Entities

As of June 30, 2018, the Company had investments in five unconsolidated real estate entities with ownership interest percentages ranging from 20.0% to 31.3%, excluding development joint ventures and joint ventures formed with Equity Residential as part of the Archstone acquisition. The Company accounts for its investments in unconsolidated real estate entities under the equity method of accounting. The significant accounting policies of the Company's unconsolidated real estate entities are consistent with those of the Company in all material respects.

The Company has an equity interest of 31.3% in AvalonBay Value Added Fund II, L.P. ("Fund II"), and upon achievement of a threshold return, the Company has a right to incentive distributions for its promoted interest based on the current returns earned by Fund II, which currently represents 40.0% of further Fund II distributions, which is in addition to its proportionate share of the remaining 60.0% of distributions. During 2017, Fund II sold its final apartment communities. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized income of $925,000 for its promoted interest, which is reported as a component of equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The following is a combined summary of the financial position of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above as of the dates presented (dollars in thousands):

	6/30/2018		12/31/2017
	(unaudited)		(unaudited)
Assets:
Real estate, net	$	684,423	$	695,077
Other assets	35,006		39,976
Total assets	$	719,429	$	735,053
Liabilities and partners' capital:
Mortgage notes payable, net and credit facility	$	521,950	$	523,815
Other liabilities	11,857		10,540
Partners' capital	185,622		200,698
Total liabilities and partners' capital	$	719,429	$	735,053

The following is a combined summary of the operating results of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
Rental and other income	$	21,916		$	26,789		$	43,717		$	55,432
Operating and other expenses	(8,104		)	(9,914		)	(16,409		)	(21,009		)
Gain on sale of communities	—			—			—			29,447
Interest expense, net	(5,571		)	(6,600		)	(11,189		)	(13,548		)
Depreciation expense	(5,894		)	(6,795		)	(11,774		)	(14,122		)
Net income	$	2,347		$	3,480		$	4,345		$	36,200

In conjunction with the formation of North Point II JV, LP ("AVA North Point") and the acquisition of Archstone Multifamily Partners AC LP (the "U.S. Fund"), Multifamily Partners AC JV LP (the "AC JV") and Brandywine Apartments of Maryland, LLC ("Brandywine"), the Company incurred costs in excess of its equity in the underlying net assets of the respective investments. These costs represent $34,702,000 and $35,402,000 at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, of the Company's respective investment balances. These amounts are being amortized over the lives of the underlying assets as a component of equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Investments in Consolidated Real Estate Entities

In conjunction with the development of Avalon Brooklyn Bay, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement to construct a mixed-use building that contains rental apartments, for-sale residential condominium units and related common elements. The Company owns a 70.0% interest in the venture, which represents a 100% interest in the rental apartments, and the venture partner owns the remaining 30.0% interest, which represents a 100% interest in the for-sale residential condominium units. The Company is responsible for the development and construction of the structure, and provided a loan to the venture partner for the venture partner's share of costs. The development of Avalon Brooklyn Bay was completed during the six months ended June 30, 2018. The Company has a receivable from the venture partner in the form of a variable rate mortgage note, secured by the remaining for-sale residential condominium units, in the amount of $19,813,000 as of June 30, 2018, for outstanding principal and interest, net of repayments, and $44,831,000 as of December 31, 2017, for outstanding principal and interest. These amounts are reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognizes interest income on the accrual basis. Beginning in 2018, the mortgage note is being repaid by the venture partner with the proceeds the venture partner receives from the sales of the residential condominium units. The venture is considered a VIE, and the Company consolidates its interest in the rental apartments and common areas.

Expensed Acquisition, Development and Other Pursuit Costs and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company capitalizes pre-development costs incurred in pursuit of new development opportunities for which the Company currently believes future development is probable ("Development Rights"). Future development of these Development Rights is dependent upon various factors, including zoning and regulatory approval, rental market conditions, construction costs and the availability of capital. Initial pre-development costs incurred for pursuits for which future development is not yet considered probable are expensed as incurred. In addition, if the status of a Development Right changes, making future development by the Company no longer probable, any capitalized pre-development costs are expensed. The Company expensed costs related to the abandonment of Development Rights and costs for pursuits where development is not yet considered probable, as well as costs incurred in pursuing the acquisition or disposition of assets for which such acquisition and disposition activity did not occur, in the amounts of $889,000 and $570,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1,689,000 and $1,298,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These costs are included in expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Abandoned pursuit costs can vary greatly, and the costs incurred in any given period may be significantly different in future periods.

The Company evaluates its real estate and other long-lived assets for impairment when potential indicators of impairment exist. Such assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, unless the carrying amount of the asset is not recoverable. If events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of a property or long-lived asset may not be recoverable, the Company assesses its recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the property or long-lived asset to its estimated undiscounted future cash flows. If the carrying amount exceeds the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, the Company recognizes an impairment loss to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value of the property or long-lived asset. Based on periodic tests of recoverability of long-lived assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not recognize any impairment losses for wholly-owned operating real estate assets, and did not record any impairment losses other than those related to the impairment on land held for investment and casualty gains and losses from property damage, as discussed below.

The Company assesses its portfolio of land held for both development and investment for impairment if the intent of the Company changes with respect to either the development of, or the expected holding period for, the land. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $9,350,000 relating to a land parcel which the Company had acquired for development in 2004 and sold during 2017. This charge was determined as the excess of the Company's carrying basis over the expected sale price for the parcel, and is included in casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

The Company evaluates its unconsolidated investments for other than temporary impairment, considering both the extent and amount by which the carrying value of the investment exceeds the fair value, and the Company's intent and ability to hold the investment to recover its carrying value. The Company also evaluates its proportionate share of any impairment of assets held by unconsolidated investments. There were no other than temporary impairment losses recognized by any of the Company's investments in unconsolidated real estate entities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Casualty Gains and Losses

During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded a casualty loss of $19,481,000 composed of a charge of $16,361,000 to write-off the net book value of the fixed assets destroyed in the Maplewood casualty loss, and an accrual for demolition and additional incident expenses of $3,120,000. The casualty loss was partially offset by $17,143,000 of property damage insurance proceeds, of which $1,647,000 and $6,192,000 were received during the three and six months ended June 30, 2017. The net casualty loss of $2,338,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2017 is included in casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

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Real Estate Disposition Activities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Discontinued Operations and Disposal Groups [Abstract]

Real Estate Disposition Activities

Real Estate Disposition Activities

The following real estate sales occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2018:

• In May 2018, the Company sold Avalon Blue Hills and Avalon Canton at Blue Hills, located in Randolph, MA, and Canton, MA, respectively, containing an aggregate of 472 apartment homes for $131,250,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $57,666,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• In May 2018, the Company sold Eaves North Quincy, located in Quincy, MA, containing 224 apartment homes for $64,250,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $18,055,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

• In June 2018, the Company sold Avalon Anaheim Stadium, located in Anaheim, CA, containing 251 apartment homes for $111,600,000. The Company's gain on disposition was $29,490,000, reported in gain on sale of communities on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The sale of Avalon Anaheim Stadium is anticipated to be part of a tax deferred exchange under which the Company has restricted the cash proceeds in an escrow account, classified as cash in escrow on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

At June 30, 2018, the Company had one community that qualified as held for sale.

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Segment Reporting

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting

The Company's reportable operating segments include Established Communities, Other Stabilized Communities, and Development/Redevelopment Communities.  Annually as of January 1, the Company determines which of its communities fall into each of these categories and generally maintains that classification throughout the year for the purpose of reporting segment operations, unless disposition or redevelopment plans regarding a community change.

In addition, the Company owns land for future development and has other corporate assets that are not allocated to an operating segment.

The Company's segment disclosures present the measure(s) used by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of assessing each segment's performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker is comprised of several members of its executive management team who use net operating income ("NOI") as the primary financial measure for Established Communities and Other Stabilized Communities. NOI is defined by the Company as total property revenue less direct property operating expenses (including property taxes), and excluding corporate-level income (including management, development and other fees), corporate-level property management and other indirect operating expenses, investments and investment management expenses, expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, net, general and administrative expense, equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities, depreciation expense, corporate income tax expense, casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net, gain on sale of communities, gain on other real estate transactions, net and net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale. Although the Company considers NOI a useful measure of a community's or communities' operating performance, NOI should not be considered an alternative to net income or net cash flow from operating activities, as determined in accordance with GAAP. NOI excludes a number of income and expense categories as detailed in the reconciliation of NOI to net income.

A reconciliation of NOI to net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Net income	$	254,543		$	165,194		$	396,133		$	400,975
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income	18,913			16,423			36,996			32,720
Investments and investment management expense	1,529			1,455			3,172			2,776
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	889			570			1,689			1,298
Interest expense, net	56,585			50,102			111,698			99,397
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	642			24,162			1,039			24,162
General and administrative expense	14,444			13,947			28,108			27,153
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	(789		)	(1,146		)	(2,529		)	(17,819		)
Depreciation expense	156,685			141,439			315,743			282,060
Income tax expense	58			58			58			78
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	—			—			(58		)	11,688
Gain on sale of communities	(105,201		)	(44,067		)	(105,201		)	(132,016		)
Gain on other real estate transactions, net	(370		)	—			(323		)	(366		)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(4,442		)	(9,727		)	(9,900		)	(21,493		)
Net operating income	$	393,486		$	358,410		$	776,625		$	710,613

The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	$	6,778		$	15,138		$	15,241		$	33,198
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(2,336		)	(5,411		)	(5,341		)	(11,705		)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	$	4,442		$	9,727		$	9,900		$	21,493

The primary performance measure for communities under development or redevelopment depends on the stage of completion.  While under development, management monitors actual construction costs against budgeted costs as well as lease-up pace and rent levels compared to budget.

The following table provides details of the Company's segment information as of the dates specified (dollars in thousands). The segments are classified based on the individual community's status at January 1, 2018. Segment information for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of June 30, 2018, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities."

	For the three months ended				For the six months ended
	Total revenue		NOI		Total revenue		NOI		Gross real estate (1)
For the period ended June 30, 2018
Established
New England	$	58,571	$	38,354	$	116,480	$	75,997	$	1,977,465
Metro NY/NJ	105,246		72,913		209,342		144,835		3,726,001
Mid-Atlantic	60,192		41,759		119,351		82,826		2,236,706
Pacific Northwest	21,352		15,234		42,594		30,072		726,279
Northern California	91,487		70,342		181,913		139,400		2,978,830
Southern California	83,709		60,473		166,650		119,867		2,845,699
Total Established	420,557		299,075		836,330		592,997		14,490,980
Other Stabilized	68,968		47,264		136,703		92,650		2,833,892
Development / Redevelopment	71,982		47,147		139,917		90,978		4,625,227
Land Held for Development	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		130,802
Non-allocated (2)	954		N/A		1,841		N/A		98,530
Total	$	562,461	$	393,486	$	1,114,791	$	776,625	$	22,179,431
For the period ended June 30, 2017
Established
New England	$	57,137	$	36,762	$	113,483	$	73,733	$	1,962,635
Metro NY/NJ	103,694		72,027		206,077		143,323		3,612,725
Mid-Atlantic	59,104		40,331		117,819		81,314		2,225,022
Pacific Northwest	20,825		15,010		41,302		29,940		722,654
Northern California	89,133		68,608		177,517		136,437		2,961,569
Southern California	80,195		57,999		159,899		116,309		2,832,453
Total Established	410,088		290,737		816,097		581,056		14,317,058
Other Stabilized	49,298		32,019		92,959		59,438		2,400,217
Development / Redevelopment	54,890		35,654		108,285		70,119		3,634,897
Land Held for Development	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		86,016
Non-allocated (2)	1,098		N/A		2,298		N/A		94,277
Real estate disposed or held for sale (3)									556,331
Total	$	515,374	$	358,410	$	1,019,639	$	710,613	$	21,088,796

__________________________________

(1) Does not include gross real estate assets held for sale of $167,247 and $15,271 as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(2) Revenue represents third-party management, asset management and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(3) Represents real estate sold or held for sale during the period of June 30, 2017 to June 30, 2018, which is not allocated to a reportable segment.

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Stock-Based Compensation Plans

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

As part of its long term compensation plans, the Company has granted stock options, performance awards and restricted stock. Detail of the outstanding awards and activity is presented below.

Information with respect to stock options granted under the Company's 1994 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "1994 Plan") and its Second Amended and Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2009 Plan") for the six months ended June 30, 2018, is as follows:

	2009 Plan shares	Weighted average exercise price per share		1994 Plan shares		Weighted average exercise price per share
Options Outstanding, December 31, 2017	149,973	$	126.77	7,778		$	48.60
Exercised	—	—		(2,263	)	48.60
Granted (1)	6,995	161.10		—		—
Forfeited	—	—		—		—
Options Outstanding, June 30, 2018	156,968	$	128.30	5,515		$	48.60
Options Exercisable, June 30, 2018	149,973	$	126.77	5,515		$	48.60

__________________________________

(1) Options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2018, are a result of recipient elections to receive a portion of earned performance awards and time-vesting restricted stock in the form of stock options.

Information with respect to performance awards granted is as follows:

	Performance awards		Weighted average grant date fair value per award
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	251,770		$	155.25
Granted (1)	100,501		155.31
Change in awards based on performance (2)	5,990		148.79
Converted to restricted stock or options	(88,477	)	148.79
Forfeited	(2,309	)	158.52
Outstanding at June 30, 2018	267,475		$	157.24

__________________________________

(1) The amount of restricted stock that ultimately may be earned is based on the total shareholder return metrics related to the Company's common stock for 61,746 performance awards and financial metrics related to operating performance and leverage metrics of the Company for 38,755 performance awards.

(2) Represents the change in the number of performance awards earned based on actual performance achievement for the performance period.

The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the portion of the performance awards granted in 2018 for which achievement will be determined by using total shareholder return measures. The assumptions used are as follows:

	2018
Dividend yield	3.7%
Estimated volatility over the life of the plan (1)	11.8% - 18.7%
Risk free rate	1.86% - 2.46%
Estimated performance award value based on total shareholder return measure	$151.67

__________________________________

(1) Estimated volatility over the life of the plan is using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility.

For the portion of the performance awards granted in 2018 for which achievement will be determined by using financial metrics, the compensation cost was based on the grant date fair value of $161.10, and the Company's estimate of corporate achievement for the financial metrics.

Information with respect to restricted stock granted is as follows:

	Restricted stock shares		Restricted stock shares weighted average grant date fair value per share		Restricted stock shares converted from performance awards
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	133,633		$	172.33	233,928
Granted - restricted stock shares	98,085		161.46		88,297
Vested - restricted stock shares	(65,604	)	171.41		(112,230	)
Forfeited	(3,677	)	166.79		(757	)
Outstanding at June 30, 2018	162,437		$	166.26	209,238

Total employee stock-based compensation cost recognized in income was $9,843,000 and $8,950,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and total capitalized stock-based compensation cost was $5,490,000 and $4,979,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At June 30, 2018, there was a total unrecognized compensation cost of $41,742,000 for unvested restricted stock and performance awards and $28,000 for unvested stock options, which does not include forfeitures, and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.9 years and 0.2 years, respectively.

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Related Party Arrangements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Party Arrangements

Related Party Arrangements

Unconsolidated Entities

The Company manages unconsolidated real estate entities for which it receives asset management, property management, development and redevelopment fee revenue. From these entities, the Company earned fees of $954,000 and $1,098,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1,841,000 and $2,298,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In addition, the Company has outstanding receivables associated with its property and construction management role of $2,374,000 and $2,449,000 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Director Compensation

The Company recorded non-employee director compensation expense relating to restricted stock grants and deferred stock awards in the amount of $357,000 and $388,000 in the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $746,000 and $759,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as a component of general and administrative expense. Deferred compensation relating to these restricted stock grants and deferred stock awards to non-employee directors was $1,284,000 and $525,000 on June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, reported as a component of prepaid expenses and other assets on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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Fair Value

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value

Fair Value

Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company uses interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements to manage its interest rate risk. These instruments are carried at fair value in the Company's financial statements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of counterparty nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of its net position with a given counterparty, as well as any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees. The Company minimizes its credit risk on these transactions by dealing with major, creditworthy financial institutions which have an A or better credit rating by the Standard & Poor's Ratings Group. As part of its on-going control procedures, the Company monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and the exposure of the Company to any single entity, thus reducing credit risk concentration. The Company believes the likelihood of realizing losses from counterparty nonperformance is remote. Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, such as interest rate, term to maturity and volatility, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives use Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by itself and its counterparties. As of June 30, 2018, the Company assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined it is not significant.  As a result, the Company has determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table summarizes the consolidated derivative positions at June 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Non-designated Hedges			Cash Flow Hedges
Notional balance	$	687,005		$	34,600
Weighted average interest rate (1)	3.2		%	4.3		%
Weighted average swapped/capped interest rate	6.5		%	5.9		%
Earliest maturity date	Aug 2018			Apr 2019
Latest maturity date	Sep 2022			Apr 2019

____________________________________

(1) Represents the weighted average interest rate on the hedged debt.

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, in conjunction with the Company's March 2018 unsecured note issuance, the Company settled $300,000,000 of forward interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges of the interest rate variability on the forecasted issuance of the unsecured notes, receiving a payment of $12,598,000. The Company has deferred the effective portion of the fair value change of these swaps in accumulated other comprehensive loss on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, and will recognize the impact as a component of interest expense, net, over the next 10 years. As of June 30, 2018, the Company has no outstanding forward interest rate swap agreements.

Excluding derivatives executed to hedge secured debt on communities classified as held for sale, the Company had one derivative designated as a cash flow hedge and 14 derivatives not designated as hedges at June 30, 2018. Fair value changes for derivatives not in qualifying hedge relationships for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were not material. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company deferred $11,499,000 of gains for cash flow hedges reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

The following table summarizes the deferred losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of interest expense, net (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended				For the six months ended
	6/30/2018		6/30/2017		6/30/2018		6/30/2017
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	$	1,455	$	1,781	$	3,213	$	3,534

The Company anticipates reclassifying approximately $5,752,000 of net hedging losses from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings within the next 12 months to offset the variability of cash flows of the hedged item during this period. The Company did not have any derivatives designated as fair value hedges as of June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

The Company provided redemption options (the "Puts") that allow joint venture partners of the Company to require the Company to purchase their interests in the investment at a guaranteed minimum amount related to three ventures. The Puts are payable in cash. The Company determines the fair value of the Puts based on unobservable inputs considering the assumptions that market participants would make in pricing the obligations, applying a guaranteed rate of return to the joint venture partners' net capital contribution balances as of period end. Given the significance of the unobservable inputs, the valuations are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company issued units of limited partnership interest in DownREITs which provide the DownREIT limited partners the ability to present all or some of their units for redemption for cash as determined by the partnership agreement. Under the DownREIT agreements, for each limited partnership unit, the limited partner is entitled to receive cash in the amount equal to the fair value of the Company's common stock on or about the date of redemption.  In lieu of cash redemption, the Company may elect to exchange such units for an equal number of shares of the Company's common stock. The limited partnership units in the DownREITs are valued using the market price of the Company's common stock, a Level 1 price under the fair value hierarchy.

Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalent balances are held with various financial institutions within accounts designed to preserve principal. The Company monitors credit ratings of these financial institutions and the concentration of cash and cash equivalent balances with any one financial institution and believes the likelihood of realizing material losses related to cash and cash equivalent balances is remote.  Cash and cash equivalents are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values and are Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

Other Financial Instruments

Rents and other receivables and prepaid expenses, accounts and construction payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities are carried at their face amounts, which reasonably approximate their fair values.

The Company values its unsecured notes using quoted market prices, a Level 1 price within the fair value hierarchy. The Company values its notes payable and outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and Term Loans using a discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each instrument. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the instrument, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves. The process also considers credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect the Company's nonperformance risk. The Company has concluded that the value of its notes payable and amounts outstanding under its Credit Facility and Term Loans are Level 2 prices as the majority of the inputs used to value its positions fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Financial Instruments Measured/Disclosed at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables summarize the classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments measured/disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

	6/30/2018
Description	Total Fair Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1)			Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non-Designated Hedges
Interest Rate Caps	$	7		$	—		$	7		$	—
Puts	(3,245		)	—			—			(3,245		)
DownREIT units	(1,289		)	(1,289		)	—			—
Indebtedness
Unsecured notes	(5,507,899		)	(5,507,899		)	—			—
Secured notes payable and variable rate unsecured indebtedness	(1,759,546		)	—			(1,759,546		)	—
Total	$	(7,271,972	)	$	(5,509,188	)	$	(1,759,539	)	$	(3,245	)

	12/31/2017
Description	Total Fair Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1)			Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non-Designated Hedges
Interest Rate Caps	$	2		$	—		$	2		$	—
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest Rate Swaps - Assets	2,270			—			2,270			—
Interest Rate Swaps - Liabilities	(1,171		)	—			(1,171		)	—
Puts	(3,245		)	—			—			(3,245		)
DownREIT units	(1,338		)	(1,338		)	—			—
Indebtedness
Unsecured notes	(5,446,604		)	(5,446,604		)	—			—
Secured notes payable and variable rate unsecured indebtedness	(1,849,851		)	—			(1,849,851		)	—
Total	$	(7,299,937	)	$	(5,447,942	)	$	(1,848,750	)	$	(3,245	)

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Subsequent Events

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date on which this Form 10-Q was filed, the date on which these financial statements were issued, and identified the items below for discussion.

In August 2018, the Company repaid $51,449,000 of variable rate debt secured by Avalon Calabasas at par at its maturity date.

As of August 3, 2018, the Company has $136,000,000 outstanding under the Credit Facility.

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Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization and Basis of Presentation

Organization and Basis of Presentation

AvalonBay Communities, Inc. (the "Company," which term, unless the context otherwise requires, refers to AvalonBay Communities, Inc. together with its subsidiaries), is a Maryland corporation that has elected to be treated as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") for federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the "Code"). The Company focuses on the development, redevelopment, acquisition, ownership and operation of multifamily communities primarily in New England, the New York/New Jersey metro area, the Mid-Atlantic, the Pacific Northwest, and Northern and Southern California.

At June 30, 2018, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 268 operating apartment communities containing 77,995 apartment homes in 12 states and the District of Columbia, of which 16 communities containing 6,536 apartment homes were under redevelopment. In addition, the Company owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in 19 communities under development that are expected to contain an aggregate of 6,048 apartment homes when completed. The Company also owned or held a direct or indirect ownership interest in land or rights to land on which the Company expects to develop an additional 25 communities that, if developed as expected, will contain an estimated 8,511 apartment homes.

The interim unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and in conjunction with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements required by GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full year. Management believes the disclosures are adequate to ensure the information presented is not misleading.  In the opinion of management, all adjustments and eliminations, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements for the interim periods, have been included.

Capitalized terms used without definition have meanings provided elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

Earnings per Common Share

Earnings per Common Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested restricted share awards contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends and participate in undistributed earnings with common shareholders and, accordingly, are considered participating securities that are included in the two-class method of computing basic earnings per share ("EPS"). Both the unvested restricted shares and other potentially dilutive common shares, and the related impact to earnings, are considered when calculating earnings per share on a diluted basis. The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Basic and diluted shares outstanding
Weighted average common shares - basic	137,840,045			137,580,677			137,802,461			137,326,204
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding	7,500			7,500			7,500			7,500
Effect of dilutive securities	367,465			584,974			374,334			519,921
Weighted average common shares - diluted	138,215,010			138,173,151			138,184,295			137,853,625
Calculation of Earnings per Share - basic
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662		$	165,225		$	396,305		$	401,100
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares	(727		)	(468		)	(1,167		)	(1,122		)
Net income attributable to common stockholders, adjusted	$	253,935		$	164,757		$	395,138		$	399,978
Weighted average common shares - basic	137,840,045			137,580,677			137,802,461			137,326,204
Earnings per common share - basic	$	1.84		$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91
Calculation of Earnings per Share - diluted
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662		$	165,225		$	396,305		$	401,100
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships	11			10			22			21
Adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,673		$	165,235		$	396,327		$	401,121
Weighted average common shares - diluted	138,215,010			138,173,151			138,184,295			137,853,625
Earnings per common share - diluted	$	1.84		$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91

All options to purchase shares of common stock outstanding as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company enters into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, "Hedging Derivatives") for interest rate risk management purposes and in conjunction with certain variable rate secured debt to satisfy lender requirements. The Company does not enter into Hedging Derivative transactions for trading or other speculative purposes. The Company assesses the effectiveness of qualifying cash flow and fair value hedges, both at inception and on an on-going basis. Hedge ineffectiveness is reported as a component of interest expense, net. The fair values of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are recorded in prepaid expenses and other assets. The fair value of Hedging Derivatives that are in a liability position are included in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The Company does not present or disclose the fair value of Hedging Derivatives on a net basis. Fair value changes for derivatives that are not in qualifying hedge relationships are reported as a component of interest expense, net.  For the Hedging Derivative positions that the Company has determined qualify as effective cash flow hedges, the Company has recorded the cumulative changes in the fair value of Hedging Derivatives in other comprehensive loss.  Amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss will be reclassified into earnings in the periods in which earnings are affected by the hedged cash flow. The effective portion of the change in fair value of the Hedging Derivatives that the Company has determined qualified as effective fair value hedges is reported as an adjustment to the carrying amount of the corresponding debt being hedged.

Legal and Other Contingencies

Legal and Other Contingencies

Edgewater Casualty Loss

In January 2015, a fire occurred at the Company's Avalon at Edgewater apartment community located in Edgewater, New Jersey ("Edgewater"). Edgewater consisted of two residential buildings. One building, containing 240 apartment homes, was destroyed and is currently being reconstructed. The second building, containing 168 apartment homes, suffered minimal damage and has been repaired.

In conjunction with legal matters associated with the Edgewater casualty loss, the Company has established protocols for processing claims from third parties who suffered losses as a result of the fire, and many third parties have contacted the Company's insurance carrier and settled their claims. See Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of the lawsuits associated with the Edgewater casualty loss.

Three class action lawsuits have been filed against the Company on behalf of occupants of the destroyed building and consolidated in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The Company has agreed with class counsel to the terms of a settlement which provides a claims process (with agreed upon protocols for instructing the adjuster as to how to evaluate claims) and, if needed, an arbitration process to determine damage amounts to be paid to individual claimants covered by the class settlement. In July 2017 the District Court granted final approval of the settlement and all claims have been submitted to the independent claims adjuster. A total of 66 units (consisting of residents who did not previously settle their claims and who did not opt out of the class settlement) are included in the class action settlement and bound by its terms. However, only 44 units submitted claims. The independent claims adjuster is currently reviewing the claims submitted; the submitted claims total approximately $6,900,000 but, based on the Company's review of the initial determinations made by the adjuster on a number of claims, the Company believes that the total amount actually awarded will be significantly less. To date, the claims adjuster has completed his evaluation of 25 of these claims and it is expected that the evaluation of the remaining claims should be completed within the next two months. A fourth class action, being heard in the same federal court, was filed against the Company on behalf of residents of the second Edgewater building that suffered minimal damage. In addition to the class action lawsuits described above, 18 of the 19 lawsuits representing approximately 143 individual plaintiffs filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey Bergen County - Law Division were previously scheduled for trial on January 2, 2018. In advance of this date, the Company was able to resolve all of these claims in principle which included approximately 50 units. The Company previously resolved litigated claims with another 10 units. There is currently one remaining lawsuit which was recently filed in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Bergen County - Law Division on behalf of one apartment unit. The Company believes it has meritorious defenses to the extent of damages claimed in that suit. There are also seven subrogation lawsuits that have been filed against the Company by insurers of Edgewater residents who obtained renters insurance; it is the Company's position that in the majority of the applicable leases the residents waived subrogation rights. One of these lawsuits has been dismissed on that basis, two have been amicably resolved in principle and the other four have been consolidated and are currently pending in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. The District Court denied the Company's motions seeking dismissal on this basis. The Company will reassess the viability of this defense after conducting additional discovery.

Having settled many third party claims through the insurance claims process, the Company currently believes that any potential remaining liability to third parties (including any potential liability to third parties determined in accordance with the class settlement described above) will not be material to the Company and will in any event be substantially covered by the Company's insurance policies. However, the Company can give no assurances in this regard and continues to evaluate this matter. See Part II, Item 1, "Legal Proceedings," for further discussion of the casualty gains and losses and lawsuits associated with the Edgewater casualty loss.

Other Matters

The Company is involved in various other claims and/or administrative proceedings unrelated to the Edgewater casualty loss that arise in the ordinary course of its business. While no assurances can be given, the Company does not currently believe that any of these other outstanding litigation matters, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

Real Estate, Policy

Acquisitions of Investments in Real Estate

The Company accounts for acquisitions of investments in real estate in accordance with the authoritative guidance for the initial measurement, which first requires that the Company determine if the real estate investment is the acquisition of an asset or a business combination. Under either model, the Company must identify and determine the fair value of any assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree. Typical assets acquired and liabilities assumed include land, building, furniture, fixtures and equipment, debt and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above or below market leases and in-place leases. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, the Company utilizes various sources, including its own analysis of recently acquired and existing comparable properties in its portfolio and other market data. Consideration for acquisitions is typically in the form of cash unless otherwise disclosed. For a business combination, the Company records the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the fair value of each respective item. For an asset acquisition, the allocation of the purchase price is based on the relative fair value of the net assets. The Company expenses all applicable acquisition costs for a business combination and capitalizes all applicable acquisition costs for an asset acquisition. The Company expects that acquisitions of individual operating communities will generally be viewed as asset acquisitions.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to amounts in prior years' notes to financial statements to conform to current year presentations as a result of changes in held for sale classification, disposition activity and segment classification.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This ASU expands hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. This update also simplifies the application of hedge accounting guidance and eases the administrative burden of hedge documentation requirements and assessing hedge effectiveness. The Company adopted the guidance as of January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. This ASU (i) clarifies the scope of the nonfinancial asset guidance and the derecognition of certain businesses and nonprofit activities, (ii) eliminates the exception in the financial asset guidance for transfers of investments (including equity method investments) in real estate entities and supersedes the guidance in the Exchanges of a Nonfinancial Asset for a Noncontrolling Ownership Interest and (iii) provides guidance on the accounting of partial sales of nonfinancial assets and contributions of nonfinancial assets to a joint venture or other noncontrolled investee. The new standard allows for either a retrospective or modified retrospective approach. The Company adopted the new standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach, applying the provisions to open contracts as of the date of adoption. See "Revenue and Gain Recognition" above for additional discussion of the impact of adopting the guidance.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, amending the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. The guidance will be effective in the first quarter of 2019 and allows for early adoption. The new standard requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. ASU 2016-02 provides for transition relief, which includes not electing to (i) reassess whether any expired or existing contract is a lease or contains a lease, (ii) reassess the lease classification of any expired or existing leases and (iii) expense any capitalized initial direct costs for any existing leases. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU 2018-01 which provides further transition relief by including an option to not evaluate land easements that exist or have expired prior to the date of adoption under ASC 842. The Company anticipates adoption of the standard to have a material impact on its financial position resulting from the recognition of the right to use asset and corresponding lease obligation for its long-term ground leases, currently accounted for as operating leases. The Company will continue to assess the impact of the new standard.

Change in Accounting Principle

As of October 1, 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. The guidance requires statements of cash flows to explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents, and was adopted retrospectively. The prior period amounts that have been impacted by the new guidance and retrospectively adjusted include (i) an increase in cash in operating escrows (cash provided by operating activities), (ii) an increase in cash in deposit escrows (cash used in investing activities) and (iii) repayments of mortgage notes payable, including prepayment penalties (cash used in financing activities), located on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following tables present the impact of the change in accounting principle to the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	6/30/2017 (as previously reported)			Impact of ASU 2016-18			6/30/2017 (as adjusted and currently reported)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	562,360		$	13,296		$	575,656
Net cash used in investing activities	(366,614		)	112,890			(253,724		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(357,263		)	(1,493		)	(358,756		)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents	(161,517		)	161,517			—
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	—			(36,824		)	(36,824		)
Cash, cash equivalents, beginning of period	214,994			(214,994		)	—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	—			329,977			329,977
Cash, cash equivalents, end of period	$	53,477		—			—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period				$	239,676		$	293,153

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Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of earnings per common share

The Company's earnings per common share are determined as follows (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Basic and diluted shares outstanding
Weighted average common shares - basic	137,840,045			137,580,677			137,802,461			137,326,204
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding	7,500			7,500			7,500			7,500
Effect of dilutive securities	367,465			584,974			374,334			519,921
Weighted average common shares - diluted	138,215,010			138,173,151			138,184,295			137,853,625
Calculation of Earnings per Share - basic
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662		$	165,225		$	396,305		$	401,100
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares	(727		)	(468		)	(1,167		)	(1,122		)
Net income attributable to common stockholders, adjusted	$	253,935		$	164,757		$	395,138		$	399,978
Weighted average common shares - basic	137,840,045			137,580,677			137,802,461			137,326,204
Earnings per common share - basic	$	1.84		$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91
Calculation of Earnings per Share - diluted
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,662		$	165,225		$	396,305		$	401,100
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships	11			10			22			21
Adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders	$	254,673		$	165,235		$	396,327		$	401,121
Weighted average common shares - diluted	138,215,010			138,173,151			138,184,295			137,853,625
Earnings per common share - diluted	$	1.84		$	1.20		$	2.87		$	2.91

Disaggregation of revenue

The following table provides details of the Company’s revenue streams disaggregated by the Company’s reportable operating segments, further discussed in Note 7, “Segment Reporting,” for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Segment information for total revenue has been adjusted to exclude the real estate assets that were sold from January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018, or otherwise qualify as held for sale as of June 30, 2018, as described in Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities," (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended
	Established Communities		Other Stabilized Communities		Development/ Redevelopment Communities		Non- allocated (1)		Total
For the period ended June 30, 2018
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	954	$	954
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	2,730		1,437		521		—		4,688
Total non-lease revenue (3)	2,730		1,437		521		954		5,642
Lease income (4)	417,827		67,531		71,461		—		556,819
Total revenue	$	420,557	$	68,968	$	71,982	$	954	$	562,461
For the period ended June 30, 2017
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,098	$	1,098
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	2,804		1,440		330		—		4,574
Total non-lease revenue (3)	2,804		1,440		330		1,098		5,672
Lease income (4)	407,284		47,858		54,560		—		509,702
Total revenue	$	410,088	$	49,298	$	54,890	$	1,098	$	515,374

	For the six months ended
	Established Communities		Other Stabilized Communities		Development/ Redevelopment Communities		Non- allocated (1)		Total
For the period ended June 30, 2018
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,841	$	1,841
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	5,120		3,233		926		—		9,279
Total non-lease revenue (3)	5,120		3,233		926		1,841		11,120
Lease income (4)	831,210		133,470		138,991		—		1,103,671
Total revenue	$	836,330	$	136,703	$	139,917	$	1,841	$	1,114,791
For the period ended June 30, 2017
Management, development and other fees	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,298	$	2,298
Rental and non-rental related income (2)	5,124		3,088		646		—		8,858
Total non-lease revenue (3)	5,124		3,088		646		2,298		11,156
Lease income (4)	810,973		89,871		107,639		—		1,008,483
Total revenue	$	816,097	$	92,959	$	108,285	$	2,298	$	1,019,639

__________________________________

(1) Revenue represents third-party management, asset management and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

(2) Amounts include revenue streams related to leasing activities that are not considered components of a lease, including but not limited to, apartment hold fees and application fees, as well as revenue streams not related to leasing activities, including but not limited to, vendor revenue sharing, building advertising, vending and dry cleaning revenue.

(3) Represents all revenue accounted for under ASC 2014-09.

(4) Amounts include all revenue streams derived from residential and retail rental income and other lease income, which are scoped out from ASC 2014-09 and accounted for under the lease accounting framework.

Schedule of new accounting pronouncements and changes in accounting principles

The following tables present the impact of the change in accounting principle to the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

	6/30/2017 (as previously reported)			Impact of ASU 2016-18			6/30/2017 (as adjusted and currently reported)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	562,360		$	13,296		$	575,656
Net cash used in investing activities	(366,614		)	112,890			(253,724		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(357,263		)	(1,493		)	(358,756		)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents	(161,517		)	161,517			—
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	—			(36,824		)	(36,824		)
Cash, cash equivalents, beginning of period	214,994			(214,994		)	—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	—			329,977			329,977
Cash, cash equivalents, end of period	$	53,477		—			—
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period				$	239,676		$	293,153

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Mortgage Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of company's mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Credit Facility excluding mortgage notes secured by communities classified as held for sale

The following amounts and discussion do not include the mortgage notes related to the communities classified as held for sale, if any, as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, as shown in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (dollars in thousands) (see Note 6, "Real Estate Disposition Activities").

	6/30/2018		12/31/2017
Fixed rate unsecured notes (1)	$	5,650,000	$	5,350,000
Variable rate unsecured notes (1)	300,000		300,000
Term Loans (1)	250,000		250,000
Fixed rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2)	535,869		593,987
Variable rate mortgage notes payable - conventional and tax-exempt (2)	909,568		910,326
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Term Loans	7,645,437		7,404,313
Credit Facility	—		—
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, Term Loans and Credit Facility	$	7,645,437	$	7,404,313

_____________________________________

(1) Balances at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 exclude $10,666 and $10,850, respectively, of debt discount, and $37,091 and $36,386, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in unsecured notes, net on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(2) Balances at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 exclude $16,271 and $16,351, respectively, of debt discount, and $10,131 and $11,256, respectively, of deferred financing costs, as reflected in mortgage notes payable on the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Scheduled payments and maturities of mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding

Scheduled payments and maturities of secured notes payable and unsecured notes outstanding at June 30, 2018 are as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year	Secured notes payments		Secured notes maturities		Unsecured notes maturities		Stated interest rate of unsecured notes
2018	3,568		51,449		—		N/A
2019	3,824		114,722		—		N/A
2020	2,682		140,430		250,000		6.100	%
					400,000		3.625	%
2021	2,549		27,843		250,000		3.950	%
					300,000		LIBOR + 0.43%
2022	2,723		—		450,000		2.950	%
					100,000		LIBOR + .90%
2023	2,899		—		350,000		4.200	%
					250,000		2.850	%
2024	3,077		—		300,000		3.500	%
					150,000		LIBOR + 1.50%
2025	3,268		84,835		525,000		3.450	%
					300,000		3.500	%
2026	3,485		—		475,000		2.950	%
					300,000		2.900	%
2027	2,973		185,100		400,000		3.350	%
Thereafter	127,593		682,417		350,000		3.900	%
					300,000		4.150	%
					450,000		3.200	%
					300,000		4.350	%
	$	158,641	$	1,286,796	$	6,200,000

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Equity (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]

Summary of changes in equity

The following summarizes the changes in equity for the six months ended June 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Common stock		Additional paid-in capital			Accumulated earnings less dividends			Accumulated other comprehensive loss			Total equity
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	1,381	$	10,235,475		$	188,609		$	(37,419	)	$	10,388,046
Net income attributable to common stockholders	—		—			396,305			—			396,305
Gain on cash flow hedges, net	—		—			—			11,499			11,499
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	—		—			—			3,213			3,213
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest	—		—			(354		)	—			(354		)
Dividends declared to common stockholders	—		—			(406,638		)	—			(406,638		)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings	1		(11,659		)	1,144			—			(10,514		)
Amortization of deferred compensation	—		16,631			—			—			16,631
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	1,382	$	10,240,447		$	179,066		$	(22,707	)	$	10,398,188

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Investments in Real Estate Entities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Combined summary of the financial position of the entities accounted for using the equity method

The following is a combined summary of the financial position of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above as of the dates presented (dollars in thousands):

	6/30/2018		12/31/2017
	(unaudited)		(unaudited)
Assets:
Real estate, net	$	684,423	$	695,077
Other assets	35,006		39,976
Total assets	$	719,429	$	735,053
Liabilities and partners' capital:
Mortgage notes payable, net and credit facility	$	521,950	$	523,815
Other liabilities	11,857		10,540
Partners' capital	185,622		200,698
Total liabilities and partners' capital	$	719,429	$	735,053

Combined summary of the operating results of the entities accounted for using the equity method

The following is a combined summary of the operating results of the entities accounted for using the equity method discussed above for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
Rental and other income	$	21,916		$	26,789		$	43,717		$	55,432
Operating and other expenses	(8,104		)	(9,914		)	(16,409		)	(21,009		)
Gain on sale of communities	—			—			—			29,447
Interest expense, net	(5,571		)	(6,600		)	(11,189		)	(13,548		)
Depreciation expense	(5,894		)	(6,795		)	(11,774		)	(14,122		)
Net income	$	2,347		$	3,480		$	4,345		$	36,200

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Segment Reporting (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of reconciliation of NOI to net income

A reconciliation of NOI to net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Net income	$	254,543		$	165,194		$	396,133		$	400,975
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income	18,913			16,423			36,996			32,720
Investments and investment management expense	1,529			1,455			3,172			2,776
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	889			570			1,689			1,298
Interest expense, net	56,585			50,102			111,698			99,397
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	642			24,162			1,039			24,162
General and administrative expense	14,444			13,947			28,108			27,153
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	(789		)	(1,146		)	(2,529		)	(17,819		)
Depreciation expense	156,685			141,439			315,743			282,060
Income tax expense	58			58			58			78
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	—			—			(58		)	11,688
Gain on sale of communities	(105,201		)	(44,067		)	(105,201		)	(132,016		)
Gain on other real estate transactions, net	(370		)	—			(323		)	(366		)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(4,442		)	(9,727		)	(9,900		)	(21,493		)
Net operating income	$	393,486		$	358,410		$	776,625		$	710,613

Schedule of net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale, not classified as discontinued operations

The following is a summary of NOI from real estate assets sold or held for sale for the periods presented (dollars in thousands):

	For the three months ended						For the six months ended
	6/30/2018			6/30/2017			6/30/2018			6/30/2017
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	$	6,778		$	15,138		$	15,241		$	33,198
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(2,336		)	(5,411		)	(5,341		)	(11,705		)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	$	4,442		$	9,727		$	9,900		$	21,493

Schedule of details of segment information

	For the three months ended				For the six months ended
	Total revenue		NOI		Total revenue		NOI		Gross real estate (1)
For the period ended June 30, 2018
Established
New England	$	58,571	$	38,354	$	116,480	$	75,997	$	1,977,465
Metro NY/NJ	105,246		72,913		209,342		144,835		3,726,001
Mid-Atlantic	60,192		41,759		119,351		82,826		2,236,706
Pacific Northwest	21,352		15,234		42,594		30,072		726,279
Northern California	91,487		70,342		181,913		139,400		2,978,830
Southern California	83,709		60,473		166,650		119,867		2,845,699
Total Established	420,557		299,075		836,330		592,997		14,490,980
Other Stabilized	68,968		47,264		136,703		92,650		2,833,892
Development / Redevelopment	71,982		47,147		139,917		90,978		4,625,227
Land Held for Development	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		130,802
Non-allocated (2)	954		N/A		1,841		N/A		98,530
Total	$	562,461	$	393,486	$	1,114,791	$	776,625	$	22,179,431
For the period ended June 30, 2017
Established
New England	$	57,137	$	36,762	$	113,483	$	73,733	$	1,962,635
Metro NY/NJ	103,694		72,027		206,077		143,323		3,612,725
Mid-Atlantic	59,104		40,331		117,819		81,314		2,225,022
Pacific Northwest	20,825		15,010		41,302		29,940		722,654
Northern California	89,133		68,608		177,517		136,437		2,961,569
Southern California	80,195		57,999		159,899		116,309		2,832,453
Total Established	410,088		290,737		816,097		581,056		14,317,058
Other Stabilized	49,298		32,019		92,959		59,438		2,400,217
Development / Redevelopment	54,890		35,654		108,285		70,119		3,634,897
Land Held for Development	N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A		86,016
Non-allocated (2)	1,098		N/A		2,298		N/A		94,277
Real estate disposed or held for sale (3)									556,331
Total	$	515,374	$	358,410	$	1,019,639	$	710,613	$	21,088,796

__________________________________

(1) Does not include gross real estate assets held for sale of $167,247 and $15,271 as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(2) Revenue represents third-party management, asset management and developer fees and miscellaneous income which are not allocated to a reportable segment.

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Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract]

Schedule of information with respect to stock options granted

Information with respect to stock options granted under the Company's 1994 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the "1994 Plan") and its Second Amended and Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2009 Plan") for the six months ended June 30, 2018, is as follows:

	2009 Plan shares	Weighted average exercise price per share		1994 Plan shares		Weighted average exercise price per share
Options Outstanding, December 31, 2017	149,973	$	126.77	7,778		$	48.60
Exercised	—	—		(2,263	)	48.60
Granted (1)	6,995	161.10		—		—
Forfeited	—	—		—		—
Options Outstanding, June 30, 2018	156,968	$	128.30	5,515		$	48.60
Options Exercisable, June 30, 2018	149,973	$	126.77	5,515		$	48.60

__________________________________

(1) Options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2018, are a result of recipient elections to receive a portion of earned performance awards and time-vesting restricted stock in the form of stock options.

Schedule of nonvested performance awards granted

Information with respect to performance awards granted is as follows:

	Performance awards		Weighted average grant date fair value per award
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	251,770		$	155.25
Granted (1)	100,501		155.31
Change in awards based on performance (2)	5,990		148.79
Converted to restricted stock or options	(88,477	)	148.79
Forfeited	(2,309	)	158.52
Outstanding at June 30, 2018	267,475		$	157.24

__________________________________

(1) The amount of restricted stock that ultimately may be earned is based on the total shareholder return metrics related to the Company's common stock for 61,746 performance awards and financial metrics related to operating performance and leverage metrics of the Company for 38,755 performance awards.

(2) Represents the change in the number of performance awards earned based on actual performance achievement for the performance period.

Summary of valuation options

The Company used a Monte Carlo model to assess the compensation cost associated with the portion of the performance awards granted in 2018 for which achievement will be determined by using total shareholder return measures. The assumptions used are as follows:

	2018
Dividend yield	3.7%
Estimated volatility over the life of the plan (1)	11.8% - 18.7%
Risk free rate	1.86% - 2.46%
Estimated performance award value based on total shareholder return measure	$151.67

__________________________________

(1) Estimated volatility over the life of the plan is using 50% historical volatility and 50% implied volatility.

Schedule of restricted stock granted

Information with respect to restricted stock granted is as follows:

	Restricted stock shares		Restricted stock shares weighted average grant date fair value per share		Restricted stock shares converted from performance awards
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	133,633		$	172.33	233,928
Granted - restricted stock shares	98,085		161.46		88,297
Vested - restricted stock shares	(65,604	)	171.41		(112,230	)
Forfeited	(3,677	)	166.79		(757	)
Outstanding at June 30, 2018	162,437		$	166.26	209,238

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Fair Value (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2018

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of summary of consolidated Hedging Derivatives, excluding derivatives executed to hedge debt on communities classified as held for sale

The following table summarizes the consolidated derivative positions at June 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):

	Non-designated Hedges			Cash Flow Hedges
Notional balance	$	687,005		$	34,600
Weighted average interest rate (1)	3.2		%	4.3		%
Weighted average swapped/capped interest rate	6.5		%	5.9		%
Earliest maturity date	Aug 2018			Apr 2019
Latest maturity date	Sep 2022			Apr 2019

____________________________________

(1) Represents the weighted average interest rate on the hedged debt.

Schedule of Cash Flow Hedges Included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

	For the three months ended				For the six months ended
	6/30/2018		6/30/2017		6/30/2018		6/30/2017
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	$	1,455	$	1,781	$	3,213	$	3,534

Schedule of summary of classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The following tables summarize the classification between the three levels of the fair value hierarchy of the Company's financial instruments measured/disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis (dollars in thousands):

	6/30/2018
Description	Total Fair Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1)			Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non-Designated Hedges
Interest Rate Caps	$	7		$	—		$	7		$	—
Puts	(3,245		)	—			—			(3,245		)
DownREIT units	(1,289		)	(1,289		)	—			—
Indebtedness
Unsecured notes	(5,507,899		)	(5,507,899		)	—			—
Secured notes payable and variable rate unsecured indebtedness	(1,759,546		)	—			(1,759,546		)	—
Total	$	(7,271,972	)	$	(5,509,188	)	$	(1,759,539	)	$	(3,245	)

	12/31/2017
Description	Total Fair Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Asset (Level 1)			Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Non-Designated Hedges
Interest Rate Caps	$	2		$	—		$	2		$	—
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest Rate Swaps - Assets	2,270			—			2,270			—
Interest Rate Swaps - Liabilities	(1,171		)	—			(1,171		)	—
Puts	(3,245		)	—			—			(3,245		)
DownREIT units	(1,338		)	(1,338		)	—			—
Indebtedness
Unsecured notes	(5,446,604		)	(5,446,604		)	—			—
Secured notes payable and variable rate unsecured indebtedness	(1,849,851		)	—			(1,849,851		)	—
Total	$	(7,299,937	)	$	(5,447,942	)	$	(1,848,750	)	$	(3,245	)

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Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	Jun. 30, 2018 state community home
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Number of operating apartment communities | community	268
Number of apartment homes included in operating apartment communities owned | home	77,995
Number of states where operating apartment communities owned are located | state	12
Number of Communities with Apartments under Reconstruction | community	16
Number of Apartment Homes under Reconstruction | home	6,536
Number of owned communities under construction | community	19
Expected number of apartment homes under construction | home	6,048
Communities under development rights | community	25
Estimated number of apartment homes in communities to be developed | home	8,511

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Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Details 2) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($) community home building $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($) community Claim home plaintiff building $ / shares shares	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Basic and diluted shares outstanding
Weighted average common shares - basic (in shares) | shares	137,840,045	137,580,677	137,802,461	137,326,204
Weighted average DownREIT units outstanding (in shares) | shares	7,500	7,500	7,500	7,500
Effect of dilutive securities (in shares) | shares	367,465	584,974	374,334	519,921
Weighted average common shares - diluted (in shares) | shares	138,215,010	138,173,151	138,184,295	137,853,625
Calculation of Earnings per Share - basic
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $	$ 254,662	$ 165,225	$ 396,305	$ 401,100
Net income allocated to unvested restricted shares | $	(727)	(468)	(1,167)	(1,122)
Net income attributable to common stockholders, adjusted | $	$ 253,935	$ 164,757	$ 395,138	$ 399,978
Weighted average common shares - basic (in shares) | shares	137,840,045	137,580,677	137,802,461	137,326,204
Earnings per common share - basic (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 1.84	$ 1.20	$ 2.87	$ 2.91
Calculation of Earnings per Share - diluted
Net income attributable to common stockholders | $	$ 254,662	$ 165,225	$ 396,305	$ 401,100
Add: noncontrolling interests of DownREIT unitholders in consolidated partnerships | $	11	10	22	21
Adjusted net income attributable to common stockholders | $	$ 254,673	$ 165,235	$ 396,327	$ 401,121
Weighted average common shares - diluted (in shares) | shares	138,215,010	138,173,151	138,184,295	137,853,625
Earnings per common share - diluted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 1.84	$ 1.20	$ 2.87	$ 2.91
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Number of operating apartment communities | community	268		268
Number of apartment homes included in operating apartment communities owned | home	77,995		77,995
Avalon at Edgewater
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Number of operating apartment communities | building	2		2
Number of operating apartment communities, uninhabitable | building	1		1
Number of units in operating apartment communities, uninhabitable | home	240		240
Number of apartment homes included in operating apartment communities owned | home	168		168
Loss contingency, new class action claims filed number			3
Loss contingency class action claims filed, number of apartments included in settlement			66
Loss Contingency Class Action Claims Filed, Number of Apartments Included in Settlement Submitted			44
Loss Contingency Class Action Claims Filed, Number of Apartments Included in Settlement Submitted Amount | $			$ 6,900
Loss Contingency Class Action Claims Filed, Number of Apartments Issued Awards By Claims Adjuster			25
Loss Contingency Class Action Claims Filed, Timing Remaining for Claim Evaluation			2 months
Loss contingency, total class action claims filed number			4
Loss contingency, claims filed, number, consolidated			18
Loss contingency, new claims filed, number			19
Loss contingency, number of plaintiffs | plaintiff			143
Loss Contingency Class Action Claims Filed, Number of Apartments in Settlement Resolved			50
Loss Contingency Class Action Claims Filed, Number of Apartments in Settlement Previously Resolved			10
Loss Contingency Subrogation Claims Filed Pending Not Dismissed Number			1
Loss Contingency Class Action Claims Filed, Number of Apartments Included in Settlement Remaining			1
Loss contingency, new subrogation claims filed, number			7
Loss contingency, subrogation claims filed dismissed, number			1
Loss Contingency Subrogation Claims Filed Resolved Number			2
Loss contingency, subrogation claims filed pending, number			4

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Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Lease income	$ 568,285	$ 529,414	$ 1,128,191	$ 1,050,539
Total revenue	569,239	530,512	1,130,032	1,052,837
Management, development and other fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	954	1,098	1,841	2,298
Operating Segments | Established Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	420,557	410,088	836,330	816,097
Operating Segments | Other Stabilized Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	68,968	49,298	136,703	92,959
Non-allocated
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenue	954	1,098	1,841	2,298
Continuing Operations
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	5,642	5,672	11,120	11,156
Lease income	556,819	509,702	1,103,671	1,008,483
Total revenue	562,461	515,374	1,114,791	1,019,639
Continuing Operations | Management, development and other fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	954	1,098	1,841	2,298
Continuing Operations | Rental and non-rental related income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	4,688	4,574	9,279	8,858
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Established Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	2,730	2,804	5,120	5,124
Lease income	417,827	407,284	831,210	810,973
Total revenue	420,557	410,088	836,330	816,097
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Other Stabilized Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	1,437	1,440	3,233	3,088
Lease income	67,531	47,858	133,470	89,871
Total revenue	68,968	49,298	136,703	92,959
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Development/ Redevelopment Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	521	330	926	646
Lease income	71,461	54,560	138,991	107,639
Total revenue	71,982	54,890	139,917	108,285
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Management, development and other fees | Established Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	0	0	0	0
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Management, development and other fees | Other Stabilized Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	0	0	0	0
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Management, development and other fees | Development/ Redevelopment Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	0	0	0	0
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Rental and non-rental related income | Established Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	2,730	2,804	5,120	5,124
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Rental and non-rental related income | Other Stabilized Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	1,437	1,440	3,233	3,088
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Rental and non-rental related income | Development/ Redevelopment Communities
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	521	330	926	646
Continuing Operations | Non-allocated
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	954	1,098	1,841	2,298
Lease income	0	0	0	0
Total revenue	954	1,098	1,841	2,298
Continuing Operations | Non-allocated | Management, development and other fees
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	954	1,098	1,841	2,298
Continuing Operations | Non-allocated | Rental and non-rental related income
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Management, development and other fees	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Details 4) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Net cash provided by operating activities	$ 625,297	$ 575,656
Net cash used in investing activities	(316,681)	(253,724)
Net cash used in financing activities	(160,625)	(358,756)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	147,991	(36,824)
Cash, cash equivalents, beginning of period	67,088
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	201,906	329,977
Cash, cash equivalents, end of period	101,565	53,477
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$ 349,897	293,153
Impact of ASU 2016-18
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Net cash provided by operating activities		13,296
Net cash used in investing activities		112,890
Net cash used in financing activities		(1,493)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents		161,517
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(36,824)
Cash, cash equivalents, beginning of period		(214,994)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period		239,676
Previously Reported
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Net cash provided by operating activities		562,360
Net cash used in investing activities		(366,614)
Net cash used in financing activities		(357,263)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents		(161,517)
Cash, cash equivalents, beginning of period		214,994
Cash, cash equivalents, end of period		$ 53,477

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Interest Capitalized (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Interest Capitalized
Capitalized interest during the development and redevelopment of real estate assets	$ 14,567	$ 17,279	$ 27,731	$ 35,100

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Mortgage Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended			3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Apr. 30, 2018	Feb. 28, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Term Loans	$ 7,645,437			$ 7,645,437		$ 7,645,437		$ 7,404,313
Credit Facility	0			0		0		0
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes, Term Loans and Credit Facility	7,645,437			7,645,437		7,645,437		7,404,313
Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt				(642)	$ (24,162)	(1,039)	$ (24,162)
Unsecured notes
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Fixed rate notes	5,650,000			5,650,000		5,650,000		5,350,000
Variable rate notes	300,000			300,000		300,000		300,000
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Term Loans	6,200,000			6,200,000		6,200,000
Amount of debt discount	10,666			10,666		10,666		10,850
Amount of deferred financing costs, net	37,091			37,091		37,091		36,386
Term Loans
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Variable rate notes	250,000			250,000		250,000		250,000
Secured notes
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Fixed rate notes	535,869			535,869		535,869		593,987
Variable rate notes	909,568			909,568		909,568		910,326
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Term Loans	1,286,796			1,286,796		1,286,796
Amount of debt discount	16,271			16,271		16,271		16,351
Amount of deferred financing costs, net	10,131			10,131		10,131		$ 11,256
Notes Payable Maturities 2018 | Secured notes
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Total mortgage notes payable, unsecured notes and Term Loans	51,449			$ 51,449		$ 51,449
Repayments of secured mortgages		$ 13,380	$ 11,038
Notes Payable Maturities 2033 [Member] | Secured notes
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Repayments of secured mortgages	15,295
Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt	635
Prepayment penalty	282
Write off of deferred debt issuance cost	$ 353
Notes Payable Maturities 2043 [Member] | Secured notes
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Repayments of secured mortgages			15,174
Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt			426
Prepayment penalty			152
Write off of deferred debt issuance cost			$ 274

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Mortgage Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility (Details 2) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended				3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Apr. 30, 2018	Mar. 31, 2018	Feb. 28, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net					$ 642,000	$ 24,162,000	$ 1,039,000	$ 24,162,000
Credit Facility	$ 0				0		0		$ 0
Net carrying value of apartment communities and improved land parcels securing debt	2,210,958,000				2,210,958,000		2,210,958,000
Mortgage notes payable
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable held by wholly owned subsidiaries guaranteed by the Company	100,000,000				100,000,000		100,000,000
Unsecured Notes 4.35 Percent [Member]
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Debt instrument, face amount			$ 300,000,000
Proceeds from issuance of debt			$ 296,210,000
Unsecured Notes 3.97 Percent First 10 Years [Member] | Unsecured notes
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Debt Instrument, Term			10 years
Current interest rate (as a percent)			3.97%
Unsecured Notes 4.39 Percent Remaining 20 Years [Member] | Unsecured notes
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Current interest rate (as a percent)			4.39%
Line of Credit [Member]
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Available borrowing capacity	1,500,000,000				1,500,000,000		$ 1,500,000,000
Line of credit facility, extension period							9 months
Extension fee							$ 1,500,000
Period of borrowing rate assumed							1 month
Annual facility fee, percentage							0.125%
Annual facility fee							$ 1,875,000
Credit Facility	0				0		0		0
Outstanding balance of letters of credit	$ 42,652,000				$ 42,652,000		$ 42,652,000		$ 47,315,000
Line of Credit [Member] | LIBOR
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)							0.825%
Current interest rate (as a percent)	2.92%				2.92%		2.92%
Notes Payable Maturities 2043 [Member] | Mortgage notes payable
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Repayments of secured mortgages				$ 15,174,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)				6.60%
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net				$ (426,000)
Prepayment penalty				152,000
Write off of deferred debt issuance cost				274,000
Notes Payable Maturities 2018 | Mortgage notes payable
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Repayments of secured mortgages		$ 13,380,000		$ 11,038,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)		3.06%		4.61%
Notes Payable Maturities 2033 [Member] | Mortgage notes payable
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Repayments of secured mortgages	$ 15,295,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	6.90%				6.90%		6.90%
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	$ (635,000)
Prepayment penalty	282,000
Write off of deferred debt issuance cost	$ 353,000
Unsecured Notes 4.35 Percent [Member] | Unsecured notes
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)			4.35%
Fixed Rate Mortgage Notes Payable [Member]
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Weighted average interest rate, debt (as a percent)	3.80%				3.80%		3.80%		4.00%
Variable Rate Mortgage Notes Payable Unsecured Term Loan and Credit Facility [Member]
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Weighted average interest rate, debt (as a percent)	3.20%				3.20%		3.20%		3.20%

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Mortgage Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Apr. 30, 2018	Feb. 28, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 7,645,437			$ 7,404,313
Secured notes
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	158,641
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	1,286,796
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2018
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	3,568
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	51,449
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)		3.06%	4.61%
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2019
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	3,824
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	114,722
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2020
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	2,682
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	140,430
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2021
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	2,549
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	27,843
Secured notes | Notes payable maturing in 2022
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	2,723
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2023
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	2,899
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2024
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	3,077
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2025
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	3,268
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	84,835
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2026
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	3,485
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2027
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	2,973
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	185,100
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities Thereafter
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Secured notes payments	127,593
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	682,417
Unsecured notes
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	6,200,000
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable 6.100 Percent Maturities 2020
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 250,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	6.10%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable 3.625 Percent Maturities 2020
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 400,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	3.625%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2021
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 250,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	3.95%
Unsecured notes | Variable Rate Unsecured Term Loan $300 Million
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 300,000
Unsecured notes | Variable Rate Unsecured Term Loan $300 Million | LIBOR
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	0.43%
Unsecured notes | Notes payable maturing in 2022
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 450,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	2.95%
Unsecured notes | Variable Rate Unsecured Term Loan $100 Million
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 100,000
Unsecured notes | Variable Rate Unsecured Term Loan $100 Million | LIBOR
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	0.90%
Unsecured notes | Notes payable maturing in 2023
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 350,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	4.20%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable 2.850 Maturities 2023
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 250,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	2.85%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2024
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 300,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	3.50%
Unsecured notes | Variable Rate Unsecured Term Loan $150 Million
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 150,000
Unsecured notes | Variable Rate Unsecured Term Loan $150 Million | LIBOR
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Debt instrument, basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)	1.50%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable 3.450 Maturities 2025
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 525,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	3.45%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable 3.500 Maturities 2025
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 300,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	3.50%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable 2.950 Maturities 2026
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 475,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	2.95%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable 2.900 Maturities 2026
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 300,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	2.90%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2027
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 400,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	3.35%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2046
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 350,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	3.90%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2047
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 300,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	4.15%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2028 [Member]
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 450,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	3.20%
Unsecured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2048 [Member]
Notes Payable, Unsecured Notes and Credit Facility
Mortgage notes payable and unsecured notes	$ 300,000
Stated interest rate of unsecured notes (as a percent)	4.35%

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Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Changes in equity
Beginning Balance			$ 10,388,046
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$ 254,662	$ 165,225	396,305	$ 401,100
(Loss) gain on cash flow hedges			11,499
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	1,455	$ 1,781	3,213	3,534
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest			(354)
Dividends declared to common stockholders			(406,638)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings			(10,514)
Amortization of deferred compensation			16,631
Ending Balance	10,398,188		10,398,188
Common stock
Changes in equity
Beginning Balance			1,381
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings			1
Ending Balance	1,382		1,382
Additional paid-in capital
Changes in equity
Beginning Balance			10,235,475
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings			(11,659)
Amortization of deferred compensation			16,631
Ending Balance	10,240,447		10,240,447
Accumulated earnings less dividends
Changes in equity
Beginning Balance			188,609
Net income attributable to common stockholders			396,305
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interest			(354)	$ 397
Dividends declared to common stockholders			(406,638)
Issuance of common stock, net of withholdings			1,144
Ending Balance	179,066		179,066
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Changes in equity
Beginning Balance			(37,419)
(Loss) gain on cash flow hedges			11,499
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings			3,213
Ending Balance	$ (22,707)		$ (22,707)
Continuous Equity Program CEP IV
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues	0		0

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Equity (Details 2) - USD ($)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	280,000,000		280,000,000
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	50,000,000		50,000,000
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercises in Period	2,263
Common stock issued through the dividend reinvestment plan (in shares)	1,135	1,828
Number of shares of stock grants withheld (in shares)	67,854	59,019
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Employee Stock Purchase Plans	6,613
Stock issued during period, shares, share-based compensation, forfeited (in shares)	4,434
Continuous Equity Program CEP IV
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Maximum value of shares of common stock that can be sold (in dollars)	$ 1,000,000,000
Common stock value, remaining to be authorized under continuous equity program	$ 892,915,000
Maximum | Continuous Equity Program CEP IV
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Percentage of compensation received by sales agent	2.00%
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Converted From Performance Shares
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Equity instruments granted (in shares)	186,382	201,314

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Investments in Real Estate Entities - Narrative of Investment in Real Estate Entities (Details) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($) entity	Dec. 31, 2017 USD ($)
Equity method investment
Equity method investment, difference between carrying amount and underlying equity	$ 34,702	$ 35,402
Unconsolidated real estate entities
Equity method investment
Number of unconsolidated real estate entities | entity	5
Avalon Bay Value Added Fund II LP
Equity method investment
Equity method investment, ownership percentage	31.30%
Percentage of right of distribution	40.00%
Percentage of right of remaining distribution	60.00%
Proceeds from equity method investment, dividends or distributions	$ 925
Avalon Brooklyn Bay
Equity method investment
Variable interest entity, qualitative or quantitative information, ownership percentage	70.00%
Variable interest entity, ownership interest by partner	30.00%
Due from related parties	$ 19,813	$ 44,831
Avalon Brooklyn Bay Condominiums [Member]
Equity method investment
Variable interest entity, ownership interest by partner	100.00%
Avalon Brooklyn Bay Rental Apartments [Member]
Equity method investment
Variable interest entity, qualitative or quantitative information, ownership percentage	100.00%
Minimum | Unconsolidated real estate entities
Equity method investment
Equity method investment, ownership percentage	20.00%
Maximum [Member] | Unconsolidated real estate entities
Equity method investment
Equity method investment, ownership percentage	31.30%

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Investments in Real Estate Entities - Financial Position and Operating Results (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Assets:
Real estate, net	$ 684,423		$ 684,423		$ 695,077
Other assets	35,006		35,006		39,976
Total assets	719,429		719,429		735,053
Liabilities and partners' capital:
Mortgage notes payable and credit facility	521,950		521,950		523,815
Other liabilities	11,857		11,857		10,540
Partners' capital	185,622		185,622		200,698
Total liabilities and partners' capital	719,429		719,429		$ 735,053
Combined summary of the operating results of the accounted for using the equity method
Rental and other income	21,916	$ 26,789	43,717	$ 55,432
Operating and other expenses	(8,104)	(9,914)	(16,409)	(21,009)
Gain on sale of communities	0	0	0	29,447
Interest expense, net	(5,571)	(6,600)	(11,189)	(13,548)
Depreciation expense	(5,894)	(6,795)	(11,774)	(14,122)
Net income	$ 2,347	$ 3,480	$ 4,345	$ 36,200

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Investments in Real Estate Entities - Expensed Acquisition, Development and Other Pursuit Costs and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets & Casualty Gains and Losses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Equity method investment
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	$ 889	$ 570	$ 1,689	$ 1,298
Impairment of investment in unconsolidated entities	0	0	0	0
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	0	0	(58)	11,688
Net operating real estate	16,064,165		16,064,165		$ 16,342,893
Insurance proceeds for property damage claims			58	6,192
Land Parcel [Member]
Equity method investment
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	$ 0	0	$ 0	9,350
Avalon Maplewood
Equity method investment
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net				2,338
Casualty Loss				19,481
Net operating real estate		16,361		16,361
Other nonrecurring expense				3,120
Insurance recoveries				17,143
Insurance proceeds for property damage claims		$ 1,647		$ 6,192

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Real Estate Disposition Activities (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($) community	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($) community home	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($)
Summary of income from discontinued operations
Gain on sale of communities	$ 105,201	$ 44,067	$ 105,201	$ 132,016
Number of Communities Held for Sale | community	1		1
Avalon at Blue Hills and Avalon Canton at Blue Hills [Member]
Summary of income from discontinued operations
Number of Apartment Homes Sold | home			472
Proceeds from Sale of Real Estate			$ 131,250
Gain on sale of communities			$ 57,666
Eaves North Quincy [Member]
Summary of income from discontinued operations
Number of Apartment Homes Sold | home			224
Proceeds from Sale of Real Estate			$ 64,250
Gain on sale of communities			$ 18,055
Avalon Anaheim Stadium [Member]
Summary of income from discontinued operations
Number of Apartment Homes Sold | home			251
Proceeds from Sale of Real Estate			$ 111,600
Gain on sale of communities			$ 29,490

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Segment Reporting (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Reconciliation of NOI to net income
Net income	$ 254,543	$ 165,194	$ 396,133	$ 400,975
Indirect operating expenses, net of corporate income	18,913	16,423	36,996	32,720
Investments and investment management expense	1,529	1,455	3,172	2,776
Expensed acquisition, development and other pursuit costs, net of recoveries	889	570	1,689	1,298
Interest expense, net	56,585	50,102	111,698	99,397
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net	642	24,162	1,039	24,162
General and administrative expense	14,444	13,947	28,108	27,153
Equity in income of unconsolidated real estate entities	(789)	(1,146)	(2,529)	(17,819)
Depreciation expense	156,685	141,439	315,743	282,060
Income tax expense	58	58	58	78
Casualty and impairment (gain) loss, net	0	0	(58)	11,688
Gain on sale of communities	(105,201)	(44,067)	(105,201)	(132,016)
Gain on other real estate transactions, net	(370)	0	(323)	(366)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(4,442)	(9,727)	(9,900)	(21,493)
Net operating income	$ 393,486	$ 358,410	$ 776,625	$ 710,613

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Segment Reporting (Details 2) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Rental income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	$ 6,778	$ 15,138	$ 15,241	$ 33,198
Operating expenses from real estate assets sold or held for sale	(2,336)	(5,411)	(5,341)	(11,705)
Net operating income from real estate assets sold or held for sale	$ 4,442	$ 9,727	$ 9,900	$ 21,493

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Segment Reporting (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	$ 569,239	$ 530,512	$ 1,130,032	$ 1,052,837
NOI	393,486	358,410	776,625	710,613
Gross real estate	22,179,431	21,088,796	22,179,431	21,088,796
Gross real estate assets held for sale	167,247	15,271	167,247	15,271
Operating Segments | Established
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	420,557	410,088	836,330	816,097
NOI	299,075	290,737	592,997	581,056
Gross real estate	14,490,980	14,317,058	14,490,980	14,317,058
Operating Segments | Established | New England
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	58,571	57,137	116,480	113,483
NOI	38,354	36,762	75,997	73,733
Gross real estate	1,977,465	1,962,635	1,977,465	1,962,635
Operating Segments | Established | Metro NY/NJ
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	105,246	103,694	209,342	206,077
NOI	72,913	72,027	144,835	143,323
Gross real estate	3,726,001	3,612,725	3,726,001	3,612,725
Operating Segments | Established | Mid-Atlantic
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	60,192	59,104	119,351	117,819
NOI	41,759	40,331	82,826	81,314
Gross real estate	2,236,706	2,225,022	2,236,706	2,225,022
Operating Segments | Established | Pacific Northwest
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	21,352	20,825	42,594	41,302
NOI	15,234	15,010	30,072	29,940
Gross real estate	726,279	722,654	726,279	722,654
Operating Segments | Established | Northern California
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	91,487	89,133	181,913	177,517
NOI	70,342	68,608	139,400	136,437
Gross real estate	2,978,830	2,961,569	2,978,830	2,961,569
Operating Segments | Established | Southern California
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	83,709	80,195	166,650	159,899
NOI	60,473	57,999	119,867	116,309
Gross real estate	2,845,699	2,832,453	2,845,699	2,832,453
Operating Segments | Other Stabilized
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	68,968	49,298	136,703	92,959
NOI	47,264	32,019	92,650	59,438
Gross real estate	2,833,892	2,400,217	2,833,892	2,400,217
Operating Segments | Development / Redevelopment
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	71,982	54,890	139,917	108,285
NOI	47,147	35,654	90,978	70,119
Gross real estate	4,625,227	3,634,897	4,625,227	3,634,897
Operating Segments | Disposals [Member]
Segment Reporting
Gross real estate		556,331		556,331
Land Held for Future Development
Segment Reporting
Gross real estate	130,802	86,016	130,802	86,016
Non-allocated
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	954	1,098	1,841	2,298
Gross real estate	98,530	94,277	98,530	94,277
Continuing Operations
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	562,461	515,374	1,114,791	1,019,639
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Established
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	420,557	410,088	836,330	816,097
Continuing Operations | Operating Segments | Other Stabilized
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	68,968	49,298	136,703	92,959
Continuing Operations | Non-allocated
Segment Reporting
Total revenue	$ 954	$ 1,098	$ 1,841	$ 2,298

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Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018 $ / shares shares
Shares
Exercised (in shares)	(2,263)
2009 Plan | Employee and Directors Stock Options
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Number	149,973
Shares
Options outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)	149,973
Exercised (in shares)	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross	6,995
Forfeited (in shares)	0
Options outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)	156,968
Weighted average exercise price per share
Options outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 126.77
Exercised (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0.00
Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ / shares	161.10
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0.00
Options outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	128.30
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 126.77
1994 Plan | Employee and Directors Stock Options
Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Number	5,515
Shares
Options outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)	7,778
Exercised (in shares)	(2,263)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Gross	0
Forfeited (in shares)	0
Options outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)	5,515
Weighted average exercise price per share
Options outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 48.60
Exercised (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	48.60
Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ / shares	0.00
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	0.00
Options outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	48.60
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Exercisable, Weighted Average Exercise Price | $ / shares	$ 48.60

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Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Details 2) - Performance Shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018 $ / shares shares
Performance awards
Equity instruments outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)	251,770
Equity instruments granted (in shares)	100,501
Change in awards based on performance (in shares)	5,990
Converted to restricted stock (in shares)	(88,477)
Forfeited (in shares)	(2,309)
Equity instruments outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)	267,475
Weighted average grant date fair value per award
Equity instruments outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 155.25
Grant date fair value per share (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	155.31
Change in awards based on performance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	148.79
Converted to restricted stock (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	148.79
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	158.52
Equity instruments outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 157.24
Grants in period based on total shareholder metrics	61,746
Grants in period based on financial metrics	38,755

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Stock-Based Compensation Plans Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Details 3) - Performance Shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018 $ / shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Dividend yield (as a percent)	3.70%
Estimated volatility, Minimum (as a percent)	11.80%
Estimated volatility, Maximum (as a percent)	18.70%
Risk-free interest rate, minimum (as a percent)	1.86%
Risk-free interest rate, maximum (as a percent)	2.46%
Average estimated fair value (in dollars per share)	$ 151.67
Historical volatility (as a percent)	50.00%
Implied volatility (as a percent)	50.00%

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Stock-Based Compensation Plans Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Details 4) - $ / shares	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Restricted stock
Restricted stock shares
Equity instruments outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)	133,633
Equity instruments granted (in shares)	98,085	72,832
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period (in shares)	(65,604)
Forfeited (in shares)	(3,677)
Equity instruments outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)	162,437
Restricted stock shares weighted average grant date fair value per share
Equity instruments outstanding at the beginning of the period (in dollars per share)	$ 172.33
Grant date fair value per share (in dollars per share)	161.46
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars per share)	171.41
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	166.79
Equity instruments outstanding at the end of the period (in dollars per share)	$ 166.26
Restricted Stock Converted From Performance Shares
Restricted stock shares
Equity instruments outstanding at the beginning of the period (in shares)	233,928
Equity instruments granted (in shares)	88,297	128,482
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Vested in Period (in shares)	(112,230)
Forfeited (in shares)	(757)
Equity instruments outstanding at the end of the period (in shares)	209,238

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Stock-Based Compensation Plans (Details 5) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Additional disclosures
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 9,843	$ 8,950
Capitalized stock-based compensation cost	$ 5,490	$ 4,979
Performance Shares
Additional disclosures
Grant date value (in dollars per share)	$ 161.10
Restricted stock and restricted stock units
Additional disclosures
Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested restricted stock	$ 41,742
Weighted average period for recognition of unrecognized compensation cost	2 years 10 months 24 days
Employee and Directors Stock Options
Additional disclosures
Unrecognized compensation cost for unvested stock options	$ 28
Weighted average period for recognition of unrecognized compensation cost	2 months 12 days

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Related Party Arrangements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2017
Related Party Arrangements
Compensation expense			$ 9,843	$ 8,950
Unconsolidated real estate entities
Related Party Arrangements
Outstanding receivables	$ 2,374		2,374		$ 2,449
Non Employee Director | Restricted stock and deferred stock awards
Related Party Arrangements
Compensation expense	357	$ 388	746	$ 759
Amount of deferred compensation	$ 1,284		$ 1,284		$ 525

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Fair Value (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($) derivative	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($) venture derivative	Jun. 30, 2017 USD ($)
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Derivative, notional amounts settled during period			$ 300,000
Receipts (payments) for termination of forward interest rate swaps			$ (12,598)	$ (391)
Amortization period of deferred gain (loss) on discontinuation of interest rate fair value hedge			10 years
(Loss) gain on cash flow hedges			$ 11,499
(Loss) gain on cash flow hedges	$ 0	$ (16,158)	$ 11,499	$ (16,013)
Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Number of derivative instruments held | derivative	1		1
Interest Rate Cap | Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Notional amount	$ 34,600		$ 34,600
Interest Rate Swap | Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Notional amount	$ 0		$ 0
Put Option
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Number of ventures in which entity is required to purchase interest in investment at guaranteed minimum amount | venture			3
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Number of derivative instruments held | derivative	14		14
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument | Interest Rate Cap
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Notional amount	$ 687,005		$ 687,005
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Estimated hedging losses to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings within the next twelve months			$ 5,752

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Fair Value Fair Value (Details 2) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2018 USD ($)
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument | Interest Rate Cap
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Notional amount	$ 687,005
Derivative weighted average interest rate	3.20%
Derivative, average cap interest rate	6.50%
Cash Flow Hedges | Interest Rate Cap
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Notional amount	$ 34,600
Derivative weighted average interest rate	4.30%
Derivative, average cap interest rate	5.90%
Cash Flow Hedges | Interest Rate Swap
Derivative instruments and Hedging Activities
Notional amount	$ 0

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Fair Value (Details 3) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017	Jun. 30, 2018	Jun. 30, 2017
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Cash flow hedge losses reclassified to earnings	$ (1,455)	$ (1,781)	$ (3,213)	$ (3,534)

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Fair Value (Details 4) - Recurring basis - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
DownREIT units	$ (1,289)	$ (1,338)
Total	(7,271,972)	(7,299,937)
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Unsecured notes
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Indebtedness	(5,507,899)	(5,446,604)
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Secured Debt and Variable Rate Unsecured Indebtedness
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Indebtedness	(1,759,546)	(1,849,851)
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Interest Rate Cap | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Derivative assets	7	2
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Interest Rate Swap | Cash Flow Hedges
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Derivative assets		2,270
Derivative liability		(1,171)
Estimate of Fair Value Measurement | Put Option
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Fair value of remaining outstanding Puts	(3,245)	(3,245)
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
DownREIT units	(1,289)	(1,338)
Total	(5,509,188)	(5,447,942)
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 | Unsecured notes
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Indebtedness	(5,507,899)	(5,446,604)
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Total	(1,759,539)	(1,848,750)
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Secured Debt and Variable Rate Unsecured Indebtedness
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Indebtedness	(1,759,546)	(1,849,851)
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Interest Rate Cap | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Derivative assets	7	2
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 | Interest Rate Swap | Cash Flow Hedges
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Derivative assets		2,270
Derivative liability		(1,171)
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Total	(3,245)	(3,245)
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 3 | Put Option
Financial Instruments Measured/Discussed at Fair Value
Fair value of remaining outstanding Puts	$ (3,245)	$ (3,245)

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Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended
	Aug. 03, 2018	Apr. 30, 2018	Feb. 28, 2018	Jun. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2017
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Credit Facility				$ 0	$ 0
Line of Credit [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Credit Facility				$ 0	$ 0
Line of Credit [Member] | Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Credit Facility	$ 136,000,000
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2018
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Repayments of secured mortgages		$ 13,380,000	$ 11,038,000
Secured notes | Notes Payable Maturities 2018 | Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Repayments of secured mortgages	$ 51,449,000