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Mortgage Servicing Assets
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Servicing Asset [Abstract]  
Mortgage Servicing Assets
8. Mortgage Servicing Assets

We originate and periodically sell commercial and residential mortgage loans but continue to service those loans for the buyers. We also may purchase the right to service commercial mortgage loans from other lenders. We record a servicing asset if we purchase or retain the right to service loans in exchange for servicing fees that exceed the going market servicing rate and are considered more than adequate compensation for servicing. Additional information pertaining to the accounting for mortgage and other servicing assets is included in Note 1 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) under the heading “Servicing Assets” beginning on page 114 of our 2023 Form 10-K.

Commercial

Changes in the carrying amount of commercial mortgage servicing assets are summarized as follows:
 Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
Dollars in millions2024202320242023
Balance at beginning of period$631 $634 $638 $653 
Servicing retained from loan sales9 17 27 26 
Purchases4 6 10 10 
Amortization(32)(30)(63)(62)
Temporary (impairments) recoveries— — — — 
Balance at end of period$612 $627 $612 $627 
Fair value at end of period$866 $893 $866 $893 

The fair value of commercial mortgage servicing assets is determined by calculating the present value of future cash flows associated with servicing the loans. This calculation uses a number of assumptions that are based on current market conditions. The range and weighted average of the significant unobservable inputs used to
determine the fair value of our commercial mortgage servicing assets at June 30, 2024, and June 30, 2023, along with the valuation techniques, are shown in the following table: 
June 30, 2024June 30, 2023
Valuation Technique
Significant
Unobservable Input
Range
Weighted Average		RangeWeighted Average
Discounted cash flowExpected defaults1.00 %2.00 %1.01 %1.00 %2.00 %1.01 %
Residual cash flows discount rate7.37 %10.64 %10.25 %7.41 %10.56 %10.16 %
Escrow earn rate5.16 %5.26 %5.17 %5.09 %5.23 %5.11 %
Loan assumption rate— %2.19 %1.98 %— %2.16 %1.97 %

If these economic assumptions change or prove incorrect, the fair value of commercial mortgage servicing assets may also change. Expected credit losses, escrow earning rates, and discount rates are critical to the valuation of commercial mortgage servicing assets. Estimates of these assumptions are based on how a market participant would view the respective rates, and reflect historical data associated with the commercial mortgage loans, industry trends, and other considerations. Actual rates may differ from those estimated due to changes in a variety of economic factors. A decrease in the value assigned to the escrow earning rates would cause a decrease in the fair value of our commercial mortgage servicing assets. An increase in the assumed default rates of commercial mortgage loans or an increase in the assigned discount rates would cause a decrease in the fair value of our commercial mortgage servicing assets. Prepayment activity on commercial serviced loans does not significantly affect the valuation of our commercial mortgage servicing assets. Unlike residential mortgages, commercial mortgages experience significantly lower prepayments due to certain contractual restrictions affecting the borrower’s ability to prepay the mortgage.

The amortization of commercial servicing assets is determined in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated net servicing income. The amortization of commercial servicing assets for each period, as shown in the table at the beginning of this note, is recorded as a reduction to contractual fee income. The contractual fee income from servicing commercial mortgage loans totaled $180 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2024, and $159 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2023. This fee income was offset by $63 million of amortization for the six-month period ended June 30, 2024, and $62 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2023. Both the contractual fee income and the amortization are recorded, net, in “commercial mortgage servicing fees” on the income statement.

Residential

Changes in the carrying amount of residential mortgage servicing assets are summarized as follows:
Three months ended June 30,Six months ended June 30,
Dollars in millions2024202320242023
Balance at beginning of period$108 $105 $108 $106 
Servicing retained from loan sales3 3 5 4 
Purchases— — — — 
Amortization(3)(2)(5)(4)
Temporary (impairments) recoveries(a)
1 — 1 — 
Balance at end of period$109 $106 $109 $106 
Fair value at end of period$133 $130 $133 $130 

The fair value of mortgage servicing assets is determined by calculating the present value of future cash flows associated with servicing the loans. This calculation uses a number of assumptions that are based on current market conditions. The range and weighted-average of the significant unobservable inputs used to fair value our mortgage servicing assets at June 30, 2024, and June 30, 2023, along with the valuation techniques, are shown in the following table:
June 30, 2024June 30, 2023
Valuation Technique
Significant
Unobservable Input
RangeWeighted AverageRangeWeighted Average
Discounted cash flowPrepayment speed6.59 %47.09 %7.66 %6.14 %40.07 %7.32 %
Discount rate6.50 %8.75 %6.60 %7.35 %8.35 %7.39 %
Servicing cost$70.00 $3,582 $74.59 $62.00 $8,075 $67.7 
If these economic assumptions change or prove incorrect, the fair value of residential mortgage servicing assets may also change. Prepayment speed, discount rates, and servicing cost are critical to the valuation of residential
mortgage servicing assets. Estimates of these assumptions are based on how a market participant would view the respective rates and reflect historical data associated with the residential mortgage loans, industry trends, and other considerations. Actual rates may differ from those estimated due to changes in a variety of economic factors. An
increase in the prepayment speed would cause a decrease in the fair value of our residential mortgage servicing
assets. An increase in the assigned discount rates and servicing cost assumptions would cause a decrease in the
fair value of our residential mortgage servicing assets.

The amortization of residential servicing assets for June 30, 2024, as shown in the table above, is recorded as a reduction to contractual fee income. The contractual fee income from servicing residential mortgage loans totaled $19 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2024, and $18 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2023. This fee income was offset by $5 million of amortization for the six-month period ended June 30, 2024, and $4 million for the six-month period ended June 30, 2023. Both the contractual fee income and the amortization are recorded, net, in “consumer mortgage income” on the income statement.