UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549 

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 1-7724

Snap-on Incorporated

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware			39-0622040
(State of incorporation)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2801 80th Street	Kenosha	Wisconsin	53143
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip code)

(262) 656-5200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $1.00 par value	SNA	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer  ☒    Accelerated filer  ☐   Non-accelerated filer  ☐

Smaller reporting company  ☐     Emerging growth company  ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates (excludes 861,593 shares held by directors and executive officers) computed by reference to the price ($198.24) at which common equity was last sold as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (July 2, 2022) was $10.4 billion.

The number of shares of Common Stock ($1.00 par value) of the registrant outstanding as of February 3, 2023, was 53,114,455 shares.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain information that will be set forth in Snap-on’s Proxy Statement, which is expected to first be mailed to shareholders on or about March 10, 2023, prepared for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled for April 27, 2023.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

		Page
PART  I
Item  1	Business	4
Item  1A	Risk Factors	13
Item  1B	Unresolved Staff Comments	22
Item  2	Properties	22
Item  3	Legal Proceedings	24
Item  4	Mine Safety Disclosures	24
PART  II
Item  5	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	24
Item  6	[Reserved]	26
Item  7	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27
Item  7A	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	51
Item  8	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	53
Item  9	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	53
Item  9A	Controls and Procedures	53
Item  9B	Other Information	55
Item  9C	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	55
PART  III
Item  10	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	55
Item  11	Executive Compensation	56
Item  12	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	56
Item  13	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	56
Item  14	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	56
PART  IV
Item  15	Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules	57
Item  16	Form 10-K Summary	59
Signatures		115
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		120
Certifications		121

2 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

PART I

Safe Harbor

Statements in this document that are not historical facts, including statements that (i) are in the future tense, (ii) include the words “expects,” “plans,” “targets,” “estimates,” “believes,” “anticipates,” or similar words that reference Snap-on Incorporated (“Snap-on” or “the company”) or its management, (iii) are specifically identified as forward-looking, or (iv) describe Snap‑on’s or management’s future outlook, plans, estimates, objectives or goals, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Snap-on cautions the reader that any forward-looking statements included in this document that are based upon assumptions and estimates were developed by management in good faith and are subject to risks, uncertainties or other factors that could cause (and in some cases have caused) actual results to differ materially from those described in any such statement. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as a prediction of actual results or regarded as a representation by the company or its management that the projected results will be achieved. For those forward-looking statements, Snap-on cautions the reader that numerous important factors, such as those listed below, as well as those factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly those in “Item 1A: Risk Factors,” could affect the company’s actual results and could cause its actual consolidated results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statement made by, or on behalf of, Snap-on.

Risks and uncertainties include, without limitation:

•Uncertainties related to estimates, assumptions and projections generally;

•The timing and progress with which Snap-on can attain value through its Snap-on Value Creation Processes, including its ability to (i) realize efficiencies and savings from its rapid continuous improvement and other cost reduction initiatives, (ii) improve workforce productivity, (iii) achieve improvements in the company’s manufacturing footprint and greater efficiencies in its supply chain, and (iv) enhance machine maintenance, plant productivity and manufacturing line set-up and change-over practices, any or all of which could result in production inefficiencies, higher costs and/or lost revenues;

•Snap-on’s capability to successfully implement future strategies with respect to its existing businesses;

•Snap-on’s ability to refine its brand and franchise strategies, retain and attract franchisees, and further enhance service and value to franchisees in order to help improve the sales and profitability of franchisees;

•The company’s ability to introduce successful new products;

•Significant changes in the current competitive environment;

•Risks related to pursuing, completing and integrating acquisitions;

•Inflation, interest rate changes and other monetary and market fluctuations;

•Price and supply fluctuations related to raw materials, components and certain purchased finished goods, such as steel, plastics, and electronics;

•The effects of external economic factors, including adverse developments in world financial markets, disruptions related to tariffs and other trade issues, and global supply chain inefficiencies, including as a result of the current war in Ukraine;

•Snap-on’s ability to successfully manage changes in prices and the availability of energy sources, including gasoline;

•Snap-on’s ability to withstand disruption arising from natural disasters, including climate-related events or other unusual occurrences;

•Risks associated with data security and technological systems and protections, including the effects of cyber incidents and from new legislation, regulations or government-related developments;

•The impact of labor interruptions or challenges, and Snap-on’s ability to effectively manage human capital resources;

•Snap-on’s ability to successfully manage planned facility closures or to withstand disruptions from unexpected closures;

•Weakness in certain geographic areas, including as a result of localized recessions, and the impact of matters related to the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union;

•Changes in tax rates, laws and regulations as well as uncertainty surrounding potential changes;

•The amount, rate and growth of health care and postretirement costs, including continuing and potentially increasing required contributions to pension and postretirement plans;

2022 ANNUAL REPORT 3

•The effects of new requirements, legislation, regulations or government-related developments or issues, as well as third party actions, including those addressing climate change;

•Potential reputational damages and costs related to litigation;

•The impact of the ongoing coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic and other outbreaks of infectious diseases, as well as the effects of governmental actions related thereto on Snap-on’s business, which could have the potential to amplify the impact of the other risks facing the company; and

•Other world or local events outside Snap-on’s control, including terrorist disruptions, armed conflicts and civil unrest.

Snap-on disclaims any responsibility to update any forward-looking statement provided in this document, except as required by law.

In addition, investors should be aware that generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) prescribe when a company should reserve for particular risks, including litigation exposures. Accordingly, results for a given reporting period could be significantly affected if and when a reserve is established for a major contingency. Reported results, therefore, may appear to be volatile in certain accounting periods.

Fiscal Year

Snap-on’s fiscal year ends on the Saturday that is on or nearest to December 31. Unless otherwise indicated, references in this document to “fiscal 2022” or “2022” refer to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022; references to “fiscal 2021” or “2021” refer to the fiscal year ended January 1, 2022; and references to “fiscal 2020” or “2020” refer to the fiscal year ended January 2, 2021. References in this document to 2022, 2021 and 2020 year end refer to December 31, 2022, January 1, 2022, and January 2, 2021, respectively. Snap-on’s 2022 and 2021 fiscal years each contained 52 weeks of operating results. Snap-on’s 2020 fiscal year contained 53 weeks of operating results with the extra week occurring in the fourth quarter.

Item 1: Business

Snap-on is a leading global innovator, manufacturer and marketer of tools, equipment, diagnostics, repair information and systems solutions for professional users performing critical tasks including those working in vehicle repair, aerospace, the military, natural resources, and manufacturing. From its founding in 1920, Snap-on has been recognized as the mark of the serious and the outward sign of the pride and dignity working men and women take in their professions. Products and services are sold through the company’s network of widely recognized franchisee vans as well as through direct and distributor channels, under a variety of notable brands. The company also provides financing programs to facilitate the sales of its products and to support its franchise business.

Snap-on markets its products and brands worldwide in more than 130 countries. Snap-on’s largest geographic markets include the United States, Europe, Canada and Asia Pacific.

The company began with the development of the original Snap-on interchangeable socket set and subsequently pioneered mobile tool distribution in the automotive repair market, where well-stocked vans sell to professional vehicle technicians at their place of business. Today, Snap-on defines its value proposition more broadly, extending its reach “beyond the garage” to deliver a broad array of unique solutions that make work easier for serious professionals. The company’s “coherent growth” strategy focuses on developing and expanding its professional customer base in its legacy automotive market, as well as in adjacent markets, additional geographies and other areas, including in critical industries, where the cost and penalties for failure can be high. In addition to its coherent growth strategy, Snap-on is committed to its “Value Creation Processes” – a set of strategic principles and processes designed to create value and employed in the areas of (i) safety; (ii) quality; (iii) customer connection; (iv) innovation; and (v) rapid continuous improvement (“RCI”). Snap-on’s RCI initiatives employ a structured set of tools and processes across multiple businesses and geographies intended to eliminate waste and improve operations. Savings from Snap-on’s RCI initiatives reflect benefits from a wide variety of ongoing efficiency, productivity and process improvements, including savings generated from product design cost reductions, improved manufacturing line set-up and change-over practices, lower-cost sourcing initiatives and facility consolidations.

4 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

Snap-on’s primary customer segments include: (i) commercial and industrial customers, including professionals in critical industries and emerging markets; (ii) professional vehicle repair technicians who purchase products through the company’s mobile tool distribution network; and (iii) other professional customers related to vehicle repair, including owners and managers of independent and original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) dealership service and repair shops (“OEM dealerships”). Snap-on’s Financial Services customer segment includes: (i) franchisees’ customers, principally serving vehicle repair technicians, and Snap-on customers who require financing for the purchase or lease of tools, diagnostics, and equipment products on an extended-term payment plan; and (ii) franchisees who require financing options for vehicle and business needs.

Snap-on’s business segments are based on the organization structure used by management for making operating and investment decisions and for assessing performance. Snap-on’s reportable business segments are: (i) the Commercial & Industrial Group; (ii) the Snap-on Tools Group; (iii) the Repair Systems & Information Group; and (iv) Financial Services. The Commercial & Industrial Group consists of business operations serving a broad range of industrial and commercial customers worldwide, including customers in the aerospace, natural resources, government and military, power generation, transportation and technical education market segments (collectively, “critical industries”), primarily through direct and distributor channels. The Snap-on Tools Group consists of business operations primarily serving vehicle service and repair technicians through the company’s multi-national mobile tool distribution channel. The Repair Systems & Information Group consists of business operations serving other professional vehicle repair customers worldwide, primarily owners and managers of independent repair shops and OEM dealerships, through direct and distributor channels. Financial Services consists of the business operations of Snap-on Credit LLC (“SOC”), the company’s financial services business in the United States, and Snap-on’s other financial services subsidiaries in those international markets where Snap-on has franchise operations. See Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on business segments and foreign operations.

Snap-on evaluates the performance of its operating segments based on segment revenues, including both external and intersegment net sales, and segment operating earnings. Snap-on accounts for intersegment sales and transfers based primarily on standard costs with reasonable mark-ups established between the segments. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in the respective reportable segment’s operations. Corporate assets consist of cash and cash equivalents (excluding cash held at Financial Services), deferred income taxes and certain other assets. All intersegment amounts are eliminated to arrive at Snap-on’s consolidated financial results.

Recent Acquisitions

Snap-on has continued to broaden its business through a series of coherent acquisitions, which have expanded and enhanced Snap-on’s capabilities in a variety of critical industries and in its business operations serving primarily owners and managers of independent repair shops and OEM dealerships. For information regarding recent acquisitions, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Information Available on the Company’s Website

Additional information about Snap-on, including its products and its environmental, health and safety, social responsibility, governance and sustainability (collectively, “ESG”) commitment, is available on the company’s website at www.snapon.com. Snap-on is not including the information contained on its website as a part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Snap-on’s Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Proxy Statements on Schedule 14A and Current Reports on Form 8-K, as well as any amendments to those reports, are made available to the public at no charge through the “Investors” section of the company’s website at www.snapon.com. Snap‑on makes such material available on its website as soon as reasonably practicable after it electronically files such material with, or furnishes it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Copies of any materials the company files with the SEC can also be obtained free of charge through the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. In addition, Snap-on’s (i) charters for the Audit, Corporate Governance and Nominating, and Organization and Executive Compensation Committees of the company’s Board of Directors; (ii) Corporate Governance Guidelines; and (iii) Code of Business Conduct and Ethics are available on the company’s website. Snap-on will also post any amendments to these documents, or information about any waivers granted to directors or executive officers with respect to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, on the company’s website at www.snapon.com.

2022 ANNUAL REPORT 5

Products and Services

Tools; Diagnostics, Information and Management Systems; and Equipment

Snap-on offers a broad line of products and complementary services that are grouped into three product categories: (i) tools; (ii) diagnostics, information and management systems; and (iii) equipment. Further product line information is not presented as it is not practicable to do so. The following table shows the consolidated net sales of these product categories for the last three years:

	Net Sales
(Amounts in millions)	2022		2021		2020
Product Category:
Tools	$	2,399.4	$	2,343.0	$	1,984.7
Diagnostics, information and management systems	942.4		892.5		783.8
Equipment	1,151.0		1,016.5		824.0
	$	4,492.8	$	4,252.0	$	3,592.5

The tools product category includes hand tools, power tools, tool storage products and other similar products. Hand tools include wrenches, sockets, ratchet wrenches, pliers, screwdrivers, punches and chisels, saws and cutting tools, pruning tools, torque measuring instruments and other similar products. Power tools include cordless (battery), pneumatic (air), hydraulic and corded (electric) tools, such as impact wrenches, ratchets, screwdrivers, drills, sanders, grinders and similar products. Tool storage includes tool chests, roll cabinets and other similar products. For many industrial customers, Snap-on creates specific, engineered solutions, including facility-level tool control and asset management hardware and software, custom kits in a wide range of configurations, and custom-built tools designed to meet customer requirements. The majority of products are manufactured by Snap-on and, in completing the product offering, other items are purchased from external manufacturers.

The diagnostics, information and management systems product category includes handheld and computer-based diagnostic products, service and repair information products, diagnostic software solutions, electronic parts catalogs, business management systems and services, point-of-sale systems, integrated systems for vehicle service shops, OEM purchasing facilitation services, and warranty management systems and analytics to help OEM dealerships manage and track performance.

The equipment product category includes solutions for the service of vehicles and industrial equipment. Products include wheel alignment equipment, wheel balancers, tire changers, vehicle lifts, test lane equipment, collision repair equipment, vehicle air conditioning service equipment, brake service equipment, fluid exchange equipment, transmission troubleshooting equipment, safety testing equipment, battery chargers and hoists.

Snap-on supports the sale of its diagnostics and vehicle service shop equipment by offering training programs as well as after-sales support for its customers, primarily focusing on the technologies and the application of specific products developed and marketed by Snap-on.

6 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

Products are marketed under a number of brand names and trademarks, many of which are well known in the vehicle service and industrial markets served. Some of the major trade names and trademarks and the products and services with which they are associated include the following:

Names	Products and Services
Snap-on	Hand tools, power tools, tool storage products (including tool control software and hardware), diagnostics, certain equipment and related accessories, mobile tool stores, websites, electronic parts catalogs, warranty analytics solutions, business management systems and services, OEM specialty tools and equipment development and distribution, and OEM facilitation services
ATI	Aircraft hand tools and machine tools
AutoCrib	Asset and tool control systems
autoVHC	Vehicle inspection and training services
BAHCO	Saw blades, cutting tools, pruning tools, hand tools, power tools and tool storage, including tool control systems
Blackhawk	Collision repair equipment
Blue-Point	Hand tools, power tools, tool storage, diagnostics, certain equipment and related accessories
Car-O-Liner	Collision repair equipment, and information and truck alignment systems
Cartec	Safety testing, brake testers, test lane equipment, dynamometers, suspension testers, emission testers and other equipment
CDI	Torque tools
Challenger	Vehicle lifts
Cognitran	OEM SaaS products
Dealer-FX	Service operation solutions and OEM SaaS systems
Ecotechnics	Vehicle air conditioning service equipment
Fastorq	Hydraulic torque and tensioning products
Fish and Hook	Saw blades, cutting tools, pruning tools, hand tools, power tools and tool storage
Hofmann	Wheel balancers, vehicle lifts, tire changers, wheel aligners, brake testers and test lane equipment
Irimo	Saw blades, cutting tools, hand tools, power tools and tool storage
John Bean	Wheel balancers, vehicle lifts, tire changers, wheel aligners, brake testers and test lane equipment
Josam	Heavy duty alignment and collision repair solutions
Lindström	Hand tools
Mitchell1	Repair and service information, shop management systems and business services
Nexiq	Diagnostic tools, information and program distributions for fleet and heavy duty equipment
Norbar	Torque tools
Power Hawk	Rescue tools and related equipment for military, government, fire and rescue
Pro-Cut	Brake service equipment and accessories
Sandflex	Hacksaw blades, bandsaws, saw blades, hole saws and reciprocating saw blades
ShopKey	Repair and service information, shop management systems and business services
Sioux	Power tools
Sturtevant Richmont	Torque tools
Sun	Diagnostic tools, wheel balancers, vehicle lifts, tire changers, wheel aligners, air conditioning products and emission testers
TreadReader	Automotive tire drive-over ramps and handheld devices
TruckCam	Commercial vehicle OEM factory solutions
Williams	Hand tools, tool storage, certain equipment and related accessories

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Financial Services

Snap-on also generates revenue from various financing programs that include: (i) installment sales and lease contracts arising from franchisees’ customers and Snap-on customers who require financing for the purchase or lease of tools, diagnostics, and equipment products on an extended-term payment plan; and (ii) business and vehicle loans and leases to franchisees. The decision to finance through Snap-on or another financing source is solely by election of the customer. When assessing customers for potential financing, Snap-on considers various factors regarding ability to pay, including the customers’ financial condition, debt-servicing ability, past payment experience, and credit bureau and proprietary Snap-on credit model information, as well as the value of the underlying collateral.

Snap-on offers financing through SOC and the company’s international finance subsidiaries in most markets where Snap-on has franchise operations. Financing revenue from contract originations is recognized over the life of the underlying contracts, with interest or finance charges computed primarily on the average daily balances of the underlying contracts.

Markets

Sales and Distribution

Snap-on markets and distributes its products and related services principally to professional tool and equipment users around the world. The two largest market sectors are the vehicle service and repair sector and the industrial sector.

Vehicle Service and Repair Sector

The vehicle service and repair sector has three main customer groups: (i) professional technicians who purchase tools, diagnostics, and equipment products for use in their work; (ii) other professional customers related to vehicle repair, including owners and managers of independent repair shops and OEM dealerships who purchase tools, diagnostics, and equipment products for use by multiple technicians within a service or repair facility; and (iii) OEMs.

Snap-on provides innovative tool, equipment and business solutions, as well as technical sales support and training, designed to meet technicians’ evolving needs. Snap-on’s mobile tool distribution system offers technicians the convenience of purchasing quality tools at their place of business with minimal disruption of their work routine. Snap-on also provides owners and managers of repair shops, where technicians work, with tools, diagnostics, equipment, and repair and service information, including electronic parts catalogs and shop management products. Snap-on’s OEM facilitation business provides OEMs with products and services including special and essential tools as well as consulting and facilitation services, which include product procurement, distribution and administrative support to customers for their dealership equipment programs.

The market for vehicle service and repair is driven by an increasing rate of technological change, car and truck population growth and increasing unit life, and the resulting effects of these changes on the businesses of both our suppliers and customers. In recent years, there has been an increase in the development and sales of electric and hybrid vehicles and this trend is expected to continue. Snap-on has historically benefited from the increasing complexity of car and truck fleets and the changing tools, technologies and data needed to monitor, calibrate, service and repair evolving vehicle platforms. While new technologies, including those associated with alternative energy drivetrains and greater vehicle autonomy, may alter the nature of certain service and repair for particular vehicle types, we believe many of these new technologies provide opportunities to fulfill requirements for enhanced solutions or increased precision. Snap-on believes it is well-positioned to innovate new products to address these changing needs and to extend its leadership position in the expanding vehicle service and repair market sector.

Industrial Sector

Snap-on markets its products and services globally to a broad cross-section of commercial and industrial customers, including maintenance and repair operations; manufacturing and assembly facilities; various government agencies, facilities and operations, including military operations; schools with vocational and technical programs; aviation and aerospace operations; oil and gas developers; mining operations; power generation operations, including those associated with alternative energies; equipment fabricators and operators; railroad manufacturing and maintenance; customers in agriculture; infrastructure construction companies; and other customers that require instrumentation, service tools and/or equipment for their products and business needs. The industrial sector for Snap-on focuses on providing value-added products and services to an increasingly expanding global base of customers in critical industries.

8 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

The industrial sector is characterized by a highly competitive environment with multiple suppliers offering either a full line or industry-specific portfolios for tools and equipment. Industrial customers increasingly require specialized solutions that provide repeatability and reliability in performing tasks of consequence that are specific to the particular end market in which they operate. Snap-on believes it is a meaningful participant in the industrial tools and equipment market sector.

Distribution Channels

Snap-on serves customers primarily through the following channels of distribution: (i) the mobile van channel; (ii) company direct sales; (iii) distributors; and (iv) e-commerce. The following discussion summarizes Snap-on’s general approach for each channel and is not intended to be all-inclusive.

Mobile Van Channel

In the United States, a significant portion of sales to the vehicle service and repair sector is conducted through Snap‑on’s mobile franchise van channel. Snap-on’s franchisees primarily serve vehicle repair technicians and vehicle service shop owners, generally providing weekly contact at the customer’s place of business. Franchisees’ sales are concentrated in hand and power tools, tool storage products, shop equipment, diagnostics, and repair information products, which can be transported in a van or trailer and demonstrated during a sales call. Franchisees purchase Snap-on’s products at a discount from suggested list prices and resell them at prices established by the franchisee. U.S. franchisees are provided a list of calls that serves as the basis of the franchisee’s sales route. Snap-on’s franchisees also have the opportunity to add a limited number of additional franchises.

Snap-on charges nominal initial and ongoing monthly franchise fees. Franchise fee revenue, including nominal, non-refundable initial and ongoing monthly fees (primarily for sales and business training, marketing and product promotion programs, and technology support), is recognized as the fees are earned. Franchise fee revenue totaled $18.4 million, $17.3 million and $16.2 million in fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Snap-on also has a company-owned route program that is designed to: (i) provide another pool of potential field organization personnel; (ii) service customers in select new and/or open routes not currently serviced by franchisees; and (iii) allow Snap‑on to pilot new sales and promotional ideas prior to introducing them to franchisees. As of 2022 year end, company-owned routes comprised approximately 4% of the total route population. Snap-on may elect to increase or reduce the number of company-owned routes in the future.

In addition to its mobile van channel in the United States, Snap-on has franchise distribution models in certain other countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, Germany, Netherlands, South Africa, New Zealand, Belgium and Ireland. In many of these markets, as in the United States, purchase decisions are generally made or influenced by professional vehicle service technicians as well as repair shop owners and managers. As of 2022 year end, Snap-on’s worldwide route count was approximately 4,725, including approximately 3,400 routes in the United States.

Through SOC, financing is available to U.S. franchisees, including financing for van leases, working capital loans and loans to help enable new franchisees to fund the purchase of the franchise or the expansion of an existing franchise. In many international markets, Snap-on offers a variety of financing options to its franchisees and/or customer networks through its international finance subsidiaries. The decision to finance through Snap-on or another financing source is solely at the customer’s election.

Snap-on supports its franchisees with a field organization of regional offices, franchise performance teams, customer care centers and distribution centers. Snap-on also provides sales and business training, and marketing and product promotion programs, as well as customer and franchisee financing programs through SOC and the company’s international finance subsidiaries, all of which are designed to strengthen franchisee sales. National Franchise Advisory Councils in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, composed primarily of franchisees that are elected by franchisees, assist Snap-on in identifying and implementing enhancements to the franchise program.

Company Direct Sales

A significant proportion of shop equipment sales in North America under the John Bean, Hofmann, Blackhawk, Car-O-Liner, Challenger and Pro-Cut brands, diagnostic products under the Snap-on brand, and information and shop management products under the Mitchell1 brand are made by direct and independent sales forces that have responsibility for national and other accounts. As the vehicle service and repair sector consolidates (with more business conducted by national chains and franchised service centers), Snap-on believes these larger organizations can be serviced most effectively by sales people who can demonstrate and sell the full line of diagnostics, equipment, and services. Snap-on also sells these products and services directly to OEMs and their franchised dealers.

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Snap-on brand tools and equipment are marketed to industrial and governmental customers worldwide through both industrial sales associates and independent distributors. Selling activities focus on industrial customers whose main purchase criteria are quality and integrated solutions. As of 2022 year end, Snap-on had industrial sales associates and independent distributors primarily in the United States, Canada and in various European, Latin American, Middle Eastern, Asian and African countries, with the United States representing the majority of Snap-on’s total industrial sales.

Snap-on also sells software, services and solutions to the automotive, commercial, heavy duty, agriculture, power equipment and power sports segments. Products and services are marketed to targeted groups, including OEMs and their dealerships, fleets and individual repair shops. To effectively reach OEMs, which frequently have a multi-national presence, Snap-on has deployed focused business teams globally.

Distributors

Sales of certain tools and equipment are made through independent distributors who purchase the items from Snap-on and resell them to end users. Hand tools marketed under the BAHCO, Irimo, Lindström, CDI, ATI, Fastorq, Norbar, Sioux, Sturtevant Richmont and Williams brands and trade names, for example, are sold through distributors worldwide. Asset and tool control solutions are sold under the AutoCrib brand primarily through distributors worldwide. Wheel service and other vehicle service equipment are sold through distributors primarily under brands including Hofmann, John Bean, Car-O-Liner, Challenger, Pro-Cut, Cartec, Blackhawk and Ecotechnics. Diagnostics and equipment products are marketed through distributors in South America and Asia, and through both a direct sales force and distributors in Europe under the Snap-on, Sun and Blue-Point brands.

E-commerce

Snap-on offers current and prospective customers online access to research and purchase products through its public website, www.snapon.com. The site features an online catalog of Snap-on hand tools, power tools, tool storage units and diagnostic equipment available to customers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. E-commerce and certain other system enhancement initiatives are designed to improve productivity and further leverage the one-on-one relationships and service Snap-on has with its current and prospective customers. Sales through the company’s e-commerce distribution channel were not significant in any of the last three years.

Competition

Snap-on competes on the basis of its product quality and performance, product line breadth and depth, service, brand awareness and imagery, technological innovation and availability of financing (through SOC or its international finance subsidiaries). While Snap-on does not believe that any single company competes with it across all of its product lines and distribution channels, various companies compete in one or more product categories and/or distribution channels.

Snap-on believes it is a leading manufacturer and distributor of professional tools, tool storage, diagnostics, equipment products, and repair software and solutions, offering a broad line of these products to both vehicle service and industrial marketplaces. Various competitors target and sell to professional technicians in the vehicle service and repair sector through the mobile tool distribution channel. Snap-on also competes with companies that sell tools and equipment to vehicle service and repair technicians online and through retail stores, vehicle parts supply outlets and tool supply warehouses/distributorships. Within the power tools category and the industrial sector, Snap-on has various other competitors, including companies with offerings that overlap with other areas discussed herein. Major competitors selling diagnostics, shop equipment, and information to vehicle dealerships and independent repair shops include OEMs and their proprietary electronic parts catalogs and diagnostics and information systems, and other companies that offer products serving this sector.

Resources

Raw Materials and Purchased Product

Snap-on’s supply of raw materials, including steel, and purchased components are generally available from numerous suppliers and the company continuously works to expand and enhance supplier relationships to meet its supply needs. Snap-on believes it has secured a sufficient amount of raw materials and purchased components for the near future to meet the expected general sales demand. While the company does experience raw material and component cost fluctuations, as well as availability variations from time to time and from operation to operation, including due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global supply chain, Snap-on endeavors to employ its RCI processes to improve efficiencies and reduce waste to minimize the impact of any cost increases. The company does not currently anticipate experiencing any significant impact in 2023 from raw material and purchased component cost or availability issues.

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To date, the company has not observed any meaningful supply shortages or cost increases directly or indirectly resulting from climate change factors.

Patents, Trademarks and Other Intellectual Property

Snap-on vigorously pursues and relies on patent protection to safeguard its intellectual property and position in its markets. As of 2022 year end, Snap-on and its subsidiaries held approximately 870 active and pending patents in the United States and approximately 2,780 active and pending patents outside of the United States. Sales relating to any single patent did not represent a material portion of Snap-on’s revenues in any of the last three years.

Examples of products that have features or designs that benefit from patent protection include hand tools (including sealed ratchets and ratcheting screwdrivers), power tools, wheel alignment systems, wheel balancers, tire changers, vehicle lifts, tool storage, tool control, collision measurement, test lane equipment, brake lathes, electronic torque instruments, emissions-sensing devices and diagnostic equipment.

Much of the technology used in the manufacture of vehicle service tools and equipment is in the public domain. Snap-on relies primarily on trade secret protection for proprietary processes used in manufacturing. Methods and processes are patented when appropriate. Snap-on leverages trade secret and other protections, as well as contractual arrangements and confidentiality procedures, for its proprietary software and other innovative solutions. Copyright protection is also utilized when appropriate.

Trademarks used by Snap-on are of continuing importance in the marketplace. Trademarks have been registered in the United States and many other countries, and additional applications for trademark registrations are pending. Snap-on vigorously polices proper use of its trademarks. Snap-on’s right to manufacture and sell certain products is dependent upon licenses from others; however, these products under license do not represent a material portion of Snap-on’s net sales.

Domain names are a valuable corporate asset for companies around the world, including Snap-on. Domain names often contain a trademark or service mark or even a corporate name and are often considered intellectual property. The recognition and value of the Snap-on name, trademark and domain name are core strengths of the company.

Snap-on strategically licenses the Snap-on brand to carefully selected manufacturing and distribution companies for items such as apparel and a variety of other goods, in order to further build brand awareness and market presence for the company’s strongest brand.

Government Regulations

Snap-on is subject to various federal, state and local laws, such as those related to international trade, data privacy, tax and government contracts, as well as environmental laws, ordinances, regulations, and requirements of government authorities in the United States and other nations. At Snap-on, environmental liabilities are managed through the Snap-on Environmental, Health and Safety Management System (“EH & SMS”), which is applied worldwide. The system is based upon continual improvement and is certified to ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 and ISO 45001:2018, verified through Det Norske Veritas (DNV) Certification, Inc.

Snap-on believes that it complies with applicable environmental and government requirements in its operations. Expenditures on environmental and governmental matters through EH & SMS have not had a material effect upon Snap-on’s capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. However, the increasing global focus on climate change may result in new or more stringent environmental or climate-related regulations or standards. While such regulations have historically created select opportunities for our business operations, the company continually monitors developments in this area.

Human Capital Management

As of December 31, 2022, Snap-on employed approximately 12,900 people worldwide, of which approximately 7,200 were employed in the United States and approximately 5,700 were outside the United States. Based on Snap-on’s most recently filed EEO-1 data, which is available under “ESG Reporting” in the “Investors” section of the company’s website at www.snapon.com, females constitute 26.0% and minorities constitute 23.5% of the company’s workforce in the United States. Additionally, on a global basis, approximately 2,600 employees are represented by unions and/or covered under collective bargaining agreements with varying expiration dates through 2025. In recent years, Snap-on has not experienced any significant work slowdowns, stoppages or other labor disruptions.

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Snap-on is guided by the beliefs and values in the company’s “Who We Are” mission statement and strives to be the “employer of choice” for its current and future associates. Our “Who We Are” beliefs serve as the guidepost against which we evaluate performance in operating reviews throughout the company. Furthermore, through our Snap-on Value Creation Processes, a suite of principles we use every day, the company remains committed to the areas of safety, quality, customer connection, innovation and RCI, which are closely linked to and contribute to improving employee engagement, productivity, and efficiency.

Successful execution of our way forward is dependent on attracting, developing and retaining key employees and members of our management team, which we achieve through the following:

•Snap-on believes strongly in workplace safety. As a permanent priority agenda item at all operational meetings, safety comes first. Snap-on strives to maintain a safe workplace and expects its employees to broadly embrace the company’s safety programs. Snap-on invests in its strong safety culture and in elevating the importance of worker safety throughout all levels of the organization. For 2022, Snap-on had an overall safety incident rate of 1.12 (number of injuries and illnesses multiplied by 200,000, divided by hours worked).

•Snap-on is committed to its employees and provides developmental opportunities, as well as competitive pay and benefits. Leadership reviews to identify high potential talent in the organization are conducted on an ongoing basis with all business units and on an annual basis with the Board of Directors. Snap-on offers pension, postretirement health care benefits and stock-based compensation as well as other stock plans, including an employee stock purchase plan for associates in the United States and Canada. Additional information related to these plans is included in Notes 12, 13 and 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Other benefits, including skill training and tuition assistance programs, are available to employees, but vary from location to location.

•Snap-on seeks to advance our progress on diversity and inclusion within our company and is committed to providing equal opportunities. The company does not tolerate discrimination. As part of our efforts, Snap-on has instituted company-wide training on inclusion and unconscious bias, and has expanded internship, mentorship and recruitment activities for underrepresented groups. Additionally, to further our support of makers and fixers, both within and outside our company, Snap-on is partnering with national nonprofit organizations and community colleges to leverage career and technical education to expand the opportunities for underrepresented groups in our facilities, as well as in the critical industries we serve and beyond. The company is also investing in and building relationships with several Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) to help advance their missions and broaden the pipeline of Black engineers and other technically trained graduates.

•Snap-on’s people and the behaviors they display define our success, including integrity, respect and teamwork. Annual employee training is used to reinforce ethics, environmental matters, health and safety, human rights, information security and regulatory compliance, which includes anti-corruption training for all relevant employees.

Social Responsibility and Sustainability Commitment

Snap-on is deeply dedicated to honoring and celebrating the dignity of work. The company supports upskilling the workforce through collaborations with Career and Technical Education (CTE) schools across the United States and throughout the world, and with SkillsUSA and World Skills to engage youth in order to enable and promote technical careers. Additionally, the company is a founding partner of the National Coalition of Certification Centers (NC3), which aims to more effectively match technical school curricula with the precise needs of the current and future workplace by developing, implementing, and sustaining industry-recognized certifications with programs in automotive, aviation, energy, oil and gas, manufacturing and other critical industries. To date, over 250,000 students have earned Snap-on certifications, preparing them for successful and satisfying careers across various technical disciplines.

Snap-on is committed to conducting business and making decisions honestly, ethically, fairly and within the law, and is guided by the company’s “Who We Are” mission statement, which is translated into multiple languages and prominently displayed in its facilities around the world. Snap-on is dedicated to earning and keeping the trust and confidence of its shareholders, customers, franchisees, distributors, retirees and associates, as well as of the communities where the company does business. Snap-on’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics provides guidelines and a framework for conducting business in an ethical manner. These beliefs go beyond Snap-on and are expected of suppliers as detailed in the company’s Supplier Code of Conduct. Snap-on has adopted policies that seek to eliminate human trafficking, slavery, forced labor and child labor from its global supply chain, and has formalized its commitment to protecting human rights in the company’s Human Rights Policy.

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Snap-on prioritizes continuous improvement in all facets of its operations, including environmental matters and health and safety. The company strives to protect environmental quality and human welfare in its workplaces and in its communities by implementing sound policies designed to prevent, mitigate and reduce the company’s impact on the environment. The company has voluntarily reported Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions to the CDP (formerly known as the Carbon Disclosure Project) on an annual basis since 2008. In 2022, the company’s total GHG emissions of 101,805 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (“CO2e”) reflected an intensity of 22.7 (metric tons of CO2e, divided by net sales in millions), which is over 40% lower than when initially reported in 2008.

Snap-on’s sustainability framework is focused on key areas impacting our industry, including energy management, employee health and safety, and material management, and is aligned with the standards of the Value Reporting Foundation (formerly known as the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board or “SASB”), which has been consolidated into the International Financial Reporting Standards Foundation. Snap-on’s SASB Index is available under “ESG Reporting” in the “Investors” section on the company’s website at www.snapon.com.

Feedback on the evaluation of risks and/or opportunities related to ESG matters identified by the company’s internal Environmental, Social and Governance Committee (the “ESGC”) and by the company’s operating units is included and discussed as part of the company’s quarterly operations reviews with senior management. The ESGC reports to the company’s Chief Executive Officer and updates the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee about its plans and actions at least two times per year. The full Board has ultimate oversight of the company’s strategy related to ESG matters and receives regular reports on the subject from the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee.

Additional information regarding the company’s sustainability commitment is available in the “Investors” section of the company’s website at www.snapon.com.

Customers and Seasonality

Snap-on does not have any single customer or government on which its business was substantially dependent in any of the indicated periods. Most of Snap-on’s businesses are not seasonal and their inventory needs are relatively constant.

Item 1A: Risk Factors

In evaluating the company, careful consideration should be given to the following risk factors, in addition to the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes. Each of these risk factors could adversely affect, and in some cases may have already affected, the company’s business, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in the company’s common stock.

Business Risks

The sales of many of our products are dependent on the health of the vehicle repair market and the changing requirements of vehicle repair.

We believe sales of many of our products are dependent on the changing vehicle repair requirements, the number of vehicles on the road, the general aging of vehicles and the number of miles driven. These factors affect the frequency, type and amount of service and repair performed on vehicles by technicians, and therefore affect the demand for the number of technicians, the prosperity of technicians and, consequently, the demand technicians have for our tools, other products and services, as well as the value technicians place on those products and services. The use of other methods of transportation, including more frequent use of public transportation in the future, could result in a decrease in the use of privately-operated vehicles. A decrease in the use of privately-operated vehicles may lead to fewer repairs and less demand for our products.

In addition, the number of electric and hybrid vehicles developed and sold has risen in recent years, and is expected to continue to increase in the future. While we believe that advances in vehicle technologies provide us with opportunities to develop innovative products and solutions for the vehicle repair market, if we are not able to execute on those possibilities, our business and results of operations could suffer.

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The performance of Snap-on’s mobile tool distribution business depends on the success of its franchisees.

Approximately 43% of our consolidated net revenues in 2022 were generated by the Snap-on Tools Group, which consists of Snap-on’s business operations primarily serving vehicle service and repair technicians through the company’s multi-national mobile tool distribution channel. Snap-on’s success is dependent on its relationships with franchisees, individually and collectively, as they are the primary sales and service link between the company and vehicle service and repair technicians, who are an important class of end users for Snap-on’s products and services.

If our franchisees are not successful, or if we do not maintain an effective relationship with our franchisees, the delivery of products, the collection of receivables and/or our relationship with end users could be adversely affected and thereby negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, if we are unable to maintain effective relationships with franchisees, Snap-on or the franchisees may choose to terminate the relationship, which may result in: (i) open routes, in which end-user customers are not provided reliable service; (ii) litigation resulting from termination; (iii) reduced collections or increased charge-offs of franchisee receivables owed to Snap-on; and/or (iv) reduced collections or increased charge-offs of finance and contract receivables.

The inability to continue to introduce new products that respond to customer needs and achieve market acceptance could result in lower revenues and reduced profitability.

Sales from new products represent a significant portion of our net sales and are expected to continue to represent a significant component of our future net sales. We may not be able to compete effectively unless we continue to enhance existing products or introduce new products to the marketplace in a timely manner. Product improvements and new product introductions require significant financial and other resources, including planning, design, development, sourcing and testing at the technological, product and manufacturing process levels. Our competitors’ new products may beat our products to market, be more effective, contain more features, be less expensive than our products, and/or render our products obsolete. Any new products that we develop may not receive market acceptance or otherwise generate any meaningful net sales or profits for us relative to our expectations based on, among other factors, existing and anticipated investments in manufacturing capacity and commitments to fund advertising, marketing, promotional programs and research and development.

Failure to adequately protect intellectual property, or claims of infringement, could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Intellectual property rights are an important and integral component of our business and failure to obtain or maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property rights for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business. We attempt to protect our intellectual property rights through a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, as well as licensing agreements and third-party nondisclosure and assignment agreements. In addition, we have been, and in the future may be, subject to claims of intellectual property infringement against us by third parties; whether or not these claims have merit, we could be required to expend significant resources in defense of those claims. Adverse determinations in a judicial or administrative proceeding or via a settlement could prevent us from manufacturing and selling our products, prevent us from stopping others from manufacturing and selling competing products, and/or result in payments for damages. In the event of an infringement claim, we may also be required to spend significant resources to develop alternatives or obtain licenses, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, and may reduce our sales and disrupt our production. Failure to obtain or maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property rights for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The global tool, equipment, diagnostics, and repair information industries are competitive.

We face strong competition in all of our market segments. Price competition in our various industries is intense and pricing pressures from competitors and customers continue to increase. In general, as a manufacturer and marketer of premium products and services, the expectations of Snap-on’s customers and its franchisees are high. Any inability to maintain customer satisfaction could diminish Snap-on’s premium image and reputation and could result in a lessening of our ability to command premium pricing. We expect that the level of competition will remain high in the future, which could limit our ability to maintain or increase market share or profitability.

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Foreign operations are subject to political, economic, trade and other risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Approximately 28% of our revenues in 2022 were generated outside of the United States. Future growth rates and success of our business depends in large part on continued growth in our non-U.S. operations, including growth in emerging markets and critical industries. Numerous risks and uncertainties affect our non-U.S. operations. These include political, economic and social instability, such as acts of war, armed conflicts, civil disturbance or acts of terrorism, local labor conditions, trade relations with China, changes in government policies and regulations, including those intended to address climate change, imposition or increases in withholding and other taxes on remittances and other payments by international subsidiaries, as well as exposure to liabilities under anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws in various countries, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, currency volatility, transportation delays or interruptions, sovereign debt uncertainties and difficulties in enforcement of contract and intellectual property rights, reputational risks related to, among other factors, different standards and practices among countries, as well as natural disasters, weather events and outbreaks of infectious diseases. Should the economic environment in our non-U.S. markets deteriorate from current levels, our results of operations and financial position could be materially impacted, including as a result of the effects of potential impairment write-downs of goodwill and/or other intangible assets related to these businesses.

The United Kingdom (“U.K.”) has formally left the European Union (“Brexit”). As part of the agreement between the U.K. and the European Union regarding Brexit, there is a new series of customs and regulatory checks, including rules of origin and stringent local content requirements. There are also restrictions on the free movement of people and temporary visas for work-related purposes have been re-introduced. The implications of Brexit, including disruptions to trade and the movement of goods, services and people between the U.K. and the European Union or other countries, may lead to additional cost, delays and volatility in currency exchange rates, as well as create legal and global economic uncertainty. These and other potential implications could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and the ongoing conflict in the region has led to sanctions and actions taken against Russia and Belarus by the United States, the U.K., the European Union and others. The war in Ukraine has not had a material impact on our business and operations; however, expansion of the conflict beyond its current geographic, political and economic scope could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. Risks related to this situation include supply chain inefficiencies, price increases and shortages of raw materials and components, exchange rate volatility, energy shortages in Europe, an increase in cybersecurity incidents, and potential impairment of certain assets.

Our foreign operations are also subject to other risks and challenges, such as the need to staff and manage diverse workforces, respond to the needs of multiple national and international marketplaces, and differing business climates and cultures in various countries.

Operational Risks

Risks associated with the disruption of manufacturing operations could adversely affect our profitability or competitive position.

We manufacture a significant portion of the products we sell. Any prolonged disruption in the operations of our existing manufacturing facilities, whether due to technical or labor difficulties, facility consolidation or closure actions, lack of raw material or component availability, destruction of or damage to any facility (as a result of natural disasters, climate or weather events, use and storage of hazardous materials, armed conflicts, sabotage, terrorism, civil unrest or other events), or other reasons, including outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Price inflation and shortages of raw materials, components, certain purchased finished goods and energy sources have impacted, and in the future could adversely affect, the ability to obtain, as well as the cost of, needed materials or products and, in turn, our results of operations.

Snap-on’s supply of raw materials and purchased components are generally available from numerous suppliers, and the company continuously works to expand its supplier base to ensure availability. The principal raw material used in the manufacture of our products is steel, which we purchase in competitive, price-sensitive markets. To meet Snap-on’s high quality standards, our steel needs range from specialized alloys, which are available only from a limited group of approved suppliers, to common alloys, which are available from multiple suppliers. Some of these materials have been, and in the future may be, in short supply, particularly in the event of mill shutdowns or production cut backs. In addition, outbreaks of infectious diseases, weather events, armed conflicts or other circumstances beyond our control could also impact the availability of raw materials and components. Physical risks of climate change may also impact the availability and cost of materials, sources and supply of energy and could also increase operating costs. Raw materials, components and certain purchased finished goods can exhibit price and demand cyclicality, including as a result of tariffs, other trade protection measures, inflationary factors, and supply chain inefficiencies. Associated unexpected variability has resulted, and in the future could result, in an increase in product costs and require Snap-on to increase prices to maintain margins.

We use various energy sources to transport, produce and distribute products, and some of our products have components that are petroleum based. Petroleum and energy prices have periodically increased significantly over short periods of time; future volatility and changes may be caused by market fluctuations, supply and demand, currency fluctuations, production and transportation disruptions, climate change regulations, world events, including armed conflicts, and changes in governmental programs. Energy price increases raise both our operating costs and the costs of our materials, and we may not be able to increase our prices enough to offset these costs in certain areas. Higher prices also may reduce the level of future customer orders and our profitability.

Failure to maintain effective distribution of products and services could adversely impact revenue, gross margin and profitability.

We use a variety of distribution methods to sell our products and services. Successfully managing the interaction of our distribution efforts to reach various potential customer segments for our products and services is a complex process. Moreover, since each distribution method has distinct risks, costs and gross margins, our failure to implement the most advantageous balance in the delivery model for our products and services could adversely affect our revenue, gross margins and profitability.

Data security and information technology infrastructure and security are critical to supporting business objectives; failure of our systems to operate effectively could adversely affect our business and reputation.

We depend heavily on information technology infrastructure to achieve our business objectives and to protect sensitive data, and we continually invest in improving such systems. In the ordinary course of business, we collect and store sensitive data and information, including personally identifiable information about our employees and the company’s proprietary and regulated business information, as well as that of our customers, suppliers and business partners. Our information systems, like those of other companies, are susceptible to malicious damage, intrusions and outages due to, among other events, viruses, cyber attacks, industrial espionage, phishing attempts, hacking, break-ins and similar events, as well as other breaches of security, natural disasters, power loss or telecommunications failures. Techniques used to breach information technology systems are growing in sophistication and increasingly come from threat actors of all types, including individuals, criminal organizations and state-sponsored operatives. In early March 2022, as previously disclosed, Snap-on detected unusual activity in some areas of its information technology environment, quickly took down its network connections as part of the company’s defense protocols, launched a comprehensive analysis assisted by a leading external forensics firm, and notified law enforcement. The company continued to pursue its commercial activities and restored connections as system interfaces were cleared. The information technology incident did not significantly affect the company’s financial results.

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In response to the evolving cyber threat environment, we continue to invest in data security and address these risks and uncertainties by implementing security technologies, internal controls, network and data center resiliency, and redundancy and recovery processes, as well as by securing insurance. Future problems that impair or compromise the company’s information technology infrastructure, including those due to natural disasters, power outages, major network failures, security breaches or malicious attacks, or those occurring during system upgrades and/or new system implementations could impede our operations. Such impacts could interfere with our ability to record or process orders, manufacture and ship in a timely manner, manage our financial services operations including originating, processing, accounting for and collecting receivables, protect sensitive data of the company, our customers, our suppliers and business partners, or otherwise carry on business in the normal course. The March 2022 incident did not have a significant impact on the results of our operations; however, future cyber events could cause us to lose customers and/or revenue and could require us to incur significant expense to remediate, including as a result of legal or regulatory claims, proceedings, fines or penalties, and could also damage our reputation.

In association with initiatives to better integrate business units, rationalize our operating footprint and improve responsiveness to franchisees and customers, Snap-on is continually enhancing its global Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) management information systems. As we integrate, implement and deploy new information technology processes and enhance our information infrastructure across our global operations, we could experience disruptions in our business that could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Failure to attract, retain and effectively manage qualified personnel could lead to a loss of revenue and/or profitability.

Snap-on’s success depends, in part, on the efforts and abilities of its senior management team and other key employees whose skills, experience and industry contacts significantly benefit our operations and administration. The failure to attract and retain members of our senior management team and other key employees, to effectively develop personnel and to execute succession plans could have a negative effect on our operating results. In addition, transitions of important responsibilities to new individuals inherently include the possibility of disruptions to our business and operations, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may not successfully integrate businesses we acquire, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The pursuit of growth through acquisitions, including participation in joint ventures, involves significant risks that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. These risks include:

•Loss of the acquired businesses’ customers;

•Inability to integrate successfully the acquired businesses’ operations;

•Inability to coordinate management and integrate and retain employees of the acquired businesses;

•Unforeseen or contingent liabilities of the acquired businesses;

•Large write-offs or write-downs, or the impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets;

•Difficulties in implementing and maintaining consistent standards, controls, procedures, policies and information systems;

•Failure to realize anticipated synergies, economies of scale or other anticipated benefits, or to maintain operating margins;

•Strain on our personnel, systems and resources, and diversion of attention from other priorities;

•Incurrence of additional debt and related interest expense; and

•The dilutive effect in the event of the issuance of additional equity securities.

The steps taken to restructure operations, rationalize operating footprint, lower operating expenses and achieve greater efficiencies in the supply chain could disrupt business.

We have taken steps in the past, and may take additional steps in the future, intended to improve customer service and drive further efficiencies as well as reduce costs, some of which could be disruptive to our business. Future efforts to reduce components of expense could result in the recording of charges for inventory and technology-related write-offs, workforce reduction costs or other charges relating to the consolidation or closure of facilities. If we were to incur a substantial charge or are unable to effectively manage our cost reduction and restructuring efforts, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected in certain periods.

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Financial Risks

Our inability to provide acceptable financing alternatives to franchisees and other end-user customers could adversely impact our operating results.

An integral component of our business and profitability is our ability to offer competitive financing alternatives to franchisees and other end-user customers. The lack of our ability to offer such alternatives or obtain capital resources or other financing to support our receivables on terms that we believe are attractive, whether resulting from the state of the financial markets, our own operating performance, or other factors, would negatively affect our operating results and financial condition. Adverse fluctuations in interest rates and/or our ability to provide competitive financing programs could also have an adverse impact on our revenue and profitability.

Exposure to credit risks of customers and resellers may make it difficult to collect receivables, and our allowances for credit losses for receivables may prove inadequate, which could adversely affect operating results and financial condition.

A decline in industry and/or economic conditions could have the potential to weaken the financial position of some of our customers, including financial services customers. If circumstances surrounding our customers’ ability to repay their credit obligations were to deteriorate and result in the write-down or write-off of such receivables, it would negatively affect our operating results for the relevant period and, if large, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The company maintains allowances for credit losses for receivables to provide for defaults and nonperformance. These allowances represent an estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining contractual life of the receivables, using historical loss experience, asset specific risk characteristics, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and an appropriate reversion period, when applicable. The determination of the appropriate levels of the allowances for credit losses involves a high degree of subjectivity and judgement, and requires the company to make estimates of credit risks, which may undergo material changes as a result of economic conditions and other factors. The company’s allowances may not be adequate to cover actual losses, and future provisions for credit losses could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Foreign operations are subject to currency exchange, inflation, interest and other risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The reporting currency for Snap-on’s consolidated financial statements is the U.S. dollar. Certain of the company’s assets, liabilities, expenses and revenues are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. In preparing Snap-on’s Consolidated Financial Statements, those assets, liabilities, expenses and revenues are translated into U.S. dollars at applicable exchange rates. Increases or decreases in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies affect the U.S. dollar value of those items, as reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Substantial fluctuations in the value of the U.S. dollar or other transactional currencies have had and, in the future, could have a significant impact on the company’s financial condition and results of operations. We are also affected by changes in inflation and interest rates in non-U.S. jurisdictions. Cash generated in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions may be difficult to repatriate to the United States in a tax-efficient manner.

Adverse developments in the credit and financial markets could negatively impact the availability of credit that we and our customers need to operate our businesses.

We depend upon the availability of credit to operate our business, including the financing of receivables from end-user customers that are originated by our financial services businesses. Our end-user customers, franchisees and suppliers also require access to credit for their businesses. At times, world financial markets have been unstable and subject to uncertainty. Adverse developments in the credit and financial markets, or unfavorable changes in Snap-on’s credit rating, could negatively impact the availability of future financing and the terms on which it might be available to Snap-on, its end-user customers, franchisees and suppliers. Inability to access credit or capital markets, or a deterioration in the terms on which financing might be available, could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Increasing our financial leverage could affect our operations and profitability.

The maximum available credit under our multi-currency revolving credit facility is $800 million. The company’s leverage ratio may affect both our availability of additional capital resources as well as our operations in several ways, including:

•The terms on which credit may be available to us could be less attractive, both in the economic terms of the credit and the covenants stipulated by the credit terms;

•The possible lack of availability of additional credit or access to the commercial paper market;

•The potential for higher levels of interest expense to service or maintain our outstanding debt;

•The possibility of additional borrowings in the future to repay our indebtedness when it comes due; and

•The possible diversion of capital resources from other uses.

While we believe we will have the ability to service our debt and obtain additional resources in the future if and when needed, that will depend upon our results of operations and financial position at the time, the then-current state of the credit and financial markets, and other factors that may be beyond our control. Therefore, we cannot give assurances that credit will be available on terms that we consider attractive, or at all, if and when necessary or beneficial to us.

Failure to achieve expected investment returns on pension plan assets, as well as changes in interest rates or plan demographics, could adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Snap-on sponsors various defined benefit pension plans (the “pension plans”). The assets of the pension plans are diversified in an attempt to mitigate the risk of a large loss. Required funding for the company’s domestic defined benefit pension plans is determined in accordance with guidelines set forth in the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”); foreign defined benefit pension plans are funded in accordance with local statutes or practice. Additional contributions to enhance the funded status of the pension plans can be made at the company’s discretion. However, there can be no assurance that the value of the pension plan assets, or the investment returns on those plan assets, will be sufficient to meet the future benefit obligations of such plans. In addition, during periods of adverse investment market conditions and declining interest rates, the company may be required to make additional cash contributions to the pension plans that could reduce our financial flexibility. Changes in plan demographics, including an increase in the number of retirements or changes in life expectancy assumptions, may also increase the costs and funding requirements of the obligations related to the company’s pension plans.

Our pension plan obligations are affected by changes in market interest rates. Significant fluctuations in market interest rates have added, and may further add, volatility to our pension plan obligations. In periods of declining market interest rates, our pension plan obligations generally increase; in periods of increasing market interest rates, our pension plan obligations generally decrease. While our plan assets are broadly diversified, there are inherent market risks associated with investments; if adverse market conditions occur, our plan assets could incur significant or material losses. Since we may need to make additional contributions to address changes in obligations and/or a loss in plan assets, the combination of declining market interest rates, past or future plan asset investment losses, and/or changes in plan demographics could adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

The company’s pension plan expense is comprised of the following factors: (i) service cost; (ii) interest on projected benefit obligations; (iii) expected return on plan assets; (iv) the amortization of prior service costs and credits; (v) effects of actuarial gains and losses; and (vi) settlement/curtailment costs, when applicable. The accounting for pensions involves the estimation of a number of factors that are highly uncertain. Certain factors, such as the interest on projected benefit obligations and the expected return on plan assets, are impacted by changes in market interest rates and the value of plan assets. A significant decrease in market interest rates and a decrease in the fair value of plan assets would increase net pension expense and may adversely affect the company’s future results of operations. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the company’s pension plans.

The recognition of impairment charges on goodwill or other intangible assets would adversely impact our future financial condition and results of operations.

We have a substantial amount of goodwill and purchased intangible assets, almost all of which are booked in the Commercial & Industrial Group and in the Repair Systems & Information Group. We are required to perform impairment tests on our goodwill and other intangibles annually or at any time when events occur that could impact the value of our business segments. Our determination of whether impairment has occurred is based on a comparison of each of our reporting units’ fair market value with its carrying value.

2022 ANNUAL REPORT 19

Significant and unanticipated changes in circumstances, such as declines in profitability and cash flow due to long-term deterioration in macroeconomic, industry and market conditions, the loss of key customers, changes in technology or markets, changes in key personnel or litigation, a sustained decrease in share price and/or other events, could require a provision for impairment in a future period that could substantially impact our reported earnings and reduce our consolidated net worth and shareholders’ equity. Should the economic environment in these markets deteriorate, our results of operations and financial position could be materially impacted, including as a result of the effects of potential impairment write-downs of goodwill and/or other intangible assets related to these businesses.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Legislation and regulations relating to our business and the countries where we operate, including those related to sustainability matters, as well as any changes to such legislation or regulations, in addition to new compliance obligations or a failure to maintain existing compliance requirements, may, if significant, affect our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

Significant changes to legislative and regulatory activity, and compliance burdens, including those associated with: (i) sales to our government, military and defense contractor customers; and (ii) classification of third parties, including our franchisees, as independent from the company, as well as the manner in which they are applied, could significantly impact our business and the economy as a whole.

Financial services businesses of all kinds are subject to significant and complex regulations and enforcement. In addition to potentially increasing the costs and other requirements of doing business due to compliance obligations, new laws and regulations, or changes to existing laws and regulations, as well as the enforcement thereof, may affect the relationships between creditors and debtors, inhibit the rights of creditors to collect amounts owed to them, expand liability for certain actions or inaction, or limit the types of financial products or services offered, any or all of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Failure to comply with any of these laws or regulations could also result in civil, criminal, monetary and/or non-monetary penalties, damage to our reputation, and/or the incurrence of remediation costs.

In recent years there has been increased public awareness, concern and focus on environmental and sustainability issues, including matters related to global climate change. The current focus on these matters is expected to result in additional and/or more restrictive regulations, requirements and/or industry or third-party standards to reduce or mitigate global warming and other environmental or sustainability risks, though the timing is uncertain.

Increased regulatory requirements or standards may result in increased compliance or input costs, including those related to energy or raw materials, for us and our suppliers. If environmental laws or regulations or industry standards are either changed or adopted, and impose significant operational restrictions and compliance requirements upon the company, the company's business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition and competitive position could be negatively impacted. For example, if significant increases in fuel economy requirements or changes to vehicle emissions requirements for internal combustion engine vehicles were imposed, there could be a decrease in demand for such vehicles and a reduction in miles driven, which could adversely impact the demand for certain of our products and services. Furthermore, an inability to successfully manage climate change or sustainability matters, or to effectively respond to new, or changes in, legal or regulatory requirements concerning sustainability matters, or increased operating or manufacturing costs due to changes in the regulatory environment, could adversely affect our business.

These developments, and other potential future legislation and regulations, including the increasing global regulation of privacy rights, may also adversely affect the customers to which, and the markets into which, we sell our products, and increase our costs and otherwise negatively affect our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition, including in ways that cannot yet be foreseen.

20 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

Product liability claims and litigation could affect our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The products that we design and/or manufacture, and/or the services we provide, can lead to product liability claims or other legal claims being filed against us. To the extent that plaintiffs are successful in showing that a defect in a product’s design, manufacture or warnings led to personal injury or property damage, or that our provision of services resulted in similar injury or damage, we may be subject to claims for damages. Although we are insured for damages above a certain amount, we bear the costs and expenses associated with defending claims, including frivolous lawsuits, and are responsible for damages up to the insurance retention amount. In addition to claims concerning individual products, as a manufacturer, we can be subject to costs, potential negative publicity and lawsuits related to product recalls, which could adversely impact our results of operations and damage our reputation.

Legal disputes could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to legal disputes that are litigated and/or settled. Disputes or future lawsuits could result in the diversion of management’s time and attention away from business operations. Additionally, negative developments with respect to legal disputes and the costs incurred in defending ourselves, even if successful, could have an adverse impact on the company and its reputation. Successful outcomes, at trial or on appeal, can never be assured. Adverse outcomes or settlements could also require us to pay damages, potentially in excess of amounts reserved, or incur liability for other remedies that could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our operations expose us to the risk of environmental liabilities, costs, litigation and violations that could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

Certain of our operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which they operate, which impose limitations on the discharge of pollutants into the ground, air and water and establish standards for the generation, treatment, use, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes. We must also comply with various health and safety regulations in the United States and abroad in connection with our operations. Failure to comply with any of these laws could result in civil and criminal, monetary and non-monetary penalties and damage to our reputation. In addition, we may incur costs related to remedial efforts or alleged environmental damage associated with past or current waste disposal practices. We cannot provide assurance that our costs of complying with current or future environmental protection and health and safety laws will not exceed our estimates.

The inability to successfully defend claims from taxing authorities and changes in tax laws and rules could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We conduct business in many countries, which requires us to interpret the income tax laws and rulings in each of those taxing jurisdictions. Due to the subjectivity of tax laws in and between jurisdictions, as well as the subjectivity of factual interpretations, our estimates of income tax liabilities may differ from actual payments or assessments. Claims from taxing authorities related to these differences could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Risk related to COVID-19 and Other Infectious Diseases

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose risks to our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and other epidemics or outbreaks of infectious diseases may have a similar impact.

We face risks related to outbreaks of infectious diseases, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In response to COVID-19 and its variants, national and local governments around the world have instituted certain protective measures at various times. While such restrictions have generally eased in many countries where we have operations, existing measures may be extended in certain regions and additional measures may be imposed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic or future outbreaks of infectious diseases.

The effects of COVID-19 or other similar outbreaks on the company could include reduced consumer and investor confidence, instability in the credit and financial markets, volatile corporate profits, supply chain inefficiencies, and reduced business and consumer spending, which could adversely affect our results of operations by reducing our sales, margins and/or net income as a result of rising costs, a slowdown in customer orders or order cancellations. To the extent the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, or a future outbreak of an infectious disease, adversely affects our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, it may also heighten many of the other risks described in this section.

2022 ANNUAL REPORT 21

General Risk Factor

Economic conditions and world events could affect our operating results.

In addition to the specific risks above, we, our franchisees and our customers, may be adversely affected by changing economic conditions, including conditions that may particularly impact specific regions. These conditions may result in reduced consumer and investor confidence, instability in the credit and financial markets, volatile corporate profits, and reduced business and consumer spending. We, our franchisees and our customers, and the economy as a whole, also may be affected by future world or local events outside our control, such as tariffs and other trade protection measures put in place by the United States or other countries, acts of terrorism, developments in the war on terrorism, armed conflicts (including the current war in Ukraine), civil unrest, conflicts in international situations, weather events and natural disasters, outbreaks of infectious diseases such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as well as government-related developments or issues, including changes in tax laws and regulations, new or enhanced regulations related to climate change and other sustainability matters, and changes in financial accounting standards. These factors may affect the results of operations by reducing our sales, margins and/or net earnings as a result of a slowdown in customer orders or order cancellations, impact the availability and/or pricing of raw materials and/or the supply chain, and could potentially lead to future impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets. In addition, political, social turmoil, international conflicts and terrorist acts may put pressure on global economic conditions. Unstable political, social and economic conditions may make it difficult for our franchisees, customers, suppliers and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities. If such conditions persist, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively affected.

Item 1B: Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2: Properties

Snap-on maintains leased and owned manufacturing, software development, warehouse, distribution, research and development and office facilities throughout the world. Snap-on believes that its facilities currently in use are suitable and have adequate capacity to meet its present and foreseeable future demand. Snap-on’s facilities in the United States occupy approximately 4.1 million square feet, of which 73% is owned, including its corporate and general office facility located in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Snap-on’s facilities outside the United States occupy approximately 4.4 million square feet, of which approximately 73% is owned. Certain Snap-on facilities are leased through operating and finance lease agreements. See Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the company’s operating and finance leases. Snap-on management continually monitors the company’s capacity needs and makes adjustments as dictated by market and other conditions.

22 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

The following table provides information about our corporate headquarters and financial services operations, and each of Snap-on’s principal active manufacturing locations, distribution centers and software development locations (exceeding 50,000 square feet) as of 2022 year end:

Location	Principal Property Use	Owned/Leased	Segment*
U.S. Locations:
Elkmont, Alabama	Manufacturing	Owned	SOT
Conway, Arkansas	Manufacturing and distribution	Owned and leased	RS&I
City of Industry, California	Manufacturing	Leased	C&I
San Diego, California	Software development	Owned	RS&I
San Jose, California	Software development	Leased	RS&I
Tustin, California	Manufacturing and distribution	Leased	C&I
Columbus, Georgia	Distribution	Owned	C&I
Crystal Lake, Illinois	Distribution	Owned and leased	SOT
Libertyville, Illinois	Financial services	Leased	FS
Algona, Iowa	Manufacturing and distribution	Owned	SOT
Louisville, Kentucky	Manufacturing and distribution	Leased	RS&I
Olive Branch, Mississippi	Distribution	Owned	SOT
Carson City, Nevada	Distribution	Owned and leased	SOT
Murphy, North Carolina	Manufacturing and distribution	Owned and leased	C&I
Richfield, Ohio	Software development	Owned	RS&I
Robesonia, Pennsylvania	Distribution	Owned	SOT
Elizabethton, Tennessee	Manufacturing	Owned	SOT
Kenosha, Wisconsin	Distribution and corporate	Owned	SOT, C&I, RS&I
Milwaukee, Wisconsin	Manufacturing	Owned	SOT
Pleasant Prairie, Wisconsin	Distribution	Owned	SOT, C&I, RS&I
Non-U.S. Locations:
Santo Tome, Argentina	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I
New South Wales, Australia	Distribution and financial services	Leased	SOT, FS
Minsk, Belarus	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I
Santa Bárbara d’Oeste, Brazil	Manufacturing and distribution	Owned	RS&I
Calgary, Canada	Distribution	Leased	SOT
Mississauga, Canada	Distribution	Leased	SOT, RS&I
Beijing, China	Manufacturing and distribution	Leased	C&I
Kunshan, China	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I
Xiaoshan, China	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I
Banbury, England	Manufacturing and distribution	Owned	C&I
Bramley, England	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I
Kettering, England	Distribution and financial services	Owned and leased	SOT, C&I, FS
Bauge-en-Anjou, France	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I
Sopron, Hungary	Manufacturing	Owned	RS&I
Correggio, Italy	Manufacturing	Owned	RS&I
Tokyo, Japan	Distribution	Leased	C&I
Helmond, Netherlands	Distribution	Owned	C&I
Vila do Conde, Portugal	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I
Irun, Spain	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I
Placencia, Spain	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I
Vitoria, Spain	Manufacturing and distribution	Owned	C&I
Edsbyn, Sweden	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I
Kungsör, Sweden	Manufacturing and distribution	Owned	RS&I
Lidköping, Sweden	Manufacturing	Owned	C&I

* Segment abbreviations:

C&I – Commercial & Industrial Group    SOT – Snap-on Tools Group    RS&I – Repair Systems & Information Group FS – Financial Services 

2022 ANNUAL REPORT 23

Item 3: Legal Proceedings

Snap-on is involved in various legal matters that are being litigated and/or settled in the ordinary course of business. Although it is not possible to predict the outcome of these legal matters, management believes that the results of these legal matters will not have a material impact on Snap-on’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 4: Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Snap-on had 53,002,580 shares of common stock outstanding as of 2022 year end. Snap-on’s stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “SNA.” At February 3, 2023, there were 4,113 registered holders of Snap-on common stock.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following chart discloses information regarding the shares of Snap-on’s common stock repurchased by the company during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, all of which were purchased pursuant to the Board’s authorizations that the company has publicly announced. Snap-on has undertaken stock repurchases from time to time to offset dilution related to equity plan issuances and for other corporate purposes, as well as when the company believes market conditions are favorable. The repurchase of Snap-on common stock is at the company’s discretion, subject to prevailing financial and market conditions, and pursuant to the Board’s authorizations that the company has publicly announced.

Period	Shares   purchased	Average price per share	Shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs	Approximate value of shares that may yet be purchased under publicly announced plans or programs*
10/02/22 to 10/29/22	50,000	$216.45	50,000	$385.6 million
10/30/22 to 11/26/22	87,000	$231.48	87,000	$387.6 million
11/27/22 to 12/31/22	147,000	$233.07	147,000	$362.4 million
Total/Average	284,000	$229.66	284,000	N/A

______________________

N/A: Not applicable

* Subject to further adjustment pursuant to the 1996 Authorization described below, as of December 31, 2022, the approximate value of shares that may yet be purchased pursuant to the outstanding Board authorizations discussed below is $362.4 million.

•In 1996, the Board authorized the company to repurchase shares of the company’s common stock periodically in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions (“the 1996 Authorization”). The 1996 Authorization allows the repurchase of up to the number of shares issued or delivered from treasury under the various plans the company has in place that call for the issuance of the company’s common stock. Because the number of shares that are purchased pursuant to the 1996 Authorization will change as (i) the company issues shares under its various plans; and (ii) shares are repurchased pursuant to this authorization, the number of shares authorized to be repurchased will vary from time to time. The 1996 Authorization will expire when terminated by the Board.

•On November 4, 2021, the Board authorized the repurchase of up to $500 million of the company’s common stock (the “2021 Authorization”). The 2021 Authorization will expire when the aggregate repurchase price limit is met, unless terminated earlier by the Board.

24 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

Other Purchases or Sales of Equity Securities

The following chart discloses information regarding transactions in shares of Snap-on’s common stock by Citibank, N.A. (“Citibank”) during the fourth quarter of 2022 pursuant to a prepaid equity forward agreement (the “Agreement”) with Citibank that is intended to reduce the impact of market risk associated with the stock-based portion of the company’s deferred compensation plans. The company’s stock-based deferred compensation liabilities, which are impacted by changes in the company’s stock price, increase as the company’s stock price rises and decrease as the company’s stock price declines. Pursuant to the Agreement, Citibank may purchase or sell shares of the company’s common stock (for Citibank’s account) in the market or in privately negotiated transactions. The Agreement has no stated expiration date and does not provide for Snap-on to purchase or repurchase its shares.

Citibank Purchases (Sales) of Snap-on Stock

Period	Shares  Purchased (Sold)	Average Price per Share
10/02/22 to 10/29/22	—	—
10/30/22 to 11/26/22	(6,400)	$228.61
11/27/22 to 12/31/22	500	$235.45
Total/Average	(5,900)	$229.11

2022 ANNUAL REPORT 25

 Five-year Stock Performance Graph

The graph below illustrates the cumulative total shareholder return on Snap-on common stock since December 31, 2017, of a $100 investment, assuming that dividends were reinvested quarterly. The graph compares Snap-on’s performance to that of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Industrials Index (“S&P 500 Industrials”) and Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index (“S&P 500”).

Fiscal Year Ended (1)	Snap-on Incorporated	S&P 500 Industrials	S&P 500
December 31, 2017	$100.00	$100.00	$100.00
December 31, 2018	$85.15	$86.71	$95.62
December 31, 2019	$101.79	$112.17	$125.72
December 31, 2020	$105.86	$124.59	$148.85
December 31, 2021	$136.40	$150.89	$191.58
December 31, 2022	$148.55	$142.63	$156.89

_______________________________ 

(1) The company’s fiscal year ends on the Saturday that is on or nearest to December 31 of each year; for ease of calculation, the fiscal year end is assumed to be December 31.

Item 6: [Reserved]

26 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Management Overview

We believe our 2022 operating performance demonstrates the continued momentum of our operations, confirms the resilience of our markets, and reflects the considerable capabilities of our experienced team to overcome the uncertainties of the current environment. Throughout the turbulence, we maintained and further extended our ongoing advantages in our products, brands and people. At the same time, we leveraged existing proficiencies to focus on expanding our professional customer base, not only in automotive repair, but in adjacent markets, additional geographies and other areas, including critical industries, where the cost and penalties for failure can be high. Snap-on’s value proposition of making work easier for serious professionals is an ongoing strength as we move forward along our runways for coherent growth:

•Enhancing the franchise network, where we continued to focus on helping our franchisees extend their reach through innovative selling processes and productivity initiatives that break the traditional time and space barriers inherent in a mobile van;

•Expanding with repair shop owners and managers, where we continued to make progress in connecting with customers and translating the resulting insights into innovation that solves specific challenges in the repair facility;

•Further extending to critical industries, where we continued to grow our lines of products customized for specific industries, including through further integration of acquisitions; and

•Building in emerging markets, where we continued to maintain manufacturing capacity, as well as refine product lines and distribution capabilities.

Our strategic priorities and plans for 2023 involve continuing to build on our Snap-on Value Creation Processes – our suite of strategic principles and processes we employ every day designed to create value, and employed in the areas of safety, quality, customer connection, innovation and rapid continuous improvement (“Rapid Continuous Improvement” or “RCI”). We expect to continue to deploy these processes in our existing operations as well as into our recently acquired businesses.

Snap-on’s RCI initiatives employ a structured set of tools and processes across multiple businesses and geographies intended to eliminate waste and improve operations. Savings from Snap-on’s RCI initiatives reflect benefits from a wide variety of ongoing efficiency, productivity and process improvements, including savings generated from product design cost reductions, improved manufacturing line set-up and change-over practices, lower-cost sourcing initiatives and facility consolidations. Unless individually significant, it is not practicable to disclose each RCI activity that generated savings and/or segregate RCI savings embedded in sales volume increases.

Our global financial services operations continue to serve a significant strategic role in offering financing options to our franchisees, to their customers, and to customers in other parts of our business. We expect that our global financial services business, which includes both Snap-on Credit LLC (“SOC”) in the United States and our other international finance subsidiaries, will continue to be a meaningful contributor to our operating earnings going forward.

Snap-on has significant international operations and is subject to risks inherent with foreign operations, including foreign currency translation fluctuations.

Recent Acquisitions

On August 1, 2021, Snap-on acquired AutoCrib EMEA GmbH (“AutoCrib Germany”), for a cash purchase price of $4.4 million (or $4.2 million, net of cash acquired). AutoCrib Germany, based in Hamburg, Germany, distributes asset and tool control solutions for a variety of aerospace, automotive, military, natural resources and general industry operations. The acquisition of AutoCrib Germany, a former independent distributor, enhanced and expanded Snap-on’s capabilities in providing solutions for the company’s existing tool control offerings.

On July 1, 2021, Snap-on exchanged its 35% equity interest in Deville S.A., valued at $21.8 million, for 100% ownership of Secateurs Pradines (“Pradines”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Deville S.A. with a fair value of $20.2 million (or $15.7 million, net of cash acquired), and cash of $1.6 million. Pradines, located in Bauge-en-Anjou, France, designs and manufactures horticultural hand tools for professionals and individuals. Pradines has been the primary supplier of pruning products to Snap‑on and the acquisition allows the company to improve and expand its pruning tool offering.

2022 ANNUAL REPORT 27

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

On February 26, 2021, Snap-on acquired Dealer-FX Group, Inc. (“Dealer-FX”) for a cash purchase price of $200.1 million (or $200.0 million, net of cash acquired). Dealer-FX, based in Markham, Ontario, is a leading developer, marketer and provider of service-operations software solutions for automotive original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) customers and their dealers. Dealer-FX specializes in software as a service (SaaS) management systems, communications platforms, extensive data integrations, and offers a digitalized solution that increases productivity and enhances the vehicle owners’ experience. The acquisition of Dealer-FX complemented and expanded Snap-on’s existing OEM and dealership business that provides electronic parts catalogs, essential tool and diagnostic programs, and custom analytics to OEMs and dealerships.

For segment reporting purposes, the results of operations and assets of Dealer-FX have been included in the Repair Systems & Information Group since the acquisition date, and the results of operations and assets of AutoCrib Germany and Pradines have been included in the Commercial & Industrial Group since the respective acquisition dates.

Pro forma financial information has not been presented for any of these acquisitions as the net effects, individually and collectively, were neither significant nor material to Snap-on’s results of operations or financial position. 

Fiscal Year

Snap-on’s fiscal year ends on the Saturday that is on or nearest to December 31. Unless otherwise indicated, references in this document to “fiscal 2022” or “2022” refer to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022; references to “fiscal 2021” or “2021” refer to the fiscal year ended January 1, 2022; and references to “fiscal 2020” or “2020” refer to the fiscal year ended January 2, 2021. References in this document to 2022, 2021 and 2020 year end refer to December 31, 2022, January 1, 2022, and January 2, 2021, respectively.

Snap-on’s 2022 and 2021 fiscal years each contained 52 weeks of operating results. Snap-on’s 2020 fiscal year contained 53 weeks of operating results with the extra week occurring in the fourth quarter. The impact of the additional week of operations in fiscal 2020 was not material to Snap-on’s full year or fourth quarter total revenues or net earnings.

Fiscal 2021 as Compared to Fiscal 2020

A discussion regarding our financial condition and results of operations for fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 can be found under “Part II, Item 7: Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” in our Annual Report on the Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on February 10, 2022, and is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov as well as in the “Investors” section of our website at www.snapon.com.

28 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

Non-GAAP Measures

References in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations to “organic sales” refer to sales from continuing operations calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”), adjusted to exclude acquisition-related sales and the impact of foreign currency translation. Management evaluates the company’s sales performance based on organic sales growth, which primarily reflects growth from the company’s existing businesses as a result of increased output, expanded customer base, geographic expansion, new product development and pricing changes, and excludes sales contributions from acquired operations the company did not own as of the comparable prior-year reporting period. Organic sales also exclude the effects of foreign currency translation as foreign currency translation is subject to volatility that can obscure underlying business trends. Management believes that the non-GAAP financial measure of organic sales is meaningful to investors as it provides them with useful information to aid in identifying underlying growth trends in the company’s businesses and facilitates comparisons of its sales performance with prior periods.

Effect of COVID-19

Our markets and our operations possess and, indeed, have demonstrated considerable resilience against the effects of the pandemic. The company sustained the accommodation of its operations to the virus environment, continuing without significant disruption to serve its franchisees and other professional customers as they performed their essential work, while taking what it believes to be appropriate measures to ensure the health and safety of its people. Throughout the pandemic, Snap-on has generally maintained its workforce and manufacturing capacity, as well as its investments in brand building and product development. As the global supply chain inefficiencies and associated cost increases caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have developed, the company has taken steps to ensure access to raw materials, components and purchased finished goods, and to provide for counterbalancing price and efficiency offsets. See also Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors - Risk related to COVID-19 and Other Infectious Diseases.

Summary of Consolidated Performance

Consolidated net sales of $4,492.8 million in 2022 increased $240.8 million, or 5.7%, from 2021 levels, reflecting a $357.2 million, or 8.7%, organic gain and $8.5 million of acquisition-related sales, partially offset by $124.9 million of unfavorable foreign currency translation.

Operating earnings before financial services of $941.2 million in 2022 increased $89.7 million, or 10.5%, compared to $851.5 million in 2021. As a percentage of net sales, operating earnings before financial services of 20.9% compared to 20.0% last year.

Operating earnings of $1,207.2 million in 2022 increased $83.7 million, or 7.4%, compared to $1,123.5 million last year. As a percentage of revenues (net sales plus financial services revenue), operating earnings of 24.9% compared to 24.4% last year.

Net earnings attributable to Snap-on in 2022 of $911.7 million, or $16.82 per diluted share, increased $91.2 million, or $1.90 per diluted share, from 2021 levels. Net earnings attributable to Snap-on in 2021 were $820.5 million, or $14.92 per diluted share.

2022 ANNUAL REPORT 29

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

Summary of Segment Performance

The Commercial & Industrial Group consists of business operations serving a broad range of industrial and commercial customers worldwide, including customers in the aerospace, natural resources, government and military, power generation, transportation and technical education market segments (collectively, “critical industries”), primarily through direct and distributor channels. Segment net sales of $1,399.2 million in 2022 decreased $7.1 million, or 0.5%, from 2021 levels, reflecting a $60.8 million, or 4.5%, organic sales increase, more than offset by $67.9 million of unfavorable currency translation. The organic growth primarily reflects a double-digit gain in the segment’s specialty tools business, a high single-digit increase in the segment’s Asia Pacific operations, and low single-digit gains in the segment’s European-based hand tools business and in sales to customers in critical industries, despite lower activity with the military. Operating earnings of $197.6 million in 2022, including $8.6 million of unfavorable foreign currency effects, decreased $12.3 million, or 5.9%, compared to $209.9 million in 2021.

The Commercial & Industrial Group intends to continue building on the following strategic priorities in 2023:

•Expanding our business with existing customers and reaching new customers in critical industries and other market segments;

•Continuing to invest in emerging market growth initiatives;

•Broadening our product offering designed particularly for critical industry segments;

•Increasing our customer-connection-driven understanding of work across multiple industries;

•Investing in innovation that, guided by that understanding of work, delivers an ongoing stream of productivity-enhancing custom engineered solutions; and

•Continuing to reduce structural and operating costs, as well as improve efficiencies, through RCI initiatives.

The Snap-on Tools Group consists of business operations primarily serving vehicle service and repair technicians through the company’s multi-national mobile tool distribution channel. Segment net sales of $2,072.0 million in 2022 increased $133.4 million, or 6.9%, from 2021 levels, reflecting a $162.5 million, or 8.5%, organic sales gain, partially offset by $29.1 million of unfavorable foreign currency translation. The organic increase includes a double-digit gain in the U.S. franchise business, while sales in the segment’s international operations were mixed, but overall essentially flat. Operating earnings of $458.7 million in 2022, including $10.1 million of unfavorable foreign currency effects, increased $47.6 million, or 11.6%, compared to $411.1 million in 2021.

In 2023, the Snap-on Tools Group intends to continue its expansion with specific focus on the following initiatives:

•Continuing to improve franchisee sales productivity, profitability, commercial health, and satisfaction;

•Developing new programs and products to expand market coverage, reaching new technician customers and increasing penetration with existing customers;

•Increasing investment in new product innovation and development; and

•Improving customer service levels and productivity in back office support functions, manufacturing and the supply chain through RCI initiatives and investment.

By focusing on these areas, we believe that Snap-on, as well as its franchisees, will have the opportunity to serve more customers, more effectively, more profitably and with improved satisfaction.

The Repair Systems & Information Group consists of business operations serving other professional vehicle repair customers worldwide, primarily owners and managers of independent repair shops and OEM dealership service and repair shops (“OEM dealerships”) through direct and distributor channels. Segment net sales of $1,666.9 million in 2022 increased $163.8 million, or 10.9%, from 2021 levels, reflecting a $188.8 million, or 12.8%, organic sales increase and $8.5 million of acquisition-related sales, partially offset by $33.5 million of unfavorable foreign currency translation. The organic gain is comprised of double-digit increases in sales of undercar equipment and in activity with OEM dealerships, and a mid single-digit increase in sales of diagnostic and repair information products to independent repair shop owners and managers. Operating earnings of $393.3 million in 2022, including $4.8 million of favorable foreign currency effects, increased $44.7 million, or 12.8%, from $348.6 million in 2021.

30 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

The Repair Systems & Information Group intends to focus on the following strategic priorities in 2023:

•Expanding the product offering with new products and services, thereby providing more to sell to repair shop owners and managers;

•Continuing software and hardware upgrades to further improve functionality, performance and efficiency;

•Leveraging integration of software solutions;

•Continuing productivity advancements through RCI initiatives and leveraging of resources; and

•Increasing penetration in geographic markets, including emerging markets.

Financial Services generates revenue from various financing programs and is a strategic partner of the company’s mobile franchise van channel. Financial services revenue was $349.7 million in both 2022 and 2021. Originations of $1,153.1 million in 2022 increased $79.9 million, or 7.4%, from 2021 levels. Operating earnings from financial services in 2022 of $266.0 million, including $2.5 million of unfavorable foreign currency effects, decreased $6.0 million, or 2.2%, compared to $272.0 million last year.

Financial Services intends to focus on the following strategic priorities in 2023:

•Delivering financial products and services that attract and sustain profitable franchisees and support Snap‑on’s strategies for expanding market coverage and penetration;

•Improving productivity levels and ensuring high quality in all financial products and processes through the use of RCI initiatives; and

•Maintaining healthy portfolio performance levels.

Cash Flows

Net cash provided by operating activities of $675.2 million in 2022 decreased $291.4 million from $966.6 million in 2021. The $291.4 million decrease is primarily due to a $354.5 million change in net operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by a $92.5 million increase in net earnings.

Net cash used by investing activities of $206.2 million in 2022 included additions to finance receivables of $955.8 million, partially offset by collections of $826.9 million, as well as $0.5 million of cash provided by acquisitions. Net cash used by investing activities of $290.4 million in 2021 included additions to finance receivables of $878.1 million, partially offset by collections of $854.2 million, as well as $199.7 million for the acquisitions of Dealer-FX, AutoCrib Germany and Pradines. Capital expenditures in 2022 and 2021 totaled $84.2 million and $70.1 million, respectively. Capital expenditures in both years included continued investments related to the company’s execution of its strategic growth initiatives and Value Creation Processes around safety, quality, customer connection, innovation and RCI.

Net cash used by financing activities of $485.0 million in 2022 included $313.1 million for dividend payments to shareholders and $198.1 million for the repurchase of 899,000 shares of Snap-on’s common stock. These amounts were partially offset by $55.0 million of proceeds from stock purchase and option plan exercises and net proceeds from other short-term borrowings of $1.6 million. Net cash used by financing activities of $818.8 million in 2021 included $431.3 million for the repurchase of 1,943,900 shares of Snap-on’s common stock, $275.8 million for dividend payments to shareholders and the September 2021 repayment of $250.0 million of 6.125% unsecured notes upon maturity (the “2021 Notes”). These amounts were partially offset by $162.4 million of proceeds from stock purchase and option plan exercises and net proceeds from other short-term borrowings of $3.3 million.

2022 ANNUAL REPORT 31

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

Results of Operations

2022 vs. 2021

Results of operations for 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

(Amounts in millions)	2022				2021				Change
Net sales	$	4,492.8	100.0	%	$	4,252.0	100.0	%	$	240.8	5.7	%
Cost of goods sold	(2,311.7)		(51.5)	%	(2,141.2)		(50.4)	%	(170.5)		(8.0)	%
Gross profit	2,181.1		48.5	%	2,110.8		49.6	%	70.3		3.3	%
Operating expenses	(1,239.9)		(27.6)	%	(1,259.3)		(29.6)	%	19.4		1.5	%
Operating earnings before financial services	941.2		20.9	%	851.5		20.0	%	89.7		10.5	%
Financial services revenue	349.7		100.0	%	349.7		100.0	%	—		—
Financial services expenses	(83.7)		(23.9)	%	(77.7)		(22.2)	%	(6.0)		(7.7)	%
Operating earnings from financial services	266.0		76.1	%	272.0		77.8	%	(6.0)		(2.2)	%
Operating earnings	1,207.2		24.9	%	1,123.5		24.4	%	83.7		7.4	%
Interest expense	(47.1)		(1.0)	%	(53.1)		(1.2)	%	6.0		11.3	%
Other income (expense) – net	42.5		0.9	%	16.5		0.4	%	26.0		NM
Earnings before income taxes and equity earnings	1,202.6		24.8	%	1,086.9		23.6	%	115.7		10.6	%
Income tax expense	(268.7)		(5.5)	%	(247.0)		(5.3)	%	(21.7)		(8.8)	%
Earnings before equity earnings	933.9		19.3	%	839.9		18.3	%	94.0		11.2	%
Equity earnings, net of tax	—		—		1.5		—		(1.5)		NM
Net earnings	933.9		19.3	%	841.4		18.3	%	92.5		11.0	%
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests	(22.2)		(0.5)	%	(20.9)		(0.5)	%	(1.3)		(6.2)	%
Net earnings attributable to Snap-on Inc.	$	911.7	18.8	%	$	820.5	17.8	%	$	91.2	11.1	%

NM: Not meaningful

Percentage Disclosure: All income statement line item percentages below “Operating earnings from financial services” are calculated as a percentage of the sum of Net sales and Financial services revenue.

Net sales of $4,492.8 million in 2022 increased $240.8 million, or 5.7%, from 2021 levels, reflecting a $357.2 million, or 8.7%, organic gain and $8.5 million of acquisition-related sales, partially offset by $124.9 million of unfavorable foreign currency translation.

Gross profit of $2,181.1 million in 2022 increased $70.3 million, or 3.3%, compared to $2,110.8 million last year. Gross margin (gross profit as a percentage of net sales) of 48.5% in 2022 declined 110 basis points (100 basis points (“bps”) equals 1.0 percent) from last year primarily due to higher material and other costs, partially offset by higher sales volumes and pricing actions, benefits from the company’s RCI initiatives, and 20 bps of favorable foreign currency effects.

Operating expenses of $1,239.9 million in 2022 compared to $1,259.3 million in 2021. Operating expenses as a percentage of net sales of 27.6% in 2022 improved 200 bps from last year primarily due to higher sales volumes, savings from RCI initiatives, and lower costs associated with stock-based expenses.

Operating earnings before financial services of $941.2 million in 2022 increased $89.7 million, or 10.5%, compared to $851.5 million in 2021. As a percentage of net sales, operating earnings before financial services of 20.9% compared to 20.0% last year.

32 SNAP-ON INCORPORATED

Financial services revenue of $349.7 million in 2022 was unchanged from 2021. Financial services operating earnings of $266.0 million in 2022 compared to $272.0 million last year.

Operating earnings of $1,207.2 million in 2022 increased $83.7 million, or 7.4%, compared to $1,123.5 million last year. As a percentage of revenues, operating earnings of 24.9% compared to 24.4% last year.

Interest expense decreased $6.0 million in 2022 compared to last year. See Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on Snap-on’s debt and credit facilities.

Other income (expense) – net includes net gains and losses associated with hedging and currency exchange rate transactions, non-service components of net periodic benefit costs, and interest income. See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on other income (expense) – net.

The effective income tax rate on earnings attributable to Snap-on was 22.8% in 2022 and 23.2% in 2021. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information on income taxes.

Net earnings attributable to Snap-on in 2022 of $911.7 million, or $16.82 per diluted share, increased $91.2 million, or $1.90 per diluted share, from $820.5 million, or $14.92 per diluted share, in 2021.

Segment Results

Snap-on’s business segments are based on the organization structure used by management for making operating and investment decisions and for assessing performance. Snap-on’s reportable business segments are: (i) the Commercial & Industrial Group; (ii) the Snap-on Tools Group; (iii) the Repair Systems & Information Group; and (iv) Financial Services. The Commercial & Industrial Group consists of business operations serving a broad range of industrial and commercial customers worldwide, including customers in the aerospace, natural resources, government and military, power generation, transportation and technical education market segments, primarily through direct and distributor channels. The Snap-on Tools Group consists of business operations primarily serving vehicle service and repair technicians through the company’s multi-national mobile tool distribution channel. The Repair Systems & Information Group consists of business operations serving other professional vehicle repair customers worldwide, primarily owners and managers of independent repair shops and OEM dealerships, through direct and distributor channels. Financial Services consists of the business operations of Snap-on’s finance subsidiaries.

Snap-on evaluates the performance of its operating segments based on segment revenues, including both external and intersegment net sales, and segment operating earnings. Snap-on accounts for intersegment sales and transfers based primarily on standard costs with reasonable mark-ups established between the segments. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in the respective reportable segment’s operations. Corporate assets consist of cash and cash equivalents (excluding cash held at Financial Services), deferred income taxes and certain other assets. All significant intersegment amounts are eliminated to arrive at Snap-on’s consolidated financial results.

Commercial & Industrial Group

(Amounts in millions)	2022				2021				Change
External net sales	$	1,058.3	75.6	%	$	1,095.6	77.9	%	$	(37.3)	(3.4)	%
Intersegment net sales	340.9		24.4	%	310.7		22.1	%	30.2		9.7	%
Segment net sales	1,399.2		100.0	%	1,406.3		100.0	%	(7.1)		(0.5)	%
Cost of goods sold	(880.5)		(62.9)	%	(868.9)		(61.8)	%	(11.6)		(1.3)	%
Gross profit	518.7		37.1	%	537.4		38.2	%	(18.7)		(3.5)	%
Operating expenses	(321.1)		(23.0)	%	(327.5)		(23.3)	%	6.4		2.0	%
Segment operating earnings	$	197.6	14.1	%	$	209.9	14.9	%	$	(12.3)	(5.9)	%

Segment net sales of $1,399.2 million in 2022 decreased $7.1 million, or 0.5%, from 2021 levels, reflecting a $60.8 million, or 4.5%, organic sales gain, more than offset by $67.9 million of unfavorable currency translation. The organic growth primarily reflects a double-digit gain in the segment’s specialty tools business, a high single-digit increase in the segment’s Asia Pacific operations, and low single-digit gains in the segment’s European-based hand tools business and in sales to customers in critical industries, despite lower activity with the military.

2022 ANNUAL REPORT 33

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

Segment gross margin in 2022 of 37.1% declined 110 bps from last year, primarily due to increased material and other costs, partially offset by benefits from the higher sales volumes and pricing actions, as well as from the segment’s RCI initiatives.

Segment operating expenses as a percentage of net sales in 2022 of 23.0% improved 30 bps as compared to 2021 primarily due to the effects of higher sales volumes.

As a result of these factors, segment operating earnings of $197.6 million in 2022, including $8.6 million of unfavorable foreign currency effects, decreased $12.3 million, or 5.9%, compared to $209.9 million in 2021. Operating margin (segment operating earnings as a percentage of segment net sales) for the Commercial & Industrial Group of 14.1% in 2022 compared to 14.9% last year.

Snap-on Tools Group

(Amounts in millions)	2022				2021				Change
Segment net sales	$	2,072.0	100.0	%	$	1,938.6	100.0	%	$	133.4	6.9	%
Cost of goods sold	(1,141.7)		(55.1)	%	(1,055.0)		(54.4)	%	(86.7)		(8.2)	%
Gross profit	930.3		44.9	%	883.6		45.6	%	46.7		5.3	%
Operating expenses	(471.6)		(22.8)	%	(472.5)		(24.4)	%	0.9		0.2	%
Segment operating earnings	$	458.7	22.1	%	$	411.1	21.2	%	$	47.6	11.6	%

Segment net sales of $2,072.0 million in 2022 increased $133.4 million, or 6.9%, from 2021 levels, reflecting a $162.5 million, or 8.5%, organic sales gain, partially offset by $29.1 million of unfavorable foreign currency translation. The organic increase includes a double-digit gain in the U.S. franchise business, while sales in the segment’s international operations were mixed, but overall essentially flat.

Segment gross margin in 2022 of 44.9% declined 70 bps from last year primarily due to increased material and other costs, and 20 bps of unfavorable foreign currency effects. These declines were partially offset by benefits from the higher sales volumes and pricing actions.

Segment operating expenses as a percentage of net sales in 2022 of 22.8% improved 160 bps from last year and includes benefits from higher sales volumes, the effects of lower expenses related to the company’s franchisee stock purchase plan, and savings associated with RCI initiatives.

As a result of these factors, segment operating earnings of $458.7 million in 2022, including $10.1 million of unfavorable foreign currency effects, increased $47.6 million, or 11.6%, compared to $411.1 million in 2021. Operating margin for the Snap‑on Tools Group of 22.1% in 2022 compared to 21.2% last year.

Repair Systems & Information Group

(Amounts in millions)	2022				2021				Change
External net sales	$	1,362.5	81.7	%	$	1,217.8	81.0	%	$	144.7	11.9	%
Intersegment net sales	304.4		18.3	%	285.3		19.0	%	19.1		6.7