EX-99 2 rule13d_jointfilingagreement.htm JOINT FILE AGREEMENT

JOINT FILING AGREEMENT

In accordance with Rule 13d-1(k) (l) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the undersigned hereby agree to the joint filing of the attached Schedule 13G, and any and all amendments thereto, and expressly authorize Invesco Ltd., as the ultimate parent company of each of its undersigned subsidiaries, to file such Schedule 13G, and any and all amendments thereto, on behalf of each of them.

Dated: 3/31/ 2017


Invesco Ltd.

By: /s/ Nancy Tomassone
Name: Nancy Tomassone
Title: Global Assurance Officer


Invesco Advisers, Inc.

By: /s/ Robert R. Leveille
Name: Robert R. Leveille
Title: Chief Compliance Officer


Invesco Canada Ltd.

By: /s/ Eric Adelson
Name: Eric Adelson
Title: Head of Legal


Invesco Trust Company

By: /s/ Theresa Brunsman
Name: Theresa Brunsman
Title: Secretary


Invesco Hong Kong Limited

By/s/ Asha Balachandra
Name: Asha Balachandra
Title: Reg. Head of Legal AP


Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH

By/s/ Stephanie Ehrenfried
Name: Stephanie Ehrenfried
Title: Head of Legal Continental Europe & Cross-Border Funds
Invesco Asset Management Limited

By: /s/ Chris Edge
Name: Chris Edge
Title: Director of UK Compliance


Invesco Asset Management S.A.

By: /s/ Matthieu Grosclaude
Name: Matthieu Grosclaude
Title: COO, EMEA Retail


Invesco Asset Management S.A.

By: /s/ Bernard Aybran
Name: Bernard Aybran
Title: Multi-Management CIO


Invesco Management S.A.

By: /s/ Peter Carroll
Name: Peter Carroll
Title: Head EMEA Delegation Oversight


Invesco Taiwan Limited

By/s/ Asha Balachandra
Name: Asha Balachandra
Title: Reg. Head of Legal, AP


Invesco Asset Management (Japan) Limited

By: /s/ Asha Balachandra
Name: Asha Balachandra
Title: Reg. Head of Legal, AP


Invesco Asset Management Singapore Limited

By: /s/ Asha Balachandra
Name: Asha Balachandra
Title: Reg. Head of Legal, AP
Invesco Global Asset Management DAC

By: /s/ Cormac O'Sullivan
Name: Cormac O'Sullivan
Title: Director of PMO


Invesco PowerShares Capital Management, LLC

By: /s/ Adam Henkel
Name:  Adam Henkel
Title: Chief Compliance Officer


Invesco Investment Advisers, LLC

By: /s/ Miranda O'Keefe
Name: Miranda O'Keefe
Title: Chief Compliance Officer


Invesco Australia Ltd.

By: /s/ Stewart, Jane
Name: Stewart, Jane
Title: Senior Compliance Manager