XML 34 R16.htm IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT v3.24.0.1
Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Insurance [Abstract]  
Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses RESERVE FOR CLAIMS AND CLAIM EXPENSES
The Company believes the most significant accounting judgment made by management is its estimate of claims and claim expense reserves. Claims and claim expense reserves represent estimates, including actuarial and statistical projections at a given point in time, of the ultimate settlement and administration costs for unpaid claims and claim expenses arising from the insurance and reinsurance contracts the Company sells. The Company’s reserve for claims and claim expenses are a combination of case reserves, additional case reserves (“ACR”) and incurred but not reported losses and incurred but not enough reported losses (collectively referred to as “IBNR”). Case reserves are losses reported to the Company by insureds and ceding companies, but which have not yet been paid. If deemed necessary and in certain situations, the Company establishes ACR which represents the Company’s estimate for claims related to specific contracts which the Company believes may not be adequately estimated by the client as of that date or within the IBNR. The Company establishes IBNR using actuarial techniques and expert judgement to represent the anticipated cost of claims which have not been reported to the Company yet, or where the Company anticipates increased reporting. The Company’s reserving committee, which includes members of the Company’s senior management, reviews, discusses, and assesses the reasonableness and adequacy of the reserving estimates included in our audited consolidated financial statements.
The following table summarizes the Company’s reserve for claims and claim expenses by segment, allocated between case reserves, additional case reserves and IBNR:
At December 31, 2023Case
Reserves		Additional
Case Reserves		IBNRTotal
Property$2,461,580 $1,459,010 $3,913,030 $7,833,620 
Casualty and Specialty2,801,016 203,560 9,648,673 12,653,249 
Total (1)
$5,262,596 $1,662,570 $13,561,703 $20,486,869 
At December 31, 2022
Property$1,956,688 $2,008,891 $3,570,253 $7,535,832 
Casualty and Specialty1,864,365 167,993 6,324,383 8,356,741 
Total
$3,821,053 $2,176,884 $9,894,636 $15,892,573 
(1)Included in the Company’s reserves for claims and claim expenses balance at December 31, 2023 was $4.5 billion of gross reserves for claims and claim expenses, at fair value, acquired as a result of the Validus Acquisition.
Activity in the liability for unpaid claims and claim expenses is summarized as follows:
Year ended December 31,202320222021
Reserve for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverable, as of beginning of period$11,181,648 $9,025,961 $7,455,128 
Net incurred related to:
Current year4,024,116 4,586,422 4,125,557 
Prior years(450,607)(247,582)(249,470)
Total net incurred3,573,509 4,338,840 3,876,087 
Net paid related to:
Current year364,793 105,885 574,230 
Prior years2,630,885 1,924,271 1,649,872 
Total net paid2,995,678 2,030,156 2,224,102 
Foreign exchange (1)
62,902 (152,997)(81,152)
Amounts acquired (2)
3,320,202 — — 
Reserve for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverable, as of end of period15,142,583 11,181,648 9,025,961 
Reinsurance recoverable as of end of period5,344,286 4,710,925 4,268,669 
Reserve for claims and claim expenses as of end of period$20,486,869 $15,892,573 $13,294,630 
(1)Reflects the impact of the foreign exchange revaluation of the reserve for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverable, denominated in non-U.S. dollars as at the balance sheet date.
(2)Represents the fair value of Validus’ reserves for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverables, acquired on November 1, 2023.
The Company’s reserving methodology for each line of business uses a loss reserving process that calculates a point estimate for its ultimate settlement and administration costs for claims and claim expenses. The Company does not calculate a range of estimates and does not discount any of its reserves for claims and claim expenses. The Company uses this point estimate, along with paid claims and case reserves, to record its best estimate of additional case reserves and IBNR in its consolidated financial statements. Under GAAP, the Company is not permitted to establish estimates for catastrophe claims and claim expense reserves until an event occurs that gives rise to a loss.
Reserving involves other uncertainties, such as the dependence on information from ceding companies, the time lag inherent in reporting information from the primary insurer to the Company or to the Company’s ceding companies, and differing reserving practices among ceding companies. The information received from ceding companies is typically in the form of bordereaux, broker notifications of loss and/or discussions with ceding companies or their brokers. This information may be received on a monthly, quarterly or transactional basis and normally includes paid claims and estimates of case reserves. The Company sometimes also receives an estimate or provision for IBNR. This information is updated and adjusted periodically during the loss settlement period as new data or facts in respect of initial claims, client accounts, industry or event trends may be reported or emerge in addition to changes in applicable statutory and case laws.
The Company’s estimates of large losses are based on factors including currently available information derived from claims information from certain customers and brokers, industry assessments of losses, proprietary models, and the terms and conditions of the Company’s contracts. The uncertainty of the Company’s estimates for large losses is also impacted by the preliminary nature of the information available, the magnitude and relative infrequency of the events, the expected duration of the respective claims development period, inadequacies in the data provided to the relevant date by industry participants and the potential for further reporting lags or insufficiencies; and in certain large losses, significant uncertainty as to the form of the claims and legal issues, under the relevant terms of insurance and reinsurance contracts. In addition, a significant portion of the net claims and claim expenses associated with certain large losses can be concentrated with a few large clients and therefore the loss estimates for these large losses may vary significantly based on the claims experience of those clients. The contingent nature
of business interruption and other exposures will also impact losses in a meaningful way, which may give rise to significant complexity in respect of claims handling, claims adjustment and other coverage issues, over time. Given the magnitude of certain events, there can be meaningful uncertainty regarding total covered losses for the insurance industry and, accordingly, several of the key assumptions underlying the Company’s loss estimates. Loss reserve estimation in respect of the Company’s retrocessional contracts poses further challenges compared to directly assumed reinsurance. In addition, the Company’s actual net losses from these events may increase if the Company’s reinsurers or other obligors fail to meet their obligations.
The Company reevaluates its actuarial reserving assumptions on a periodic basis. Typically, the quarterly review procedures include reviewing paid and reported claims in the most recent reporting period, reviewing the development of paid and reported claims from prior periods, and reviewing the Company’s overall experience by underwriting year and in the aggregate. The Company monitors its expected ultimate claims and claim expense ratios and expected claims reporting assumptions on a quarterly basis and compares them to its actual experience. These actuarial assumptions are generally reviewed annually, based on input from the Company’s actuaries, underwriters, claims personnel and finance professionals, although adjustments may be made more frequently if needed. Assumption changes are made to adjust for changes in the terms of coverage the Company provides, changes in industry results for similar business, as well as its actual experience to the extent the Company has enough data to rely on its own experience. If the Company determines that adjustments to an earlier estimate are appropriate, such adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are identified.
Because of the inherent uncertainties discussed above, the Company has developed a reserving philosophy that attempts to incorporate prudent assumptions and estimates, and the Company has generally experienced favorable development on prior accident years net claims and claim expenses in the last several years. However, there is no assurance that this favorable development on prior accident years net claims and claim expenses will occur in future periods.
The Company establishes a provision for unallocated loss adjustment expenses (“ULAE”) when the related reserve for claims and claim expenses is established. ULAE are expenses that cannot be associated with a specific claim but are related to claims paid or in the process of settlement, such as internal costs of the claims function, and are included in the reserve for claims and claim expenses. The determination of the ULAE provision is subject to judgment.
Incurred and Paid Claims Development and Reserving Methodology
The information provided herein about incurred and paid accident year claims development for the years ended prior to December 31, 2023 on a consolidated basis and by segment is presented as supplementary information. The Company has applied a retrospective approach with respect to its acquisitions, presenting all relevant historical information for all periods presented. In addition, included in the incurred claims and claim expenses and cumulated paid claims and claim expenses tables below are reconciling items that represent the unamortized balance of fair value adjustments recorded in connection with the acquisition of TMR and Validus to reflect an increase in net claims and claim expenses due to the addition of a market based risk margin that represented the cost of capital required by a market participant to assume the net claims and claim expenses of TMR and Validus, partially offset by a decrease from discounting in connection with the acquisition of TMR and Validus, to reflect the time value of money.
For incurred and paid accident year claims denominated in currencies other than USD, the Company used the current year-end balance sheet foreign exchange rate for all periods provided, thereby eliminating the effects of changes in foreign currency translation rates from the incurred and paid accident year claims development information included in the tables below.
The following table details the Company’s consolidated incurred claims and claim expenses and cumulative paid claims and claim expenses as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as IBNR plus additional case reserve (“ACR”) included within the net incurred claims amounts.
Incurred Claims and Claim Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the year ended December 31,At December 31, 2023
Accident
Year		2014201520162017201820192020202120222023IBNR
 and ACR
 (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited)
2014$1,349,682 $1,292,051 $1,261,814 $1,231,639 $1,216,176 $1,229,153 $1,199,667 $1,189,016 $1,180,232 $1,168,571 $37,966 
2015— 1,682,812 1,612,942 1,580,294 1,534,787 1,512,704 1,502,100 1,504,626 1,497,021 1,495,256 33,929 
2016— — 1,897,875 1,907,527 1,870,041 1,837,107 1,755,166 1,770,150 1,804,992 1,782,676 18,118 
2017— — — 3,697,137 3,443,204 3,357,851 3,285,056 3,255,713 3,190,159 3,180,295 201,303 
2018— — — — 3,030,203 3,266,784 3,205,113 3,075,000 3,081,439 3,112,753 406,074 
2019— — — — — 2,765,868 2,754,429 2,669,111 2,600,638 2,613,203 355,502 
2020— — — — — — 4,435,130 4,429,197 4,423,413 4,408,976 1,079,825 
2021— — — — — — — 5,552,945 5,378,071 5,178,965 1,413,339 
2022— — — — — — — — 5,966,078 5,680,547 3,271,322 
2023— — — — — — — — — 5,303,895 4,281,188 
Total$33,925,137 $11,098,566 
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the year ended December 31,
Accident
Year		2014201520162017201820192020202120222023
 (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited)
2014$351,514 $651,426 $800,559 $886,043 $953,310 $1,008,653 $1,037,804 $1,067,201 $1,085,206 $1,090,421 
2015— 458,736 792,149 1,015,747 1,144,296 1,246,427 1,311,496 1,361,819 1,399,216 1,425,849 
2016— — 473,090 907,567 1,118,420 1,296,066 1,432,356 1,537,961 1,603,460 1,633,339 
2017— — — 973,719 1,513,515 1,878,698 2,248,481 2,436,312 2,600,250 2,745,342 
2018— — — — 676,031 1,300,839 1,719,662 2,029,342 2,252,816 2,374,401 
2019— — — — — 386,711 1,019,032 1,390,797 1,723,144 2,042,749 
2020— — — — — — 761,877 1,773,193 2,296,810 2,788,153 
2021— — — — — — — 892,239 2,116,223 2,966,887 
2022— — — — — — — — 285,530 1,463,927 
2023— — — — — — — — — 522,685 
Total$19,053,753 
Outstanding liabilities from accident year 2013 and prior, net of reinsurance403,209 
Adjustment for unallocated loss adjustment expenses90,185 
Unamortized fair value adjustments recorded in connection with acquisitions(222,195)
Liability for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance$15,142,583 
Property Segment
Within the Property segment, the Company writes property catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance contracts to insure insurance and reinsurance companies against natural and man-made catastrophes. Under these contracts, the Company indemnifies an insurer or reinsurer when its aggregate paid claims and claim expenses from a single occurrence of a covered peril exceeds the attachment point specified in the contract, up to an amount per loss specified in the contract. Generally, the Company’s most significant exposure is to losses from hurricanes, earthquakes and other windstorms, although the Company is also exposed to claims arising from other man-made and natural catastrophes, such as tsunamis, winter storms, freezes, floods, fires, tornadoes, explosions and acts of terrorism. The Company’s predominant exposure under such coverage is to property damage. However, other risks, including business interruption and other non-property losses, may also be covered under the Company’s catastrophe contracts when arising from a covered peril. The Company’s coverages are offered on either a worldwide basis or are limited to selected geographic areas.
Coverage can also vary from “all property” perils to limited coverage on selected perils, such as “earthquake only” coverage. The Company also enters into retrocessional contracts that provide property catastrophe
coverage to other reinsurers or retrocedants. This coverage is generally in the form of excess of loss retrocessional contracts and may cover all perils and exposures on a worldwide basis or be limited in scope to selected geographic areas, perils and/or exposures. The exposures the Company assumes from retrocessional business can change within a contract term as the underwriters of a retrocedant may alter their book of business after the retrocessional coverage has been bound. The Company also offers dual trigger reinsurance contracts which require the Company to pay claims based on claims incurred by insurers and reinsurers in addition to the estimate of insured industry losses as reported by referenced statistical reporting agencies.
Also included in the Property segment is property per risk, property (re)insurance, delegated authority arrangements and regional U.S. multi-line reinsurance. The Company’s predominant exposure under such coverage is to property damage. However, other risks, including business interruption and other non-property losses, may also be covered when arising from a covered peril. The Company’s coverages are offered on either a worldwide basis or are limited to selected geographic areas. Principally all of the business is reinsurance, although the Company also writes insurance business primarily through delegated authority arrangements. The Company offers these products principally through proportional reinsurance coverage or in the form of delegated authority arrangements. In a proportional reinsurance arrangement (also referred to as quota share reinsurance or pro rata reinsurance), the reinsurer shares a proportional part of the original premiums and losses of the reinsured.
Claims and claim expenses in the Company’s Property segment are generally characterized by losses of low frequency and high severity. Initial reporting of paid and incurred claims in general, tends to be relatively prompt, particularly for less complex losses. The Company considers this business “short-tail” as compared to the reporting of claims for “long-tail” products, which tends to be slower. However, the timing of claims payment and reporting also varies depending on various factors, including: whether the claims arise under reinsurance of primary insurance companies or reinsurance of other reinsurance companies; the nature of the events (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes or terrorism); the geographic area involved; post-event inflation which may cause the cost to repair damaged property to increase significantly from current estimates, or for property claims to remain open for a longer period of time, due to limitations on the supply of building materials, labor and other resources; complex policy coverage and other legal issues; and the quality of each client’s claims management and reserving practices. Management’s judgments regarding these factors are reflected in the Company’s reserve for claims and claim expenses.
Reserving for most of the Company’s Property segment, in particular catastrophe exposure, generally does not involve the use of traditional actuarial techniques, although for certain classes such as proportional Property classes we do use traditional actuarial techniques. Rather, claims and claim expense reserves are estimated by management by completing an in-depth analysis of the individual contracts which may potentially be impacted by the loss. The in-depth analysis generally involves: 1) estimating the size of insured industry losses; 2) reviewing reinsurance contract portfolios to identify contracts which are exposed; 3) reviewing information reported or otherwise provided by customers and brokers; 4) discussing the loss with customers and brokers; and 5) estimating the ultimate expected cost to settle all claims and administrative costs arising from the loss on a contract-by-contract basis and in aggregate for the event. Once a loss has occurred, during the then current reporting period, the Company records its best estimate of the ultimate expected cost to settle all claims arising from the loss. The Company’s estimate of claims and claim expense reserves is then determined by deducting cumulative paid losses from its estimate of the ultimate expected loss. The Company’s estimate of IBNR is determined by deducting cumulative paid losses, case reserves and additional case reserves from its estimate of the ultimate expected loss. Once the Company receives a valid notice of loss or payment request under a catastrophe reinsurance contract, it is generally able to process and pay such claims promptly.
Because losses from which claims arise under policies written within the Property segment are typically prominent, public events such as hurricanes and earthquakes, the Company is often able to use independent reports as part of its loss reserve estimation process. The Company also reviews catastrophe bulletins published by various statistical reporting agencies to assist in determining the size of the industry loss, although these reports may not be available for some time after an event. For smaller events including localized severe weather events such as windstorms, hail, ice, snow, flooding, freezing and tornadoes, which are not necessarily prominent, public occurrences, the Company initially places greater reliance on catastrophe bulletins published by statistical reporting agencies to assist in determining what events occurred during the reporting period than the Company does for large events. This includes reviewing
catastrophe bulletins published by Property Claim Services for U.S. catastrophes. The Company sets its initial estimates of reserves for claims and claim expenses for these smaller events based on a combination of its historical market share for these types of losses and the estimate of the total insured industry property losses as reported by statistical reporting agencies, although management may make significant adjustments based on the Company’s current exposure to the geographic region involved as well as the size of the loss and the peril involved. In some instances, the Company also considers standard actuarial techniques for smaller events. This approach supplements the Company’s approach for estimating losses for larger catastrophes, which as discussed above, includes discussions with brokers and ceding companies and reviewing individual contracts impacted by the event. For these small events, where the Company is not using standard actuarial techniques to set the reserves, in the first quarter of the year after the event has passed its first year anniversary of when the event occurred, the Company will typically estimate IBNR for these events by using the reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method, a standard actuarial technique. The loss development factors for the reported Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method are selected based on a review of the Company’s historical experience. The reported loss development factors are typically reviewed annually.
In general, reserves for the Company’s more recent large losses are subject to greater uncertainty and, therefore, greater potential variability, and are likely to experience material changes from one period to the next. This is due to the uncertainty as to the size of the industry losses, uncertainty as to which contracts have been exposed, uncertainty due to complex legal and coverage issues that can arise out of large or complex losses, and uncertainty as to the magnitude of claims incurred by the Company’s customers. As the Company’s claims age, more information becomes available and the Company believes its estimates become more certain.
The following table details the Company’s Property segment incurred claims and claim expenses and cumulative paid claims and claim expenses as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as IBNR plus ACR included within the net incurred claims amounts.
Incurred Claims and Claim Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the year ended December 31,At December 31, 2023
Accident
Year		2014201520162017201820192020202120222023IBNR
 and ACR
 (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited)
2014$380,622 $352,583 $331,455 $326,513 $331,610 $331,347 $325,325 $319,529 $317,076 $315,158 $1,284 
2015— 511,360 459,762 416,585 399,498 389,650 384,744 375,769 377,861 376,792 3,095 
2016— — 588,366 607,340 576,902 554,287 526,318 522,330 541,396 530,843 3,114 
2017— — — 2,018,855 1,824,613 1,698,844 1,681,670 1,624,156 1,559,925 1,532,082 127,946 
2018— — — — 1,374,423 1,465,633 1,408,253 1,280,066 1,267,732 1,216,792 171,088 
2019— — — — — 1,203,828 1,191,214 1,103,449 1,017,085 953,986 123,856 
2020— — — — — — 1,989,861 2,098,289 2,092,021 2,036,200 428,120 
2021— — — — — — — 2,744,649 2,713,942 2,628,136 301,855 
2022— — — — — — — — 2,584,543 2,463,435 1,134,057 
2023— — — — — — — — — 1,473,736 1,046,791 
Total$13,527,160 $3,341,206 
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the year ended December 31,
Accident
Year		2014201520162017201820192020202120222023
 (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited)
2014$125,296 $229,525 $276,964 $292,484 $301,017 $308,616 $308,420 $311,708 $311,424 $313,571 
2015— 142,694 279,692 324,960 348,033 359,414 363,600 366,340 369,281 373,247 
2016— — 146,671 332,918 415,348 449,190 475,616 486,482 491,344 487,678 
2017— — — 663,451 939,895 1,123,051 1,232,669 1,252,995 1,300,750 1,323,458 
2018— — — — 454,838 776,630 954,175 990,041 1,032,771 971,282 
2019— — — — — 165,811 475,613 660,693 748,804 813,107 
2020— — — — — — 283,840 836,501 1,109,201 1,317,414 
2021— — — — — — — 580,026 1,366,213 1,862,525 
2022— — — — — — — — 79,480 772,239 
2023— — — — — — — — — 235,139 
Total$8,469,660 
Outstanding liabilities from accident year 2013 and prior, net of reinsurance77,214 
Adjustment for unallocated loss adjustment expenses13,949 
Unamortized fair value adjustments recorded in connection with acquisitions(51,689)
Liability for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance$5,096,974 
Casualty and Specialty Segment
The Company offers its casualty and specialty reinsurance products principally on a proportional basis, and it also provides excess of loss coverage. The Company offers casualty and specialty reinsurance products to insurance and reinsurance companies and provides coverage for specific geographic regions or on a worldwide basis. Principally all of the business is reinsurance, although the Company also writes insurance business.
As with the Company’s Property segment, its Casualty and Specialty segment reinsurance contracts can include coverage for relatively large limits or exposures. As a result, the Company’s casualty and specialty reinsurance business can be subject to significant claims volatility. In periods of low claims frequency or severity, the Company’s results will generally be favorably impacted while in periods of high claims frequency or severity the Company’s results will generally be negatively impacted.
The Company’s processes and methodologies in respect of loss estimation for the coverages offered through its Casualty and Specialty segment differ from those used for its Property segment. For example, the Company’s casualty and specialty coverages are more likely to be impacted by factors such as long-term inflation and changes in the social and legal environment, which the Company believes gives rise to
greater uncertainty in its reserves for claims and claim expenses. Moreover, in certain lines of business the Company does not have the benefit of a significant amount of its own historical experience and may have little related corporate reserving history in many of its newer or growing lines of business. The Company believes this makes its Casualty and Specialty segment reserving subject to greater uncertainty than its Property segment.
The Company calculates multiple point estimates for claims and claim expense reserves using a variety of actuarial reserving techniques for many, but not all, of its classes of business for each underwriting year within the Casualty and Specialty segment. The Company does not believe that these multiple point estimates are, or should be considered, a range. Rather, the Company considers each class of business and determines the most appropriate point estimate for each underwriting year based on the characteristics of the particular class including: (1) loss development patterns derived from historical data; (2) the credibility of the selected loss development pattern; (3) the stability of the loss development patterns; (4) how developed the underwriting year is; and (5) the observed loss development of other underwriting years for the same class. The Company also considers other relevant factors, including: (1) historical ultimate loss ratios; (2) the presence of individual large losses; and (3) known occurrences that have not yet resulted in reported losses. The Company makes determinations of the most appropriate point estimate of loss for each class based on an evaluation of relevant information and does not ascribe any particular portion of the estimate to a particular factor or consideration. In addition, the Company believes that a review of individual contract information improves the loss estimates for some classes of business.
When developing claims and claims expense reserves for its Casualty and Specialty segment, the Company considers several actuarial techniques such as the expected loss ratio method, the Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method and the paid and reported chain ladder actuarial method.
For classes of business and underwriting years where the Company has limited historical claims experience, estimates of ultimate losses are generally initially determined based on the loss ratio method applied to each underwriting year and to each class of business. Unless the Company has credible claims experience or unfavorable development, it generally selects an ultimate loss based on its initial expected loss ratio. The selected ultimate losses are determined by multiplying the initial expected loss ratio by the earned premium. The initial expected loss ratios are key inputs that involve management judgment and are based on a variety of factors, including: (1) contract by contract expected loss ratios developed during the Company’s pricing process; (2) historical loss ratios and combined ratios adjusted for rate change and trend; and (3) industry benchmarks for similar business. These judgments take into account management’s view of past, current and future factors that may influence ultimate losses, including: (1) market conditions; (2) changes in the business underwritten; (3) changes in timing of the emergence of claims; and (4) other factors that may influence ultimate loss ratios and losses.
The determination of when reported losses are sufficient and credible to warrant selection of an ultimate loss ratio different from the initial expected loss ratio also requires judgment. The Company generally makes adjustments for reported loss experience indicating unfavorable variances from initial expected loss ratios sooner than reported loss experience indicating favorable variances. This is because the reporting of losses in excess of expectations tends to have greater credibility than an absence or lower than expected level of reported losses. Over time, as a greater number of claims are reported and the credibility of reported losses improves, actuarial estimates of IBNR are typically based on the Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method or the reported chain ladder actuarial method.
The Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method allows for greater weight to be applied to expected results in periods where little or no actual experience is available, and, hence, is less susceptible to the potential pitfall of being excessively swayed by experience of actual paid and/or reported loss data, compared to the chain ladder actuarial method. The Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method uses the initial expected loss ratio to estimate IBNR, and it assumes that past experience is not fully representative of the future. As the Company’s reserves for claims and claim expenses age, and actual claims experience becomes available, this method places less weight on expected experience and places more weight on actual experience. This experience, which represents the difference between expected reported claims and actual reported claims, is reflected in the respective reporting period as a change in estimate. The utilization of the Bornhuetter-Ferguson actuarial method requires the Company to estimate an expected ultimate claims and claim expense ratio and select an expected loss reporting pattern. The Company selects its estimates of the expected ultimate claims and claim expense ratios as described above and selects its expected loss
reporting patterns by utilizing actuarial analysis, including management’s judgment, and historical patterns of paid losses and reporting of case reserves to the Company, as well as industry loss development patterns. The estimated expected claims and claim expense ratio may be modified to the extent that reported losses at a given point in time differ from what would be expected based on the selected loss reporting pattern.
The reported chain ladder actuarial method utilizes actual reported losses and a loss development pattern to determine an estimate of ultimate losses that is independent of the initial expected ultimate loss ratio and earned premium. The Company believes this technique is most appropriate when there are a large number of reported losses with significant statistical credibility and a relatively stable loss development pattern. Information that may cause future loss development patterns to differ from historical loss development patterns is considered and reflected in the Company’s selected loss development patterns as appropriate. For certain reinsurance contracts, historical loss development patterns may be developed from ceding company data or other sources.
In addition, certain specialty coverages may be impacted by natural and man-made catastrophes. The Company estimates reserves for claim and claim expenses for these losses, following a process that is similar to its Property segment described above.
The following table details the Company’s Casualty and Specialty segment incurred claims and claim expenses and cumulative paid claims and claim expenses as of December 31, 2023, net of reinsurance, as well as IBNR plus ACR included within the net incurred claims amounts.
Incurred Claims and Claim Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the year ended December 31,At December 31, 2023
Accident
Year		2014201520162017201820192020202120222023IBNR
 and ACR
 (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited)
2014$969,060 $939,468 $930,359 $905,126 $884,566 $897,806 $874,342 $869,487 $863,156 $853,413 $36,682 
2015— 1,171,452 1,153,180 1,163,709 1,135,289 1,123,054 1,117,356 1,128,857 1,119,160 1,118,464 30,834 
2016— — 1,309,509 1,300,187 1,293,139 1,282,820 1,228,848 1,247,820 1,263,596 1,251,833 15,004 
2017— — — 1,678,282 1,618,591 1,659,007 1,603,386 1,631,557 1,630,234 1,648,213 73,357 
2018— — — — 1,655,780 1,801,151 1,796,860 1,794,934 1,813,707 1,895,961 234,986 
2019— — — — — 1,562,040 1,563,215 1,565,662 1,583,553 1,659,217 231,646 
2020— — — — — — 2,445,269 2,330,908 2,331,392 2,372,776 651,705 
2021— — — — — — — 2,808,296 2,664,129 2,550,829 1,111,484 
2022— — — — — — — — 3,381,535 3,217,112 2,137,265 
2023— — — — — — — — — 3,830,159 3,234,397 
Total$20,397,977 $7,757,360 
Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
For the year ended December 31,
Accident
Year		2014201520162017201820192020202120222023
 (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited)
2014$226,218 $421,901 $523,595 $593,559 $652,293 $700,037 $729,384 $755,493 $773,782 $776,850 
2015— 316,042 512,457 690,787 796,263 887,013 947,896 995,479 1,029,935 1,052,602 
2016— — 326,419 574,649 703,072 846,876 956,740 1,051,479 1,112,116 1,145,661 
2017— — — 310,268 573,620 755,647 1,015,812 1,183,317 1,299,500 1,421,884 
2018— — — — 221,193 524,209 765,487 1,039,301 1,220,045 1,403,119 
2019— — — — — 220,900 543,419 730,104 974,340 1,229,642 
2020— — — — — — 478,037 936,692 1,187,609 1,470,739 
2021— — — — — — — 312,213 750,010 1,104,362 
2022— — — — — — — — 206,050 691,688 
2023— — — — — — — — — 287,546 
Total$10,584,093 
Outstanding liabilities from accident year 2013 and prior, net of reinsurance325,995 
Adjustment for unallocated loss adjustment expenses76,236 
Unamortized fair value adjustments recorded in connection with acquisitions(170,506)
Liability for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance$10,045,609 
Prior Year Development of the Reserve for Net Claims and Claim Expenses
The Company’s estimates of claims and claim expense reserves are not precise in that, among other things, they are based on predictions of future developments and estimates of future trends and other variable factors. Some, but not all, of the Company’s reserves are further subject to the uncertainty inherent in actuarial methodologies and estimates. Because a reserve estimate is simply an insurer's estimate at a point in time of its ultimate liability, and because there are numerous factors that affect reserves and claims payments that cannot be determined with certainty in advance, the Company’s ultimate payments will vary, perhaps materially, from its estimates of reserves. If the Company determines in a subsequent period that adjustments to its previously established reserves are appropriate, such adjustments are recorded in the period in which they are identified. On a net basis, the Company’s cumulative favorable or unfavorable development is generally reduced by offsetting changes in its reinsurance recoverable, as well as changes to loss related premiums such as reinstatement premiums and redeemable noncontrolling interest, all of which generally move in the opposite direction to changes in the Company's ultimate claims and claim expenses.
The following table details the Company’s prior year net development by segment of its net claims and claim expenses:
Year ended December 31,202320222021
(Favorable) adverse development(Favorable) adverse development(Favorable) adverse development
Property$(408,905)$(205,741)$(233,373)
Casualty and Specialty(41,702)(41,841)(16,097)
Total net (favorable) adverse development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses$(450,607)$(247,582)$(249,470)
Changes to prior year estimated net claims and claim expenses increased net income by $450.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 (2022 - increased net income by $247.6 million, 2021 - increased net income by $249.5 million), excluding the consideration of changes in reinstatement, adjustment or other premium changes, profit commissions, redeemable noncontrolling interests - DaVinci, Fontana and Vermeer and income tax.
Property Segment
The following tables detail the development of the Company’s liability for net unpaid claims and claim expenses for its Property segment, allocated between large catastrophe events and small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements, included in the other line item:
Year ended December 31,2023
(Favorable) adverse development
Catastrophe net claims and claim expenses
Large catastrophe events
2022 Weather-Related Large Losses (1)
$(85,653)
2021 Weather-Related Large Losses (2)
(36,949)
2020 Weather-Related Large Loss Events (3)
(42,577)
2019 Large Loss Events (4)
(43,850)
2018 Large Loss Events (5)
(40,050)
2017 Large Loss Events (6)
(46,404)
Other(14,337)
Total large catastrophe events
(309,820)
Small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements
Other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements(99,925)
Actuarial assumption changes840 
Total net (favorable) adverse development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses$(408,905)
(1)“2022 Weather-Related Large Losses” includes Hurricane Ian, the floods in Eastern Australia in February and March of 2022, Storm Eunice, the severe weather in France in May and June of 2022, Hurricane Fiona and the typhoons in Asia during the third quarter of 2022, Hurricane Nicole and Winter Storm Elliott during the fourth quarter of 2022, and loss estimates associated with certain aggregate loss contracts triggered during 2022 as a result of weather-related catastrophe events.
(2)“2021 Weather-Related Large Losses” includes Winter Storm Uri, the European Floods, Hurricane Ida, the hail storm in Europe in late June 2021, the wildfires in California during the third quarter of 2021, the tornadoes in the Central and Midwest U.S. in December 2021, the Midwest Derecho in December 2021, and losses associated with aggregate loss contracts.
(3) “2020 Weather-Related Large Loss Events” includes Hurricanes Laura, Sally, Isaias, Delta, Zeta and Eta, the California, Oregon and Washington wildfires, Typhoon Maysak, the August 2020 Derecho, and losses associated with aggregate loss contracts.
(4) “2019 Large Loss Events” includes Hurricane Dorian and Typhoons Faxai and Hagibis and certain losses associated with aggregate loss contracts.
(5)“2018 Large Loss Events” includes Typhoons Jebi, Mangkhut and Trami, Hurricane Florence, the wildfires in California during the third and fourth quarters of 2018, Hurricane Michael and certain losses associated with aggregate loss contracts.
(6)“2017 Large Loss Events includes Hurricanes Harvey, Irma and Maria, the Mexico City Earthquake, the wildfires in California during the fourth quarter of 2017 and certain losses associated with aggregate loss contracts.
The net favorable development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses was driven by better than expected loss emergence.
The net favorable development on other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements was related to lines of business where the Company principally estimates net claims and claim expenses using traditional actuarial methods. Partially offsetting these net favorable developments was net adverse development related to actuarial assumption changes.
Year ended December 31,2022
(Favorable) adverse development
Catastrophe net claims and claim expenses
Large catastrophe events
2021 Weather-Related Large Losses$(12,387)
2020 Weather-Related Large Loss Events(24,589)
2019 Large Loss Events(97,034)
2018 Large Loss Events(20,318)
2017 Large Loss Events(39,481)
Other(4,755)
Total large catastrophe events(198,564)
Small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements
Other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements(31,024)
Total small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements(31,024)
Total catastrophe and attritional net claims and claim expenses(229,588)
Actuarial assumption changes23,847 
Total net (favorable) adverse development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses$(205,741)
The net favorable development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses was driven by better than expected loss emergence.
The net favorable development on other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements was related to lines of business where the Company principally estimates net claims and claim expenses using traditional actuarial methods. Partially offsetting these net favorable developments was net adverse development related to actuarial assumption changes.
Year ended December 31,2021
(Favorable) adverse development
Catastrophe net claims and claim expenses
Large catastrophe events
2020 Weather-Related Large Loss Events$17,140 
2019 Large Loss Events(61,634)
2018 Large Loss Events(101,096)
2017 Large Loss Events(49,090)
Other(9,392)
Total large catastrophe events(204,072)
Small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements
Other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements(34,751)
Total small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements(34,751)
Total catastrophe and attritional net claims and claim expenses(238,823)
Actuarial assumption changes5,450 
Total net (favorable) adverse development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses$(233,373)
The net favorable development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses was largely driven by better than expected loss emergence.
The net favorable development on other small catastrophe events and attritional loss movements was related to lines of business where the Company principally estimates net claims and claim expenses using traditional actuarial methods.
Casualty and Specialty Segment
The following table details the development of the Company’s prior accident years net claims and claim expenses for its Casualty and Specialty segment:
Year ended December 31,202320222021
(Favorable) adverse development(Favorable) adverse development(Favorable) adverse development
Actuarial methods - actual reported claims less than expected claims
$(44,612)$(63,353)$(19,078)
Actuarial assumption changes
2,910 21,512 2,981 
Total net (favorable) adverse development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses$(41,702)$(41,841)$(16,097)
The net favorable development of prior accident years net claims and claim expenses within the Company’s Casualty and Specialty segment in the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was mainly due to reported losses generally coming in lower than expected on attritional net claims and claim expenses across a number of lines of business, partially offset by net adverse development associated with certain actuarial assumption changes.
Reconciliation of the Disclosure of Incurred and Paid Claims Development to the Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses
The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the reserve for claims and claim expenses in the consolidated balance sheet is as follows:
At December 31, 2023
Net Reserve for Claims and Claim Expenses
Property$5,096,974 
Casualty and Specialty
10,045,609 
Total net reserve for claims and claim expenses
15,142,583 
Reinsurance Recoverable
Property
$2,736,646 
Casualty and Specialty
2,607,640 
Total reinsurance recoverable
5,344,286 
Total reserve for claims and claim expenses$20,486,869 
Historical Claims Duration
The following is unaudited supplementary information about average historical claims duration by segment:
Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Number of Years)
At December 31, 202312345678910
Property21.3 %27.9 %15.5 %7.4 %3.5 %0.2 %1.1 %0.2 %0.5 %0.7 %
Casualty and Specialty
14.2 %17.6 %12.2 %12.8 %10.2 %7.4 %5.3 %2.9 %2.1 %0.4 %
Claims Frequency

Both of the Company’s reportable segments are broadly considered to be reinsurance, where multiple claims are often aggregated, perhaps multiple times through retrocessional reinsurance, before ultimately being ceded to the Company. The nature, size, terms and conditions of contracts entered into by the Company changes from one accident year to the next, as do the quantum of contractual or policy limits, and accordingly the potential amount of claims and claim expenses associated with a reported claim, can range from nominal, to significant. These factors can impact the amount and timing of the claims and claim expenses to be recorded and accordingly, developing claim frequency information is highly subjective and is not prepared or utilized for internal purposes. In recent years, the Company has grown its Casualty and Specialty segment where a significant amount of the premium and net reserves come from proportional contracts. The Company does not have direct access to claim frequency information underlying certain of its proportional contracts given the nature of that business. In addition, the Company completed the acquisition of Validus on November 1, 2023. Historically, Validus has not kept nor had access to claim count and frequency information. As providing any claim count and frequency information would exclude the entirety of the legacy Validus book of business as well as all proportional contracts for the Company, the Company has determined that it is impracticable to provide this information.
Assumed Reinsurance Contracts Classified As Deposit Contracts
Other income was increased by $0.2 million during 2023 (2022 – $0.2 million, 2021 – net claim and claim expenses decreased by $0.2 million) related to income earned on assumed reinsurance contracts that were classified as deposit contracts with underwriting risk only. Other income was increased by $Nil during 2023 (2022 – $Nil, 2021 – $Nil) related to premiums and losses incurred on assumed reinsurance contracts that were classified as deposit contracts with timing risk only. Deposit liabilities of $3.7 million are included in reinsurance balances payable at December 31, 2023 (2022 – $4.0 million).